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1968 - Lead, zinc, and silver deposits at Bowser Creek, McGrath A-2 quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-25T15:32:14","indexId":"cir559","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"559","title":"Lead, zinc, and silver deposits at Bowser Creek, McGrath A-2 quadrangle, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir559","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., and Elliott, R.L., 1968, Lead, zinc, and silver deposits at Bowser Creek, McGrath A-2 quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 559, iii, 17 p. :illus., maps. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir559.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p. :illus., maps. ;26 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0559/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30543,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0559/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a887b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Raymond L.","contributorId":82667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3529,"text":"cir569 - 1968 - Geochemical anomalies and metalliferous deposits between Windy Fork and Post River, southern Alaska Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:25","indexId":"cir569","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"569","title":"Geochemical anomalies and metalliferous deposits between Windy Fork and Post River, southern Alaska Range","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir569","usgsCitation":"Reed, B.L., and Elliott, R.L., 1968, Geochemical anomalies and metalliferous deposits between Windy Fork and Post River, southern Alaska Range: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 569, iii, 22 p. :maps ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir569.","productDescription":"iii, 22 p. :maps ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0569/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0569/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae68e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, Bruce L.","contributorId":19928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, Raymond L.","contributorId":82667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3522,"text":"cir593 - 1968 - Distribution of gold and some base metals in the Slana area, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-27T17:51:58","indexId":"cir593","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"593","title":"Distribution of gold and some base metals in the Slana area, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir593","usgsCitation":"Richter, D.H., and Matson, N., 1968, Distribution of gold and some base metals in the Slana area, eastern Alaska Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 593, iii, 20 p. :maps. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir593.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p. :maps. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0593/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30536,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0593/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648648","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richter, Donald H.","contributorId":61021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matson, Neal A.","contributorId":87914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matson","given":"Neal A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3490,"text":"cir565 - 1968 - Cassiterite in gold placers at Humboldt Creek, Serpentine-Kougarok area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-02T22:54:33.871252","indexId":"cir565","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"565","title":"Cassiterite in gold placers at Humboldt Creek, Serpentine-Kougarok area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir565","usgsCitation":"Sainsbury, C., Kachadoorain, R., Smith, T.E., and Todd, W.C., 1968, Cassiterite in gold placers at Humboldt Creek, Serpentine-Kougarok area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 565, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir565.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":413636,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23779.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30499,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0565/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1968/0565/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Humboldt Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -165.283,\n 65.89\n ],\n [\n -165.283,\n 65.483\n ],\n [\n -164.375,\n 65.483\n ],\n [\n -164.375,\n 65.89\n ],\n [\n -165.283,\n 65.89\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efccf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kachadoorain, Reuben","contributorId":97893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kachadoorain","given":"Reuben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, T. E.","contributorId":23530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Todd, W. C.","contributorId":50507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70209121,"text":"70209121 - 1968 - Biostratigraphic classification of the marine Triassic in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T17:00:10.304171","indexId":"70209121","displayToPublicDate":"1968-12-31T12:23:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Biostratigraphic classification of the marine Triassic in North America","docAbstract":"

Ammonoid faunas representative of every major part of Triassic time occur at one place or another in the marine Triassic strata of western and arctic North America. Though some intracontinental provincialism is evident, particularly among Lower and Middle Triassic ammonoid faunas, various local sections where parts of the faunal sequence are preserved—sections in southeastern Idaho, western Nevada, northern California, northeastern Oregon, northeastern British Columbia, southwestern British Columbia, southeastern and southern Alaska, and the Arctic Islands of Canada—can be pieced together in overlapping fashion into a unified sequential framework of biostratigraphic units presented in an annotated zonal chart. At least 35 zonal units of demonstrably different age are now recognized; these units are apportioned among the Griesbachian, Dienerian, Smithian, and Spathian Stages of the Lower Triassic; the Anisian and Ladinian Stages of the Middle Triassic; and the Karnian, Norian and Rhaetian Stages of the Upper Triassic. This zonation based on North American ammonoid faunas for the first time provides an objective and reasonably detailed standard of reference for expressing the age and correlation of the marine Triassic rocks of Canada and the United States.

