This report summarizes results of a visit by the report authors to Marinduque Island, Philippines, in May 2000. The purpose of the visit was to conduct a preliminary examination of environmental problems created by a 1996 tailings spill from the Marcopper open-pit copper mine. The mine was operated from 1969-1996 by Macropper Mining Corperation, under 39.9% ownership, and design and management control of Placer Dome, Inc. Our trip expenses to and from the Philippines were funded by the USGS. In-country expenses were paid by the offices of Congressman Reyes and the Governor of Marinduque, Carmencita O. Reyes. This report includes observations we made based on our relatively short visit to the island, and observations based upon a preliminary review of the literature available on the islanda??s mining-environmental issues. In addition, we have included preliminary interpretations and analytical results of some water, sediment, and mine waste samples collected during our trip. We also highlight the environmental and human health issues we fell are in need of further study and consideration for mitigation or remediation. This report is preliminary and is not intended to be a comprehensive or final review of the islanda??s mining-environmental issues; many areas of further study are clearly neededa?|
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr2000397","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., Morton, R., Boyle, T., Medlin, J.H., and Centeno, J.A., 2000, An overview of mining-related environmental and human health issues, Marinduque Island, Philippines: observations from a joint U.S. Geological Survey - Armed Forces Institute of Pathology reconnaissance field evaluation, May 12-19, 2000 (Version 1.0.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-397, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2000397.","productDescription":"47 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1177,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0397/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":320151,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0397/ofr-00-0397.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db68415f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":88333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyle, Terence P.","contributorId":85214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"Terence P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Medlin, Jack H. jmedlin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medlin","given":"Jack","email":"jmedlin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Centeno, Jose A.","contributorId":107724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Centeno","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":22190,"text":"ofr00126 - 2000 - A study of porewater in water saturated sediments of levee banks and marshes in the lower Coeur d'Alene River valley, Idaho: Sampling, analytical methods, and results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-19T21:42:17.490262","indexId":"ofr00126","displayToPublicDate":"2001-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-126","title":"A study of porewater in water saturated sediments of levee banks and marshes in the lower Coeur d'Alene River valley, Idaho: Sampling, analytical methods, and results","docAbstract":"This report contains information about the composition of interstitial porewater and solids from water saturated, metal contaminated levee banks at the river's edge and marshes in the lower Coeur d'Alene River valley. Data include pH, alkalinity, and concentrations of sulfate and metals (arsenic [As], cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], iron [Fe], mercury [Hg], manganese [Mn], lead [Pb], antimony [Sb], and zinc [Zn]) in porewater and sulfur (S), carbon (C), and metal contents of associated solids. The results indicate that the pH of the porewater in all of the sediments is less than the pH of the Coeur d'Alene River. Dissolved concentrations of Mn and Fe are elevated in all of the porewater and levels of sulfate in porewater are below detection limits in almost all marsh sediments and in levee banks at the 2 sites furthest downstream. These observations suggest that levee bank and marsh sediments are suboxic or anoxic below the surface. Concentrations of dissolved Cd are greater in the Coeur d'Alene River than in porewater, while concentrations of As are greater in the porewater relative to the Coeur d'Alene River. Some concentrations of Cu, Pb, Sb, and Zn in porewater are lower, while others are higher, than dissolved concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River. In addition, leaching experiments (i.e., Standard Elutriate Tests [SET]) were done in the laboratory to evaluate potential water quality impacts resulting from the addition of oxygen and water to these sediments. The intent of the experiments was to simulate how metal concentrations in water may be affected during dredging of contaminated sediments in the lower Coeur d'Alene River valley. The results indicate that there are releases of protons, sulfate, As, Mn, Pb, Sb, and Zn from the majority of levee bank and marsh sediments during leaching by Coeur d'Alene River water. At a water to sediment ratio of 4 to 1, most values of pH and dissolved concentrations of Cd, Fe, Pb, and Zn in the leaching solutions exceed the freshwater aquatic life standards for water of a hardness of 100 mg CaCOa/L. This work was funded by the U.S. EPA and was done to support their Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study of the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane River basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00126","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Balistrieri, L.S., Box, S.E., Ikramuddin, M., Horowitz, A.J., and Elrick, K.A., 2000, A study of porewater in water saturated sediments of levee banks and marshes in the lower Coeur d'Alene River valley, Idaho: Sampling, analytical methods, and results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-126, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00126.","productDescription":"62 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391955,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25879.htm"},{"id":156495,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51626,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"lower Coeur d'Alene River valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.775,\n 47.425\n ],\n [\n -115.799,\n 47.425\n ],\n [\n -115.799,\n 47.583\n ],\n [\n -116.775,\n 47.583\n ],\n [\n -116.775,\n 47.425\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a61b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":762439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Box, S. E.","contributorId":38567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Box","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ikramuddin, Mohammed","contributorId":46115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikramuddin","given":"Mohammed","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elrick, K. A.","contributorId":98731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrick","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":28184,"text":"wri004132 - 2000 - Benthic flux of metals and nutrients into the water column of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho: Report of an August, 1999, pilot study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-27T21:55:59.402929","indexId":"wri004132","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4132","title":"Benthic flux of metals and nutrients into the water column of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho: Report of an August, 1999, pilot study","docAbstract":"A field study was conducted between August 16-27, 1999, to provide the first direct measurements of the benthic flux of dissolved (0.2-micron filtered) solutes between the bottom sediment and water column at two sites in Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Trace metals (namely, cadmium, copper, manganese, mercury species, and zinc) and nutrients (namely, ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, oxygen, orthophosphate and silica) were solutes of primary interest. Benthic flux (sometimes referred to as internal recycling) represents the transport of dissolved chemical species between the water column and the underlying sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004132","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J.S., Berelson, W.M., Balistrieri, L.S., Woods, P.F., Topping, B.R., Steding, D.J., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2000, Benthic flux of metals and nutrients into the water column of Lake Coeur d'Alene, Idaho: Report of an August, 1999, pilot study: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4132, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004132.","productDescription":"74 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":395021,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34283.htm"},{"id":2319,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004132","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Lake Coeur d'Alene","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.81625366210938,\n 47.68018294648414\n ],\n [\n -116.707763671875,\n 47.66538735632654\n ],\n [\n -116.64596557617188,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -116.64321899414062,\n 47.61079236060622\n ],\n [\n -116.7572021484375,\n 47.61264397257417\n ],\n [\n -116.7681884765625,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -116.75170898437501,\n 47.54038252373696\n ],\n [\n -116.8231201171875,\n 47.484728927366504\n ],\n [\n -116.77780151367186,\n 47.4828727909934\n ],\n [\n -116.75857543945312,\n 47.4828727909934\n 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-116.81625366210938,\n 47.68018294648414\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, James S. 0000-0003-2502-1601 kuwabara@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2502-1601","contributorId":3374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"James","email":"kuwabara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berelson, William M.","contributorId":52614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berelson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woods, Paul F.","contributorId":82273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woods","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Topping, Brent R. 0000-0002-7887-4221 btopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-4221","contributorId":1484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"Brent","email":"btopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steding, Douglas J.","contributorId":50943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steding","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":22768,"text":"ofr00481 - 2000 - Water-quality data collected at Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia, 1997-1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:44:10","indexId":"ofr00481","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-481","title":"Water-quality data collected at Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia, 1997-1999","docAbstract":"Samples from the Lake Anne watershed were collected and analyzed to assess the water quality from December 1997 through January 1999. Lake Anne is a stream impoundment in suburban Northern Virginia and its outflow is a sub-tributary of the Potomac River. Samples of wet deposition (precipitation), lake water, and streamwater that drain into and from Lake Anne were collected and analyzed. Trace-element clean sampling and analysis protocols were followed throughout the project. This report is a compilation of the precipitation, lake-water, and streamwater data collected in the Lake Anne watershed and the associated quality assurance/quality control data. Concentrations of the trace elements arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, strontium, vanadium, and zinc, and of the major inorganic ions, aluminum, bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, hydrogen ion, iron, magnesium, potassium, nitrate, sodium, and sulfate are reported.