One of the prime motives for exploring the deeper subsurface sediments of the Red Sea floor was to gain information on the geochemical systems controlling the hot brine-metalliferous deposits. Accordingly, a strong effort was made to provide both shipboard and laboratory means of analysis of the recovered phases. Shipboard spectrographic analyses (semiquantitative) provided both detailed surveys of chemical properties of the cores and the ability to analyze small subsamples and separated particles such as pyrite, sphalerite, organisms, and similar minute objects. Over 5000 such analyses are provided in Tables 1 to 5. Some supplementary data provided by subsequent analyses for K, Zn, and Ag in the Denver field laboratories of the U. S. Geological Survey have been added to the tables.
A second body of data is provided in Table 6, which gives quantitative data on major and minor constituents, performed by the Washington analytical laboratories of the U. S. Geological Survey. A third group of analyses are partial analyses on evaporitic rocks (anhydrite and rock salt) (Table 18, in Manheim Chapter 38, this volume). In addition to the above, a number of the collaborating laboratories are providing more specific chemical data on special phases and constituents of the Red Sea materials. Most of these data are included in chapters in the Geochemical section of this volume. The significance of the data is discussed in Manheim (Chapter 38, this volume) and in the respective reports of shipboard workers and cooperating share laboratories.
The Red Sea drillings reveal a number of new facets of the hot-brine-metalliferous system and other geochemical aspects of the sea, its sediments, and its past history as follows:
1) Dark shales rich in organic material, and containing enhanced Mo and V concentrations, are characteristic of Plio-Pleistocene strata in the Red Sea. Values as high as 1500 ppm V and 500 ppm Mo were obtained in sediments containing up to 8 percent organic carbon.
2) Metalliferous sediments in the hot brine deep (Site 226) are similar in composition in both solids and interstitial water to previously analyzed sediments. However, one site (228) well south of the known hot-brine deeps shows zinc mineralization reaching 5 percent Zn in late Miocene shale-anhydrite breccias.
3) Pore fluid studies show that near-saturated (NaCl) brines having similar total salt concentration to the hot-brine fluids are associated with Miocene evaporites at Sites 225, 227, and 228. However, their chemical and isotopic composition precludes such fluids being part of the \"hot brine plumbing system.\" Hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies demonstrate that fluids trapped between and among the evaporitic rocks have a strong meteoric water component, presumed to have entered the rocks during or shortly after formation in shallow evaporating pans. The composition of pore fluid at Site 227 suggests the presence of late-stage evaporite minerals of the tachyhydrite CaMg2Cl6 • 12H2O series in the in situ rocks.
4) Diffusivity measurements show that the pre-Miocene strata permit dissolved salt or gas diffusion to the extent of from 1/2 to about 1/10 the rate in free solution. However, in anhydrites diffusivity is reduced more than 100-fold, and no diffusion could be detected through halite rock. The rates applied to interstitial salt gradients at Site 225 suggest that less than 1 meter of rock salt is removed per million years by diffusion processes. The diffusion of salt can already be detected a few meters below the sediment-water interface, and based on the interstitial water studies, one can affirm the presence of salt at depth at Sites 228, 230, and possibly 229, where rock salt was not encountered by the drill.
5) Isotopic measurements on leads show that both leads from Site 228 and the hot brine deep (Site 226) require input from igneous or volcanic sources (e.g., volcanic ash). Elsewhere, however, leads of sedimentary-pelagic origin are noted.
6) Isotopic and other evidence indicates that the long-distance transport of subterranean brines advocated by Craig (1969) is unlikely. Instead, it is proposed that the source of the hot brines is subevaporite clastic or other aquifers of early to middle Miocene age that have been disrupted by rifting. These discharge in the deeps by virtue of hydrodynamic continuity with heavy brines at higher positions on the nearby flanks of the Red Sea. In this case, the waters might be fossil (middle Miocene) Red Sea waters of relatively normal salinity that have acquired greater salt concentration by diffusion from overlying late Miocene evaporites. The model is consistent with the isolated nature of the brine deeps and suggests that flow might have been enhanced by increased hydraulic gradients during periods of lowered Red Sea levels.
