Understanding effects of climate change on nitrogen fate and transport in the environment is critical to nutrient management. We used climate projections within a previously calibrated spatially referenced regression (SPARROW) model to predict effects of expected climate change over 1995 through 2025 on total nitrogen fluxes to Chesapeake Bay and in watershed streams. Assuming nitrogen inputs and other watershed conditions remain at 2012 levels, effects of increasing temperature, runoff, streamflow, and stream velocity expected between 1995 and 2025 will include an estimated net 6.5% decline in annual nitrogen delivery to the bay from its watershed. This predicted decline is attributable to declines in the delivery of nitrogen from upland nonpoint sources to streams due to predicted warmer temperatures. Such temperature-driven declines in the delivery of nitrogen to streams more than offset predicted increased delivery to and within streams due to increased runoff and streamflow and may be attributable to increasing rates of denitrification or ammonia volatilization or to changes in plant phenology. Predicted climate-driven declines in nitrogen flux are generally similar across the watershed but vary slightly among major nonpoint source sectors and tributary watersheds. Nitrogen contributions to the bay from point sources are not affected by temperature-driven changes in delivery from uplands and are therefore predicted to increase slightly between 1995 and 2025.
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Additionally, the distribution of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSC) in petroleum reservoirs was examined to investigate possible applications to petroleum systems assessments. The hydrocarbon gases were generated by thermogenic processes associated with the oil window. The 13C-enriched values for C1 (>−40‰) were interpreted as an organic source signature rather than an indication of thermal maturity, except for the oil occurrence (Field B), where a different fluid charge mainly composed of methane and CO2 from a minor external kitchen area in the Santos Basin was identified. The molecular composition and the carbon and hydrogen isotopic data of the hydrocarbon gases, when combined with the VOSC molecular compositional data, allow the identification of four gas families associated with different kitchens and/or migrations pathways. The total VOSC concentrations range from 0.7 to 23.9 ppm by volume (ppmV). The organic sulfides are mainly composed of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and diethyl sulfide. The main thiol compound is ethanethiol. The cyclic VOSC are primarily composed of thiophene, with a negligible amount of branched thiophenes (<0.1 ppmV). H2S showed a strong positive Pearson's correlation with COS and methanethiol (MeSH) concentrations (r = 0.943 and 0.807, respectively). This suggests that COS and MeSH formation was linked to H2S generation and/or post-catagenetic interactions between hydrocarbons and H2S, mainly related to thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). In contrast, the distribution of higher molecular weight VOSC seems to be controlled by source rock facies, rather than H2S concentration. Principal component analysis of the VOSC compositional data identified some subgroups within the gas families mainly associated with TSR. The results presented in this work reveal that VOSC can be an important auxiliary tool in petroleum system studies.
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Seismic studies provide limited images of the magmatic system. Here we show using magnetotelluric data that a steep, melt-related conduit of low electrical resistivity originating in the upper mantle undergoes pronounced lateral re-orientation in the deep crust before reaching shallower magmatic storage and the summit lava lake. The lateral turn represents a structural fault-valve controlling episodic flow of magma and CO2 vapour, which replenish and heat the high level phonolite differentiation zone. This magmatic valve lies within an inferred, east-west structural trend forming part of an accommodation zone across the southern termination of the Terror Rift, providing a dilatant magma pathway. Unlike H2O-rich subduction arc volcanoes, CO2-dominated Erebus geophysically shows continuous magmatic structure to shallow crustal depths of < 1 km, as the melt does not experience decompression-related volatile supersaturation and viscous stalling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-30627-7","usgsCitation":"Hill, G.J., Wannamaker, P.E., Maris, V., Stodt, J.A., Kordy, M., Unsworth, M.J., Bedrosian, P.A., Wallin, E.L., Uhlmann, D.F., Ogawa, Y., and Kyle, P.R., 2022, Trans-crustal structural control of CO2-rich extensional magmatic systems revealed at Mount Erebus Antarctica: Nature Communications, v. 13, 2989, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30627-7.","productDescription":"2989, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-138531","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30627-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":501590,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Mount Erebus","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 165,\n -78\n ],\n [\n 170,\n -78\n ],\n [\n 170,\n -77\n ],\n [\n 165,\n -77\n ],\n [\n 165,\n -78\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Graham J","contributorId":367839,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"Graham","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[{"id":79730,"text":"Czech Academy of Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wannamaker, Phil E","contributorId":367840,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wannamaker","given":"Phil","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":13252,"text":"University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maris, Virginie","contributorId":194006,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maris","given":"Virginie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":957803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stodt, J. 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The study unit is in parts of Amador, Placer, Sacramento, and Sutter Counties, and the extent of the study unit was defined by the location of three California Department of Water Resources groundwater subbasins: the North American, the South American, and the Cosumnes. The SacMetro-DSA focused on groundwater resources used for domestic drinking-water supply, which generally correspond to shallower parts of aquifer systems than those of groundwater resources used for public drinking water supply in the same area. The assessments characterized the quality of untreated groundwater, not the quality of drinking water.
This study included two components: (1) a status assessment, which characterized the status of the quality of the groundwater resources used for domestic supply and (2) an understanding assessment, which evaluated the natural and human factors potentially affecting water quality in those resources. The first component of this study—the status assessment—was based on water-quality data collected from 49 sites sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey for the GAMA Priority Basin Project in 2017. The samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds, pesticides, and naturally present inorganic constituents, such as major ions and trace elements. To provide context, concentrations of constituents measured in groundwater were compared to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and California State Water Resources Control Board Division of Drinking Water regulatory and non-regulatory benchmarks for drinking-water quality. The status assessment used a grid-based method to estimate the proportion of the groundwater resources that had concentrations of water-quality constituents approaching or above benchmark concentrations. This method provides statistically unbiased results at the study-area scale and permits comparisons to other GAMA Priority Basin Project study areas. The second component of this study—the understanding assessment—identified the natural and human factors that potentially affect groundwater quality by evaluating land-use characteristics, groundwater age, and geochemical and hydrologic conditions of the domestic-supply aquifer and related these data to constituents identified in the status assessment for further evaluation.
In the SacMetro-DSA study unit, arsenic was the only inorganic constituent detected above health-based benchmarks and was detected in 10 percent of the domestic-supply aquifer system. Inorganic constituents were detected above the non-health-based California State Water Resources Control Board—Division of Drinking Water secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCL-CA) in 16 percent of the system. The inorganic constituents detected above the SMCL-CA were chloride, iron, manganese, and total dissolved solids (TDS). Organic constituents (volatile organic compounds and pesticides) with health-based benchmarks were not detected above health-based benchmarks; however, chloroform was detected at concentrations higher than 10 percent of the health-based benchmark (80 micrograms per liter) in 2 percent of the domestic-supply aquifer system. Of the 310 organic constituents analyzed, 16 constituents were detected; however, only bentazon and chloroform had detection frequencies greater than 10 percent.
Inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks that were evaluated in the understanding assessment included arsenic and hexavalent chromium. Arsenic and hexavalent chromium are natural constituents of aquifer sediments in the study unit and did not appear to be influenced by anthropogenic processes; rather, the presence of arsenic and hexavalent chromium appeared to be related to geochemical conditions controlled by oxidation–reduction reactions in the aquifer system. Naturally occurring inorganic constituents with SMCL-CAs evaluated in the understanding assessment were the trace elements iron and manganese, the major ion chloride, and TDS. Like arsenic and hexavalent chromium, the presence of iron and manganese was most strongly related to geochemical conditions in the aquifer system, specifically reducing conditions, which were most common near the western edge of the study unit close to the Sacramento River. Concentrations of chloride and TDS are indicators of salinity and were correlated with variables related to well location and included redox, agricultural land use, and elevation. Chloride and TDS were positively correlated to reducing conditions, and agricultural land use was negatively correlated to elevation and well depth. Observed correlations among variables were likely driven by the characteristics of the western part of the study unit, such as its higher proportion of agricultural land use and its relatively low elevation. A large portion of the western edge of the study unit is located in the center of the Sacramento Valley, defined by the location of the Sacramento River. The special-interest constituent perchlorate, also included in the understanding assessment, has natural and anthropogenic sources. Perchlorate was detected frequently and at moderate relative concentrations. In some areas of the study unit, concentrations of perchlorate were higher than what might be expected in nature; therefore, anthropogenic introduction of perchlorate or anthropogenically induced migration of native perchlorate could be occurring.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20225021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","programNote":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","usgsCitation":"Bennett, G.L., V, 2022, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Sacramento Metropolitan Domestic-Supply Aquifer study unit, 2017—California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5021, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225021.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 52 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-125530","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":401191,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20225021/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5021"},{"id":401167,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9H4P0XF","text":"Potential explanatory variables for groundwater quality in the Sacramento Metropolitan Domestic-Supply Aquifer study unit, 2017—California GAMA Priority Basin Project","description":"Bennett, G.L., V, 2022, Potential explanatory variables for groundwater quality in the Sacramento Metropolitan Domestic-Supply Aquifer study unit, 2017—California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey data release, available at https://doi.org/10.5066/P9H4P0XF."},{"id":401163,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5021/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":401166,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5021/images"},{"id":401165,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5021/sir20225021.xml"},{"id":401164,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5021/sir20225021.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5021"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento Metropolitan Domestic-Supply Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 39.232253141714885\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.87485339352928\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"GAMA Project Chief
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This systematic assessment of occurrence for 85 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in raw (untreated) groundwater used for public supply across the United States (U.S.), which includes 43 compounds not previously monitored by national studies, relates VOC occurrence to explanatory factors and assesses VOC detections in a human-health context. Samples were collected in 2013 through 2019 from 1537 public-supply wells in aquifers representing 78% of the volume pumped for public drinking-water supply. Laboratory detection limits for VOCs generally were less than 0.1 μg/L. Detections were reported for 36% of the sampled principal-aquifer area (38% of sampled wells) and were most common in wells in shallow, unconfined aquifers in urban areas that produce high proportions of modern-age and oxic groundwater. The disinfection by-product trichloromethane (chloroform) was the most commonly detected VOC associated primarily with anthropogenic sources (24% of the sampled area, 25% of sampled wells), followed by the gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (8.4% of area, 11% of wells). Carbon disulfide (12% of area, 14% of wells) was examined separately because of likely substantial contributions from natural sources. Newly monitored VOCs were each detected in <1% of the sampled area. Although detections of 1,4-dioxane in this first national study of its occurrence in raw groundwater were rare, measured concentrations exceeded the most stringent (non-enforceable) human-health benchmark in 0.5% of the sampled area (9 wells). Two wells had exceedances of enforceable benchmarks for tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene, and 50 wells total (representing 2.0% of the sampled area, 3.3% of sampled wells) had combined VOC concentrations exceeding 10% of benchmarks of any type. Compared with previous national findings, this study reports lower rates of VOC detection, but confirms widespread anthropogenic influence on groundwater used for public supply, with relatively few concentrations of individual VOCs or mixtures that approach or exceed human-health benchmarks.
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polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater used as a source of drinking water in the eastern United States","docAbstract":"In 2019, 254 samples were collected from five aquifer systems to evaluate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) occurrence in groundwater used as a source of drinking water in the eastern United States. The samples were analyzed for 24 PFAS, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pharmaceuticals, and tritium. Fourteen of the 24 PFAS were detected in groundwater, with 60% and 20% of public-supply and domestic wells, respectively, containing at least one PFAS detection. Concentrations of tritium, chloride, sulfate, DOC, and manganese+iron; percent urban land use within 500 m of the wells; and VOC and pharmaceutical detection frequencies were significantly higher in samples containing PFAS detections than in samples with no detections. Boosted Regression Tree models that consider 57 chemical and land-use variables show that tritium concentration, distance to the nearest fire-training area, percentage of urban land use, and DOC and VOC concentrations are the top five predictors of PFAS detections, consistent with hydrologic position, geochemistry, and land use being important controls on PFAS occurrence in groundwater. Model results indicate it may be possible to predict PFAS detections in groundwater using existing data sources.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.1c04795","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P.B., Tokranov, A.K., Bexfield, L.M., Lindsey, B.D., Johnson, T., Lombard, M.A., and Watson, E., 2022, Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater used as a source of drinking water in the eastern United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 56, no. 4, p. 2279-2288, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04795.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2279","endPage":"2288","ipdsId":"IP-129437","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science 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first two weeks of the 2018 Lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption of Kīlauea Volcano. Eruption styles ranged from low spattering and fountaining to strombolian activity. Major element trajectories in matrix glasses and melt inclusions hosted by olivine, pyroxene and plagioclase are consistent with variable amounts of fractional crystallization, with incompatible elements (e.g., Cl, F, H2O) becoming enriched by 4-5 times as melt MgO contents evolve from 6 to 0.5 wt%. The high viscosity and high H2O contents (∼2 wt%) of the dacitic melts erupting at Fissure 17 account for the explosive Strombolian behavior exhibited by this fissure, in contrast to the low fountaining and spattering observed at fissures erupting basaltic to basaltic-andesite melts. Saturation pressures calculated from melt inclusions CO2-H2O contents indicate that the magma reservoir(s) supplying these fissures was located at ∼2-3 km depth, which is in agreement with the depth of a dacitic magma body intercepted during drilling in 2005 (∼2.5 km) and a seismically-imaged low Vp/Vs anomaly (∼2 km depth). Nb/Y ratios in erupted products are similar to lavas erupted between 1955-1960, indicating that melts were stored and underwent variable amounts of crystallization in the LERZ for >60 years before being remobilized by a dike intrusion in 2018. We demonstrate that extensive fractional crystallization generates viscous and volatile-rich magma with potential for hazardous explosive eruptions, which may be lurking undetected at many ocean island volcanoes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2021GC010046","usgsCitation":"Wieser, P.E., Edmonds, M., Gansecki, C., Maclennan, J., Jenner, F.E., Kunz, B., Antoshechkina, P., Trusdell, F., Lee, R.L., and Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility, 2022, Explosive activity on Kilauea’s Lower East Rift Zone fueled by a volatile-rich, dacitic melt: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G-Cubed), v. 23, no. 2, e2021GC010046, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GC010046.","productDescription":"e2021GC010046, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-132884","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010046","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":395148,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano, Lower East Rift Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.34805297851562,\n 19.243736176569485\n ],\n [\n -154.6820068359375,\n 19.243736176569485\n ],\n [\n -154.6820068359375,\n 19.71241464369998\n ],\n [\n -155.34805297851562,\n 19.71241464369998\n ],\n [\n -155.34805297851562,\n 19.243736176569485\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieser, Penny E. 0000-0002-1070-8323","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1070-8323","contributorId":272601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wieser","given":"Penny","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":27136,"text":"University of Cambridge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edmonds, Marie 0000-0003-1243-137X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1243-137X","contributorId":272602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Edmonds","given":"Marie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27136,"text":"University of Cambridge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gansecki, Cheryl 