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr00481","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Conko, K.M., Kennedy, M.M., and Rice, K.C., 2000, Water-quality data collected at Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia, 1997-1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-481, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00481.","productDescription":"49 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0481/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52203,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0481/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Fairfax","city":"Reston","otherGeospatial":"Lake Anne","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.3337721824646,\n 38.963947050281696\n ],\n [\n -77.33282804489136,\n 38.96556540279207\n ],\n [\n -77.33327865600586,\n 38.965748924969596\n ],\n [\n -77.33527421951294,\n 38.966249437582796\n ],\n [\n -77.33750581741332,\n 38.96633285600784\n ],\n [\n -77.33995199203491,\n 38.96713366789038\n ],\n [\n -77.3403811454773,\n 38.968785313806805\n ],\n [\n -77.34123945236206,\n 38.96858511635288\n ],\n [\n -77.3412823677063,\n 38.96748402024227\n ],\n [\n -77.34304189682007,\n 38.96786773749657\n ],\n [\n -77.34317064285278,\n 38.96730050255978\n ],\n [\n -77.34100341796875,\n 38.96648300892541\n ],\n [\n -77.34106779098511,\n 38.9656988735138\n ],\n [\n -77.33827829360962,\n 38.96436415498044\n ],\n [\n -77.3361325263977,\n 38.96349657444878\n ],\n [\n -77.3337721824646,\n 38.963947050281696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e62f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conko, Kathryn M. 0000-0001-6361-4921 kmconko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-4921","contributorId":2930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conko","given":"Kathryn","email":"kmconko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":188838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Margaret M.","contributorId":178170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":188837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30506,"text":"wri004220 - 2000 - Water-quality characteristics for selected streams in Lawrence County, South Dakota, 1988-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri004220","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4220","title":"Water-quality characteristics for selected streams in Lawrence County, South Dakota, 1988-92","docAbstract":"During the 1980?s, significant economic development and population growth began to occur in Lawrence County in the northern part of the Black Hills of western South Dakota. Rising gold prices and heap-leach extraction methods allowed the economic recovery of marginal gold ore deposits, resulting in development of several large-scale, open-pit gold mines in Lawrence County. There was increasing local concern regarding potential impacts on the hydrologic system, especially relating to the quantity and quality of water in the numerous streams and springs of Lawrence County. In order to characterize the water quality of selected streams within Lawrence County, samples were collected from 1988 through 1992 at different times of the year and under variable hydrologic conditions. During the time of this study, the Black Hills area was experiencing a drought; thus, most samples were collected during low-flow conditions.Streamflow and water-quality characteristics in Lawrence County are affected by both geologic conditions and precipitation patterns. Most streams that cross outcrops of the Madison Limestone and Minnelusa Formation lose all or large part of their streamflow to aquifer recharge. Streams that are predominantly spring fed have relatively stable streamflow, varying slightly with dry and wet precipitation cycles.Most streams in Lawrence County generally have calcium magnesium bicarbonate type waters. The sites from the mineralized area of central Lawrence County vary slightly from other streams in Lawrence County by having higher concentrations of sodium, less bicarbonate, and more sulfate. False Bottom Creek near Central City has more sulfate than bicarbonate. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and cyanide concentrations were at or near the laboratory reporting limits for most sites and did not exceed any of the water-quality standards. Nitrite plus nitrate concentrations at Annie Creek near Lead, Whitetail Creek at Lead, Squaw Creek near Spearfish, and Spearfish Creek below Robison Gulch were somewhat higher than at other sites. Mining activity, agricultural activity, and domestic development are possible sources of nitrogen to the streams. Increased mining activities were identified as the probable cause of increased nitrogen concentrations in Annie Creek.In the mineralized area of the northern Black Hills, detectable concentrations of trace elements are common in stream water, occasionally exceeding beneficial-use and aquatic-life criteria. In addition, many basins have been disturbed by both historical and recent mining operations and cleanup activities. The maximum dissolved arsenic concentration at Annie Creek near Lead (48 micrograms per liter) approached the current arsenic drinking-water standard. Concentrations at or greater than 5 micrograms per liter were found in samples from Annie Creek near Lead, Spearfish Creek above Spearfish, Whitetail Creek at Lead, and False Bottom Creek near Spearfish. Bear Butte Creek near Deadwood had one sample with a dissolved copper concentration that exceeded acute and chronic aquatic-life criteria. Bear Butte Creek near Deadwood had several manganese concentrations that exceeded the secondary maximum contaminant level of 50 micrograms per liter.Bed-sediment and water-quality data from selected sites in small drainage basins were used to determine if factors such as pH, arsenic concentrations in bed sediments, and calcite saturation control dissolved arsenic concentrations. Arsenic solubility is controlled by adsorption, mainly on ferrihydrite. In addition, adsorption/desorption of arsenic is controlled by the pH of the stream, with high arsenic concentrations appearing only at higher pH conditions (above 8). There are significant arsenic sources available to almost all the small streams of the northern Black Hills mining area, but arsenic is less mobile in streams that are not influenced to the higher pH values by calcite. Streams where arsenic is more mobile have lower iron concentrations i","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri004220","usgsCitation":"Williamson, J., and Hayes, T., 2000, Water-quality characteristics for selected streams in Lawrence County, South Dakota, 1988-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4220, v, 131 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004220.","productDescription":"v, 131 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2400,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri004220","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb03e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williamson, Joyce E. jewillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":1964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Joyce E.","email":"jewillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":203368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Timothy Scott","contributorId":97151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Timothy Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24918,"text":"ofr00360 - 2000 - A ground electromagnetic survey used to map sulfides and acid sulfate ground waters at the abandoned Cabin Branch Mine, Prince William Forest Park, northern Virginia gold-pyrite belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-13T15:37:47.955091","indexId":"ofr00360","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-360","title":"A ground electromagnetic survey used to map sulfides and acid sulfate ground waters at the abandoned Cabin Branch Mine, Prince William Forest Park, northern Virginia gold-pyrite belt","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: Prince William Forest Park is situated at the northeastern end of the Virginia Gold-Pyrite belt northwest of the town of Dumfries, VA. The U. S. Marine Corps Reservation at Quantico borders the park on the west and south, and occupies part of the same watershed. Two abandoned mines are found within the park: the Cabin Branch pyrite mine, a historic source of acid mine drainage, and the Greenwood gold mine, a source of mercury contamination. Both are within the watershed of Quantico Creek (Fig.1). The Cabin Branch mine (also known as the Dumfries mine) lies about 2.4 km northwest of the town of Dumfries. It exploited a 300 meter-long, lens-shaped body of massive sulfide ore hosted by metamorphosed volcanic rocks; during its history over 200,000 tons of ore were extracted and processed locally. The site became part of the National Capitol Region of the National Park Service in 1940 and is currently managed by the National Park Service. In 1995 the National Park Service, in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy reclaimed the Cabin Branch site. The Virginia Gold-Pyrite belt, also known as the central Virginia volcanic-plutonic belt, is host to numerous abandoned metal mines (Pavlides and others, 1982), including the Cabin Branch deposit. The belt itself extends from its northern terminus near Cabin Branch, about 50 km south of Washington, D.C., approximately 175 km to the southwest into central Virginia. It is underlain by metamorphosed volcanic and clastic (non-carbonate) sedimentary rocks, originally deposited approximately 460 million years ago during the Ordovician Period (Horton and others, 1998). Three kinds of deposits are found in the belt: volcanic-associated massive sulfide deposits, low-sulfide quartz-gold vein deposits, and gold placer deposits. The massive sulfide deposits such as Cabin Branch were historically mined for their sulfur, copper, zinc, and lead contents, but also yielded byproduct gold and silver. The environmental impact of massive sulfide deposits can be substantial. These deposits are characterized by high concentrations of heavy-metal sulfide minerals, hosted by silicate rocks. Thus, weathering of these deposits and their mine wastes has the potential to generate heavy-metal laden sulfuric acid that can have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. In addition, lead associated with solid mine wastes has the potential for human health impacts through ingestion. The heavy metals that are encountered in these deposits and are most likely to cause environmental impacts include copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and arsenic. In addition, the weathering of pyrite releases large amounts of iron, and the acid generated attacks the country rocks and causes the release of large amounts of aluminum, which also can severely impact aquatic ecosystems. A reclamation attempt was made at the site in 1995, including construction of storm-water diversion trenches around the abandoned mine area, grading tailings away from the stream bank, addition of pulverized limestone and topsoil, and revegetation. The post-reclamation chemistry of shallow groundwaters (<3 meters deep) shows a neutral pH on the southwestern bank of the stream but pH of 4.1 to 4.5 on the northeastern bank. The dominant ions are Fe2+ and SO42- (Seal, Haffner, Meier, and Pollio, 1999) A ground electromagnetic survey was conducted over the site in 1999 as part of a wider study ( Seal, Haffner, and Meier, 1998a,b, 1999). It was hoped that a 3-D map of the soil conductivity derived from the survey could provide insight into the distribution of the mobilized sulfides present under the ground.