Geohydrologic and water-quality data collected during 1997 through 2000 in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, define a plume of 1,4-dioxane in ground water that extends to the southwest approximately 0.8 miles from the refinery site. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane in the plume ranged from 3 to 31,000 micrograms per liter. Ground water containing 1,4-dioxane is discharged to Crumpacker Ditch, approximately one-half mile west of the refinery site. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane detected in surface water ranged from 8 to 140 micrograms per liter; 1,4-dioxane also is transported in ground water beneath the ditch.
The study area is underlain by glacial deposits of sand and gravel that overlie lacustrine clay and shale. The sand and gravel deposits form an extensive aquifer ranging from 148 to 215 feet thick in the study area. Ground water generally flows from northeast to southwest and the depth to water ranges from about 3 to 36 feet below land surface. The average horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, determined from a multiple-well aquifer test, was 121 feet per day, and the transmissivity was 18,600 feet squared per day. Vertical hydraulic conductivity ranged from 24 to 36 feet per day and specific yield ranged from 0.05 to 0.08. Analysis of single-well aquifer tests indicated that horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.6 to 127 feet per day and was largest in the lower part of the aquifer. Horizontal gradients averaged about 0.001 feet per foot; estimated ground-water- flow velocities averaged about 0.1 feet per day in the upper and middle parts of the glacial aquifer and about 0.4 feet per day near the bottom of the aquifer.
Analytical results of water samples indicate the ground water generally is a calcium-bicarbonate type with a nearly neutral pH. Specific conductivity ranged from 437 to 1,030 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in water from wells upgradient from the refinery site and 330 to 3,780 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in water from downgradient wells. Barium, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc commonly were detected in samples of ground water. Volatile organic compounds (including chlorinated solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons) were consistently detected in samples from shallow wells near the boundaries of the former refinery site. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane were detected in water from wells screened in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the aquifer downgradient from the site and in samples of surface water collected approximately 5 miles downstream from where the plume intersects Crumpacker Ditch.
A three-dimensional, four layer groundwater- flow model was constructed and calibrated to match ground-water levels and streamflow measured during December 1997. The model was used to simulate possible mechanisms of contaminant release, the effect of increased pumpage from water-supply wells, and pumping at the leading edge of the plume as a possible means of remediation. Based on simulation of three waste-oil lagoons, a vertical hydraulic conductivity of 0.2 feet per day was required to move contaminants into the bottom layer of the model at a constant leakage rate of about 98 gallons per minute. Simulations of a disposal well in layer 3 of the model indicated an injection rate of 50 gallons per minute was necessary to spread contaminants vertically in the aquifer. Simulated pumping rates of about 300 and 1,000 gallons per minute were required for water supply wells at the Town of Westville and the Westville Correctional Facility to draw water from the plume of 1,4-dioxane. Simulated pumping from hypothetical wells at the leading edge of the plume indicated that three wells, each pumping 25 gallons per minute from model layer 3, would capture the plume of 1,4-dioxane.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Duwelius, R.F., Yeskis, D.J., Wilson, J.T., and Robinson, B.A., 2002, Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, 1997–2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4221, vii, 161 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014221.","productDescription":"vii, 161 p.","numberOfPages":"169","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4221/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3201,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4221/wri20014221.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.54 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4221"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Westville","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.96296691894531,\n 41.478232450820364\n ],\n [\n -87.04193115234374,\n 41.597986086554684\n ],\n [\n -86.80984497070312,\n 41.67496335351134\n ],\n [\n -86.72590255737303,\n 41.56524291087755\n ],\n [\n -86.96296691894531,\n 41.478232450820364\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Indiana Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5957 Lakeside Blvd.
Indianapolis, IN 46278
A study of ground-water quantity and quality was conducted in the Big Elk Creek Basin, a rural area undergoing rapid growth. The 79.4-square mile study area is in the Piedmont Physiographic Province and is underlain almost entirely by crystalline rocks. Most of the basin in Pennsylvania is underlain by Wissahickon Schist, a fractured crystalline- rock aquifer. Yields of wells in the Wissahickon Schist range from 5 to 200 gal/min (gallons per minute); the median yield is 15 gal/min. Specific capacity ranges from 0.03 to 15 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot) of drawdown; the median specific capacity is 0.4 (gal/min)/ft.
Recharge to the basin occurs by infiltration of precipitation, and ground water discharges locally to streams. The median annual ground-water discharge to streams (base flow) for 1933-99 was 10.79 in. (inches) or 0.518 (Mgal/d)/mi2 (million gallons per day per square mile), which was 63 percent of the median annual streamflow. The median annual ground-water discharge to streams ranged from 5.32 in. or 0.255 (Mgal/d)/mi2 in 1966 to 17.98 in. or 0.863 (Mgal/d)/mi2 in 1972. Estimated ground-water availability ranges from 0.127 to 0.535 (Mgal/d)/mi2, depending on the estimation method used.
Annual water budgets were calculated for the Big Elk Creek Basin for 1998-99. The 1998-99 average annual streamflow was 15.38 in., change in ground-water storage was an increase of 1.32 in., ground-water exports were 0.03 in., and estimated evapotranspiration (ET) was 30.5 in. Despite a 12.27-in. difference in precipitation between 1998 and 1999, the percentage of precipitation as ET (65.6 and 64 percent, respectively) is similar. Estimated average annual recharge for 1998-99 was 12.12 in. [0.580 (Mgal/d)/mi2].
For this study, water samples from 20 wells in the Big Elk Creek Basin were collected for analysis for inorganic constituents and pesticides. In addition, data were available from 44 additional wells. Major ions, in order of decreasing concentration, based on median concentrations for the Wissahickon Schist, are silica, calcium, chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, and potassium. The Wissahickon Schist and Peters Creek Schist have similar water types; ground water from serpentinite, the basal unit of the Baltimore Mafic Complex that straddles the Pennsylvania-Maryland border, is distinctly different. For the Wissahickon Schist and Peters Creek Schist, no cation is predominant; calcium, magnesium, and sodium are in nearly equal concentrations expressed in milliequivalents per liter. Bicarbonate is the dominant anion. Water from serpentinite is of the magnesium bicarbonate type; magnesium is the dominant cation, and bicarbonate is the dominant anion.
Water from 2 percent of sampled wells exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) for total dissolved solids. None of the chloride or sulfate concentrations exceeded the USEPA SMCL. Water from 10 percent of sampled wells exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) nitrate as nitrogen. All of those wells are in the Wissahickon Schist. The median concentration of nitrate in water samples from the Wissahickon Schist was 3.6 mg/L, and the maximum concentration was 36 mg/L. Except for iron and manganese, metals and other trace inorganic constituents do not appear to pose a water-quality problem. Fourteen percent of water samples analyzed for iron and 29 percent of water samples analyzed for manganese exceeded the USEPA SMCL's. The median activity of radon-222 for all formations was 2,400 pCi/L (picoCuries per liter). The median activity for water from 35 wells sampled in the Wissahickon Schist in the Big Elk Creek Basin was 2,500 pCi/L. Water from 94 percent of sampled wells exceeded the proposed USEPA MCL of 300 pCi/L, and water from 25 percent of sampled wells exceeded proposed USEPA alternate MCL of 4,000 pCi/L.