0000-0001-5581-9097","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5581-9097","contributorId":215620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gansecki","given":"Cheryl","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36402,"text":"University of Hawaii","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maclennan, John","contributorId":272838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maclennan","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27136,"text":"University of Cambridge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jenner, Frances E. 0000-0003-2189-6478","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2189-6478","contributorId":272603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jenner","given":"Frances","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":47593,"text":"The Open University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunz, Barbara 0000-0002-9492-1497","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9492-1497","contributorId":272604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kunz","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":47593,"text":"The Open University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Antoshechkina, Paula 0000-0002-3358-5186","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3358-5186","contributorId":272605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Antoshechkina","given":"Paula","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7218,"text":"California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":832224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lee, R. Lopaka 0000-0002-6352-0340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6352-0340","contributorId":223777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lopaka","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility","contributorId":272840,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility","id":832314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70227689,"text":"70227689 - 2022 - Enhanced bioremediation of RDX and co-contaminants perchlorate and nitrate using an anaerobic dehalogenating consortium in a fractured rock aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-26T15:15:10.609363","indexId":"70227689","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-26T09:00:43","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Enhanced bioremediation of RDX and co-contaminants perchlorate and nitrate using an anaerobic dehalogenating consortium in a fractured rock aquifer","docAbstract":"The potential neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects of the explosives compound RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) on human health requires groundwater remediation strategies to meet low cleanup goals. Bioremediation of RDX is feasible through biostimulation of native microbes with an organic carbon donor but may be less efficient, or not occur at all, in the presence of the common co-contaminants perchlorate and nitrate. Laboratory tests compared biostimulation with bioaugmentation to achieve anaerobic degradation of RDX, perchlorate, and nitrate; a field pilot test was then conducted in a fractured rock aquifer with the selected bioaugmentation approach. Insignificant reduction of RDX, perchlorate, or nitrate was observed by the native microbes in microcosms, with or without biostimulation by addition of lactate. Tests of the RDX-degrading ability of the microbial consortium WBC-2, originally developed for dehalogenation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds, showed first-order biodegradation rate constants ranging from 0.57 to 0.90 per day (half-lives 1.2 to 0.80 days). WBC-2 sustained degradation without daughter product accumulation when repeatedly amended with RDX and lactate for a year. In microcosms with groundwater containing perchlorate and nitrate, RDX degradation began without delay when bioaugmented with 10% WBC-2. Slower RDX degradation occurred with 3% or 5% WBC-2 amendment, indicating a direct relation with cell density. Transient RDX daughter compounds included methylene dinitramine, MNX, and DNX. With WBC-2 amendment, nitrate concentrations immediately decreased to near or below detection, and perchlorate degradation occurred with half-lives of 25 to 34 days. Single-well injection tests with WBC-2 and lactate showed that the onset of RDX degradation coincided with the onset of sulfide production, which was affected by the initial perchlorate concentration. Bioegradation rates in the pilot injection tests agreed well with those measured in the microcosms. These results support bioaugmentation with an anaerobic culture as a remedial strategy for sites contaminated with RDX, nitrate, and perchlorate.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133674","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M.M., Vogler, E., Gebhardt, F.E., Graves, D., and Grabowski, J., 2022, Enhanced bioremediation of RDX and co-contaminants perchlorate and nitrate using an anaerobic dehalogenating consortium in a fractured rock aquifer: Chemosphere, v. 294, p. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133674.","productDescription":"133674, 12 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"12","ipdsId":"IP-133155","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133674","text":"External Repository"},{"id":394864,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Hazardous Test Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.60926818847656,\n 33.55970664841198\n ],\n [\n -106.34422302246094,\n 33.55970664841198\n ],\n [\n -106.34422302246094,\n 33.63234403356961\n ],\n [\n -106.60926818847656,\n 33.63234403356961\n ],\n [\n -106.60926818847656,\n 33.55970664841198\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"294","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Yoon, Y. Yeomin","contributorId":272225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoon","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"Yeomin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831779,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":224040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":831767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vogler, Eric","contributorId":272221,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vogler","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56372,"text":"Stantec","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gebhardt, Fredrick E.","contributorId":272222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebhardt","given":"Fredrick","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":831769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graves, Duane","contributorId":172428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graves","given":"Duane","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27037,"text":"Geosyntec Consultants, Inc., Knoxville, TN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grabowski, Jennifer","contributorId":272223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grabowski","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":56373,"text":"U.S. Pharmacopeia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":831771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70227367,"text":"sir20215119 - 2022 - Characterization of ambient groundwater quality within a statewide, fixed-station monitoring network in Pennsylvania, 2015–19","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-02T19:50:24.033174","indexId":"sir20215119","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-18T09:40:00","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-5119","displayTitle":"Characterization of Ambient Groundwater Quality Within a Statewide, Fixed-Station Monitoring Network in Pennsylvania, 2015–19","title":"Characterization of ambient groundwater quality within a statewide, fixed-station monitoring network in Pennsylvania, 2015–19","docAbstract":"Pennsylvania leads the Nation in the number of individuals that use groundwater for private domestic water supply; more than 3 million rural and suburban Pennsylvania residents rely on private domestic supplies for drinking water. These supplies are not regulated nor routinely monitored; thus relevant groundwater-quality information is not widely available. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PaDEP) Safe Drinking Water Bureau, established a statewide, fixed-station ambient groundwater quality network in 2015. The goals for the Pennsylvania Groundwater Monitoring Network (GWMN) include characterizing ambient groundwater quality conditions in rural areas of the State and documenting potential changes in conditions over time. Seventeen wells were selected for monitoring at 6-month intervals beginning in 2015. Since then, several wells have been added to the GWMN, bringing the total number of wells sampled in the fall of 2019 to 28. Routinely monitored constituents included physical characteristics and chemical concentrations in filtered and unfiltered samples (major and trace elements, nutrients, and organic compounds). Samples for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), radionuclides, and dissolved hydrocarbon gases were collected during the first sampling event at each well.
To offer insights on the quality of groundwater used for domestic supply in Pennsylvania, summary statistics for the 221 GWMN samples collected during 2015–19 are compared to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking-water standards, which are applicable to public water supplies. Results show that samples across the GWMN generally meet drinking-water standards for inorganic and organic constituents; however, a percentage of samples had concentrations that exceeded maximum contaminant level (MCL) thresholds for nitrate (3 percent) and secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) thresholds for iron (32 percent), manganese (36 percent), and aluminum (5 percent). Radon-222 activities, which were sampled only during the initial visit to a well, exceeded the lower proposed drinking water standard of 300 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in 64 percent of wells in the GWMN; additionally, 7 percent of wells exceeded the higher proposed standard of 4,000 pCi/L. There were no exceedances for VOCs, but one well had a tribromomethane detection. Three wells had detectable concentrations of methane, with one sample exceeding the Pennsylvania action level of 7 milligrams per liter (mg/L).
The pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations varied widely across the GWMN and were correlated with dissolved metal concentrations and other chemical characteristics of groundwater samples. Considering all samples collected for the study, the pH ranged from 4.2 to 8.3; 42 percent of pH values were either above or below the SMCL range of 6.5–8.5. The highest pH values resulted from contamination of loose grout used in the construction of one well and decreased to levels consistent with other wells in the vicinity after repeated sampling rounds. Dissolved oxygen (DO), which ranged from 0 to 13.9 mg/L, influences the mobility and prevalence of constituents with variable oxidation state, including iron, manganese, and nitrogen species. Samples with acidic pH (less than 6.5) and (or) low DO had the highest concentrations of manganese and iron, whereas those with neutral to alkaline pH values had the highest concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and other major ions. Analysis of major ions indicates that calcium/bicarbonate water types are the most common, with a few characterized as calcium/chloride or sodium/chloride, and most others as mixed water types including calcium-magnesium/bicarbonate, sodium-magnesium/bicarbonate, and sodium/bicarbonate-chloride.