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00360","usgsCitation":"Wynn, J.C., 2000, A ground electromagnetic survey used to map sulfides and acid sulfate ground waters at the abandoned Cabin Branch Mine, Prince William Forest Park, northern Virginia gold-pyrite belt: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-360, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00360.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420765,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40473.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":53892,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0360/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":9152,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-360/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158153,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0360/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Cabin Branch mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.341,\n 38.625\n ],\n [\n -77.4,\n 38.625\n ],\n [\n -77.4,\n 38.567\n ],\n [\n -77.341,\n 38.567\n ],\n [\n -77.341,\n 38.625\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wynn, Jeffrey C.","contributorId":81081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wynn","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23840,"text":"ofr00371 - 2000 - Ground geophysical study of the Buckeye mine tailings, Boulder watershed, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T19:21:15","indexId":"ofr00371","displayToPublicDate":"2001-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-371","title":"Ground geophysical study of the Buckeye mine tailings, Boulder watershed, Montana","docAbstract":"The Buckeye mine site is located in the Boulder River watershed along Basin Creek, in northern Jefferson County, Montana. This project is part of the Boulder River watershed Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative, and is a collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey and Bureau of Land Management in the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the U.S. Forest Service in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The site includes a large flotation milltailing deposit, which extends to the stream and meadows below the mine. These tailings contain elevated levels of metals, such as silver, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. Metal-rich fluvial tailings containing these metals, are possible sources of ground and surface water contamination. Geophysical methods were used to characterize the sediments at the Buckeye mine site. Ground geophysical surveys, including electromagnetics, DC resistivity, and total field magnetic methods, were used to delineate anomalies that probably correlate with subsurface metal contamination. Subsurface conductivity was mapped using EM-31 and EM-34 terrain conductivity measuring systems. The conductivity maps represent variation of concentration of dissolved solids in the subsurface from a few meters, to an approximate depth of 30 meters. Conductive sulfides several centimeters thick were encountered in a shallow trench, dug in an area of very high conductivity, at a depth of approximately 1 to1.5 meters. Laboratory measurements of samples of the sulfide layers show the conductivity is on the order of 1000 millisiemens. DC resistivity soundings were used to quantify subsurface conductivity variations and to estimate the depth to bedrock. Total field magnetic measurements were used to identify magnetic metals in the subsurface. The EM surveys identified several areas of relatively high conductivity and detected a conductive plume extending to the southwest, toward the stream. This plume correlates well with the potentiometric surface and direction of ground water flow, and with water quality data from monitoring wells in and around the tailings. The electrical geophysical data suggests there has been vertical migration of high dissolved solids. A DC sounding made on a nearby granite outcrop to the north of the mine showed that the shallow conductivity is on the order of 5 millisiemens/m. Granite underlying the mine tailings, with similar electrical properties as the outcropping area, may be more than 30 meters deep.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr00371","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"McDougal, R., and Smith, B.D., 2000, Ground geophysical study of the Buckeye mine tailings, Boulder watershed, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-371, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr00371.","productDescription":"55 p.","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341961,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0371/ofr-00-0371.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":1574,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0371/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":" Basin Creek, Boulder River watershed, Buckeye mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.375\n ],\n [\n -112.25,\n 46.375\n ],\n [\n -112.25,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dcdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDougal, Robert R.","contributorId":53418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"Robert R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28571,"text":"wri004159 - 2000 - Concentrations of selected trace elements in fish tissue and streambed sediment in the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-07T19:23:50.439429","indexId":"wri004159","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4159","title":"Concentrations of selected trace elements in fish tissue and streambed sediment in the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1998","docAbstract":"Fish tissue and bed sediment samples were collected from 16 stream sites in the Northern Rockies Intermontane Basins study area in 1998 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Bed sediment samples were analyzed for 45 trace elements, and fish livers and sportfish fillets were analyzed for 22 elements to characterize the occurrence and distribution of these elements in relation to stream characteristics and land use activities. Nine trace elements of environmental concern—arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc—were detected in bed sediment, but not all of these elements were detected in fish tissue. Trace-element concentrations were highest in bed sediment samples collected at sites downstream from significant natural mineral deposits and (or) mining activities. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in bed sediment at some sites were elevated relative to national median concentrations, and some concentrations were at levels that can adversely affect aquatic biota. Although trace-element concentrations in bed sediment exceeded various guidelines, no concentrations in sportfish fillets exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency screening values for the protection of human health. Correlations between most trace-element concentrations in bed sediment and fish tissue (liver and fillet) were not significant (r<±0.50, p>0.05). Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc in bed sediment were significantly correlated (r=0.53 to 0.88, p<0.05) with natural mineral deposits and mining activities, but concentrations in fish tissue generally were not correlated with these measures. Regression analysis between mine density and the sum of trace-element concentrations in bed sediment identified two statistically significant relations (r2=0.95 and 0.99, p<0.001) that corresponded to trace-element enrichment categories. These strong relations warrant further study using mine density as an explanatory variable to predict trace-element concentrations in bed sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004159","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., and Skinner, K.D., 2000, Concentrations of selected trace elements in fish tissue and streambed sediment in the Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4159, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004159.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":413769,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_34748.