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Geologic mapping, paleomagnetic stratigraphy, and potassium-argon dating were used to determine the time and volume relations of tholeiitic and alkalic basalt on Nunivak Island in the Bering Sea near the coast of Alaska. Volcanism on Nunivak Island occurred in distinct episodes separated by quiet intervals that lasted from 1.6 to 0.6 m.y. During the past 6 m.y., tholeiitic basalt was erupted during at least five such episodes, and highly undersaturated alkalic basalt was erupted during at least three episodes. The oldest volcanic rock found on Nunivak Island is an alkalic basalt, succeeded by repeated alternations of tholeiitic and alkalic basalt. During the last episode of tholeiitic volcanism, 130 cu km of basalt erupted during a well-defined interval that lasted from 0.9 to 0.3 m.y. ago. A nearly contemporaneous eruption of alkalic basalt has continued vigorously to historic times and has covered the central part of the island with small cones, flows, and tephra from explosion craters. The volume of alkalic basalt of the latest episode of volcanic activity is from 0.7 to 2.0 percent of the volume of the associated tholeiite. At least one earlier eruption of alkalic basalt occurred in close association with the eruption of tholeiite. As on Hawaii, the highly undersaturated alkalic basalts on Nunivak contain abundant ultramafic inclusions.

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No abstract available.

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2","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16369,"text":"ofr68310 - 1968 - Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve, Anchorage, soil-stability study: Stability in the vicinity of boring lines 1 and 2","indexId":"ofr68310","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"title":"Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve, Anchorage, soil-stability study: Stability in the vicinity of boring lines 1 and 2"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":36081,"text":"b1258D - 1969 - Stability of the west slope of Government Hill Port area of Anchorage, Alaska","indexId":"b1258D","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Stability of the west slope of Government Hill Port area of Anchorage, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":36081,"text":"b1258D - 1969 - Stability of the west slope of Government Hill Port area of Anchorage, Alaska","indexId":"b1258D","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Stability of the west slope of Government Hill Port area of Anchorage, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T18:21:05.848196","indexId":"ofr68310","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"68-310","title":"Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve, Anchorage, soil-stability study: Stability in the vicinity of boring lines 1 and 2","docAbstract":"

This report has been prepared in response to a request dated April 22, 1966, from the General Manager of The Alaska Railroad to the Director, U.S. Geological Survey, for an evaluation of the propriety of continued industrial expansion on land contained within The Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve and nearby. It is based on field examination June 8-12, 1966, in company with Messrs. E. B. Eckel and E. G. Dobrovolny, field work September 19-October 3, 1966, and May 1-June 4, 1967, on discussions with the staff of The Alaska Railroad, my colleagues, and Professor H. B. Seed of the University of California, and on review of published and unpublished material pertinent to the area and its problems.

During the fall of 1966 a detailed topographic map of the port area was prepared for The Alaska Railroad by Jay Whiteford and Associates. During late 1966 and early 1967 a drilling, sampling and soils testing program in an area of immediate interest along Boring Lines 1 and 2 was made by Adams, Corthell, Lee, Wince, and Associates (ACLW), a consultant engineering firm, under contract to The Alaska Railroad. Most of the basic data used in this report for stability analyses, such as the geometry of the ground surface and the physical properties of the materials, was derived from the Whiteford map and the ACLW investigations.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr68310","usgsCitation":"Varnes, D., 1968, Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve, Anchorage, soil-stability study: Stability in the vicinity of boring lines 1 and 2: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 68-310, Report: 40 p.; 27 Plates: 69.58 x 24.31 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr68310.","productDescription":"Report: 40 p.; 27 Plates: 69.58 x 24.31 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":428909,"rank":30,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428908,"rank":29,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428907,"rank":28,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428906,"rank":27,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428905,"rank":26,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428904,"rank":25,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428903,"rank":24,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428902,"rank":23,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428901,"rank":22,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-17.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428900,"rank":21,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-18.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428899,"rank":20,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-19.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428898,"rank":19,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428897,"rank":18,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-20.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428896,"rank":17,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-22.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428895,"rank":16,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-23.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428894,"rank":15,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-24.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428893,"rank":14,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-25.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428892,"rank":13,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428891,"rank":12,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-31.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428890,"rank":11,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-32.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428889,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-33.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428888,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428887,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428886,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428885,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428884,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428883,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/figure-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":428882,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":420323,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8300.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":147643,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1968/0310/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Railroad Terminal Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.85985198496206,\n 61.2552421724688\n ],\n [\n -149.9056882101855,\n 61.25492604539252\n ],\n [\n -149.90596324341948,\n 61.22157058885071\n ],\n [\n -149.8589747366323,\n 61.2207348631986\n ],\n [\n -149.85985198496206,\n 61.2552421724688\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varnes, David J.","contributorId":86322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"David J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011537,"text":"70011537 - 1968 - Geologic history of the continental margin of North America in the Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T16:41:09.795945","indexId":"70011537","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic history of the continental margin of North America in the Bering Sea","docAbstract":"

The North American continental margin beneath the Bering Sea is nearly 1,300 km long and extends from Alaska to eastern Siberia. The margin is a canyon-scarred 3,200–3,400-m high escarpment separating one of the world's largest epicontinental seas (the shallow Bering Sea) and the Aleutian Basin (the deep-water Bering Sea), a marginal oceanic basin distinguished by having its southern boundary formed by the Aleutian Ridge.