Nonparametric statistical methods were used to evaluate the data for spatial and temporal trends. A principal components analysis (PCA) model developed with ranked data values for the entire network resulted in three components, (1) dissolved solids, (2) redox, and (3) sodium-chloride, which explained 74.5 percent of variance in the dataset. On the basis of individual contributions to the PCA, certain wells were identified through hierarchical cluster analysis that shared relevant water-quality characteristics. The spatial distribution of sampling locations and the temporal trends of constituent concentrations indicate that hydrogeologic setting and topographic position as defined in the PCA model are important factors affecting the spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater quality in the GWMN.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215119","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Conlon, M.D., and Duris, J.W., 2022, Characterization of ambient groundwater quality within a statewide, fixed-station monitoring network in Pennsylvania, 2015–19: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5119, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215119.","productDescription":"Report: x, 118 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"118","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-120798","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394185,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NWQW7C","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data for characterization of ambient groundwater quality within a state-wide, fixed station 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\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Underground infiltration basins (UIBs) mimic the natural hydrologic cycle by allowing stormwater to recharge local groundwater aquifers. However, little is known about the potential transport of organic contaminants to receiving groundwater. We conducted a pilot study in which we collected paired grab samples of stormwater runoff flowing into two UIBs (inflow) and shallow groundwater adjacent to the UIBs. Samples were collected coincident with three rain events and analyzed for volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Few contaminants were detected in groundwater, compared with inflow, and groundwater concentrations were typically an order of magnitude less. With one exception (trichloroethene), all groundwater concentrations were at least two orders of magnitude below available guidance or screening values. This short communication highlights information gaps in understanding the hydrologic connectivity between UIBs and receiving groundwater and potential consequent contaminant transport to the subsurface from varying climatic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Water Environment Federation","doi":"10.1002/wer.10690","usgsCitation":"Elliott, S.M., Kiesling, R.L., Berg, A.M., and Schoenfuss, H.L., 2022, A pilot study to assess the influence of infiltrated stormwater on groundwater: Hydrology and trace organic contaminants: Water Environment Research, v. 94, no. 2, e10690, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.10690.","productDescription":"e10690, 9 p.","ipdsId":"IP-131245","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.10690","text":"External Repository"},{"id":395614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Minneapolis-St. Paul","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.59115600585936,\n 44.80814739879984\n ],\n [\n -93.13522338867188,\n 44.80814739879984\n ],\n [\n -93.13522338867188,\n 45.30773430004869\n ],\n [\n -93.59115600585936,\n 45.30773430004869\n ],\n [\n -93.59115600585936,\n 44.80814739879984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, Sarah M. 0000-0002-1414-3024 selliott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1414-3024","contributorId":1472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Sarah","email":"selliott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":833540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kiesling, Richard L. 0000-0002-3017-1826 kiesling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3017-1826","contributorId":1837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiesling","given":"Richard","email":"kiesling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":833743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berg, Andrew M. 0000-0001-9312-240X aberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9312-240X","contributorId":5642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"Andrew","email":"aberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":833744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schoenfuss, Heiko L.","contributorId":76409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schoenfuss","given":"Heiko","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13317,"text":"Saint Cloud State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":833745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70224463,"text":"ofr20211093 - 2021 - Hydrogeologic framework, water levels, and selected contaminant concentrations at Valmont TCE Superfund Site, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, 2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T17:39:09.333201","indexId":"ofr20211093","displayToPublicDate":"2022-08-09T07:20:00","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1093","displayTitle":"Hydrogeologic Framework, Water Levels, and Selected Contaminant Concentrations at Valmont TCE Superfund Site, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, 2020","title":"Hydrogeologic framework, water levels, and selected contaminant concentrations at Valmont TCE Superfund Site, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, 2020","docAbstract":"The Valmont TCE Superfund Site, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania is underlain by fractured and folded sandstones and shales of the Pottsville and Mauch Chunk Formations, which form a fractured-rock aquifer recharged locally by precipitation. Industrial activities at the former Chromatex Plant resulted in trichloroethene (TCE) contamination of groundwater at and near the facility, which was identified in 1987 and led to listing as a Superfund site by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1989. To address the problem of TCE concentrations in nearby residential wells that exceed the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 5 micrograms per liter (μg/L), alternate water supplies were provided. A 2015 review of initial characterization and subsequent remediation by the EPA identified the need for an updated understanding of the complex hydrogeology and the conceptual site model. Additional contaminants present in groundwater at the site include some other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), predominantly consisting of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) present in concentrations that exceeded the EPA Health Advisory (HA) level of 5 nanograms per liter (ng/L) for combined PFOA and PFOS.
In response to a request from the EPA in 2019, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) prepared cross sections and maps to provide more information about the hydrogeologic framework at and near the site and assist in improving the conceptual site model using water level and contaminant data collected by the EPA in 2020. The cross sections present lithologic correlations from available geophysical logs collected in wells from 2002 to 2014; they show alternating intervals of relatively elevated and reduced natural gamma activity that correspond to changes in lithology, with water-bearing zones and well screens commonly located at lithologic contacts, sometimes near thin coal seams. Water-bearing zones commonly are associated with fractures at or near lithologic contacts but also may be associated with fractures at or near apparent faulting. Recent (March 2020) water-level data shown on cross sections and maps indicate large downward vertical gradients and apparent radial gradients laterally to the northeast, northwest, and southwest that generally following topography. Recent (February to March 2020) data for TCE groundwater concentration shown on cross sections and maps indicate the highest TCE concentrations (greater than 3,000 μg/L and as much as 75,000 μg/L) and combined PFOA and PFOS concentrations (greater than 1,000 ng/L and up to at least 2,350 ng/L) are from shallow (less than 60 feet [ft] below land surface [bls]) and intermediate depth (60 to 100 ft bls) wells near the center of the former Chromatex Plant. TCE and PFAS (as combined PFOA and PFOS) contamination is present at greater depths, as much as 304 ft bls, as evidenced by samples collected from one well (a reconstructed former production well) near the plant, that contained concentrations of about 240 μg/L and 508 ng/L, respectively. The 2020 data also indicate that TCE and PFAS concentrations which exceed drinking-water MCL or HA levels are present in groundwater depths of less than 200 ft in an area that extends predominantly in a northeast direction from the former Chromatex Plant, and is apparently influenced by hydraulic gradients, lithology, and geologic structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211093","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., Fiore, A.R., and Bird, P.H., 2021, Hydrogeologic framework, water levels, and selected contaminant concentrations at Valmont TCE Superfund Site, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, 2020 (ver. 1.1, August 2022): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1093, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211093.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 80 p.; 17 Plates: 17.00 x 11.00 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-128502","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501527,"rank":21,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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1.0: September 30, 2021; Version 1.1: August 9, 2022","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070-2424
In 2019, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, drilled and constructed boreholes USGS 148A and USGS 149 for stratigraphic framework analyses and long-term groundwater monitoring of the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in southeastern Idaho. Initially, boreholes USGS 148A and USGS 149 were continuously cored to allow the USGS and INL subcontractor to collect select geophysical and seismic data and evaluate properties of recovered core material. The USGS geophysical data and descriptions of core material are described in this report; however, data collected by the INL contractor, including seismic data, are not included as part of the report.
The unsaturated zone at both borehole locations is relatively thick, depth to water was measured at approximately 663.6 feet (ft) below land surface (BLS) in USGS 148A, and at approximately 654.1 ft BLS at USGS 149. On completion of coring and data collection, both boreholes (USGS 148A and USGS 149) were repurposed as monitoring wells. Well USGS 148A was constructed to a depth of 759 ft BLS and instrumented with a dedicated submersible pump and measurement line; well USGS 149 was constructed to a depth of 974 ft BLS and instrumented with a multilevel monitoring system (WestbayTM).
Geophysical data, collected by the USGS, were used to characterize the subsurface geology and aquifer conditions. Natural gamma log measurements were used to assess sediment-layer thickness and location. Neutron and gamma-gamma source logs were used to confirm fractured and vesicular basalt identified for aquifer testing and multilevel monitoring well zone testing. Acoustic televiewer logs, collected for well USGS 149, were used to identify fractures and assess groundwater movement when compared with neutron measurements. Furthermore, gyroscopic deviation measurements were used to measure horizontal and vertical displacement for the constructed boreholes USGS 148A and USGS 149.
A single-well aquifer test was done in well USGS 148A during November 6–7, 2019, to provide estimates of transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity. Estimates for transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity were 6.34×103 feet squared per day and 3.17 feet per day, respectively. The aquifer test was run overnight (21.3 hours) and measured drawdown was relatively small (0.09 ft) at sustained pumping rates ranging from 15.7 to 16.1 gallons per minute. The transmissivity estimates for well USGS 148A were slightly lower than those determined from previous aquifer tests for wells near the Materials and Fuels Complex, but well within range of other aquifer tests done at the INL.