In addition to the 20 wells sampled for pesticides for this study, data were available for 20 other wells sampled for pesticides. The most commonly detected pesticides in the Big Elk Creek Basin are deethyl atrazine (71 percent of sampled wells), atrazine (35 percent of sampled wells), metolachlor (32 percent of sampled wells), carbaryl (19 percent of sampled wells), picloram (14 percent of sampled wells), simazine (13 percent of sampled wells), and carbofuran (11 percent of sampled wells). Most concentrations are extremely low and are in the parts per trillion range. Concentrations of pesticides detected did not exceed USEPA MCL’s. Out of 43 volatile organic compounds analyzed, only 4 were detected—chloroform, total phenols, tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), and toluene. None of the concentrations exceeded USEPA MCL’s.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024057","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Chester County Water Resources Authority and Chester County Health Department","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2002, Geohydrology and ground-water quality, Big Elk Creek Basin, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and Cecil County, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4057, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024057.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4057/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":351231,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4057/wri20024057.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.36 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 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Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
The Salton Sea is a 1000-km2 terminal lake located in the desert area of southeastern California. This saline (∼44 000 mg l−1 dissolved solids) lake started as fresh water in 1905–07 by accidental flooding of the Colorado River, and it is maintained by agricultural runoff of irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River. The Salton Sea and surrounding wetlands have recently acquired substantial ecological importance because of the death of large numbers of birds and fish, and the establishment of a program to restore the health of the Sea. In this report, we present new data on the salinity and concentration of selected chemicals in the Salton Sea water, porewater and sediments, emphasizing the constituents of concern: nutrients (N and P), Se and salinity. Chemical profiles from a Salton Sea core estimated to have a sedimentation rate of 2.3 mm yr−1 show increasing concentrations of OC, N, and P in younger sediment that are believed to reflect increasing eutrophication of the lake. Porewater profiles from two locations in the Sea show that diffusion from bottom sediment is only a minor source of nutrients to the overlying water as compared to irrigation water inputs. Although loss of N and Se by microbial-mediated volatilization is possible, comparison of selected element concentrations in river inputs and water and sediments from the Salton Sea indicates that most of the N (from fertilizer) and virtually all of the Se (delivered in irrigation water from the Colorado River) discharged to the Sea still reside within its bottom sediment. Laboratory simulation on mixtures of sediment and water from the Salton Sea suggest that sediment is a potential source of N and Se to the water column under aerobic conditions. Hence, it is important that any engineered changes made to the Salton Sea for remediation or for transfer of water out of the basin do not result in remobilization of nutrients and Se from the bottom sediment into the overlying water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1023/A:1016557012305","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.A., Orem, W.H., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2002, Chemical evolution of the Salton Sea, California: Nutrient and selenium dynamics: Hydrobiologia, v. 473, no. 1, p. 23-45, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016557012305.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.03897094726562,\n 33.5608510182527\n ],\n [\n -116.12136840820312,\n 33.52536850360117\n ],\n [\n -115.99777221679686,\n 33.31331547642762\n ],\n [\n -115.74371337890625,\n 33.05701850585396\n ],\n [\n -115.57754516601561,\n 33.19388015067254\n ],\n [\n -115.55145263671876,\n 33.28347195224924\n ],\n [\n -115.77392578125,\n 33.42571077612917\n ],\n [\n -115.95108032226561,\n 33.55398457177033\n ],\n [\n -115.99639892578125,\n 33.55627344791359\n ],\n [\n -116.03897094726562,\n 33.5608510182527\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"473","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da2539e4b0543bf7fda847","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Roy A. raschroe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Roy","email":"raschroe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":686270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orem, William H. 0000-0003-4990-0539 borem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-0539","contributorId":577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orem","given":"William","email":"borem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31577,"text":"ofr0229 - 2002 - Historical trends in U.S. mineral statistics for selected non-ferrous metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T15:25:03.56907","indexId":"ofr0229","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-29","title":"Historical trends in U.S. mineral statistics for selected non-ferrous metals","docAbstract":"Production figures for selected nonferrous metals-aluminum (including bauxite and alumina), copper, lead, tin, titanium, and zinc-by the United States, as well as other statistics for these commodities, show strong volatility during 20th century. Major shifts were driven by the Great Depression and the two World Wars, but other major temporal changes are also noted that are not directly related to such global crises. For example, the price of tin exhibited a strong maximum in the 1980's, which is unrelated to world production, but rather to failed efforts of the International Tin Council to control price. In the case of copper, U.S. exports have varied throughout the second half of the century, by more than a factor of 5. Such volatility might be explained in part by global economic conditions, at least throughout recent decades. Supporting the interpretation of the importance of foreign pressure on the domestic commodities market is a close correlation between domestic consumption of antimony and its elevated price in the mid 1980's,possibly pushed up mostly by the world dominance in production of this commodity by China. However, only very superficial explanations can be advanced for such relations before we have examined, in concert, information for a much larger suite of commodities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0229","usgsCitation":"Piper, D.Z., and Nokleberg, W.J., 2002, Historical trends in U.S. mineral statistics for selected non-ferrous metals: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-29, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0229.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"41","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":283395,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0029/figsandtabs.htm"},{"id":59808,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0029/pdf/of02-29.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2816,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0029/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":161148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0029/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 173.0,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,71.833333 ], [ -66.95,16.916667 ], [ 173.0,16.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30994,"text":"wri014263 - 2002 - Hydrogeological investigation at Site 5, Willow Grove Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base, Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T10:40:44","indexId":"wri014263","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4263","title":"Hydrogeological investigation at Site 5, Willow Grove Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base, Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted borehole geophysical logging, collected and analyzed water-level data, and sampled sections of a rock core to determine the concentration of volatile organic compounds in the aquifer matrix of the Stockton Formation. Borehole geophysical logs were run in three monitor wells. At well 05MW04I, the vertical gradient was upward at depths above 42 feet below land surface (ft bls), downward between 42 and 82 ft bls, and upward below 82 ft bls. At well 05MW05I, a downward vertical gradient was present. At well 05MW12I, the vertical gradient was downward above 112 ft bls and upward below 112 ft bls.
Three water-bearing fractures in a 17-foot long rock core from 23.5 to 40.5 ft bls were identified and sampled. Three samples were analyzed from each water-bearing fracture—at the fracture face, 2 centimeters (cm) below the fracture, and 4 cm below the fracture. Fifteen compounds were detected; however, concentrations of seven compounds were less than 1 microgram per kilogram (mg/kg) when detected. Concentrations of benzene (from 0.39 to 3.3 mg/kg), 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) (from 0.15 to 13 mg/kg), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) (from 0.17 to 22 mg/kg), and trichloroethylene (TCE) (from 0.092 to 9.6 mg/kg) were detected in all samples. The highest concentrations detected were for toluene, which was detected at a concentration of 32 and 86 mg/kg in the samples from unweathered sandstone at 2 and 4 cm below the fracture, respectively. Concentrations generally decreased with distance below the fracture in the mudstone samples. Concentrations of benzene and toluene increased with distance below the fractures in the unweathered sandstone samples. Concentrations of 1,1-DCE, TCA, and TCE were higher in the mudstone samples than in the samples from sandstone. Toluene concentrations were higher in unweathered sandstone than in weathered sandstone or mudstone.
The effect of the pumping of Horsham Water and Sewer Authority public supply well 26 (HWSA-26), 0.2 mile southwest of the base boundary, on groundwater levels on the base was determined by shutting the well down for 6 days to allow water levels to recover. Water levels in 22 nearby wells were measured. The only well (02MW01I) that showed an unambiguous response to the shutdown of well HWSA-26 is 1,350 feet directly along strike from well HWSA-26. The recovery of well 05MW11I in response to the shutdown of well HWSA-26 is masked by recharge from snowmelt but probably does not exceed about 0.2 feet on the basis of the water level in well 05MW11I, which showed a response to the pumping of well HWSA-26 that ranged from 0.5 to 0.15 foot.