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":262330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4159/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":262329,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4159/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Clark Fork-Pend Oreille and Spokane River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.339,\n 45.492\n ],\n [\n -118.339,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -112.25,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -112.25,\n 45.492\n ],\n [\n -118.339,\n 45.492\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48e8e4b07f02db553999","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, K. D.","contributorId":96726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30067,"text":"wri004092 - 2000 - The effects of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) deicing material on the water quality of Bear Creek, Clackamas County, Oregon, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T16:21:36.132248","indexId":"wri004092","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4092","title":"The effects of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) deicing material on the water quality of Bear Creek, Clackamas County, Oregon, 1999","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, done in cooperation with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), to evaluate the effects of the highway deicing material, calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), on the water quality of Bear Creek, in the Cascade Range of Oregon. ODOT began using CMA (an alternative deicer that has fewer adverse environmental effects than road salt) in the mid-1990s and began this study with the USGS to ensure that there were no unexpected effects on the water quality of Bear Creek. Streamflow, precipitation, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and water temperature were measured continuously through the 1998?99 winter. There was no measurable effect of the application of CMA to Highway 26 on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), calcium concentration, or magnesium concentration of Bear Creek and its tributaries. BOD was small in all of the water samples, some of which were collected before CMA application, and some of which were collected after application. Five-day BOD values ranged from 0.1 milligrams per liter to 1.5 milligrams per liter, and 20-day BOD values ranged from 0.2 milligrams per liter to 2.0 milligrams per liter. Dissolved copper concentrations in a small tributary ditch on the north side of Highway 26 exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency aquatic life criteria on three occasions. These exceedances were probably not caused by the application of CMA because (1) one of the samples was a background sample (no recent CMA application), and (2) dissolved copper was not detected in Bear Creek water samples to which CMA was added during laboratory experiments.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri004092","usgsCitation":"Tanner, D.Q., and Wood, T.M., 2000, The effects of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) deicing material on the water quality of Bear Creek, Clackamas County, Oregon, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4092, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004092.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":408755,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_27445.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2494,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","county":"Clackamas County","otherGeospatial":"Bear Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.95,\n 45.35\n ],\n [\n -121.95,\n 45.329\n ],\n [\n -121.908,\n 45.329\n ],\n [\n -121.908,\n 45.35\n ],\n [\n -121.95,\n 45.35\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e019","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, Dwight Q.","contributorId":93452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Tamara M. 0000-0001-6057-8080 tmwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6057-8080","contributorId":1164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Tamara","email":"tmwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":202619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28142,"text":"wri20004031 - 2000 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish livers, 1995-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-30T20:40:33.874372","indexId":"wri20004031","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4031","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish livers, 1995-96","docAbstract":"Trace elements were analyzed in streambed sediment and fish livers in part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The purpose of this report was to describe the occurrence and distribution of trace elements, describe the relations of concentrations measured to natural and anthropogenic factors, and describe any relation between concentrations in streambed sediment and fish livers. The study unit included the part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin from the river’s source in northern Minnesota to the outlet of Lake Pepin, a natural lake on the river located near Red Wing, Minnesota. Streambed sediment samples were collected from 27 sites located throughout the study unit, and fish were obtained from 25 sites.
\nThe occurrence and distribution of trace elements in streambed sediment were related to land use and the composition of surficial glacial deposits covering the study unit. Concentrations of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc in streambed sediment were primarily related to urban land use. Concentrations of these elements generally were greatest in streambed sediment collected at sites within or near urban areas in the study unit. The greatest concentrations of most of these elements were measured in streambed sediment obtained from Shingle Creek. Lead concentrations in streambed sediment Shingle Creek increased in the downstream direction. This pattern probably reflects the past use of leaded gasoline, pesticides, or paints.
\nCadmium concentrations in sediment from the Mississippi River were greatest at Nininger, Minnesota and in Lake Pepin. This pattern suggested that inputs of cadmium into the river were from the TCMA.
\nArsenic concentrations were greatest in streambed sediment collected from Cedar Creek, Shingle Creek, and the Vermillion River. Increased arsenic and iron concentrations in sediment from Cedar Creek, the Vermillion River, and the most upstream site on Shingle Creek suggested a local source of sulfide minerals or preferential sorption of arsenic to streambed sediment. The greatest concentrations of mercury were measured in streambed sediment collected from the Mississippi River at Grand Rapids and Minneapolis, Minnesota; Shingle Creek at 46th Street in Minneapolis, Minnesota; the Namekagon River above Spring Lake Creek near Hayward, Wisconsin; the St. Croix River at Hudson, Wisconsin; and the Vermillion River near Empire, Minnesota.
\nIn fish livers, all of the trace elements analyzed were detected except antimony, beryllium, cobalt, and uranium. Trace element concentrations in fish livers generally did not show any pronounced patterns. Ranges for concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc were similar to those measured in 20 other NAWQA studies across the United States. Cadmium concentrations in fish livers were moderately correlated to fish length and weight. There were no relations between trace element concentrations in fish livers and streambed sediment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri20004031","usgsCitation":"Kroening, S.E., Fallon, J.D., and Lee, K., 2000, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Trace elements in streambed sediment and fish livers, 1995-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4031, vi, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20004031.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"1996-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2000_4031.jpg"},{"id":402789,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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E.","contributorId":67868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, James D. jfallon@usgs.gov","contributorId":3417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"James","email":"jfallon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Kathy 0000-0002-7683-1367 klee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-1367","contributorId":2538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kathy","email":"klee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25664,"text":"wri994286 - 2000 - Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; volume 1: Methods and data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-04T21:15:14.73019","indexId":"wri994286","displayToPublicDate":"2001-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4286","title":"Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; volume 1: Methods and data","docAbstract":"Metals transport in the Sacramento River, northern California, was evaluated on the basis of samples of water, suspended colloids, streambed sediment, and caddisfly larvae that were collected on one to six occasions at 19 sites in the Sacramento River Basin from July 1996 to June 1997. Four of the sampling periods (July, September, and November 1996; and May-June 1997) took place during relatively low-flow conditions and two sampling periods (December 1996 and January 1997) took place during high-flow and flooding conditions; respectively. Tangential-flow ultrafiltration with 10,000 nominal molecular weight limit, or daltons (0.005 micrometer equivalent), pore-size membranes was used to separate metals in streamwater into ultrafiltrate (operationally defined dissolved fraction) and retentate (colloidal fraction) components, respectively. Conventional filtration with capsule filters (0.45 micrometer pore-size) and membrane filters (0.40 micrometer pore-size) and total-recoverable analysis of unfiltered (whole-body) samples were done for comparison at all sites. Because the total-recoverable analysis involves an incomplete digestion of particulate matter, a more reliable measurement of whole-water concentrations is derived from the sum of the dissolved component that is based on the ultrafiltrate plus the suspended component that is based on a total digestion of colloid concentrates from the ultra-filtration retentate. Metals in caddisfly larvae were determined for whole-body samples and cytosol extracts, which are intercellular solutions that provide a more sensitive indication of the metals that have been bioaccumulated.
Trace metals in acidic, metal-rich drainage from abandoned and inactive sulfide mines were observed to enter the Sacramento River system (specifically, into both Shasta Lake and Keswick Reservoir) in predominantly dissolved form, as operationally defined using ultrafiltrates. The predominant source of acid mine drainage to Keswick Reservoir is Spring Creek, which drains the Iron Mountain mine area. Copper concentrations in filtered samples from Spring Creek taken during December 1996, January 1997, and May 1997 ranged from 420 to 560 micrograms per liter. Below Keswick Dam, copper concentrations in conventionally filtered samples ranged from 0.5 micrograms per liter during September 1996 to 9.4 micrograms per liter during January 1997; the latter concentration exceeded the applicable water-quality standard. The proportion of trace metals that was dissolved (versus colloidal) in samples collected at Shasta and Keswick dams decreased in the order cadmium zinc > copper > aluminum iron lead mercury. At four sampling sites on the Sacramento River at various distances downstream of Keswick Dam (Bend Bridge, 71 kilometers; Colusa, 256 kilometers; Verona, 360 kilometers; and Freeport, 412 kilometers) concentrations of these seven metals were predominantly colloidal during both high- and low-flow conditions.
Because copper compounds are used extensively as algaecides in rice farming, agricultural drainage at the Colusa Basin Drain was sampled in June 1997 during a period shortly after copper applications to newly planted rice fields. Copper concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 3.0 micrograms per liter in filtered samples and from 12 to 13 micrograms per liter in whole-water samples (total recoverable analysis). These results are consistent with earlier work by the U.S. Geological Survey indicating that copper in rice-field drainage likely represents a detectable, but relatively minor source of copper to the Sacramento River.