Water-quality samples, collected from well USGS 148A and from four zones in well USGS 149, were analyzed for cations, anions, metals, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, stable isotopes, and radionuclides. Water samples for most of the inorganic constituents showed similar chemistry in USGS 148A and all four zones in USGS 149. Water samples for stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen indicated some possible influence of irrigation on the water quality. Nitrate plus nitrite concentrations indicated influence from anthropogenic sources. The volatile organic compound and radiochemical data indicated that wastewater disposal practices at the Materials and Fuels Complex or from drilling had no detectable influence on these wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215131","collaboration":"DOE/ID-22255Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Road
Boise, Idaho 83702-4520
In 2010, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), a chlorinated volatile organic compound, was detected in groundwater from deep (more than 300 feet below land surface) fractures in monitoring wells tapping a crystalline-rock aquifer. The aquifer underlies the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, a high water-producing aquifer, and the Savage Municipal Water-Supply Well Superfund site in Milford, New Hampshire. Between 30 and 40 residential water-supply wells are near (0.25 mile north of) the PCE-contaminated monitoring wells. Some of the residential water-supply wells are likely installed in similar rock types and formations as those of the monitoring wells installed as part of the Superfund site. As of 2020, periodic sampling by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (cooperative partners for this study) since 1996 had not detected PCE in groundwater from the residential water-supply wells. Nevertheless, understanding the vulnerability of the residential water wells to capture PCE contaminated groundwater was of concern.
A numerical groundwater flow model was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey to assess groundwater flow and advective transport of PCE-contaminated groundwater in the crystalline-rock aquifer of the Milford area. The model (called the area-wide model) encompasses a 26.5-square mile area to allow for more accurate computation of water fluxes near the PCE-contaminated monitoring wells and the residential water wells. Simulations with the area-wide model show that, with the 2016 configuration of residential wells, capture of PCE by the residential water wells appears unlikely for hydrologic conditions typical of 2010 based on steady-state, advective transport modeling. However, simulations also show that adding residential water wells to the north of the PCE-contaminated monitoring wells could affect the transport of PCE. Groundwater withdrawals at other adjacent wells in the overlying Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer affect advective transport in the crystalline-rock aquifer. Therefore, the potential for future changes in withdrawals in the area, as well as changes in hydrologic conditions, including groundwater recharge and streamflow amounts, should be considered in the remedial assessment process. The development of the area-wide model and linkages established by this study with previously developed Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer transport models will help facilitate the development of remedial strategies for this Superfund site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20205137","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services","usgsCitation":"Harte, P.T., 2021, Numerical modeling of groundwater flow in the crystalline-rock aquifer in the vicinity of the Savage Municipal Water-Supply Well Superfund site, Milford, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5137, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205137.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 47 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-036649","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391937,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20205137/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":391330,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5137/sir20205137.XML"},{"id":391326,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5137/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":391329,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5137/images/"},{"id":391328,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7J102FK","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW -2005, MODPATH, and MOC3D used for groundwater flow simulation, pathlines analysis, and solute transport in the crystalline-rock aquifer in the vicinity of the Savage Municipal Water-Supply Well Superfund site, Milford, New Hampshire"},{"id":391327,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2020/5137/sir20205137.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2020-5137"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","city":"Milford","otherGeospatial":"Savage Municipal Water-Supply Well Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.78741455078125,\n 42.798675589844414\n ],\n [\n -71.57524108886719,\n 42.798675589844414\n ],\n [\n -71.57524108886719,\n 42.938328528472546\n ],\n [\n -71.78741455078125,\n 42.938328528472546\n ],\n [\n -71.78741455078125,\n 42.798675589844414\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New England Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
10 Bearfoot Road
Northborough, MA 01532
The Taishanmiao granitic batholith, located in the Eastern Qinling Orogen in Henan Province, China, contains numerous small (mostly tens of centimeters in maximum dimension) bodies exhibiting textures and mineralogy characteristics of simple quartz and alkali feldspar pegmatites. Analysis of melt inclusions (MI) and fluid inclusions (FI) in pegmatitic quartz, combined with Rhyolite-MELTS modeling of the crystallization of the granite, have been applied to develop a conceptual model of the physical and geochemical processes associated with the formation of the pegmatites. These results allow us to consider the formation of the Taishanmiao pegmatites within the context of varios models that have been proposed for pegmatite formation.
Field observations and geochemical data indicate that the pegmatites represent the latest stage in the crystallization of the Taishanmiao granite and occupy ≤4 vol% of the syenogranite phase of the batholith. Results of Rhyolite-MELTS modeling suggest that the pegmatite-forming melts can be produced through continuous fractional crystallization of the Taishanmiao granitic magma, consistent with the designation of the pegmatites as a miarolitic class, segregation-type pegmatites rather than the more common intrusive-type of pegmatite. The mineral assemblage predicted by Rhyolite-MELTS after ~96% of the original granite-forming melt had crystallized consists of ~51 vol% alkali feldspar, 34 vol% quartz, 14 vol% plagioclase, 0.1 vol% biotite, and 1 vol% magnetite, similar to the alkali feldspar + quartz dominated mineralogy of the pegmatites. Moreover, the modeled residual melt composition following crystallization of ~96% of the original melt is similar to the composition of homogenized MI in quartz within the pegmatite. Rhyolite-MELTS predicts that the granite-forming melt remained volatile-undersaturated during crystallization of the batholith and contained ~6.3 wt% H2O and ~500 ppm CO2 after ~96% crystallization when the pegmatites began to develop. The Rhyolite-MELTS prediction that the melt was volatile-undersaturated at the time the pegmatites began to form, but became volatile-saturated during the early stages of pegmatite formation, is consistent with the presence of some inclusion assemblages consisting of only MI, while others contain co-existing MI and FI. The relationship between halogen (F and Cl) and Na abundances in MI is also consistent with the interpretation that the very earliest stages of pegmatite formation occurred in the presence of a volatile-undersaturated melt and that the melt became volatile saturated as crystallization progressed.