7) Interstitial water evidence indicates that Pleistocene lowerings of sea level did not cause evaporative conditions leading to actual gypsum or other evaporite deposition in the deeper water zones, as has been postulated. This in turn suggests that sill depths were greater than have been assumed.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.23.138.1974","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F.T., 1974, Red Sea geochemistry: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 23, p. 975-998, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.23.138.1974.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"975","endPage":"998","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.23.138.1974","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Red Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 35.123291015625,\n 28.130127737874005\n ],\n [\n 34.727783203125,\n 28.168875180063345\n ],\n [\n 35.079345703125,\n 29.563901551414418\n ],\n [\n 34.815673828125,\n 29.602118211647333\n ],\n [\n 34.25537109375,\n 28.19792655722615\n ],\n [\n 34.288330078125,\n 27.97499795326776\n ],\n [\n 33.870849609375,\n 28.04289477256162\n ],\n [\n 32.6513671875,\n 30.12612436422458\n ],\n [\n 32.10205078125,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n 35.35400390625,\n 23.986252599841798\n ],\n [\n 35.628662109375,\n 22.917922936146045\n ],\n [\n 36.749267578125,\n 21.993988560906033\n ],\n [\n 37.012939453125,\n 21.17672864097083\n ],\n [\n 37.28759765625,\n 18.79191774423444\n ],\n [\n 38.232421875,\n 18.114529138838503\n ],\n [\n 38.748779296875,\n 17.63355221367443\n ],\n [\n 39.26513671875,\n 15.718238544734854\n ],\n [\n 39.79248046875,\n 14.93416989934271\n ],\n [\n 40.7373046875,\n 14.71113475887066\n ],\n [\n 43.275146484375,\n 12.39365886237742\n ],\n [\n 43.780517578125,\n 12.897489183755892\n ],\n [\n 43.39599609375,\n 13.47510594433495\n ],\n [\n 42.86865234375,\n 15.675932151334584\n ],\n [\n 42.791748046875,\n 16.909683615558635\n ],\n [\n 42.451171875,\n 17.28770905062193\n ],\n [\n 41.934814453125,\n 17.926475979176438\n ],\n [\n 41.2646484375,\n 18.87510275035649\n ],\n [\n 40.858154296875,\n 19.880391767822505\n ],\n [\n 40.177001953125,\n 20.385825381874263\n ],\n [\n 39.781494140625,\n 20.46818922264095\n ],\n [\n 39.30908203125,\n 21.34054846908118\n ],\n [\n 39.0673828125,\n 22.024545601240337\n ],\n [\n 39.287109375,\n 22.411028521558706\n ],\n [\n 38.1005859375,\n 24.256981315882488\n ],\n [\n 37.58422851562499,\n 24.397133017391052\n ],\n [\n 37.276611328125,\n 24.896402266558727\n ],\n [\n 37.254638671875,\n 25.27450351782018\n ],\n [\n 35.123291015625,\n 28.130127737874005\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156511,"text":"70156511 - 1974 - Distribution and occurrence of rare earths in the thorium veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-24T10:21:09","indexId":"70156511","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T17:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and occurrence of rare earths in the thorium veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho","docAbstract":"Rare earths, although equal to or more abundant than thorium in many thorium veins, are much less abundant than thorium in the veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho. Total rare-earth content of these veins ranges from 0.00111 to 0.197 percent in 12 samples from 10 veins; the thoria (ThO2 ) content, from 0.011 to 5.84 percent. The rare-earth oxide to thoria ratios range from 0.0019 to 3.22. Only two samples contained more rare earths than thorium, and these two samples came from veins related to a fault near the base of a thick sill; the others came from veins near the top of the same sill.