Lead isotope data from suspended colloids and streambed sediments collected during October and November 1996 indicate that lead from acid mine drainage sources became a relatively minor component of the total lead at the site located 71 kilometers downstream of Keswick Dam and beyond. Cadmium, copper, and zinc concentrations in caddisfly larvae were elevated at several sites downstream of Keswick Dam, but concentrations of aluminum, iron, lead, and mercury were relatively low, especially in the cytosol extracts. Cadmium showed the highest degree of bioaccumulation in whole-body and cytosol analyses, relative to an unmineralized control site (Cottonwood Creek). Cadmium bioaccumulation persisted in samples collected as far as 118 kilometers downstream of Keswick Dam, consistent with transport in a form more bioavailable than lead.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994286","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., Taylor, H.E., and Domagalski, J.L., 2000, Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; volume 1: Methods and data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4286, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994286.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_99_4286.jpg"},{"id":395494,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_26610.htm"},{"id":1955,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994286","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 37.448696585910376\n ],\n [\n -120.89355468749999,\n 37.448696585910376\n ],\n [\n -120.89355468749999,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 37.448696585910376\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db628776","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30854,"text":"wri004002 - 2000 - Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; Volume 2: Interpretation of metal loads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T06:58:23","indexId":"wri004002","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4002","title":"Metals transport in the Sacramento River, California, 1996-1997; Volume 2: Interpretation of metal loads","docAbstract":"Metals transport in the Sacramento River, northern California, from July 1996 to June 1997 was evaluated in terms of metal loads from samples of water and suspended colloids that were collected on up to six occasions at 13 sites in the Sacramento River Basin. Four of the sampling periods (July, September, and November 1996; and May-June 1997) took place during relatively low-flow conditions and two sampling periods (December 1996 and January 1997) took place during high-flow and flooding conditions, respectively. This study focused primarily on loads of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc, with secondary emphasis on loads of aluminum, iron, and mercury.
Trace metals in acid mine drainage from abandoned and inactive base-metal mines, in the East and West Shasta mining districts, enter the Sacramento River system in predominantly dissolved form into both Shasta Lake and Keswick Reservoir. The proportion of trace metals that was dissolved (as opposed to colloidal) in samples collected at Shasta and Keswick dams decreased in the order zinc ≈ cadmium > copper > lead. At four sampling sites on the Sacramento River--71, 256, 360, and 412 kilometers downstream of Keswick Dam--trace-metal loads were predominantly colloidal during both high- and low-flow conditions. The proportion of total cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc loads transported to San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta estuary (referred to as the Bay-Delta) that is associated with mineralized areas was estimated by dividing loads at Keswick Dam by loads 412 kilometers downstream at Freeport and the Yolo Bypass. During moderately high flows in December 1996, mineralization-related total (dissolved + colloidal) trace-metal loads to the Bay-Delta (as a percentage of total loads measured downstream) were cadmium, 87 percent; copper, 35 percent; lead, 10 percent; and zinc, 51 percent. During flood conditions in January 1997 loads were cadmium, 22 percent; copper, 11 percent; lead, 2 percent; and zinc, 15 percent. During irrigation drainage season from rice fields (May-June 1997) loads were cadmium, 53 percent; copper, 42 percent; lead, 20 percent; and zinc, 75 percent. These estimates must be qualified by the following factors: (1) metal loads at Colusa in December 1996 and at Verona in May-June 1997 generally exceeded those determined at Freeport during those sampling periods. Therefore, the above percentages represent maximum estimates of the apparent total proportion of metals from mineralized areas upstream of Keswick Dam; and (2) for logistics reasons, the Sacramento River was sampled at Tower Bridge instead of at Freeport during January 1997.
Available data suggest that trace metal loads from agricultural drainage may be significant during certain flow conditions in areas where metals such as copper and zinc are added as agricultural amendments. Copper loads for sampling periods in July and September 1996 and in May-June 1997 show increases of dissolved and colloidal copper and in colloidal zinc between Colusa and Verona, the reach of the Sacramento River along which the Colusa Basin Drain, the Sacramento Slough, and other agricultural return flows are tributaries. Monthly sampling of these two agricultural drains by the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program shows seasonal variations in metal concentrations, reaching maximum concentrations of 4 to 6 micrograms per liter in \"dissolved\" (0.45-micrometer filtrate) copper concentrations in May 1996, December 1996, and June 1997. The total (dissolved plus colloidal) load of copper from the Colusa Basin Drain in June 1997 was 18 kilograms per day, whereas the copper load in Spring Creek, which drains the inactive mines on Iron Mountain, was 20 kilograms per day during the same sampling period. For comparison, during the January 1997 flood, the copper load in Spring Creek was about 1,100 kilograms per day and the copper load in the Yolo Bypass was about 7,300 kilograms per day. The data clearly indicate that most copper and zinc loads during the January 1997 flood entered the Sacramento River upstream of Colusa, and upstream of the influence of the most intense agricultural drainage return flows in the Sacramento River watershed.
This study has demonstrated that some trace metals of environmental significance (cadmium, copper, and zinc) in the Sacramento River are transported largely in dissolved form at upstream sites (below Shasta Dam, below Keswick Dam, and at Bend Bridge) proximal to the mineralized areas of the West Shasta and East Shasta mining districts. In contrast, these trace metals are transported largely in colloidal form at downstream sites (Colusa, Verona, Freeport, and Yolo Bypass). Aluminum, iron, and lead were observed to be transported predominantly in the colloidal phase at all mainstem Sacramento River sampling sites during all sampling periods in this study. Despite continuous water treatment, which has removed 85 to 90 percent of the cadmium, copper, and zinc from the mine drainage at Iron Mountain, Spring Creek remains a significant source of these metals to the Sacramento River system.