Horizontal gradients differ with depth, and the rate and direction of ground-water flow and contaminant movement is depth dependent. The potentiometric-surface map for water levels measured in wells screened between 5 and 44 ft bls in the aquifer shows a ground-water mound that is the high point on a regional ground-water divide. From this divide, ground water flows both northwest toward Park Creek and southeast toward Pennypack Creek. The hydraulic gradient around this mound is relatively flat to the southeast and particularly flat to the northwest. The potentiometric-surface map for water levels measured in wells screened between 40 and 100 ft bls in the aquifer shows a very flat hydraulic gradient. Differences in the elevation of the potentiometric surface are less than 2 feet. The potentiometric-surface map for water levels measured in wells screened between 105 and 179 ft bls in the aquifer shows a steep hydraulic gradient between Sites 5 and 2 and a relatively flat hydraulic gradient between Sites 5 and 3. Water levels measured on October 7, 1999, showed downward vertical head gradients for all well clusters at Site 5. Vertical gradients ranged from 0.01 at well cluster 05MW10 to 0.2 at cluster 05MW11. Most gradients were between 0.01 and 0.026. Vertical head gradients vary with time. The variability is caused by a difference in the magnitude of water-level fluctuations between shallow and the deep fractures. The difference in the magnitude of water-level fluctuations is because of differences in lithology and aquifer storativity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014263","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2002, Hydrogeological investigation at Site 5, Willow Grove Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base, Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4263, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014263.","productDescription":"37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351044,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4263/wri20014263.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.47 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4263"},{"id":124345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4263/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.4833,40.4194],[-75.4643,40.4082],[-75.4518,40.4008],[-75.4465,40.3975],[-75.4299,40.3873],[-75.4257,40.3845],[-75.4216,40.3812],[-75.4068,40.3724],[-75.4032,40.37],[-75.402,40.3696],[-75.3985,40.3672],[-75.383,40.3584],[-75.3629,40.3462],[-75.3534,40.3406],[-75.3487,40.3378],[-75.3433,40.3341],[-75.3084,40.3131],[-75.3007,40.3089],[-75.3001,40.3084],[-75.2592,40.2855],[-75.2013,40.25],[-75.1989,40.2486],[-75.1906,40.2439],[-75.1339,40.2106],[-75.1032,40.1923],[-75.0943,40.1867],[-75.0153,40.1394],[-75.032,40.127],[-75.0468,40.116],[-75.0561,40.1084],[-75.0654,40.1],[-75.0723,40.0911],[-75.0809,40.0835],[-75.0947,40.0693],[-75.0888,40.0633],[-75.0914,40.0592],[-75.1012,40.0522],[-75.1074,40.0477],[-75.1311,40.0586],[-75.1564,40.0736],[-75.1647,40.0788],[-75.1759,40.0844],[-75.1865,40.0733],[-75.2119,40.0878],[-75.2231,40.093],[-75.2566,40.0623],[-75.2646,40.0552],[-75.2523,40.0441],[-75.2418,40.0353],[-75.2253,40.0241],[-75.21,40.0143],[-75.2303,40.0006],[-75.2504,39.9901],[-75.2638,39.984],[-75.2736,39.9787],[-75.2778,39.9765],[-75.3079,40.0147],[-75.3096,40.017],[-75.3114,40.0192],[-75.3119,40.0202],[-75.3168,40.018],[-75.3205,40.0162],[-75.3222,40.0176],[-75.3286,40.0268],[-75.3338,40.0332],[-75.3361,40.036],[-75.3448,40.0475],[-75.3494,40.053],[-75.3517,40.0558],[-75.361,40.0668],[-75.3669,40.0723],[-75.3927,40.0604],[-75.42,40.0966],[-75.4369,40.0899],[-75.4401,40.0941],[-75.4558,40.0876],[-75.4563,40.0945],[-75.4633,40.0971],[-75.4618,40.1027],[-75.4693,40.1066],[-75.4719,40.1116],[-75.4691,40.1169],[-75.4627,40.119],[-75.4611,40.1241],[-75.4729,40.1287],[-75.4905,40.1253],[-75.5088,40.1347],[-75.5107,40.1422],[-75.5036,40.1506],[-75.5,40.1563],[-75.503,40.1593],[-75.5127,40.1595],[-75.5184,40.1475],[-75.5239,40.1468],[-75.5275,40.1492],[-75.527,40.1664],[-75.5387,40.1739],[-75.544,40.1794],[-75.5503,40.19],[-75.5554,40.2023],[-75.5589,40.2073],[-75.5606,40.2096],[-75.5636,40.2101],[-75.5661,40.2093],[-75.5655,40.207],[-75.5644,40.2029],[-75.5645,40.2006],[-75.5676,40.1975],[-75.5694,40.1966],[-75.5724,40.1967],[-75.5766,40.1981],[-75.5796,40.2004],[-75.5801,40.2045],[-75.5835,40.21],[-75.591,40.2214],[-75.5973,40.2347],[-75.5997,40.2365],[-75.6014,40.2379],[-75.605,40.2389],[-75.6081,40.2366],[-75.6088,40.2348],[-75.6076,40.2326],[-75.6059,40.2294],[-75.6047,40.2275],[-75.6078,40.2258],[-75.6114,40.2244],[-75.6151,40.2245],[-75.6186,40.2277],[-75.6209,40.2305],[-75.6304,40.2347],[-75.6406,40.2371],[-75.6478,40.2404],[-75.6549,40.2428],[-75.6645,40.2461],[-75.6705,40.2466],[-75.6741,40.2458],[-75.6784,40.2436],[-75.6864,40.2387],[-75.6894,40.2378],[-75.6912,40.2388],[-75.6968,40.2417],[-75.6961,40.2426],[-75.6949,40.2444],[-75.6899,40.2502],[-75.6744,40.269],[-75.6681,40.2775],[-75.6644,40.2811],[-75.66,40.2874],[-75.6501,40.299],[-75.6488,40.3008],[-75.6457,40.3044],[-75.6389,40.313],[-75.6258,40.3295],[-75.6233,40.3322],[-75.6164,40.3407],[-75.6084,40.3483],[-75.6046,40.3533],[-75.6034,40.355],[-75.5971,40.364],[-75.5884,40.3748],[-75.5685,40.3976],[-75.5666,40.4003],[-75.5647,40.4021],[-75.5604,40.4066],[-75.5516,40.4182],[-75.5466,40.4245],[-75.5416,40.4299],[-75.5278,40.4464],[-75.5249,40.4441],[-75.5065,40.4325],[-75.4994,40.4283],[-75.4833,40.4194]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Montgomery\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Ground water pumped from supply wells 1 and 2 on the Willow Grove Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base (NAS/JRB) provides water for use at the base, including potable water for drinking. The supply wells have been contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOC's), particularly trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and the water is treated to remove the VOC's. The Willow Grove NAS/JRB and surrounding area are underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Triassic-age Stockton Formation, which form a complex, heterogeneous aquifer.
The ground-water-flow system for the supply wells was characterized by use of borehole geophysical logs and heatpulse-flowmeter measurements. The heatpulse-flowmeter measurements showed upward and downward borehole flow under nonpumping conditions in both wells. The hydraulic and chemical properties of discrete water-bearing fractures in the supply wells were characterized by isolating each water-bearing fracture with straddle packers. Eight fractures in supply well 1 and five fractures in supply well 2 were selected for testing on the basis of the borehole geophysical logs and borehole television surveys. Water samples were collected from each isolated fracture and analyzed for VOC?s and inorganic constituents.
Fractures at 50–59, 79–80, 196, 124–152, 182, 241, 256, and 350–354 ft btoc (feet below top of casing) were isolated in supply well 1. Specific capacities ranged from 0.26 to 5.7 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot) of drawdown. The highest specific capacity was for the fracture isolated at 179.8–188 ft btoc. Specific capacity and depth of fracture were not related in either supply well. The highest concentrations of PCE were in water samples collected from fractures isolated at 236.8–245 and 249.8–258 ft btoc, which are hydraulically connected. The concentration of PCE generally increased with depth to a maximum of 39 mg/L (micrograms per liter) at a depth of 249.8? 258 ft btoc and then decreased to 21 mg/L at a depth of 345.3–389 ft btoc.
Fractures at 68–74, 115, 162, 182, 205, and 314 ft btoc were isolated in supply well 2. Specific capacities ranged from 0.08 to less than 2.9 (gal/ min)/ft. The highest specific capacity was for the fracture isolated at 157–165.2 ft btoc. Concentrations of detected VOC's in water samples were 3.6 mg/L or less.