\nThe relative amounts of the individual lanthanides are remarkably similar in the Hall Mountain veins, although cerium, gadolinium, or dysprosium are the most abundant in different samples. These veins differ in lanthanide distribution both from the Earth's crust and from the thorium veins of the Lemhi Pass district, Idaho and Montana, in that they contain chiefly yttrium-group rare earths. Most of the rare earths occur in thorite, whose atomic structure will accommodate wide-ranging proportions of the rare earths. Cenosite, one of the few minerals with a high content of the yttrium group of rare earths, was found in one vein.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Staatz, M.H., Shaw, V.E., and Wahlberg, J.S., 1974, Distribution and occurrence of rare earths in the thorium veins on Hall Mountain, Idaho: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 6, p. 677-683.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"677","endPage":"683","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Hall Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.41,\n 48.96\n ],\n [\n -116.41,\n 48.97\n ],\n [\n -116.42,\n 48.97\n ],\n [\n -116.42,\n 48.96\n ],\n [\n -116.41,\n 48.96\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dc402ee4b0518e354d10f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer H.","contributorId":55494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaw, Van E.","contributorId":146896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"Van","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wahlberg, James S.","contributorId":10481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahlberg","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70206972,"text":"70206972 - 1974 - Chemical weathering of serpentinite in the eastern Piedmont of Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T12:05:53","indexId":"70206972","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T12:02:31","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical weathering of serpentinite in the eastern Piedmont of Maryland","docAbstract":"Weathering processes in a small watershed (Soldiers Delight) underlain by Serpentinite in the Piedmont of Maryland were studied by means of a mass balance technique and were compared with the processes operative in a watershed uncertain by schist. The two terranes are downwasting at a rate of 2.4 m per m.y., but chemical weathering much more strongly affects the Serpentinite (2.2 m per m.y.) than the schist (1.2 m per m.y.). The serpentinite lacks a saprolite cover because resistate minerals are absent and alumina in the bedrock is scarce. In contrast, the schist contains both quartz and a source of alumina in the alumino-silicate minerals and, as a result, has a thick saprolite mantle. Relatively small amounts of secondary quartz, chalcedony, and 14Å clay minerals are synthesized in the serpentinite watershed, but relatively large amounts of gibbsite and clay minerals (kaolinite and vermiculite) are formed during the weathering of the schist. The hydrologic consequences in the serpentinite terrane compared with the schist watershed are increased flood-flow discharge, greater fluctuation in seasonal, instantaneous base-flow discharge, and pronounced seasonal fluctuations in total discharge. The serpentinite stream water averaged 205 ppm of total dissolved solids in the base flow compared to 25 ppm in the schist. Stream water from the serpentinite is of the magnesium bicarbonate type; that from the schist is sodium-calcium bicarbonate type. On the serpentinite, substantial land-surface reduction (denudation) is effected by chemical weathering; mechanical weathering is secondary. On the schist terrane, mechanical weathering is the primary agent that lowers the land surface, even though chemical weathering has reduced the rock mass ay almost one-half. © 1974 Geological Society of America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<437:CWOSIT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Cleaves, E., Fisher, D.W., and Bricker, O., 1974, Chemical weathering of serpentinite in the eastern Piedmont of Maryland: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, no. 3, p. 437-444, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85<437:CWOSIT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"437","endPage":"444","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"85","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleaves, E.T.","contributorId":41148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, D. W.","contributorId":127082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, O.P.","contributorId":33717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"O.