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Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728627,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728628,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728629,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728630,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":27193,"text":"wri004004 - 2000 - Selected organic compounds and trace elements in streambed sediments and fish tissues, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-19T18:55:47","indexId":"wri004004","displayToPublicDate":"2001-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4004","title":"Selected organic compounds and trace elements in streambed sediments and fish tissues, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska","docAbstract":"Organochlorines, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and trace elements were investigated in streambed sediments and fish tissues at selected sites in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska, during 1998. At most sites, SVOCs and organochlorine compounds were either not detected or detected at very low concentrations. Chester Creek at Arctic Boulevard at Anchorage, which was the only site sampled with a significant degree of development in the watershed, had elevated levels of many SVOCs in streambed sediment. Coring of sediments from two ponds on Chester Creek confirmed the presence of elevated concentrations of a variety of organic compounds. Moose Creek, a stream with extensive coal deposits in its watershed, had low concentrations of numerous SVOCs in streambed sediment. Three sites located in national parks or in a national wildlife refuge had no detectable concentrations of SVOCs. Trace elements were analyzed in both streambed sediments and tissues of slimy sculpin. The two media provided similar evidence for elevated concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc at Chester Creek. In this study, 'probable effect levels '(PELs) were determined from sediments finer than 0.063 millimeters, where concentrations tend to be greatest. Arsenic and chromium concentrations exceeded the PEL at eight and six sites respectively. Zinc exceeded the PEL at one site. Cadmium and copper concentrations were smaller than the PEL at all sites. Mercury concentrations in streambed sediments from the Deshka River were near the PEL, and selenium concentrations at that site also appear to be elevated above background levels. At half the sites where slimy sculpin were sampled, selenium concentrations were at levels that may cause adverse effects in some species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, Alaska","doi":"10.3133/wri004004","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S.A., 2000, Selected organic compounds and trace elements in streambed sediments and fish tissues, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4004, vi, 39 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 11 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004004.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.; 12 illus.; 11 tables","startPage":"1","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158639,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":326804,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4004/2000_wrir00-4004.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 00-4004"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.5791015625,\n 61.39671887310411\n ],\n [\n -149.677734375,\n 60.53296819772097\n ],\n [\n -153.5009765625,\n 58.802361927759456\n ],\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 58.182288761718965\n ],\n [\n -156.37939453125,\n 58.75680543225761\n ],\n [\n -157.34619140625,\n 59.45624336447568\n ],\n [\n -158.79638671875,\n 60.392147922518845\n ],\n [\n -159.30175781249997,\n 61.907926072709756\n ],\n [\n -158.57666015625,\n 62.684228187998514\n ],\n [\n -157.58789062499997,\n 63.3324127919358\n ],\n [\n -155.8740234375,\n 63.88906208125798\n ],\n [\n -153.3251953125,\n 64.32087157990324\n ],\n [\n -150.8642578125,\n 64.4064312702572\n ],\n [\n -148.24951171875,\n 64.39693778132846\n ],\n [\n -146.6015625,\n 64.24459476798192\n ],\n [\n -145.5908203125,\n 63.60721668033077\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 62.97519757003264\n ],\n [\n -145.96435546875,\n 61.30190220337445\n ],\n [\n -147.81005859374997,\n 61.00507574751817\n ],\n [\n -148.5791015625,\n 61.39671887310411\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e231c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, Steven A. sfrenzel@usgs.gov","contributorId":688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Steven","email":"sfrenzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30775,"text":"cir1178 - 2000 - 1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":30775,"text":"cir1178 - 2000 - 1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States","indexId":"cir1178","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:08","indexId":"cir1178","displayToPublicDate":"2001-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1178","title":"1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States","docAbstract":"This report summarizes the results of the 1998 National Mineral Resource Assessment that estimated the gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in undiscovered deposits in the United States. This project also estimated the identified resources and past production of these five metals. Assessment results include the following: (1) It is estimated that 18,000 metric tons (t) of gold, 460,000 t of silver, 290,000 kilotons (kt) of copper, 85,000 kt of lead, and 210,000 kt of zinc are in undiscovered deposits minable with existing technology. (2) In addition, it is estimated that 15,000 t of gold, 160,000 t of silver, 260,000 kt of copper, 51,000 kt of lead, and 55,000 kt of zinc remain in identified resources. (3) Past production from the largest identified resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc is estimated to be 12,000 t of gold, 170,000 t of silver, 91,000 kt of copper, 41,000 kt of lead, and 44,000 kt of zinc. These deposits account for about 99 percent of cumulative domestic production in the United States.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1178","usgsCitation":"The U.S. Geological Survey National Mineral Resource Assessment Team, 2000, 1998 Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the United States (Superseded by OFR 2002-198): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1178, Report: 21 p.; One CD-ROM in pocket; Also available online, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1178.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; One CD-ROM in pocket; Also available online","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"1998-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1178.bmp"},{"id":2600,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circular/c1178/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Superseded by OFR 2002-198","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4919e4b0b290850eee2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"The U.S. Geological Survey National Mineral Resource Assessment Team","contributorId":128133,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"The U.S. Geological Survey National Mineral Resource Assessment Team","id":529256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30526,"text":"wri994205 - 2000 - Quality of wet deposition in the Grand Calumet River Watershed, northwestern Indiana, April 29, 1997–April 28, 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T09:13:27","indexId":"wri994205","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1999–4205","displayTitle":"Quality of wet deposition in the Grand Calumet River Watershed, northwestern Indiana, April 29, 1997–April 28, 1998","title":"Quality of wet deposition in the Grand Calumet River Watershed, northwestern Indiana, April 29, 1997–April 28, 1998","docAbstract":"The Grand Calumet River, in northwestern Indiana, drains a heavily industrialized area along the southern shore of Lake Michigan. Steel production and petroleum refining are two of the area’s predominant industries. High-temperature processes, such as fossil fuel combustion and steel production, release contaminants to the atmosphere that may result in wet deposition being a major contributor to major-ion and trace-metal loadings in northwestern Indiana and Lake Michigan.
A wet-deposition collection site was established at the Gary (Indiana) Regional Airport to monitor the quantity and chemical quality of wet deposition. During a first phase of sampling, 48 wet-deposition samples were collected weekly between June 30, 1992, and August 31, 1993. During a second phase of sampling, 40 wet-deposition samples were collected between October 17, 1995, and November 12, 1996. Forty-two wet-deposition samples were collected during a third phase of sampling, which began April 29, 1997, and was completed April 28, 1998. Wet- deposition samples were analyzed for pH, specific conductance, and selected major ions and trace metals. This report describes the quantity and quality of wet-deposition samples collected during the third sampling phase and compares these findings to the results of the first and second sampling phases.
All of the samples collected during the third phase of sampling were of sufficient volumes for at least some of the analyses to be performed. Constituent concentrations from the third sampling phase were not significantly different (at the 5-percent significance level) from those for the second sampling phase. Significant increases, however, were observed in the concentrations of potassium, iron, lead, and zinc when compared to the concentrations observed in the first sampling phase.