Lithologic units penetrated by both supply wells were determined by correlating naturalgamma and single-point-resistance borehole geophysical logs. All lithologic units are not continuous water-bearing units because water-bearing fractures are not necessarily present in the same lithologic units in each well. Although the wells penetrate the same lithologic units, the lithologic location of only three water-bearing fractures are common to both wells. The same lithologic unit may have different hydraulic properties in each well.
A regional ground-water divide is southeast of the supply wells. From this divide, ground water flows northwest toward Park Creek, a tributary to Little Neshaminy Creek. Potentiometric-surface maps were prepared from water levels measured in shallow and deep wells. For both depth intervals, the direction of ground-water flow is toward the northwest. For most well clusters, the vertical head gradient is downward from the shallow to the deeper part of the aquifer. Pumping of the supply wells at times can cause the vertical flow direction to reverse.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014264","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., Goode, D., and Frasch, S.M., 2002, Interpretation of borehole geophysical logs, aquifer-isolation tests, and water quality, supply wells 1 and 2, Willow Grove Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base, Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4264, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014264.","productDescription":"64 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4264/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":351047,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4264/wri20014264.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4264"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
We are involved in a multidisciplinary investigation to study the transport, fate, and natural attenuation of inorganic salts, trace metals, radionuclides and organic compounds present in produced water, and their impacts on soil, surface and ground water and the local ecosystem at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) A and B sites, located in Osage County, OK. About one hectare of land at each of the OSPER A and B sites is affected by salt scarring, soil salinization and brine and petroleum contamination. The main environmental concern results because the sites are adjacent to Skiatook Lake, a 4250-hectare reservoir that provides drinking water to the local communities and is a major recreational fishery. Petroleum wells and tank batteries at the A site have been inactive for some time and the bulk of the hydrocarbon (now degraded and weathered oil) and produced water releases occurred more than 60 years ago. One pit at this site however, contains relatively fresh asphaltic oil and high salinity brine. The B site includes an active production tank battery and adjacent brine and oil pit, an inactive tank battery and an injection well with a small brine pit.
For this study oil, gas and/or brine samples were obtained from several oil wells at the B site and areas adjoining the A and B sites, from the two active brine pits at the B site, from the asphaltic pit and adjacent weathered oil pit at the A site and from several of the 40 boreholes (1-71 m deep), recently drilled and completed. Water samples for dissolved organics were obtained from selected boreholes with high salinity water and measurable hydrocarbon gases in the unsaturated zone. Soil and rock core samples were obtained from these selected boreholes to determine the amount and composition of oil sorbed onto the sediments. Finally samples of sediments and/or water from these selected boreholes and from the brine and oil pits were obtained for bacterial characterization.
Chemical analysis and bacterial determinations on the collected samples are continuing. Results completed to date show the crude oil source (samples from B and adjacent production wells) is a typical paraffinic-naphthenic light (API gravity of ~35) oil, containing n-alkanes as the dominant components. The four samples examined are identical in their maturity and chemical characteristics. Even though petroleum production is from shallow sandstones (300-600 m depth), these fresh oils show no sign of biodegradation, indicating that bacteria are unable to survive in the associated high salinity (~150,000 mg/L total dissolved solids) brine. Bacterial action, volatilization and water washing are likely responsible for the transformation of source oil to the surficial asphaltic and weathered oil observed at the A site. The leakage of oil with brine from the main active pit at the B site is indicated by the detection of a thin, but discrete oil phase in at least one borehole, the presence of hydrocarbon gases in several boreholes and the smell of oil in many sediment cores from the impacted area located down gradient from this pit. The measured concentrations of DOC, acetate and other organic acid anions, BTEX, phenols and other organics in the source brine are relatively low, but their values in water samples from the impacted areas are not yet available.
About 15 scientists from the U. S. Geological Survey, other Federal agencies and academia are involved in a multidisciplinary investigation to study the transport, fate, and natural attenuation of inorganic salts, trace metals, radionuclides and organic compounds present in produced water, and their impacts on soil, surface and ground water and the local ecosystem at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) A and B sites, located in Osage County, OK. The Branstetter lease, OSPER B site, is typical of many aging petroleum fields in Osage County, which ranks among the top oil and gas producing counties in Oklahoma with close to 40,000 wells. Current production in Osage County is mainly from stripper wells (averaging ~2.8 bbls/d oil and >30 bbls/d brine) that are shallow, mostly 300-700 m in depth, and produce from several sandstones of Pennsylvanian age. About one hectare of land at the OSPER B site is affected by salt scarring, soil salinization and brine and petroleum contamination due to the leakage of produced water and associated hydrocarbons from two brine pits and due to accidental releases from active tank batteries. Eventually, the bulk of inorganic salts and some dissolved organic species in the released brine reach, directly or via the two local streams, the adjacent Skiatook Lake, a 4250-hectare reservoir that provides drinking water to the local communities and is a major recreational fishery.
About 40 water samples were obtained from several oil wells at the B site and adjoining areas, the two brine pits, several brine pools and seeps in the impacted area, local streams, Skiatook Lake, and from about 20 boreholes (1-71 m deep), recently drilled and completed with slotted PVC tubing. Water level monitoring and additional sampling is continuing. Results to date show that the produced water is a high-salinity (~150,000 mg/L total dissolved solids) Na-Ca-Cl brine, with relatively high concentrations of Sr, Mg and NH4, but low amounts of SO4 and H2S. With the exception of Fe and Mn, the concentrations of trace metals are low, and the values of dissolved organics are relatively low. As the brine flows from the brine pits through the shallow eolian sand, colluvial and alluvial deposits to the streams and Skiatook Lake, it is diluted by infiltrating water from precipitation. Its chemical composition is modified by sorption, mineral precipitation/dissolution, transpiration, volatilization and oxidation/reduction reactions. Bacteria likely play an important role in many of these reactions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Kharaka, Y.K., Thordsen, J., Kakouros, E., and Abbott, M.M., 2002, Environmental impacts of petroleum production: Fate of inorganic and organic chemicals in produced water from the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research sites, Osage County, Oklahoma, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thordsen, James J. jthordsn@usgs.gov","contributorId":3329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordsen","given":"James J.","email":"jthordsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kakouros, Evangelos 0000-0002-4778-4039 kakouros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4778-4039","contributorId":2587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kakouros","given":"Evangelos","email":"kakouros@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abbott, Marvin M.","contributorId":89106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70242832,"text":"70242832 - 2002 - Seismicity, gas emission and deformation from 18 July to 25 September 1995 during the initial phreatic phase of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T16:29:46.218531","indexId":"70242832","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T11:23:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seismicity, gas emission and deformation from 18 July to 25 September 1995 during the initial phreatic phase of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat","docAbstract":"On 18 July 1995, after more than three years of irregularly increasing seismicity, phreatic explosions opened a new vent on Soufrière Hills Volcano, about 4 km east of the capital city of Plymouth, Montserrat. By early August 1995, the volcano was monitored by a nine-station seismic network, three telemetered electronic tiltmeters, and daily correlation spectroscopy (COSPEC) flights to measure SO2 emission rates and to observe vent areas. Seismicity and SO2 emission rates implicated magma intrusion as the cause of the seismic unrest. Strong evidence of magma ascent to shallow levels, however, did not appear until late September 1995, when increasing numbers of hybrid events heralded the formation of a small dome and spine. We infer from the data that intrusion of a small volume of magma occurred in July, but stalled on ascent. Degassing of the stalled magma formed a carapace that thickened with time. We suggest that either volatile build-up beneath the degassed carapace, or aseismic intrusion of fresh material, finally forced the stalled magma to the surface in late September 1995. A similar cycle of activity appears to have occurred during the second phreatic phase between late September and mid-November 1995.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 1995 to 1999","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.26","usgsCitation":"Gardner, C.A., and White, R.A., 2002, Seismicity, gas emission and deformation from 18 July to 25 September 1995 during the initial phreatic phase of the eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, chap. of The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 1995 to 1999, v. 21, p. 567-581, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2002.021.01.26.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"567","endPage":"581","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416011,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Monserrat","otherGeospatial":"Soufrière Hills Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -62.18626214282375,\n 16.715710896994125\n ],\n [\n -62.18626214282375,\n 16.70217573894638\n ],\n [\n -62.16970770427781,\n 16.70217573894638\n ],\n [\n -62.16970770427781,\n 16.715710896994125\n ],\n [\n -62.18626214282375,\n 16.715710896994125\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Druitt, T. H.","contributorId":60662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druitt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869915,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kokelaar, B. P.","contributorId":177753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kokelaar","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869916,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, Cynthia A. 0000-0002-6214-6182 cgardner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6214-6182","contributorId":1959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"Cynthia","email":"cgardner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Randall A. 0000-0003-4074-8577 rwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4074-8577","contributorId":1993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Randall","email":"rwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":869914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025020,"text":"70025020 - 2002 - Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high-and low-temperature processing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T15:58:33.316638","indexId":"70025020","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2715,"text":"Meteoritics and Planetary Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high-and low-temperature processing","docAbstract":"At least 15% of the low-FeO chondrules in Semarkona (LL3.0) have mesostases that are concentrically zoned in Na, with enrichments near the outer margins. We have studied zoned chondrules using electron microprobe methods (x-ray mapping plus quantitative analysis), ion microprobe analysis for trace elements and hydrogen isotopes, cathodoluminescence imaging, and transmission electron microscopy in order to determine what these objects can tell us about the environment in which chondrules formed and evolved.