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198191,"text":"70198191 - 1974 - Lunar basin formation and highland stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-20T09:56:18","indexId":"70198191","displayToPublicDate":"1974-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3284,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar basin formation and highland stratigraphy","docAbstract":"Multiring impact basins, formed after solidification of the lunar crust, account for most or all premare regional deposits and structures expressed in the lunar landscape and for major topographic and gravity variations. A fresh basin has two or more concentric mountain rings, a lineated ejecta blanket, and secondary impact craters. Crackled material on the floor may be impact melt. The ejecta blanket was emplaced at least partly as a ground‐hugging flow and was probably hot. A suggested model of basin formation is that the center lifts up and the rings form by inward collapse during evisceration. The resulting basin is shallow and has a central uplift of the mantle. This results in a central gravity high and a ring low. Later flooding by mare basalt has since modified most near side basins. Highland deposits of plains, furrowed and pitted terrain, and various hills, domes, and craters that were interpreted before the Apollo missions as being volcanic can now be interpreted as being basin related. A province map of the whole moon shows that the relatively young Orientale and Imbrium basins imprinted and rejuvenated much of the moon's surface; older basins must have also. The most primitive cratered surface remaining is mostly on the far side, distant from Imbrium and Orientale and other large relatively young basins. All five lunar landings in the highlands sampled stratigraphic units probably related to basins. Several nearly obliterated basins have been discovered recently, including a deep one on the far side that is as wide as the moon's radius. The presence of these ancient basins suggests that the surface is effectively saturated by basins and that many others were completely destroyed by later impacts. Basin impacts may have churned the lunar crust to large depths.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/RG012i003p00309","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., Wilhelms, D., and Scott, D.H., 1974, Lunar basin formation and highland stratigraphy: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 12, no. 3, p. 309-327, https://doi.org/10.1029/RG012i003p00309.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"327","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilhelms, D.E.","contributorId":82302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilhelms","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, D. H.","contributorId":73565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70246993,"text":"70246993 - 1974 - Radioactive waste storage in the arid zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-21T14:53:40.763029","indexId":"70246993","displayToPublicDate":"1974-10-01T09:50:15","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radioactive waste storage in the arid zone","docAbstract":"By the turn of the century, nuclear power may generate more than one-half of the electric energy, and about one-third of the total energy consumed in the United States [Thompson, 1971; Chapman et al., 1972]. By 2020, the total quantity of high-level radioactive wastes (HLW) generated as a byproduct of nuclear fuel reprocessing for such power generation may total about 900,000 m3 as liquid or 70,000 m3 as solid [Gera and Jacobs, 1972]; the radioactivity of long-lived nuclides in the HLW will total about 8.7×1010 Ci [Gera and Jacobs, 1972]. (High-level wastes are defined as wastes containing at least 1 Ci of radioactivity per liter of liquid, or 70 Ci/kg of solid [American Institute of Chemical Engineering, ANSI Standard N5.8-1967]. Wastes from chemical processing of irradiated nuclear fuels typically contain several hundred to several thousand curies per gallon [Fox, 1969].)
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO055i010p00884","usgsCitation":"Winograd, I.J., 1974, Radioactive waste storage in the arid zone: Eos Science News, v. 55, no. 10, p. 884-894, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO055i010p00884.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"884","endPage":"894","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419207,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winograd, Isaac J. ijwinogr@usgs.gov","contributorId":4643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"Isaac","email":"ijwinogr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":878495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232497,"text":"70232497 - 1974 - Correlation of uppermost Precambrian and lower Cambrian strata from southern to east-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T16:30:47.9365","indexId":"70232497","displayToPublicDate":"1974-09-01T11:26:05","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlation of uppermost Precambrian and lower Cambrian strata from southern to east-central Nevada","docAbstract":"Study of exposed uppermost Precambrian and Lower Cambrian strata in southern and east-central Nevada and intervening areas indicates that the Johnnie Formation of southern Nevada and the McCoy Creek Group (restricted) are correlative. In detail, the uppermost units of both sequences, the Rainstorm Member of the Johnnie Formation and the Osceola Argillite (and the equivalent unit G) of the McCoy Creek Group, arc lithologically similar and also considered correlative. Both are characterized by pale-red or purplish-medium-gray siltstone with abundant bedding-surface markings, and both contain scarce to abundant amounts of evenly or lenlicularly laminated limestone or silty limestone. Both units are lithologically unique in their respective areas of occurrence, and both are known to be widely distributed. Several thousand feet of dominantly detrital rocks occur above the Johnnie Formation in southern Nevada and the McCoy Creek Group in east-central Nevada. These detrital rocks consist of quartzite and siltstone in southern Nevada (the Stirling Quartzite, Wood Canyon Formation, and Zabriskie Quartzite) and dominantly quartzite (the Prospect Mountain Quartzite) in cast-central Nevada. Study in areas between southern and east-central Nevada indicates that the Stirling, Wood Canyon, and Zabriskie Formations change facies to the north and become lithologically similar to one another. The Prospect Mountain Quartzite of east-central Nevada is believed to be the final result of the facies change. It is equivalent to the combined Stirling, Wood Canyon, and Zabriskie of southern Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J., 1974, Correlation of uppermost Precambrian and lower Cambrian strata from southern to east-central Nevada: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 5, p. 609-618.