Three geomorphic provinces can be recognized: a southeastern province characterized by a gentle continental slope (lacking V-shaped canyons) and an outlying continental borderland (formed by Umnak Plateau); a central province distinguished by a steep canyon-scarred slope, and a northwestern province having a gentler and, apparently, less eroded continental slope.

Continuous seismic reflection profiles show that the margin is constructed of three major structural-stratigraphic units: (1) an acoustic basement underlying the outer shelf and upper slope; (2) an overlying main layered sequence; and (3) a stratified rise unit underlying and forming the continental rise at the base of the slope.

The existing margin evolved with downbowing and faulting of the acoustic basement, an older margin probably of Late Mesozoic age, consisting in part of well-indurated siltstone and mudstone, in Early Tertiary time. Concomitant with subsidence as much as 1,500 m of main-layered-sequence strata were draped over the basement. Intense canyon cutting, presumed to have been caused by the rapid deposition of unstable masses of riverborn sediment over the outer shelf and upper slope, is thought to have begun in Late Tertiary and Quaternary time. Concurrent with canyon cutting, submarine fans, consisting of turbidites forming the rise unit, accrued at the base of the continental slope.

Subsidence of the continental margin during the Tertiary may be related to foundering (“oceanization”) of a continental block to form the Aleutian Basin, or to simple isostatic depression of a former segment of the North Pacific oceanic floor in response to sediment infilling north of the Aleutian Ridge.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(68)90021-2","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Scholl, D., Buffington, E.C., and Hopkins, D., 1968, Geologic history of the continental margin of North America in the Bering Sea: Marine Geology, v. 6, no. 4, p. 297-330, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(68)90021-2.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"330","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a197de4b0c8380cd559e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buffington, E. C.","contributorId":13948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buffington","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopkins, D.M.","contributorId":103646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70009907,"text":"70009907 - 1968 - SrRbK and Sr isotopic relationships in ultramafic rocks, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:15:06.635578","indexId":"70009907","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SrRbK and Sr isotopic relationships in ultramafic rocks, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"