We propose a closed system, isochoric model for the formation of the pegmatites. Accordingly, the Taishanmiao granite crystallized isobarically at ~3.3 kbar, and the pegmatites began to form at ~734 °C and ~ 3.3 kbar, after ~96% of the original granitic melt had crystallized. During the final stages of crystallization of the granite, small pockets of the remaining residual melt became isolated within the enclosing granite and evolved as constant mass (closed), constant volume (isochoric) systems, similar to the manner in which volatile-rich melt inclusions in igneous phenocrysts evolve during post-entrapment crystallization under isochoric conditions. As a result of the negative volume change associated with crystallization, pressure in the pegmatite initially decreases as crystals form, and this leads to volatile exsolution from the melt phase. The changing PTX conditions produce a pressure-induced “liquidus deficit” that is analogous to liquidus undercooling and results in crystal growth as required to return the system to equilibrium PTX conditions. Owing to the complex closed system, isochoric PVTX evolution of the melt-crystal-volatile system, the pressure does not decrease rapidly or monotonically during pegmatite formation but, rather, gradually fluctuates such that at some stages in the evolution of the pegmatite the pressure is decreasing while at other times the pressure increases as the system cools to maintain mass and volume balance. This behavior, in turn, leads to alternating episodes of precipitation and dissolution that serve to coarsen (ripen) the crystals to produce the pegmatitic texture. The evolution of the pegmatitic melt described here is analogous to that which has been well-documented to occur in volatile-rich MI that undergo closed system, isochoric, post-entrapment crystallization.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/am-2021-7637","usgsCitation":"Yuan, Y., Moore, L., McAleer, R.J., Yuan, S., Ouyang, H., Belkin, H.E., Mao, J., Sublett, M.D., and Bodnar, R., 2021, Formation of miarolitic-class, segregation-type pegmatites in the Taishanmiao batholith, China: The role of pressure fluctuations and volatile exsolution during pegmatite formation in a closed, isochoric system: American Mineralogist, v. 106, no. 10, p. 1559-1573, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7637.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1559","endPage":"1573","ipdsId":"IP-119402","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/111949","text":"External 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Yabin","contributorId":291938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yuan","given":"Yabin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51380,"text":"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Lowell","contributorId":264239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moore","given":"Lowell","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12694,"text":"Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McAleer, Ryan J. 0000-0003-3801-7441 rmcaleer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3801-7441","contributorId":215498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAleer","given":"Ryan","email":"rmcaleer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yuan, Shunda","contributorId":203441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yuan","given":"Shunda","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36622,"text":"Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ouyang, Hegen","contributorId":291939,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ouyang","given":"Hegen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51380,"text":"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":190267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":843423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mao, Jingwen","contributorId":291940,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mao","given":"Jingwen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51380,"text":"Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sublett, Matthew D.","contributorId":291941,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sublett","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12694,"text":"Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bodnar, Robert J.","contributorId":261193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bodnar","given":"Robert J.","affiliations":[{"id":12694,"text":"Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":843426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70224533,"text":"70224533 - 2021 - Multidisciplinary constraints on magma compressibility, the pre-eruptive exsolved volatile fraction, and the H2O/CO2 molar ratio for the 2006 Augustine eruption, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-24T15:09:47.418896","indexId":"70224533","displayToPublicDate":"2021-09-24T09:41:35","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9358,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G-Cubed)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Multidisciplinary constraints on magma compressibility, the pre-eruptive exsolved volatile fraction, and the H2O/CO2 molar ratio for the 2006 Augustine eruption, Alaska","title":"Multidisciplinary constraints on magma compressibility, the pre-eruptive exsolved volatile fraction, and the H2O/CO2 molar ratio for the 2006 Augustine eruption, Alaska","docAbstract":"Geodetically modeled reservoir volume changes during volcanic eruptions are commonly much smaller than the observed eruptive volumes. This discrepancy is thought to be partially due to the compressibility of magma, which is largely controlled by the presence of exsolved volatiles. The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, produced an eruptive volume that was ∼3 times larger than the geodetically estimated syn-eruptive subsurface volume change. In this study, we use a multistep methodology that combines constraints from geodetic, volcanic gas, geologic, and petrologic data together with equations relating physical processes to observable parameters. We apply a Monte Carlo approach to quantify uncertainties. Ultimately, we solve for the exsolved volatile volume fraction and the magma compressibility. We estimate Augustine's 2006 pre-eruptive exsolved volatile phase to be ∼5.5 vol% of the magma at storage depths, yielding a bulk magma compressibility of ∼3.8 × 10−10 Pa−1. We develop a novel approach to estimate the H2O/CO2 ratio of the syn-eruptive gas emissions in the absence of direct H2O emission measurements which are hard to obtain due to the high background levels in ambient air. We find a best-fit H2O/CO2 molar ratio of 29. We also investigate the effects of applying different equations of state to our model. We find that the Ideal Gas Law might be used as a first approximation due to its simplicity; however, it overestimates volatile density and compressibility significantly at storage depths. This project capitalizes on the insights that can be gained by integrating multidisciplinary data with models of physical processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2021GC009911","usgsCitation":"Wasser, V.K., Lopez, T., Anderson, K.R., Izbekov, P.E., and Freymueller, J., 2021, Multidisciplinary constraints on magma compressibility, the pre-eruptive exsolved volatile fraction, and the H2O/CO2 molar ratio for the 2006 Augustine eruption, Alaska: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G-Cubed), v. 22, no. 9, p. 1-24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GC009911.","productDescription":"e2021GC009911, 24 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"24","ipdsId":"IP-116941","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc009911","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":389721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Augustine Volcano, Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.38150024414062,\n 59.404209722248545\n ],\n [\n -153.38356018066406,\n 59.411198752750096\n ],\n [\n -153.4295654296875,\n 59.417836996163324\n ],\n [\n -153.46939086914062,\n 59.40840331358838\n ],\n [\n -153.47488403320312,\n 59.39966607911177\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.395471406154286\n ],\n [\n -153.52500915527344,\n 59.38987770116238\n ],\n [\n -153.5504150390625,\n 59.39652012307085\n ],\n [\n -153.56483459472653,\n 59.39337387496283\n ],\n [\n -153.57650756835938,\n 59.38218484937568\n ],\n [\n -153.58200073242188,\n 59.37379065648717\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.36924293446236\n ],\n [\n -153.55934143066406,\n 59.36644403325385\n ],\n [\n -153.5504150390625,\n 59.345795005122895\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.33564087770051\n ],\n [\n -153.5504150390625,\n 59.32968704671643\n ],\n [\n -153.52157592773438,\n 59.3167251017617\n ],\n [\n -153.42613220214844,\n 59.32443279994899\n ],\n [\n -153.41720581054688,\n 59.32022881759866\n ],\n [\n -153.39797973632812,\n 59.32583401185328\n ],\n [\n -153.358154296875,\n 59.33669144545403\n ],\n [\n -153.336181640625,\n 59.35734600959442\n ],\n [\n -153.34304809570312,\n 59.380785961506966\n ],\n [\n -153.37051391601562,\n 59.39092659116679\n ],\n [\n -153.38150024414062,\n 59.404209722248545\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-09-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wasser, Valerie K.","contributorId":265989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wasser","given":"Valerie","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez, Taryn M.","contributorId":265990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez","given":"Taryn M.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, Kyle R. 0000-0001-8041-3996 kranderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-3996","contributorId":3522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Kyle","email":"kranderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":823949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Izbekov, Pavel E.","contributorId":265991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Izbekov","given":"Pavel","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":96841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey T.","affiliations":[{"id":26875,"text":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":823951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70259936,"text":"70259936 - 2021 - A petrological and conceptual model of Mayon volcano (Philippines) as an example of an open-vent volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-30T22:43:56.097024","indexId":"70259936","displayToPublicDate":"2021-09-10T06:54:16","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A petrological and conceptual model of Mayon volcano (Philippines) as an example of an open-vent volcano","docAbstract":"Mayon is a basaltic andesitic, open-vent volcano characterized by persistent passive degassing from the summit at 2463 m above sea level. Mid-size (<0.1 km3) and mildly explosive eruptions and occasional phreatic eruptions have occurred approximately every 10 years for over a hundred years. Mayon’s plumbing system structure, processes, and time scales driving its eruptions are still not well-known, despite being the most active volcano in the Philippines. We investigated the petrology and geochemistry of its crystal-rich lavas (~50 vol% phenocrysts) from nine historical eruptions between 1928 and 2009 and propose a conceptual model of the processes and magmatic architecture that led to the eruptions. The whole-rock geochemistry and mineral assemblage (plagioclase + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + Fe-Ti oxide ± olivine) of the lavas have remained remarkably homogenous (54 wt% SiO2,~4 wt% MgO) from 1928 to 2009. However, electron microscope images and microprobe analyses of the phenocrysts and the existence of three types of glomerocrysts testify to a range of magmatic processes, including long-term magma residence, magma mixing, crystallization, volatile fluxing, and degassing. Multiple mineral-melt geothermobarometers suggest a relatively thermally buffered system at 1050±25 °C, with several magma residence zones, ranging from close to the surface, through reservoirs at ~4–5 km, and as deep as ~ 20 km. Diffusion chronometry on >200 orthopyroxene crystals reveal magma mixing timescales that range from a few days to about 65 years, but the majority are shorter than the decadal inter-eruptive repose period. This implies that magma intrusion at Mayon has been nearly continuous over the studied time period, with limited crystal recycling from one eruption to the next. The variety of plagioclase textures and zoning patterns reflect fluxing of volatiles from depth to shallower melts through which they eventually reach the atmosphere through an open conduit. The crystal-rich nature of the erupted magmas may have developed during each inter-eruptive period. We propose that Mayon has behaved over almost 100 years as a steady state system, with limited variations in eruption frequency, degassing flux, magma composition, and crystal content that are mainly determined by the amount and composition of deep magma and volatile input in the system. We explore how Mayon volcano’s processes and working model can be related to other open-vent mafic and water-rich systems such as Etna, Stromboli, Villarrica, or Llaima. Finally, our understanding of open-vent, persistently active volcanoes is rooted in historical observations, but volcano behavior can evolve over longer time frames. We speculate that these volcanoes produce specific plagioclase textures that can be used to identify similar volcanic behavior in the geologic record.