Mesostases in these chondrules are strongly zoned in all moderately volatile elements and H (interpreted as water). Calcium is depleted in areas of volatile enrichment. Titanium and Cr generally decrease toward the chondrule surfaces, whereas Al and Si may either increase or decrease, generally in opposite directions to one another; Mn follows Na in some chondrules but not in others; Fe and Mg are unzoned. D/H ratios increase in the water-rich areas of zoned chondrules. Mesostasis shows cathodoluminescence zoning in most zoned chondrules, with the brightest yellow color near the outside. Mesostasis in zoned chondrules appears to be glassy, with no evidence for devitrification.
Systematic variations in zoning patterns among pyroxene- and olivine-rich chondrules may indicate that fractionation of low- and high-Ca pyroxene played some role in Ti, Cr, Mn, Si, Al, and some Ca zoning. But direct condensation of elements into hot chondrules, secondary melting of late condensates into the outer portions of chondrules, and subsolidus diffusion of elements into warm chondrules cannot account for the sub-parallel zoning profiles of many elements, the presence of H2O, or elemental abundance patterns.
Zoning of moderately volatile elements and Ca may have been produced by hydration of chondrule glass without devitrification during aqueous alteration on the parent asteroid. This could have induced structural changes in the glass allowing rapid diffusion and exchange of elements between altered glass and surrounding matrix and rim material. Calcium was mainly lost during this process, and other nonvolatile elements may have been mobile as well. Some unzoned, low-FeO chondrules appear to have fully altered mesostasis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00795.x","usgsCitation":"Grossman, J.N., Alexander, C.M., Wang, J., and Brearley, A.J., 2002, Zoned chondrules in Semarkona: Evidence for high-and low-temperature processing: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 37, no. 1, p. 49-73, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00795.x.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478788,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2002.tb00795.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233261,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-01-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd295e4b08c986b32f8d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grossman, Jeffrey N. 0000-0001-9099-9628","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9099-9628","contributorId":37317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, C. M. O’D.","contributorId":105418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. O’D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Jianhua","contributorId":294838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jianhua","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brearley, Adrian J.","contributorId":211911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brearley","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36307,"text":"University of New Mexico","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":403465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180265,"text":"70180265 - 2002 - A national look at water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T13:12:38","indexId":"70180265","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3720,"text":"Water Resources Impact","printIssn":"1522-3175","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A national look at water quality","docAbstract":"Most water-quality problems we face today result from diffuse \"nonpoint\" sources of pollution from agricultural land, urban development, forest harvesting and the atmosphere (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers et al., 1999). It is difficult to quantify nonpoint sources because the contaminants they deliver vary in composition and concentrations from hour to hour and season to season. Moreover, the nature of the contamination is complex and varied. When Congress enacted the Clean Water Act 30 years ago, attention was focused on water-quality issues related to the sanitation of rivers and streams - bacteria counts, oxygen in the water for fish, nutrients, temperature, and salinity. Now, attention is turning to the hundreds of synthetic organic compounds like pesticides used in agricultural and residential areas, volatile organics in solvents and gasoline, microbial and viral contamination, and pharmaceuticals and hormones.
","language":"English","issn":"1522-3175 ","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., Mueller, D.K., Zogorski, J.S., and Ryker, S.J., 2002, A national look at water quality: Water Resources Impact, v. 4, no. 4, p. 12-14.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":334054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588b1978e4b0ad67323f97f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":660999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David K. mueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"mueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":661001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ryker, Sarah J. 0000-0002-1004-5611 sryker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-5611","contributorId":4100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryker","given":"Sarah","email":"sryker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185172,"text":"70185172 - 2002 - Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the Lower Mississippi River--A comparison of approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:01:50","indexId":"70185172","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the Lower Mississippi River--A comparison of approaches","docAbstract":"A quantitative understanding of the relationship between terrestrial N inputs and riverine N flux can help guide conservation, policy, and adaptive management efforts aimed at preserving or restoring water quality. The objective of this study was to compare recently published approaches for relating terrestrial N inputs to the Mississippi River basin (MRB) with measured nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Nitrogen inputs to and outputs from the MRB (1951 to 1996) were estimated from state-level annual agricultural production statistics and NO y (inorganic oxides of N) deposition estimates for 20 states that comprise 90% of the MRB. A model with water yield and gross N inputs accounted for 85% of the variation in observed annual nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River, from 1960 to 1998, but tended to underestimate high nitrate flux and overestimate low nitrate flux. A model that used water yield and net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) accounted for 95% of the variation in riverine N flux. The NANI approach accounted for N harvested in crops and assumed that crop harvest in excess of the nutritional needs of the humans and livestock in the basin would be exported from the basin. The U.S. White House Committee on Natural Resources and Environment (CENR) developed a more comprehensive N budget that included estimates of ammonia volatilization, denitrification, and exchanges with soil organic matter. The residual N in the CENR budget was weakly and negatively correlated with observed riverine nitrate flux. The CENR estimates of soil N mineralization and immobilization suggested that there were large (2000 kg N ha−1) net losses of soil organic N between 1951 and 1996. When the CENR N budget was modified by assuming that soil organic N levels have been relatively constant after 1950, and ammonia volatilization losses are redeposited within the basin, the trend of residual N closely matched temporal variation in NANI and was positively correlated with riverine nitrate flux in the lower Mississippi River. Based on results from applying these three modeling approaches, we conclude that although the NANI approach does not address several processes that influence the N cycle, it appears to focus on the terms that can be estimated with reasonable certainty and that are correlated with riverine N flux.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq2002.1610","usgsCitation":"McIsaac, G.F., David, M.B., Gertner, G.Z., and Goolsby, D.A., 2002, Relating net nitrogen input in the Mississippi River Basin to nitrate flux in the Lower Mississippi River--A comparison of approaches: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1610-1622, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.1610.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"1610","endPage":"1622","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337677,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d5e4b0849ce97c870a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIsaac, Gregory F.","contributorId":189364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McIsaac","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"David, Mark B.","contributorId":43255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"David","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":35161,"text":"University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gertner, George Z.","contributorId":189365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gertner","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44955,"text":"wri024159 - 2002 - Evaluation of passive diffusion bag and dialysis samplers in selected wells at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, July 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T18:15:37.282548","indexId":"wri024159","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4159","title":"Evaluation of passive diffusion bag and dialysis samplers in selected wells at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, July 2001","docAbstract":"Field comparisons of chemical concentrations obtained from dialysis samplers, passive diffusion bag samplers, and low-flow samplers showed generally close agreement in most of the 13 wells tested during July 2001 at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. The data for chloride, sulfate, iron, alkalinity, arsenic, and methane appear to show that the dialysis samplers are capable of accurately collecting a passive sample for these constituents. In general, the comparisons of volatile organic compound concentrations showed a relatively close correspondence between the two different types of diffusion samples and between the diffusion samples and the low-flow samples collected in most wells. Divergence appears to have resulted primarily from the pumping method, either producing a mixed sample or water not characteristic of aquifer water moving through the borehole under ambient conditions. The fact that alkalinity was not detected in the passive diffusion bag samplers, highly alkaline waters without volatilization loss from effervescence, which can occur when a sample is acidified for preservation. Both dialysis and passive diffusion bag samplers are relatively inexpensive and can be deployed rapidly and easily. Passive diffusion bag samplers are intended for sampling volatile organic compounds only, but dialysis samplers can be used to sample both volatile organic compounds and inorganic solutes. Regenerated cellulose dialysis samplers, however, are subject to biodegradation and probably should be deployed no sooner than 2 weeks prior to recovery.