Geologic evidence suggests that a series of ultramafic complexes of the ‘Duke Island type’ located along a 560 km-long belt in southeastern Alaska crystallized from magmas of ultramafic composition. Some geologists have proposed that these magmas were derived by fractional fusion of ultramafic material in the upper mantle. The87Sr/86Sr ratios, corrected for growth of radiogenic87Sr, in total rock samples and in minerals from four ultramafic complexes range from 0.7026 to 0.7068, and the K/Rb ratios in total rock samples range from 300 to 1200. Other workers have reported that the isotopic composition of strontium in alpine peridotites is significantly different from that of oceanic volcanic rocks, but the87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Alaskan ultramafites and of oceanic volcanic rocks are similar.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(68)90033-2","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Lanphere, M.A., 1968, SrRbK and Sr isotopic relationships in ultramafic rocks, southeastern Alaska: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 4, no. 3, p. 185-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(68)90033-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -137.4609375,\n 54.49556752187406\n ],\n [\n -129.814453125,\n 54.49556752187406\n ],\n [\n -129.814453125,\n 58.6769376725869\n ],\n [\n -137.4609375,\n 58.6769376725869\n ],\n [\n -137.4609375,\n 54.49556752187406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9642e4b08c986b31b3d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5221281,"text":"5221281 - 1967 - Care, food consumption, and behavior of bald eagles used in DDT tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:38","indexId":"5221281","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:36","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Care, food consumption, and behavior of bald eagles used in DDT tests","docAbstract":"Twenty-seven Bald Eagles captured in southeastern Alaska were used in feeding tests to determine the effects of DDT in the diet.....Trapping and housing of eagles are discussed. Various aspects of eagle behavior and handling techniques are also presented. Recommendations are made for preventing injuries and increasing the comfort of captive birds.....The 1962 test birds consumed an average of 274 grams per bird day with a range of 109 to 401 grams per day between birds. Average food intake was 254 grams per bird day for the 1963 test birds with a range of 194 to 324 grams per day between birds.....Weight losses varied from 23 to 49 per cent of normal body weight for the 7 birds which died in the 1962 tests. Tremors and death occurred first for birds on the highest dosage and progressively later for birds on the lower dosages.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chura, N., and Stewart, P., 1967, Care, food consumption, and behavior of bald eagles used in DDT tests: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 79, no. 4, p. 441-448.","productDescription":"441-448","startPage":"441","endPage":"448","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15819,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v079n04/p0441-p0448.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":194062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6a16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chura, N.J.","contributorId":8571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chura","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, P.A.","contributorId":12133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38815,"text":"pp543F - 1967 - Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38815,"text":"pp543F - 1967 - Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake","indexId":"pp543F","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048225,"text":"pp543 - 1966 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects","indexId":"pp543","publicationYear":"1966","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: regional effects"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-18T20:13:03.475534","indexId":"pp543F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"543","chapter":"F","title":"Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake","docAbstract":"The great 1964 Alaska earthquake caused considerable ground breakage in the Cook Inlet area of south-central Alaska. The breakage occurred largely in thick deposits of unconsolidated sediments. The most important types of ground breakage were (1) fracturing or cracking and the extrusion of sand and gravel with ground water along fractures in various types of landforms, and (2) slumping and lateral extension of unconfined faces, particularly along delta fronts.\n\nThe principal concentration of ground breakage within the area covered by this report was in a northeast-trending zone about 60 miles long and 6 miles wide in the northern part of the Kenai Lowland. The zone cut across diverse topography and stratigraphy. Cracks were as much as 30 feet across and 25 feet deep. Sand, gravel, and pieces of coal and lignite were extruded along many fissures. It is suggested that the disruption in this zone may be due to movement along a fault in the underlying Tertiary rocks.\n\nThe outwash deltas of Tustumena and Skilak Lakes in the Kenai Lowland, of Eklutna Lake and Lake George in the Chugach Mountains, of Bradley Lake in the Kenai Mountains, and at the outlet of upper Beluga Lake at the base of the Alaska Range showed much slumping, as did the delta of the Susitna River. Parts of the flood plains of the Skilak River, Fox River, and Eagle River were extensively cracked.\n\nA few avalanches and slumps occurred along the coast of Cook Inlet in scattered localities. Some tidal flats were cracked. However, in view of the many thick sections of unconsolidated sediments and the abundance of steep slopes, the cracking was perhaps less than might have been expected.\n\nObservations along the coasts indicated changes in sea level which, although caused partly by compaction of unconsolidated sediments, may largely be attributed to crus1tal deformation accompanying the earthquake. Most of the Cook Inlet area was downwarped, although the northwest side of Cook Inlet may have been slightly unwarped. Maximum change in the Cook Inlet area was probably less than 6 feet. Little or no regional tilting was detected in the lake basins of Tustumena and Skilak Lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Regional effects (Professional Paper 543)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp543F","usgsCitation":"Foster, H.L., and Karlstrom, T., 1967, Ground breakage and associated effects in the Cook Inlet area, Alaska, resulting from the March 27, 1964, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 543, Report: v, 28 p.; 3 Plates: 19.81 x 30.95 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp543F.","productDescription":"Report: v, 28 p.; 3 Plates: 19.81 x 30.95 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":65737,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/pp543f_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65736,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/pp543f_plate3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65735,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/pp543f_plate2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":396180,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4591.htm"},{"id":104506,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4591"},{"id":65734,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0543f/pp543f_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -154.33,58.78 ], [ -154.33,61.56 ], [ -148.94,61.56 ], [ -148.94,58.78 ], [ -154.33,58.78 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dcf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Helen L.","contributorId":56195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlstrom, Thor N. V.","contributorId":77929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlstrom","given":"Thor N. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38820,"text":"pp544D - 1967 - Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:43:32.459277","indexId":"pp544D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"544","chapter":"D","title":"Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on glaciers","docAbstract":"The 1964 Alaska earthquake occurred in a region where there are many hundreds of glaciers, large and small. Aerial photographic investigations indicate that no snow and ice avalanches of large size occurred on glaciers despite the violent shaking. Rockslide avalanches extended onto the glaciers in many localities, seven very large ones occurring in the Copper River region 160 kilometers east of the epicenter. Some of these avalanches traveled several kilometers at low gradients; compressed air may have provided a lubricating layer. If long-term changes in glaciers due to tectonic changes in altitude and slope occur, they will probably be very small. No evidence of large-scale dynamic response of any glacier to earthquake shaking or avalanche loading was found in either the Chugach or Kenai Mountains 16 months after the 1964 earthquake, nor was there any evidence of surges (rapid advances) as postulated by the Earthquake-Advance Theory of Tarr and Martin.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on the hydrologic regimen (Professional Paper 544)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp544D","usgsCitation":"Post, A., 1967, Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on glaciers: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 544, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp544D.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"42","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396002,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_99035.htm"},{"id":277813,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544d/index.html"},{"id":65743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544d/pp544d_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.1279296875,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -140.73486328125,\n 59.265880628258095\n ],\n [\n -140.73486328125,\n 61.762728830472696\n ],\n [\n -151.1279296875,\n 61.762728830472696\n ],\n [\n -151.1279296875,\n 59.265880628258095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db61055d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Post, Austin","contributorId":90709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"Austin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38847,"text":"pp542F - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38847,"text":"pp542F - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands","indexId":"pp542F","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:39:34.466499","indexId":"pp542F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"F","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands","docAbstract":"