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-021-01486-9","usgsCitation":"Ruth, D.C., and Costa, F., 2021, A petrological and conceptual model of Mayon volcano (Philippines) as an example of an open-vent volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 83, 62, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01486-9.","productDescription":"62, 28 p.","ipdsId":"IP-123082","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467226,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01486-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":463239,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Philippines","otherGeospatial":"Mayon volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 123.5101731400274,\n 13.501020877721444\n ],\n [\n 123.5101731400274,\n 13.33999591750549\n ],\n [\n 123.70654204522504,\n 13.33999591750549\n ],\n [\n 123.70654204522504,\n 13.501020877721444\n ],\n [\n 123.5101731400274,\n 13.501020877721444\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruth, Dawn Catherine Sweeney 0000-0001-9369-9364","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9369-9364","contributorId":334908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruth","given":"Dawn","email":"","middleInitial":"Catherine Sweeney","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":916874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Costa, Fidel","contributorId":184169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Costa","given":"Fidel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":916875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70223483,"text":"sim3470 - 2021 - Geologic map of Olympus Mons caldera, Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T18:13:31.216229","indexId":"sim3470","displayToPublicDate":"2021-09-07T10:02:40","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3470","displayTitle":"Geologic Map of Olympus Mons Caldera, Mars","title":"Geologic map of Olympus Mons caldera, Mars","docAbstract":"The Mars volcano, Olympus Mons, is probably the best known extraterrestrial volcano. The summit forms a nested caldera with six overlapping collapse pits that collectively measure ~65 x ~80 kilometers (km). Numerous wrinkle ridges and graben occur on the caldera floor, and topographic data indicate >1.2 km of elevation change since the formation of the floor as a series of lava lakes. The paths of lava flows on the south and southeast flanks do not conform to present-day topography. Mapping at a scale of 1:200,000 shows that the summit area displays a complex volcanic history that has numerous similarities to terrestrial shield volcanoes. Pangboche crater is a large (~10-km-diameter) crater of impact origin that lies on the south flank of the caldera and, because of the elevation and lack of volatiles, it displays numerous features more similar to fresh lunar craters than to impact craters on Mars.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3470","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Mouginis-Mark, P.J., 2021, Geologic map of Olympus Mons caldera, Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3470, 6 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:200,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3470.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 6 p.; Metadata; Read Me; 1 Sheet: 38.06 x 40.11 inches","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-107079","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436209,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95C2UHD","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Interactive Map: USGS SIM 3470 Geologic Map of Olympus Mons Caldera, Mars"},{"id":388840,"rank":7,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3470/sim3470_gis_files.zip","text":"SIM 3470 GIS Files","size":"260 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":388595,"rank":4,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3470/sim3470_sheet.pdf","size":"11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388596,"rank":5,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3470/sim3470_metadata.txt","size":"20 KB","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":388592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3470/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":388593,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3470/sim3470_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet to Accompany Map Sheet","size":"1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":388594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3470/sim3470_readme.docx","text":"Read Me","size":"25 KB docx"},{"id":405427,"rank":8,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P95C2UHD","text":"Interactive map","description":"Mouginis-Mark, P.J., 2021, Geologic map of Olympus Mons caldera, Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3470, 6 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:200,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3470.","linkHelpText":"- Geologic Map of Olympus Mons Caldera, Mars, 1:200K. Mouginis-Mark (2021)"},{"id":388598,"rank":6,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3470/sim3470_metadata.xml","size":"20 KB","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"}}],"contact":"Contact Astrogeology Research Program staff
Astrogeology Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Dr.
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
Typical meter-scale lithofacies cycles from the Wolfcamp A in the Delaware and Midland Basins comprise basal carbonate facies overlain by calcareous or siliceous mudrocks. Siliceous mudstones are the most organic-rich facies with high total organic carbon (TOC > 3 wt. %), whereas thin carbonate beds have the lowest organic matter (OM) content among the lithofacies present (TOC TOC, programmed pyrolysis analysis, and residual gas analysis from rock crushing.
Oil saturation index (OSI) (the amount of free oil normalized by TOC; OSI = S1 × 100/TOC) is used as an indicator of oil enrichment or depletion in the reservoir, where S1 is volatile oil in programmed pyrolysis (temperature = 300°C). Both TOC-lean carbonate and TOC-rich mudstone lithofacies have high OSI in these meter-scale cycles (average OSI is 124.5 mg HC/g TOC for carbonate beds), indicating that migrated oil is present. Residual gas analyses show lower dryness values (C1/C1–5) and higher oil indicator values (100 × C4+5/C1–5) in TOC-lean carbonate beds compared to the TOC-rich mudstones, likely indicating a cumulative oil and gas charging effect through source rock maturation. Oil and gas generated at different stages of thermal maturation were partially expelled from OM-rich siliceous/calcareous mudstones into adjacent OM-lean carbonate beds. This study shows oil expulsion from source to adjacent carbonate beds is a key factor in variations of oil saturation in the Wolfcamp A.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/01152120065","usgsCitation":"Zhang, T., Fu, Q., Sun, X., Hackley, P.C., Tingwei Ko, L., and Shao, D., 2021, Meter-scale lithofacies cycle and controls on variations in oil saturation, Wolfcamp A, Delaware and Midland Basins: AAPG Bulletin, v. 105, no. 9, p. 1821-1846, https://doi.org/10.1306/01152120065.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1821","endPage":"1846","ipdsId":"IP-118666","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Tongwei","contributorId":289932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Tongwei","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fu, Qilong","contributorId":289933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fu","given":"Qilong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sun, Xun","contributorId":289934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sun","given":"Xun","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":840084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tingwei Ko, Lucy","contributorId":289935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tingwei Ko","given":"Lucy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shao, Deyong","contributorId":289936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shao","given":"Deyong","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":840089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70223503,"text":"sir20215074 - 2021 - Comparison of passive and pumped sampling methods for analysis of groundwater quality, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2019","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T11:54:39.592752","indexId":"sir20215074","displayToPublicDate":"2021-08-31T13:04:36","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-5074","displayTitle":"Comparison of Passive and Pumped Sampling Methods for Analysis of Groundwater Quality, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2019","title":"Comparison of passive and pumped sampling methods for analysis of groundwater quality, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2019","docAbstract":"A plume of ethylene dibromide (EDB) dissolved in groundwater extends northeast from the Bulk Fuels Facility on Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico. The leading edge of the EDB plume is upgradient from several water-supply wells. In 2013, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority and the U.S. Air Force, installed four sentinel well nests and two aquifer-test pumping wells between the EDB plume and the water-supply wells to serve as an early warning if the plume travels toward the water-supply wells. Since 2015, the USGS has used submersible pumps to sample the sentinel wells quarterly. In February 2017, the USGS began using dual-membrane passive diffusion bag samplers for quarterly sampling in the wells. To ensure that the passive samplers are obtaining representative samples of the groundwater contaminants, the USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, initiated a study in 2019 to compare results from pump sampling and passive samplers and to use vertical profiling to determine the optimal depth for passive sampler placement in the screened interval to better inform long-term monitoring of the site.