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1 U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina.\r\n\r\n2 Air Florce Center for Environmental Excellence, San Antionio, Texas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024159","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., and Pravecek, T., 2002, Evaluation of passive diffusion bag and dialysis samplers in selected wells at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, July 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4159, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024159.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162263,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415510,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52343.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3829,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024159/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hickam Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.9711,\n 21.3497\n ],\n [\n -157.9711,\n 21.3133\n ],\n [\n -157.9256,\n 21.3133\n ],\n [\n -157.9256,\n 21.3497\n ],\n [\n -157.9711,\n 21.3497\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pravecek, Tasha","contributorId":11260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pravecek","given":"Tasha","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023982,"text":"70023982 - 2002 - Comparison of dialysis membrane diffusion samplers and two purging methods in bedrock wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023982","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of dialysis membrane diffusion samplers and two purging methods in bedrock wells","docAbstract":"Collection of ground-water samples from bedrock wells using low-flow purging techniques is problematic because of the random spacing, variable hydraulic conductivity, and variable contamination of contributing fractures in each well's open interval. To test alternatives to this purging method, a field comparison of three ground-water-sampling techniques was conducted on wells in fractured bedrock at a site contaminated primarily with volatile organic compounds. Constituent concentrations in samples collected with a diffusion sampler constructed from dialysis membrane material were compared to those in samples collected from the same wells with a standard low-flow purging technique and a hybrid (high-flow/low-flow) purging technique. Concentrations of trichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, vinyl chloride, calcium, chloride, and alkalinity agreed well among samples collected with all three techniques in 9 of the 10 wells tested. Iron concentrations varied more than those of the other parameters, but their pattern of variation was not consistent. Overall, the results of nonparametric analysis of variance testing on the nine wells sampled twice showed no statistically significant difference at the 95-percent confidence level among the concentrations of volatile organic compounds or inorganic constituents recovered by use of any of the three sampling techniques.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds","conferenceDate":"20 May 2002 through 23 May 2002","conferenceLocation":"Monterey, CA.","language":"English","isbn":"1574771329","usgsCitation":"Imbrigiotta, T., Ehlke, T.A., Lacombe, P., and Dale, J., 2002, Comparison of dialysis membrane diffusion samplers and two purging methods in bedrock wells, in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, CA., 20 May 2002 through 23 May 2002, p. 195-206.","startPage":"195","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85ae4b0c8380cd4d049","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gavaskar A.R.Chen A.S.C.","contributorId":128403,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Gavaskar A.R.Chen A.S.C.","id":536526,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Imbrigiotta, T.E. 0000-0003-1716-4768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":86355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"T.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ehlke, T. A.","contributorId":106477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehlke","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lacombe, P.J.","contributorId":67915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dale, J.M.","contributorId":6625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dale","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023829,"text":"70023829 - 2002 - Volatiles in basaltic glasses from a subglacial volcano in northern British Columbia (Canada): Implications for ice sheet thickness and mantle volatiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-14T16:10:54.238123","indexId":"70023829","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatiles in basaltic glasses from a subglacial volcano in northern British Columbia (Canada): Implications for ice sheet thickness and mantle volatiles","docAbstract":"Dissolved H2O, CO2, S and Cl concentrations were measured in glasses from Tanzilla Mountain, a 500 m-high, exposed subglacial volcano from the Tuya-Teslin region, north central British Columbia, Canada. The absence of a flat-topped subaerial lava cap and the dominance of pillows and pillow breccias imply that the Tanzilla Mountain volcanic edifice did not reach a subaerial eruptive phase. Lavas are dominantly tholeiitic basalt with minor amounts of alkalic basalt erupted at the summit and near the base. Tholeiites have roughly constant H2O (c.0.56±0.07 wt%), CO2 (<30 ppm), S (980+ or -30 ppm) and Cl (200+ or -20 ppm) concentrations. Alkalic basalts have higher and more variable volatile concentrations that decrease with increasing elevation (0.62-0.92 wt% H2O, <30 ppm CO2, 870-1110 ppm S and 280-410 ppm Cl) consistent with eruptive degassing. Calculated vapour saturation pressures for the alkalic basalts are 36 to 81 bars corresponding to ice thicknesses of 400 to 900 m. Maximum calculated ice thickness (c. 1 km) is at the lower end of the range of predicted maximum Fraser glaciation (c. 1-2 km), and may indicate initiation of volcanism during the waning stages of glaciation. Temporal evolution from tholeiitic to alkalic compositions may reflect compositional gradients within a melting column, instead of convective processes within a stratified magma chamber. The mantle source region for the subglacial volcanoes is enriched in incompatible elements similar to that for enriched mid-oceanic ridge basalt (e.g. Endeavour Ridge) and does not contain residual amphibole. Thus, metasomatic enrichment most likely reflects small degree partial melts rather than hydrous fluids.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.13","usgsCitation":"Dixon, J., Filiberto, J., Moore, J., and Hickson, C., 2002, Volatiles in basaltic glasses from a subglacial volcano in northern British Columbia (Canada): Implications for ice sheet thickness and mantle volatiles: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 202, p. 255-271, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.13.","startPage":"255","endPage":"271","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2cbe4b08c986b32ad81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Filiberto, J.R.","contributorId":76509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filiberto","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hickson, C.J.","contributorId":67256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickson","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023866,"text":"70023866 - 2002 - Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:20:18","indexId":"70023866","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study","docAbstract":"The METAALICUS (Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the US) project is a whole ecosystem experiment designed to study the activity, mobility, and availability of atmospherically deposited mercury. To investigate the dynamics of mercury newly deposited onto a terrestrial ecosystem, an enriched stable isotope of mercury (202Hg) was sprayed onto a Boreal forest subcatchment in an experiment that allowed us, for the first time, to monitor the fate of “new” mercury in deposition and to distinguish it from native mercury historically stored in the ecosystem. Newly deposited mercury was more reactive than the native mercury with respect to volatilization and methylation pathways. Mobility through runoff was very low and strongly decreased with time because of a rapid equilibration with the large native pool of “bound” mercury. Over one season, only ∼8% of the added 202Hg volatilized to the atmosphere and less than 1% appeared in runoff. Within a few months, approximately 66% of the applied 202Hg remained associated with above ground vegetation, with the rest being incorporated into soils. The fraction of 202Hg bound to vegetation was much higher than seen for native Hg (<5% vegetation), suggesting that atmospherically derived mercury enters the soil pool with a time delay, after plants senesce and decompose. The initial mobility of mercury received through small rain events or dry deposition decreased markedly in a relatively short time period, suggesting that mercury levels in terrestrial runoff may respond slowly to changes in mercury deposition rates.