The great earthquake (Richter magnitude of 8.4–8.5) that struck south-central Alaska at 5:36 p.m., Alaska standard time, on March 27, 1964 (03:36, March 28, Greenwich mean time), was felt in every community on Kodiak Island and the nearby islands. It was the most severe earthquake to strike this part of Alaska in modern time, and took the lives of 18 persons in the area by drowning; this includes two in Kodiak and three at Kaguyak. Property damage and loss of income to the communities is estimated at more than $45 million.

\n
\n

The largest community, Kodiak, had the greatest loss from the earthquake. Damage was caused chiefly by 5.6 feet of tectonic subsidence and a train of 10 seismic sea waves that inundated the low-lying areas of the town. The seismic sea waves destroyed all but one of the docking facilities and more than 215 structures; many other structures were severely damaged. The waves struck the town during the evening hours of March 27 and early morning hours of March 28. They moved from the southwest and northeast: and reached their maximum height of 20–30 feet above mean lower low water at Shahafka Cove between 11:00 and 11:45 p.m., March 27. The violently destructive seismic sea waves not only severely damaged homes, shops, and naval-station structures but also temporarily crippled the fishing industry in Kodiak by destroying the processing plants and most of the fishing vessels. The waves scoured out 10 feet of sediments in the channel between Kodiak Island and Near Island and exposed bedrock. This bedrock presented a major post-earthquake construction problem because no sediments remained into which piles could be driven for foundations of waterfront facilities.

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Because of tectonic subsidence, high tides now flood Mission and Potatopatch Lakes which, before the earthquake, had not been subject to tidal action. The subsidence also accelerated erosion of the unconsolidated sediments along the shoreline in the city of Kodiak.

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Seismic shaking lasted 4½–5½ minutes at Kodiak and had a rolling motion. Inasmuch as most of Kodiak is underlain by bedrock or by only a thin veneer of unconsolidated sediments, very little if any damage occurred from ground motion or seismic shaking. The ground motion, however, did cause a massive short circuit and power failure at Kodiak.

\n
\n

The Kodiak Naval Station, 5 miles southwest of Kodiak, was also severely damaged by the earthquake. The station was inundated by at least 10 seismic sea waves which reached a maximum height of 25 feet above post-earthquake mean lower low water between 11:16 and 11:34 p.m. on March 27, 1964. The first seismic sea wave that inundated the station did not do severe damage because it behaved much like a rapid rise of tide, but the subsequent and more violent waves destroyed most of the docking facilities and several other shoreline structures. The waves struck the station from the southwest and from the east.

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\n

The shoreline structures that were not destroyed required rehabilitation because the 5.6 feet of tectonic subsidence put them under water during the highest tides. Furthermore the subsidence accelerated erosion during high tide of the soft unconsolidated sediments and fill in the low-lying areas of the station.

\n
\n

Seismic shaking did little damage to the station housing facility, but it was responsible for compaction of sediments, lateral displacement of a seawall, and the development of fissures in the aircraft parking area. The ground motion was as south-southeast–north-northwest to north-south in direction.

\n
\n

An unusual case of radioactive contamination was reported at the naval station. The inundating seismic sea waves entered a building in which radionuclides were stored. The contamination was restricted to the building only, however, and did not spread throughout the station.

\n
\n

Afognak was abandoned because of the extensive damage incurred from tectonic subsistence and seismic sea waves. The seismic effects, estimated Mercalli intensity VI-VII, did not directly cause any significant property damage at Afognak Serious long-term damage, however, resulted from tectonic subsidence estimated to be from 3½ to 5½ feet. The subsidence has resulted in rapid erosion of the coast, landward shift and building up of bench berms to the new higher sea levels, and flooding of extensive low-lying areas behind the barrier beaches. Inundation of low-lying parts of the village by a train of seismic sea waves having maximum heights of 10.8 feet above post-earthquake tide level (14.5 ft above post-earthquake mean lower low water) caused losses of about half a million dollars to homes, vehicles, bridges, and personal possessions.