Vertical profiling included deploying passive samplers throughout the submerged screened interval of four shallow sentinel wells. After retrieval of the passive samplers, pump samples were collected. The results of analyses of both types of samples were compared. Volatile organic compound results for this study were all below the raised reporting levels, which is a level five times the maximum concentration detected in a blank and determined by an in-depth quality assessment; therefore, this study focused on inorganic constituent results, including major ions, trace elements, and stable isotopes of water, to calculate the relative percent difference (RPD) between the pump and passive sampling method results as a way to determine where passive samplers would be best placed in each of the wells. Several analytes had an RPD of more than plus or minus 50 percent, and several analytes were not within the estimated variability for each sampling method. Additionally, the variability within each sampling method was quantified and compared. Factors that likely contributed to the lack of comparison between each sampling method included temporal variability, flow regime, volume of sample integrated through different aquifer intervals, and reduction/oxidation processes. RPD and method variability were used to determine the intervals within each well with the greatest agreement between sampling methods. Optimal sampling depths for each well were then correlated to the intervals where quarterly sampling has been occurring.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force","usgsCitation":"Travis, R.E., and Wilkins, K., 2021, Comparison of passive and pumped sampling methods for analysis of groundwater quality, Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5074, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215074.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 51 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"64","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-120403","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388663,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5074/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":388664,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5074/sir20215074.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2021–5074"},{"id":388665,"rank":3,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database","description":"USGS Dataset","linkHelpText":"— USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":388666,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5074/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Albuquerque","otherGeospatial":"Kirtland Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.65802001953124,\n 34.928726792983845\n ],\n [\n -106.34765624999999,\n 34.91521472314689\n ],\n [\n -106.336669921875,\n 35.07046911981966\n ],\n [\n -106.6552734375,\n 35.07046911981966\n ],\n [\n -106.65802001953124,\n 34.928726792983845\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd. NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
Kīlauea Volcano’s 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption produced exceptionally high lava effusion rates and record-setting SO2 emissions. The eruption involved a diverse range of magmas, including primitive basalts sourced from Kīlauea’s summit reservoirs. We analyzed LERZ matrix glasses, melt inclusions, and host minerals to identify melt volatile contents and magma storage depths. The LERZ glasses and melt inclusions span nearly the entire compositional range previously recognized at Kīlauea. Melt inclusions in Fo86-89 olivine from the main eruptive vent (fissure 8) underwent 70–170 °C cooling during transport in LERZ carrier melts, causing extensive post-entrapment crystallization and sulfide precipitation. Many of these melt inclusions have low sulfur (400–900 ppm) even after correction for sulfide formation. CO2 and H2O vapor saturation pressures indicate shallow melt inclusion trapping depths (1–5 km), consistent with formation within Kīlauea’s Halemaʻumaʻu and South Caldera reservoirs. Many of these inclusions also have degassed δ34S values (− 1.5 to − 0.5‰). Collectively, these results indicate that some primitive melts experienced near-surface degassing before being trapped into melt inclusions. We propose that decades-to-centuries of repeated lava lake activity and lava drain-back during eruptions (e.g., 1959 Kīlauea Iki) recycled substantial volumes of degassed magma into Kīlauea’s shallow reservoir system. Degassing and magma recycling from the 2008–2018 Halemaʻumaʻu lava lake likely reduced the volatile contents of LERZ fissure 8 magmas, resulting in lower fountain heights compared to many prior Kīlauea eruptions. The eruption’s extreme SO2 emissions were due to high lava effusion rates rather than particularly volatile-rich melts.
A study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Navy (the Navy) to determine the status of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater at the former Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) in West Trenton, New Jersey. Wells contaminated with VOCs were sampled in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 as part of the Navy’s long-term monitoring program. The results for trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cisDCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) were plotted in map view to determine whether the areal extent of the contamination had changed over the 4-year period. TCE, cisDCE, and VC concentrations were plotted along nine lines of section across the former NAWC site to determine whether the vertical distribution of VOCs had changed during 2014–17. TCE, cisDCE, and VC concentrations over time were plotted on graphs for each well to determine long-term trends and changes in VOC concentrations. Data from 1990 to 2017 were used, if available, to make these graphs.
Results show that the areas of VOC concentrations greater than or equal to 1 microgram per liter decreased slightly on the northwestern side and the northeastern side of the NAWC site from 2014 to 2017 under the influence of a pump-and-treat system, natural attenuation processes, and engineered bioaugmentation experiments ongoing at the site. The pump-and-treat system continued to hydraulically contain the VOC contamination and kept it from moving offsite to the south and west of NAWC. One well northeast of the NAWC site, 50BR, was found to have detectable TCE and cisDCE concentrations. These detections indicated that VOC contamination had migrated offsite and that the pump-and-treat system was not containing the VOC contamination on the eastern side of the facility. Detectable VOC concentrations were present in wells as deep as 200 and 221 feet on the eastern and western sides of the NAWC site. TCE concentrations in most wells were found to be stable or to have slowly decreased since the facility closed in 1999. Only 7 wells, including 3 pump-and-treat extraction wells, showed substantial increases in TCE concentration from 2014 to 2017. Continuing sources of TCE to the system are desorption of TCE from organic materials in the aquifer, back diffusion of TCE from the contaminated bedrock matrix, and dissolution of remaining dense nonaqueous phase TCE in the aquifer.
Wells at the former NAWC site were sampled for PFASs in 2015, 2016, and 2017. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) results were plotted in map and cross-section views to determine the areal and vertical extent of the PFAS contamination at the site. PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA concentrations greater than their established maximum contaminant levels were detected in 25, 24, and 21 of the 26 wells sampled, respectively, on the eastern side of NAWC in 2017. Vertically, the highest PFAS concentrations were present in shallow wells along the fence near the firehouse and along the railroad tracks where the aqueous film-forming foam discharge reportedly occurred back in 1990. PFAS concentrations were detected in one well (54BR) as deep as 200 feet on the eastern side of the NAWC site. PFASs were present in wells east of the railroad tracks, indicating that PFAS-contaminated groundwater had moved offsite. In a limited test of five wells, samples collected with regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane (RCDM) passive samplers contained PFAS concentrations equal to those in samples from low-flow purging.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20201105","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy","usgsCitation":"Imbrigiotta, T.E., and Fiore, A.R., 2021, Distribution of chlorinated volatile organic compounds and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in monitoring wells at the former Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey, 2014–17: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1105, 107 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201105.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 107 p.; Data Release; 4 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"107","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-110205","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386575,"rank":6,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1105/ofr20201105_appendix2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 2","size":"288 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Appendix 2. Volatile organic compounds, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and 1,4-dioxane concentrations measured in samples from wells at the former Naval Air Warfare Center site, West Trenton, New Jersey, 1990–2017"},{"id":386577,"rank":7,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1105/ofr20201105_appendix2.csv","text":"Appendix 2 as CSV file","size":"187 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":386576,"rank":5,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1105/ofr20201105_appendix1.csv","text":"Appendix 1 as CSV file","size":"22.9 KB","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":386573,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RCAQ5N","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater and surface water, former Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey"},{"id":386572,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1105/ofr20201105.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2020-1105"},{"id":386571,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1105/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":386574,"rank":4,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2020/1105/ofr20201105_appendix1.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1","size":"43.7 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"linkHelpText":"- Appendix 1. Descriptions of boreholes, well locations, and well construction at the former Naval Air Warfare Center, West Trenton, New Jersey"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.80979204177856,\n 40.26746805544402\n ],\n [\n -74.80759263038635,\n 40.27155298671227\n ],\n [\n -74.8130750656128,\n 40.27224060619094\n ],\n [\n -74.81433033943176,\n 40.26832763061523\n ],\n [\n -74.81412649154663,\n 40.268139343654944\n ],\n [\n -74.80979204177856,\n 40.26746805544402\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3450 Princeton Pike Ste 110
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Long-lived basaltic volcanic eruptions are a globally important source of environmentally reactive, volatile metal pollutant elements such as selenium, cadmium and lead. The 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai’i produced exceptionally high discharge of metal pollutants, and was an unprecedented opportunity to track them from vent to deposition. Here we show, through geochemical sampling of the plume that volatile metal pollutants were depleted in the plume up to 100 times faster than refractory species, such as magnesium and iron. We propose that this rapid wet deposition of complexes containing reactive and potentially toxic volatile metal pollutants may disproportionately impact localised areas close to the vent. We infer that the relationship between volatility and solubility is an important control on the atmospheric behaviour of elements. We suggest that assessment of hazards from volcanic emissions should account for heterogeneous plume depletion of metal pollutants.