Volatilization and subsequent biodegradation near the water Table make up a coupled natural attenuation pathway that results in significant mass loss of hydrocarbons. Rates of biodegradation and volatilization were documented twice 12 years apart at a crude-oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota. Biodegradation rates were determined by calibrating a gas transport model to O2, CO2, and CH4 gas-concentration data in the unsaturated zone. Reaction stoichiometry was assumed in converting O2 and CO2 gas-flux estimates to rates of aerobic biodegradation and CH4 gas-flux estimates to rates of methanogenesis. Model results indicate that the coupled pathway has resulted in significant hydrocarbon mass loss at the site, and it was estimated that approximately 10.52 kg/day were lost in 1985 and 1.99 kg/day in 1997. In 1985 3% of total volatile hydrocarbons diffusing from the floating oil were biodegraded in the lower 1 m of the unsaturated zone and increased to 52% by 1997. Rates of hydrocarbon biodegradation above the center of the floating oil were relatively stable from 1985 to 1997, as the primary metabolic pathway shifted from aerobic to methanogenic biodegradation. Model results indicate that in 1997 biodegradation under methanogenenic conditions represented approximately one-half of total hydrocarbon biodegradation in the lower 1 m of the unsaturated zone. Further downgradient, where substrate concentrations have greatly increased, total biodegradation rates increased by greater than an order of magnitude from 0.04 to 0.43 g/m2-day. It appears that volatilization is the primary mechanism for attenuation in early stages of plume evolution, while biodegradation dominates in later stages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889860290777594","issn":"10889868","usgsCitation":"Chaplin, B., Delin, G., Baker, R., and Lahvis, M., 2002, Long-term evolution of biodegradation and volatilization rates in a crude oil-contaminated aquifer: Bioremediation Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 237-255, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889860290777594.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"255","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269729,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10889860290777594"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a498ee4b0c8380cd686ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chaplin, B.P.","contributorId":22532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaplin","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, R.J.","contributorId":85915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahvis, M.A.","contributorId":96029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024418,"text":"70024418 - 2002 - Net ecosystem production: A comprehensive measure of net carbon accumulation by ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T15:10:51.134332","indexId":"70024418","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Net ecosystem production: A comprehensive measure of net carbon accumulation by ecosystems","docAbstract":"The conceptual framework used by ecologists and biogeochemists must allow for accurate and clearly defined comparisons of carbon fluxes made with disparate techniques across a spectrum of temporal and spatial scales. Consistent with usage over the past four decades, we define \"net ecosystem production\" (NEP) as the net carbon accumulation by ecosystems. Past use of this term has been ambiguous, because it has been used conceptually as a measure of carbon accumulation by ecosystems, but it has often been calculated considering only the balance between gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. This calculation ignores other carbon fluxes from ecosystems (e.g., leaching of dissolved carbon and losses associated with disturbance). To avoid conceptual ambiguities, we argue that NEP be defined, as in the past, as the net carbon accumulation by ecosystems and that it explicitly incorporate all the carbon fluxes from an ecosystem, including autotrophic respiration, heterotrophic respiration, losses associated with disturbance, dissolved and particulate carbon losses, volatile organic compound emissions, and lateral transfers among ecosystems. Net biome productivity (NBP), which has been proposed to account for carbon loss during episodic disturbance, is equivalent to NEP at regional or global scales. The multi-scale conceptual framework we describe provides continuity between flux measurements made at the scale of soil profiles and chambers, forest inventories, eddy covariance towers, aircraft, and inversions of remote atmospheric flask samples, allowing a direct comparison of NEP estimates made at all temporal and spatial scales.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0937:NEPACM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Randerson, J.T., Chapin, F.S., Harden, J., Neff, J.C., and Harmon, M.E., 2002, Net ecosystem production: A comprehensive measure of net carbon accumulation by ecosystems: Ecological Applications, v. 12, no. 4, p. 937-947, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0937:NEPACM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"937","endPage":"947","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489053,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0x90v7pk","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231543,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a64ece4b0c8380cd72aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Randerson, J. T.","contributorId":41181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Randerson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapin, F. S. III","contributorId":16776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neff, J. C.","contributorId":29935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harmon, M. E.","contributorId":80452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harmon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024432,"text":"70024432 - 2002 - Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-15T20:02:49","indexId":"70024432","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal located in northwestern Indiana, USA. Toxicity tests used in this assessment included 10-day sediment exposures with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, 31-day sediment exposures with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, and the Microtox® Solid-Phase Sediment Toxicity Test. A total of 30 sampling stations were selected in locations that had limited historic matching toxicity and chemistry data. Toxic effects on amphipod survival were observed in 60% of the samples from the assessment area. Results of a toxicity test with oligochaetes indicated that sediments from the assessment area were too toxic to be used in proposed bioaccumulation testing. Measurement of amphipod length after the 10-day exposures did not provide useful information beyond that provided by the survival endpoint. Seven of the 15 samples that were identified as toxic in the amphipod tests were not identified as toxic in the Microtox test, indicating that the 10-day H. azteca test was more sensitive than the Microtox test. Samples that were toxic tended to have the highest concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The toxic samples often had an excess of simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) relative to acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and had multiple exceedances of probable effect concentrations (PECs). Metals may have contributed to the toxicity of samples that had both an excess molar concentration of SEM relative to AVS and elevated concentrations of metals in pore water. However, of the samples that had an excess of SEM relative to AVS, only 38% of these samples had elevated concentration of metals in pore water. The lack of correspondence between SEM-AVS and pore water metals indicates that there are variables in addition to AVS controlling the concentrations of metals in pore water. A mean PEC quotient of 3.4 (based on concentrations of metals, PAHs, and PCBs) was exceeded in 33% of the sediment samples and a mean quotient of 0.63 was exceeded in 70% of the thirty sediment samples from the assessment area. A 50% incidence of toxicity has been previously reported in a database for sediment tests with H. azteca at a mean quotient of 3.4 in 10-day exposures and at a mean quotient of 0.63 in 28-day exposures. Among the Indiana Harbor samples, most of the samples with a mean PEC quotient above 0.63 (i.e., 15 of 21; 71%) and above 3.4 (i.e., 10 of 10; 100%) were toxic to amphipods. Results of this study and previous studies demonstrate that sediments from this assessment area are among the most contaminated and toxic that have ever been reported.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C., MacDonald, D., Brumbaugh, W.G., Johnson, B., Kemble, N., Kunz, J., May, T., Wang, N., Smith, J., Sparks, D.W., and Ireland, D., 2002, Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 156-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207015,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Grand Calumet River, Indiana Harbor Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.55381099217959\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.74416427530836\n ],\n [\n -87.2314453125,\n 41.74416427530836\n ],\n [\n -87.2314453125,\n 41.55381099217959\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.55381099217959\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5d6e4b08c986b32691a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, B. Thomas","contributorId":105101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kemble, N.E.","contributorId":28028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunz, J.L.","contributorId":7872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wang, N.","contributorId":81615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, J.R.","contributorId":43942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sparks, D. W.","contributorId":99926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ireland, D.S.","contributorId":98497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ireland","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70024446,"text":"70024446 - 2002 - Using flowmeter pulse tests to define hydraulic connections in the subsurface: A fractured shale example","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T15:29:22","indexId":"70024446","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using flowmeter pulse tests to define hydraulic connections in the subsurface: A fractured shale example","docAbstract":"Cross-borehole flowmeter pulse tests define subsurface connections between discrete fractures using short stress periods to monitor the propagation of the pulse through the flow system. This technique is an improvement over other cross-borehole techniques because measurements can be made in open boreholes without packers or previous identification of water-producing intervals. The method is based on the concept of monitoring the propagation of pulses rather than steady flow through the fracture network. In this method, a hydraulic stress is applied to a borehole connected to a single, permeable fracture, and the distribution of flow induced by that stress monitored in adjacent boreholes. The transient flow responses are compared to type curves computed for several different types of fracture connections. The shape of the transient flow response indicates the type of fracture connection, and the fit of the data to the type curve yields an estimate of its transmissivity and storage coefficient. The flowmeter pulse test technique was applied in fractured shale at a volatile-organic contaminant plume in Watervliet, New York. Flowmeter and other geophysical logs were used to identify permeable fractures in eight boreholes in and near the contaminant plume using single-borehole flow measurements. Flowmeter cross-hole pulse tests were used to identify connections between fractures detected in the boreholes. The results indicated a permeable fracture network connecting many of the individual boreholes, and demonstrated the presence of an ambient upward hydraulic-head gradient throughout the site.","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00092-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Paillet, F.L., 2002, Using flowmeter pulse tests to define hydraulic connections in the subsurface: A fractured shale example: Journal of Hydrology, v. 265, no. 1-4, p. 100-117, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00092-6.