\n
\n

Uzinki was damaged by tectonic subsidence and seismic sea waves. No significant damage resulted from the ground motion during the earthquake; the Mercalli intensity was about VI. However, tectonic subsidence, estimated to be 5 feet, caused inundation of a narrow zone along the waterfront. Structures and vessels were damaged as a result of the seismic sea waves that repeatedly flooded the waterfront area after the earthquake.

\n
\n

Old Harbor was damaged by seismic shock, subsidence, and seismic sea waves. The tremors, which had a Mercalli intensity estimated at VII-VIII, toppled two concrete-block chimneys, cracked interior walls, and caused minor breakage of personal property in the homes. Regional tectonic subsidence and superficial subsidence of the unconsolidated deposits on which the village is situated apparently caused incursion of salt water into the school well. A quarter of million yards of fill was required to raise the waterfront areas to their pre-earthquake elevations relative to sea level. Seismic sea waves having a maximum runup of about 12 feet above tide level (16 ft above post-earthquake mean lower low water) destroyed 34 of the 35 residences in the village and presumably drowned one man who lived immediately across the strait from Old Harbor.

\n
\n

At Kaguyak, seismic sea waves having a maximum runup of about 25 feet above mean lower low water carried away all 10 buildings in the village, took three lives, and damaged an unknown number of fishing vessels. The village site has been abandoned. The communities of Akhiok, Karluk, and Larsen Bay were virtually undamaged by the earthquake tremors, which had estimated Mercalli intensities of VI-VII, but tectonic subsidence of about 2–2½ feet at Larsen Bay made it necessary to raise the cannery dock level at an estimated cost of $80,000.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542F","usgsCitation":"Kachadoorian, R., and Plafker, G., 1967, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: vi, 41 p.; 1 Plate: 20.53 x 16.53 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542F.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 41 p.; 1 Plate: 20.53 x 16.53 inches","numberOfPages":"49","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":396001,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4588.htm"},{"id":170406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113270,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542f/pp542f_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542f/pp542f_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":111458,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542f/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 57.671848402248166\n ],\n [\n -152.10296630859375,\n 57.671848402248166\n ],\n [\n -152.10296630859375,\n 58.1793925460941\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 58.1793925460941\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 57.671848402248166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kachadoorian, Reuben","contributorId":24336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kachadoorian","given":"Reuben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38846,"text":"pp542E - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38846,"text":"pp542E - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska","indexId":"pp542E","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-31T18:47:27.868901","indexId":"pp542E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"E","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Seward, in south-central Alaska, was one of the towns most devastated by the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964. The greater part of Seward is built on an alluvial fan-delta near the head of Resurrection Bay on the southeast coast of the Kenai Peninsula. It is one of the few ports in south-central Alaska that is ice free all year, and the town’s economy is almost entirely dependent upon its port facilities.

\n
\n

The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, magnitude approximately 8.3–8.4, began at 6:36 p.m. Its epicenter was in the northern part of the Prince William Sound area; focal depth was 20–50 km.

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Strong ground motion at Seward lasted 3–4 minutes. During the shaking, a strip of land 50–400 feet wide along the Seward waterfront, together with docks and other harbor facilities, slid into Resurrection Bay as a result of large-scale submarine landsliding. Fractures ruptured the ground for'severa1 hundred feet back from the landslide scarps. Additional ground was fractured in the Forest Acres subdivision and on the alluvial floor of the Resurrection River valley; fountaining and sand boils accompanied the ground fracturing. Slide-generated wares, possibly seiche waves, and seismic sea waves crashed onto shore; ware runup was as much as 30 feet above mean lower low water and caused tremendous damage; fire from burning oil tanks added to the destruction. Damage from strong ground motion itself was comparatively minor. Tectonic subsidence of about 3.6 feet resulted in low areas being inundated at high tide.

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\n

Thirteen people were killed and five were injured as a result of the earthquake. Eighty-six houses were totally destroyed and 260 were heavily damaged. The harbor facilities were almost completely destroyed, and the entire economic base of the town was wiped out. The total cost to replace the destroyed public and private facilities was estimated at $22 million.

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\n

Seward lies on the axis of the Chugach Mountains geosyncline. The main structural trend in the mapped area, where the rocks consist almost entirely of graywacke and phyllite, is from near north to N. 20° E. Beds and cleavage of the rocks commonly dip 70° W. or NW. to near vertical. Locally, the rocks are complexly folded or contorted. So major faults were found in the mapped area, but small faults, shear zones, and joints are common.