Weekly loadings were estimated for each constituent measured during the third sampling phase. If constituent concentrations were reported less than the method reporting limit, a range for the weekly loading was computed. The estimated annual loadings of chloride, silica, bromide, copper, and zinc during the third sampling phase were greater than those estimated for the first two sampling phases. The only estimated annual loading in the third sampling phase that was less than the estimated annual loadings observed during the first two sampling phases was sulfate. The estimated annual loadings of calcium, magnesium, nitrate, potassium, barium, lead, iron, and manganese observed during the third sampling phase were greater than the loadings observed during the first sampling phase but less than those observed during the second sampling phase. No significant differences were observed between the quantity of wet deposition collected during the three sampling phases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri994205","usgsCitation":"Willoughby, T.C., 2000, Quality of wet deposition in the Grand Calumet River Watershed, northwestern Indiana, April 29, 1997–April 28, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 1999–4205, Report: v, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994205.","productDescription":"Report: v, 55 p.","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4205/wri19994205.pdf","text":"Report","size":"485 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1999-4205"},{"id":159556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1999/4205/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Grand Calumet River Watershed ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.577443289333814\n ],\n [\n -87.27951049804688,\n 41.577443289333814\n ],\n [\n -87.27951049804688,\n 41.739553198140634\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.739553198140634\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.577443289333814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
Streamflow and water-quality data for the northern part of Swatara Creek, which drains a 112-km2 area in the Southern Anthracite Field of east-central Pennsylvania, indicate iron, copper, and lead, and to a lesser extent manganese and zinc, are transported with suspended particles during stormflow conditions. During stormflow conditions, concentrations of these constituents typically peak prior to peak stream stage as a result of scour and transport of streambed deposits. In contrast, sulfate is transported mostly as a dissolved ion. Concentrations of sulfate, specific conductance, and pH are inversely related to streamflow, indicating dilution and acidification during stormflow. This effect is attributed to the mixing of poorly buffered stream water having pH 6.0-6.5 with weakly acidic storm runoff having pH 4.0-4.5 and low dissolved solids.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the ICARD 2000","conferenceTitle":"ICARD 2000 (International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage)","conferenceDate":"May 20-24, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":" Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C.A., 2000, Relations among sulfate, metals, sediment, and streamflow data for a stream draining a coal-mined watershed in East-Central Pennsylvania, in Proceedings of the ICARD 2000, Denver, CO, May 20-24, 2000, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343687,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Swatara Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.51651382446289,\n 40.49317611862768\n ],\n [\n -76.35154724121094,\n 40.51849718776774\n ],\n [\n -76.26846313476562,\n 40.51171103483292\n ],\n [\n -76.19293212890625,\n 40.53572049118792\n ],\n [\n -76.15036010742186,\n 40.567024247788396\n ],\n [\n -76.15585327148438,\n 40.59935608796518\n ],\n [\n -76.21490478515625,\n 40.643135583312805\n ],\n [\n -76.26296997070312,\n 40.65147128144057\n ],\n [\n -76.26331329345703,\n 40.6553782815234\n ],\n [\n -76.26811981201172,\n 40.659545496109864\n ],\n [\n -76.2725830078125,\n 40.662800951382906\n ],\n [\n -76.27738952636719,\n 40.66475414828327\n ],\n [\n -76.27876281738281,\n 40.66892077716713\n ],\n [\n -76.28030776977539,\n 40.67048319588473\n ],\n [\n -76.2839126586914,\n 40.672045577994275\n ],\n [\n -76.28803253173828,\n 40.67399850415071\n ],\n [\n -76.28923416137695,\n 40.675430613644295\n ],\n [\n -76.28751754760742,\n 40.67829474034605\n ],\n [\n -76.28923416137695,\n 40.67959657544238\n ],\n [\n -76.31000518798828,\n 40.69287384120539\n ],\n [\n -76.33644104003906,\n 40.68558468942849\n ],\n [\n -76.34759902954102,\n 40.67048319588473\n ],\n [\n -76.3524055480957,\n 40.660977916004164\n ],\n [\n -76.36613845825195,\n 40.652773640221426\n ],\n [\n -76.38296127319336,\n 40.645740600821476\n ],\n [\n -76.39394760131836,\n 40.639358127326865\n ],\n [\n -76.41008377075195,\n 40.63636206195869\n ],\n [\n -76.43257141113281,\n 40.63479884404164\n ],\n [\n -76.43136978149414,\n 40.629587853312174\n ],\n [\n -76.42845153808594,\n 40.62737305910759\n ],\n [\n -76.42244338989258,\n 40.628154759567266\n ],\n [\n -76.41454696655273,\n 40.629587853312174\n ],\n [\n -76.40459060668945,\n 40.62724277480808\n ],\n [\n -76.39789581298828,\n 40.62177060472069\n ],\n [\n -76.40321731567383,\n 40.61825254434565\n ],\n [\n -76.4073371887207,\n 40.61577676116552\n ],\n [\n -76.4095687866211,\n 40.613691819957566\n ],\n [\n -76.43291473388672,\n 40.60196281341108\n ],\n [\n -76.53488159179688,\n 40.509622849596695\n ],\n [\n -76.51651382446289,\n 40.49317611862768\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59673545e4b0d1f9f05dd7f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":704463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23685,"text":"ofr200075 - 2000 - Estuarine water-quality and sediment data, and surface-water and ground-water-quality data, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, January 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T15:59:33","indexId":"ofr200075","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-75","title":"Estuarine water-quality and sediment data, and surface-water and ground-water-quality data, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, January 1999","docAbstract":"In January 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey collected estuarine-water, estuarine-sediment, surface-water, and ground-water quality samples in the vicinity of Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia. Data from these samples are used by the U.S. Navy to monitor the impact of submarine base activities on local water resources. Estuarine water and sediment data were collected from five sites on the Crooked River, Kings Bay, and Cumberland Sound. Surface-water data were collected from seven streams that discharge from Naval Submarine Base, Kings Bay. Ground-water data were collected from six ground-water monitoring wells completed in the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay. Samples were analyzed for nutrients, total and dissolved trace metals, total and dissolved organic carbon, oil and grease, total organic halogens, biological and chemical oxygen demand, and total and fecal coliform.\r\n\r\nTrace metals in ground and surface waters did not exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Drinking Water Standards; and trace metals in surface water also did not exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Surface Water Standards. These trace metals included arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, tin, and zinc. Barium was detected in relatively high concentrations in ground water (concentrations ranged from 18 to 264 micrograms per liter). Two estuarine water samples exceeded the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division standards for copper (concentrations of 6.2 and 3.0 micrograms per liter).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr200075","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Leeth, D.C., and Holloway, O.G., 2000, Estuarine water-quality and sediment data, and surface-water and ground-water-quality data, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, January 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-75, iii, 12 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr200075.","productDescription":"iii, 12 p. :maps ;28 cm.","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-01-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156701,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8945,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr00-75/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.09808349609375,\n 30.779598396611537\n ],\n [\n -82.09808349609375,\n 31.84489911613476\n ],\n [\n -80.84564208984375,\n 31.84489911613476\n ],\n [\n -80.84564208984375,\n 30.779598396611537\n ],\n [\n -82.09808349609375,\n 30.779598396611537\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa3e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leeth, David C. cleeth@usgs.gov","contributorId":1403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeth","given":"David","email":"cleeth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holloway, Owen G.","contributorId":32948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32314,"text":"ofr0026 - 2000 - Assessment of mineral resource tracts in the Chugach National Forest, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-07T09:01:35","indexId":"ofr0026","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-26","title":"Assessment of mineral resource tracts in the Chugach National Forest, Alaska","docAbstract":"Locatable minerals have been produced from the Chugach National Forest (CNF) for nearly 100 years. Past gold production has come from the Kenai Peninsula and the Girdwood, Port Wells, and Valdez areas. Copper and by-product gold and silver have been produced from mines at Ellamar, on Latouche Island, and near Valdez. Many of the past-producing properties were not mined out and contain significant inferred reserves of gold, copper, lead, zinc, and silver. This report outlines mineral resource areas (tracts) that contain both identified and undiscovered mineral resources. These tracts were drawn on the basis of one or more of the following criteria: (1) geochemical anomalies, (2) favorable geologic units, (3) presence of mines, prospects or mineral occurrences, and (4) geophysical anomalies. Bliss (1989) used six mineral deposit models to describe the types of deposits known from the CNF. Of these deposit types, only four are sufficiently known and defined in the CNF to be suitable for consideration in outlining and ranking of mineral resource tracts; these deposit types are: (1) Cyprus-type massive sulfide, (2) Chugach-type low-sulfide goldquartz veins, (3) placer gold, and (4) polymetallic vein.