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"117","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"265","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc050e4b08c986b32a05d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, J.H.","contributorId":29482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024487,"text":"70024487 - 2002 - VOLATILECALC: A silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in Visual Basic for excel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70024487","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VOLATILECALC: A silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in Visual Basic for excel","docAbstract":"We present solution models for the rhyolite-H2O-CO2 and basalt-H2O-CO2 systems at magmatic temperatures and pressures below ~ 5000 bar. The models are coded as macros written in Visual Basic for Applications, for use within MicrosoftR Excel (Office'98 and 2000). The series of macros, entitled VOLATILECALC, can calculate the following: (1) Saturation pressures for silicate melt of known dissolved H2O and CO2 concentrations and the corresponding equilibrium vapor composition; (2) open- and closed-system degassing paths (melt and vapor composition) for depressurizing rhyolitic and basaltic melts; (3) isobaric solubility curves for rhyolitic and basaltic melts; (4) isoplethic solubility curves (constant vapor composition) for rhyolitic and basaltic melts; (5) polybaric solubility curves for the two end members and (6) end member fugacities of H2O and CO2 vapors at magmatic temperatures. The basalt-H2O-CO2 macros in VOLATILECALC are capable of calculating melt-vapor solubility over a range of silicate-melt compositions by using the relationships provided by Dixon (American Mineralogist 82 (1997) 368). The output agrees well with the published solution models and experimental data for silicate melt-vapor systems for pressures below 5000 bar. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00081-4","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Newman, S., and Lowenstern, J.B., 2002, VOLATILECALC: A silicate melt-H2O-CO2 solution model written in Visual Basic for excel: Computers & Geosciences, v. 28, no. 5, p. 597-604, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00081-4.","startPage":"597","endPage":"604","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207709,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00081-4"},{"id":232872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc0efe4b08c986b32a3c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newman, S.","contributorId":7678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowenstern, J. B.","contributorId":7737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024611,"text":"70024611 - 2002 - Lunar prospector epithermal neutrons from impact craters and landing sites: Implications for surface maturity and hydrogen distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:50:53.505412","indexId":"70024611","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar prospector epithermal neutrons from impact craters and landing sites: Implications for surface maturity and hydrogen distribution","docAbstract":"Initial studies of neutron spectrometer data returned by Lunar Prospector concentrated on the discovery of enhanced hydrogen abundances near both lunar poles. However, the nonpolar data exhibit intriguing patterns that appear spatially correlated with surface features such as young impact craters (e.g., Tycho). Such immature crater materials may have low hydrogen contents because of their relative lack of exposure to solar wind-implanted volatiles. We tested this hypothesis by comparing epithermal* neutron counts (i.e., epithermal −0.057 × thermal neutrons) for Copernican-age craters classified as relatively young, intermediate, and old (as determined by previous studies of Clementine optical maturity variations). The epithermal* counts of the crater and continuous ejecta regions suggest that the youngest impact materials are relatively devoid of hydrogen in the upper 1 m of regolith. We also show that the mean hydrogen contents measured in Apollo and Luna landing site samples are only moderately well correlated to the epithermal* neutron counts at the landing sites, likely owing to the effects of rare earth elements. These results suggest that further work is required to define better how hydrogen distribution can be revealed by epithermal neutrons in order to understand more fully the nature and sources (e.g., solar wind, meteorite impacts) of volatiles in the lunar regolith.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001430","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.R., Feldman, W.C., Lawrence, D.J., Maurice, S., Swindle, T.D., and Lucey, P.G., 2002, Lunar prospector epithermal neutrons from impact craters and landing sites: Implications for surface maturity and hydrogen distribution: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 107, no. E2, p. 3-1-3-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001430.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"3-1","endPage":"3-8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"107","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a95e4b0c8380cd68e9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. R.","contributorId":69278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feldman, W. C.","contributorId":40767,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feldman","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, D. J.","contributorId":84952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maurice, S.","contributorId":18144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurice","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swindle, T. D.","contributorId":68042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swindle","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lucey, P. G.","contributorId":72532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucey","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024627,"text":"70024627 - 2002 - Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024627","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China","docAbstract":"The Carlin-type gold deposits in China lie mostly near the margins of the Proterozoic Yangtze and Aba cratons. Submicron-sized gold in micron-sized arsenian pyrite is disseminated in fractured Cambrian through Triassic carbonaceous shale and carbonate rocks, and is associated with anomalous Hg, Sb, As, U, and Tl. Alteration typically includes silicification, argilization, and sulfidation. Aqueous fluid inclusions contain CO2, have relatively low temperatures of homogenization (250-150 ??C), and salinities (8-2 wt% equiv. NaCl) that typically decrease from early to later stages. The indicated pressures of 105-330x105 Pa correspond to depths in excess of 1.0 to 3.0 km, assuming hydrostatic conditions. The ??D values of fluid inclusions (-87 to -47%) and the calculated ??18 values for water in ore fluids (-2.1 to 16.2%) reflect interactions between meteoric water and sedimentary rocks. The ??13C values of calcite (-9 to 2%) and ??34S values of sulfides (-24 to 17%) suggest that C and S were derived from marine carbonate (and organic carbon) and diagenetic sulfides (and organic sulfur) in the vicinity of the deposits. Geologic relationships and geochronologic evidence indicate the deposits formed during a late phase of the Yanshanian orogeny (140-75 Ma). These gold deposits share much in common with the Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada, USA. Both occur in carbonaceous, pyritic, sedimentary rocks deposited on extended margins of Precambrian cratons. The smaller Chinese deposits are generally in more siliceous rocks and the larger Nevada deposits in more calcareous rocks. In both countries, the host rocks prior to mineralization were affected by contractional deformation that produced many of the ore-controlling structures and the deposits do not show consistent spatial or genetic relationships with epizonal plutons. However, the Nevada deposits show broad spatial and temporal relationships with shifting patterns of calc-alkaline magmatism. The ore and alteration mineral assemblages, residence of gold, geochemical signatures, paragenetic sequence, and fluid inclusions are remarkably similar, which indicates that the deposits formed from low salinity, moderately acidic, CO2 and H2S-rich in the crust similar processes at relatively shallow levels in the crust (<5 km). However, the deposits in China are associated with large Hg, Sb, As, U, and Tl deposits, which may reflect higher background abundances of these elements. Stable isotopic data suggest meteoric water evolved to become ore fluids through interactions with sedimentary rocks, although contributions of volatiles or metals from deeper levels are present in some deposits in Nevada. In both countries, the deposits appear to have formed in an area of high paleothermal gradients after a change in stress regime during the later phases of orogenic activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00126-001-0242-7","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Rui-Zhong, H., Wen-Chao, S., Xian-Wu, B., Guang-Zhi, T., and Hofstra, A., 2002, Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, no. 3-4, p. 378-392, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0242-7.","startPage":"378","endPage":"392","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207737,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0242-7"},{"id":232917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22d7e4b0c8380cd573a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rui-Zhong, H.","contributorId":20512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rui-Zhong","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wen-Chao, S.","contributorId":96050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wen-Chao","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xian-Wu, B.","contributorId":11800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xian-Wu","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guang-Zhi, T.","contributorId":86936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guang-Zhi","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hofstra, A. 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