\n
\n

Surficial deposits of the area hare been divided for mapping into the following units: drift deposits, alluvial fan deposits, valley alluvium, intertidal deposits, landslide deposits, and artificial fill. Most of these units intergrade and were deposited more or less contemporaneously.

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\n

The drift deposits consist chiefly of till that forms moraines along the lower flanks of the Resurrection River valley and up tributary valleys. The till is predominantly silt and sand and lesser amounts of clay-size particles, gravel, cobbles, and boulders. Glacial outwash and stratified ice-contact deposits constitute the remainder of the drift deposits.

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\n

Fans and fan-deltas have been deposited at the valley mouths of tributary streams. Some, including the one upon which Seward built, project into Resurrection Bay, and deltaic-type deposits form their distal edges. The larger fans—composed chiefly of loosely compacted and poorly sorted silt, sand, and gravel—form broad aprons having low gradients. The fan deposits range in thickness from about 100 feet to possibly several hundred feet and, at least in some places, lie on a platform of compact drift. Smaller fans at the mouths of several canyons have steep gradients and considerable local relief.

\n
\n

Valley alluvium, deposited chiefly by the Resurrection River, consists mostly of coarse sand and fine to medium gravel. In the axial part of the valley it is probably more than 100 feet thick. Near the head of Resurrection Bay, the alluvium is underlain by at least 75 feet of marine deltaic sediments, which are in turn underlain by 600 or more feet of drift in the deepest part of the bedrock valley.

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\n

Beach, deltaic, and estuarine sediments, deposited on intertidal flats at the head of the bay and along far1 margins that extend into the bay, arc mapped as intertidal deposits. They consist mostly of silt, sand, and fine gravel, and lesser amounts of clay-size particles.

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\n

The earthquake reactivated old slides and trigged new ones in the mountains. Rock and snow avalanches, debris flows, and creep of talus deposits characterized slide activity on the steeper slops. The Seward waterfront had been extended before the earthquake by adding artificial fill consisting of loose sand and gravel; part of the lagoon area had been filled with refuse. After the earth- quake, fill, consisting of silt and sand dredged from the head of the bay, was pumped onto part of the lagoon area and also on land at the northwest corner of the bay.

\n
\n

Response to the disaster was immediate and decisive. City, State, and Federal agencies, as well as other organizations and individuals, gave unstintingly of their time and facilities. Within a few days, there was temporary restoration of water, sewerage, and electrical facilities.

\n
\n

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was authorized to select sites and construct a new dock for the Alaska Railroad, a new small-boat basin, and related facilities. The firm of Shannon and Wilson, Inc., under contract to the Corps of Engineers, investigated subsurface soils extensively to determine the factors responsible for the sliding along the Seward waterfront and to assist in site selection for reconstruction of the destroyed harbor facilities. Borings also made along the Seward waterfront and at the head of the bay, and laboratory tests were conducted on pertinent samples. These studies were augmented by geophysical studies both on land and in the bay. In addition, the Corps of Engineers made shallow borings on the intertidal flats at the head of the bay and performed pile-driving and load tests. Borings also were drilled and test pits were dug in the subdivision of Forest Acres.

\n
\n

Sliding along the Seward waterfront markedly deepened the water along the former shoreline. Post-earthquake slopes of the bay floor immediately offshore also are steeper in places than before the earthquake. The strong ground motion of the earthquake triggered the landsliding, but several factors may have contributed to the magnitude and characteristics of the slides. These factors are: (1) the long duration of strong ground motion, (2) the grain size and texture of the material involved in the sliding, (3) the probability that the finer grained materials liquefied and flowed seaward, and (4) the added load of manmade facilities built on the edge of the shore, Secondary effects of the slides themselves—sudden drawdown of water, followed by the weight of returning waves—also may have contributed to the destruction.

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\n

Submarine sliding at the northwest corner of the bay occurred in fine-grained deltaic deposits whose frontal slopes probably were in metastable equilibrium under static conditions. Uplift pressures from aquifers under hydrostatic head, combined with the probable liquefaction characteristics of the sediments when vibrated by strong ground motion, probably caused the material to slide and flow seaward as a heavy slurry.