\nThe U.S. Bureau of Mines indicated that most of the inferred mineral reserves in the CNF would not be economic to produce under current prices. Small-scale placer gold operations are a possible exception. Other known resources that have recorded past production (oil, coal, rock, sand, and gravel) are not addressed in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0026","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S.W., and Miller, M.L., 2000, Assessment of mineral resource tracts in the Chugach National Forest, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-26, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0026.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr0026.jpg"},{"id":3305,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0026/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":280639,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0026/pdf/of00-026.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Ellamar;Girdwood;Port Wells;Valdez","otherGeospatial":"Chugach National Forest;Kenai Peninsula;Latouche Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150.3259,59.5983 ], [ -150.3259,62.0009 ], [ -143.3112,62.0009 ], [ -143.3112,59.5983 ], [ -150.3259,59.5983 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Steven W.","contributorId":74024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":208243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6531,"text":"pp1616 - 2000 - A geologic guide to Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska: A tectonic collage of northbound terranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-23T16:12:06.419941","indexId":"pp1616","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1616","title":"A geologic guide to Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska: A tectonic collage of northbound terranes","docAbstract":"Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, the largest unit in the U.S. National Park System, encompasses near 13.2 million acres of geological wonderments. This geologic guide presents history of exploration and Earth-science investigation; describes the complex geologic makeup; characterizes the vast college of accretion geologic terranes in this area of Alaska's continental margin; recapitulates the effects of earthquakes, volcanoes, and glaciers; characterizes the copper and gold resources of the parklands; and describes outstanding locales within the park and preserve area. A glossary of geologic terms and a categorized list of additional sources of information complete this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1616","usgsCitation":"Winkler, G., MacKevett, E.M., Plafker, G., Richter, D., Rosenkrans, D., and Schmoll, H., 2000, A geologic guide to Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska: A tectonic collage of northbound terranes (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1616, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1616.","productDescription":"166 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":426214,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_33540.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":825,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1616/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124702,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1616.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.79126197083673,\n 62.77065372258221\n ],\n [\n -145.0178370915535,\n 59.81781863662275\n ],\n [\n -140.6618147245958,\n 59.81781863662275\n ],\n [\n -140.9742657890178,\n 62.59558790284228\n ],\n [\n -145.79126197083673,\n 62.77065372258221\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae64c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winkler, Gary R.","contributorId":75513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winkler","given":"Gary R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacKevett, Edward M. Jr.","contributorId":72447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKevett","given":"Edward","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":895777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosenkrans, D. S.","contributorId":53795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenkrans","given":"D. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schmoll, H. R.","contributorId":71543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoll","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":23028,"text":"ofr0031 - 2000 - Analytical results for Bullion Mine and Crystal Mine waste samples and bed sediments from a small tributary to Jack Creek and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder River watershed, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T17:28:37","indexId":"ofr0031","displayToPublicDate":"2000-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-31","title":"Analytical results for Bullion Mine and Crystal Mine waste samples and bed sediments from a small tributary to Jack Creek and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder River watershed, Montana","docAbstract":"Metal-mining related wastes in the Boulder River basin study area in northern Jefferson County, Montana affect water quality as a result of acid-generation and toxic-metal solubilization. Mine waste and tailings in the unnamed tributary to Jack Creek draining the Bullion mine area and in Uncle Sam Gulch below the Crystal mine are contributors to water quality degradation of Basin Creek and Cataract Creek, Montana. Basin Creek and Cataract Creek are two of three tributaries to the Boulder River in the study area. The bed sediment geochemistry in these two creeks has also been affected by the acidic drainage from these two mines. Geochemical analysis of 42 tailings cores and eleven bed-sediment samples was undertaken to determine the concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn present in these materials. These elements are environmentally significant, in that they can be toxic to fish and/or the invertebrate organisms in the aquatic food chain. Suites of one-inch cores of mine waste and tailings material were taken from two breached tailings impoundments near the site of the Bullion mine and from Uncle Sam Gulch below the Crystal mine. Forty-two core samples were taken and divided into 211 subsamples. The samples were analyzed by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy) using a mixed-acid (HC1-HNO3-HC1O4-HF) digestion. Results of the core analyses show that some samples contain moderate to very high concentrations of arsenic (as much as 13,000 ppm), silver (as much as 130 ppm), cadmium (as much as 260 ppm), copper (as much as 9,000 ppm), lead (as much as 11,000 ppm), and zinc (as much as 18,000 ppm). Eleven bed-sediment samples were also subjected to the mixed-acid total digestion, and a warm (50°C) 2M HC1-1% H2O2 leach and analyzed by ICP-AES. Results indicate that bed sediments of the Jack Creek tributary are impacted by past mining at the Bullion and Crystal mines. The contaminating metals are mostly contained in the 2M HC1-1% H2O2 leachable phase, which are the hydrous amorphous iron- and manganese-hydroxide coatings on detrital sediment particles.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0031","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Fey, D.L., Church, S.E., and Finney, C.J., 2000, Analytical results for Bullion Mine and Crystal Mine waste samples and bed sediments from a small tributary to Jack Creek and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder River watershed, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2000-31, Report: i, 63 p.; 8 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0031.","productDescription":"Report: i, 63 p.; 8 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339795,"rank":4,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table6.xls","text":"Table 6","size":"16 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 6","linkHelpText":"- Field numbers, depths to midpoints of intervals, and interval sample descriptions for cores from Uncle Sam Gulch fluvial tailings deposits below Crystal Mine"},{"id":340566,"rank":9,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table11.xls","text":"Table 11","size":"24.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 11","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data following 2M HCl-1%H2O2 leach digestions of bed-sediment samples from unamed tributary to Jack Creek, and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":340567,"rank":10,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table12.xls","text":"Table 12","size":"25.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 12","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data of total digestion of residues of the 2M HCl-1%H2O2 leach digestions of bed-sediment samples from unamed tributary to Jack Creek, and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":340563,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table8.xls","text":"Table 8 ","size":"42 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 8","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from total digestions of core samples from lower tailings impoundment below Bullion Mine, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":339794,"rank":5,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table5.xls","text":"Table 5","size":"45 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 5","linkHelpText":"- Field numbers, depths to midpoints of intervals, and interval sample descriptions for cores from Bullion Mine tailings impoundments"},{"id":340564,"rank":7,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table9.xls","text":"Table 9","size":"25.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 9","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from core samples analyzed by ICP-AES, Uncle Sam Gulch below Crystal Mine, Montana"},{"id":340562,"rank":6,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table7.xls","text":"Table 7","size":"57.5 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 7","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from core samples analyzed by ICP-AES, upper tailings impoundment below Bullion Mine, Boulder Watershed Montana"},{"id":340565,"rank":8,"type":{"id":27,"text":"Table"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/ofr20000031_table10.xls","text":"Table 10","size":"25 KB","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"},"description":"Table 10","linkHelpText":"- Major and trace-element data from total digestions of bed-sediment samples from unamed tributary to Jack Creek, and from Uncle Sam Gulch, Boulder Watershed, Montana"},{"id":155138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/0031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52408,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0031/OFR-00-031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"838 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2000-0031"},{"id":341932,"rank":11,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/ofr-00-0031/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Boulder River watershed, Bullion Mine, Crystal Mine, Jack Creek, Uncle Sam Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.2\n ],\n [\n -111.79412841796875,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.4066162109375,\n 46.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Center Director, Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225
Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe metamorphosed snow, glacial firn, and glacial ice obtained from South Cascade Glacier in Washington State, USA. Biotic samples consisting of algae (Chlamydomonas nivalis) and ice worms (a species of oligochaetes) were also collected and imaged. In the field, the snow and biological samples were mounted on copper plates, cooled in liquid nitrogen, and stored in dry shipping containers which maintain a temperature of-196°C. The firn and glacier ice samples were obtained by extracting horizontal ice cores, 8 mm in diameter, at different levels from larger standard glaciological (vertical) ice cores 7.5 cm in diameter. These samples were cooled in liquid nitrogen and placed in cryotubes, were stored in the same dry shipping container, and sent to the SEM facility. In the laboratory, the samples were sputter coated with platinum and imaged by a low-temperature SEM. To image the firn and glacier ice samples, the cores were fractured in liquid nitrogen, attached to a specimen holder, and then imaged. While light microscope images of snow and ice are difficult to interpret because of internal reflection and refraction, the SEM images provide a clear and unique view of the surface of the samples because they are generated from electrons emitted or reflected only from the surface of the sample. In addition, the SEM has a great depth of field with a wide range of magnifying capabilities. The resulting images clearly show the individual grains of the seasonal snowpack and the bonding between the snow grains. Images of firn show individual ice crystals, the bonding between the crystals, and connected air spaces. Images of glacier ice show a crystal structure on a scale of 1–2 mm which is considerably smaller than the expected crystal size. Microscopic air bubbles, less than 15 μm in diameter, clearly marked the boundaries between these crystal-like features. The life forms associated with the glacier were easily imaged and studied. The low-temperature SEM sample collecting and handling methods proved to be operable in the field; the SEM analysis is applicable to glaciological studies and reveals details unattainable by conventional light microscopic methods.
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