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\n

Under static conditions, no major shoreline or submarine landsliding is expected in the Seward area; in the event of another severe earthquake, however, additional sliding is likely along the Seward waterfront and also in the deltaic deposits at the northwest corner of the bay. Fractured ground in back of the present shoreline along the Seward waterfront is an area of incipient landslides that would be unstable under strong shaking. For this reason the Scientific and Engineering Task Force placed the area in a high-risk classification and recommended no repair, rehabilitation, or new construction in this area involving use of Federal funds; it was further recommended that the area should be reserved for park or other uses that do not involve large congregations of people. The deltaic deposits at the head of the bay probably also would be susceptible to sliding during another large earthquake. This sliding would result in further landward retreat of the present shoreline toward the new railroad dock. Specifications for the new dock, whose seaward end is now approximately 1,100 feet from the back scarp of the subaqueous landslide, require design pro- visions to withstand seismic shock up to certain limits.

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\n

Earthquake-induced fracturing of the ground in the subdivision of Forest Acres was confined to the lower part of a broad alluvial fan. There, sewer and water lines were ruptured and the foundations of some homes were heavily damaged. Landsliding, such as occurred along the shoreline of the bay, was not a contributing cause of the fracturing. Two hypotheses are offered to explain the fracturing:

\n\n

1. Seismic energy was transformed into visible surface waves of such amplitude that the strength of surface layer was exceeded and rupturing occurred; tensional and compressional stresses alternately opened and closed the fractures and forced out water and mud.

\n\n

2. Compaction by vibration of the fine-grained deposits of the fan caused ground settlement and fracturing; ground water under temporary hydrostatic head was forced to the surface as fountains and carried the finer material with it.

\n
\n

Water waves that crashed onto shore, while shaking was still continuing, were generated chiefly by onshore and offshore landsliding. Waves that overran the shores about 25 minutes after shaking stopped and that continued to arrive for the next several hours are believed to be seismic sea waves (tsunamis) that originated in an uplifted area in the Gulf of Alaska. During the time of seismic sea-wave activity and perhaps preceding it, seiche wares also may have been generated within Resurrection Bay and complicated the wave effects along the shoreline.

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More than 1,450 water-level recorders, scattered throughout all the 50 States except Connecticut, Delaware, and Rhode Island, registered the earthquake. Half of the water-level records were obtained from ground-water observation wells and half at surface-water gaging stations. The earthquake is also known to have registered on water-level recorders on wells in Canada, England, Denmark, Belgium, Egypt, Israel, Libya, Philippine Islands, South-West Africa, South Africa, and Northern Territory of Australia. The Alaska earthquake is the first for which widespread surface-water effects are known. The effects were recorded at stations on flowing streams, rivers, reservoirs, lakes, and ponds. The 755 surface-water stations recording effects are spread through 38 States, but are most numerous in the south-central and southeastern States, especially in Florida and Louisiana. Most of the fluctuations recorded can be referred to more precisely as seismic seiches; however, a few stations recorded the quake as a minor change in stage. The largest recorded seiche outside Alaska was 1.83 feet on a reservoir in Michigan. The next largest was 1.45 feet on Lake Ouachita in Arkansas. The largest fluctuation in a well was 23 feet registered by a pressure recorder near Belle Fourche, S. Dak. Fluctuations of more than 10 feet were reported from wells in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Missouri, and Pennsylvania. A 3.40-foot fluctuation was recorded in a well in Puerto Rico. The Alaska earthquake was registered by about seven times as many water-level recorders as recorded the Hebgen Lake, Mont., earthquake of August 19, 1959.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on the hydrologic regimen (Professional Paper 544)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp544C","collaboration":"This report is Chapter C in The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on hydrologic regimen. For more information, see: Professional Paper 544.","usgsCitation":"Vorhis, R.C., Rexin, E.E., and Coble, R.W., 1967, Hydrologic effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, outside Alaska, with sections on Hydroseismograms from the Nunn-Bush Shoe Co. well, Wisconsin, and Alaska earthquake effects on ground water in Iowa: Chapter C in The Alaska earthquakes, March 27, 1964: effects on hydrologic regimen: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 544, p. C1-C54, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp544C.","productDescription":"p. C1-C54","numberOfPages":"54","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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An important factor in any rebirth of metal mining in Alaska will be a thorough appraisal of the metalliferous lodes already known in the State. Any such appraisal probably will depend, at least in part, on an inventory of these 1 deposits and a knowledge of their geology.

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This report summarizes from repoAs of Federal and State agencies published before August 31, 1965, the geology of Alaska's metal-bearing lodes, including their structural or stratigraphic control, host rock, mode of origin, kinds of .Q minerals, grade, past production, and extent of exploration. In addition, the lists of mineral occurrences that accompany the 35 mineral-deposit location maps constitute an inventory of the State's known lodes. A total of 692 localities where m&alliferous deposits have been found are shown on the maps. The localities include 1,739 mines, prospects, and reported occurrences, of which 821 are described individually or otherwise cited in the text.

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