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"618","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402978,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402977,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue5/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.477294921875,\n 38.048091067457236\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 38.048091067457236\n ],\n [\n -114.04907226562499,\n 40.33817045213394\n ],\n [\n -115.477294921875,\n 40.33817045213394\n ],\n [\n -115.477294921875,\n 38.048091067457236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.707763671875,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -115.543212890625,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n -115.543212890625,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -116.707763671875,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -116.707763671875,\n 35.53222622770337\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70246994,"text":"70246994 - 1974 - A discussion of sources and description of the Earth's magnetic field and its secular variations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-21T15:07:16.400409","indexId":"70246994","displayToPublicDate":"1974-08-01T10:01:35","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A discussion of sources and description of the Earth's magnetic field and its secular variations","docAbstract":"The problem of collecting data for making geomagnetic charts including secular change is reviewed. Satellite data gives excellent coverage, but the satellite total field intensity data is not sufficient to properly define the field components. In constructing charts, the specific time and space filtering that is used should be specified so the user can make needed corrections in the use of the charts. An attempt should be made to include time variations having periods of one year or greater. In the space domain spherical harmonic coefficients up to degree 12 or 13 should probably be included. Adequate charts n the future will likely require the use of some external coefficients.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences","doi":"10.5636/jgg.26.393","usgsCitation":"Alldredge, L.R., and Stearns, C.O., 1974, A discussion of sources and description of the Earth's magnetic field and its secular variations: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 26, no. 4, p. 393-404, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.26.393.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"404","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.26.393","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":419208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alldredge, Leroy Romney","contributorId":98787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alldredge","given":"Leroy","email":"","middleInitial":"Romney","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stearns, Charles O.","contributorId":316837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stearns","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70247000,"text":"70247000 - 1974 - Structure of the continental margin of Liberia, West Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-21T17:01:37.824699","indexId":"70247000","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T11:45:50","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of the continental margin of Liberia, West Africa","docAbstract":"Geophysical surveys made by R/V Unitedgeo I (USGS–IDOE Cruise Leg 5), combined with earlier surveys and available geologic information, provide the basis for interpreting the structure of the continental margin of Liberia. This area lies at the junction of the Americas and Africa in published reconstructions of Gondwanaland prior to the opening of the North and South Atlantic in Jurassic and Cretaceous time, respectively.
Three fracture zones (St. Paul, Cape Palmas, and Grand Cess) are inferred in the area southeast of 9°30′ W. on the basis of magnetic and gravity data, which is supported by bathymetric and seismic reflection data. The three fracture zones appear to exist as separate lineaments near the African coast. Farther seaward, they may be part of the same transform fault crossing the Atlantic (St. Paul fracture zone). The magnetic anomalies associated with these fracture zones, which may have originated in Cretaceous time at the opening of the South Atlantic, are continuous with magnetic anomalies over crust of Eburnean age (∼2,000 m.y.) in southeast Liberia and its continental shelf. This suggests that Eburnean age structures may have been zones of weakness that were reactivated in Cretaceous time.
A positive gravity anomaly (∼50 mgal) along the coast and continental shelf of Liberia is attributed to deep crustal rocks that were uplifted and exposed in Pan-African time (∼550 m.y.). The land boundary of this anomaly coincides with a shear zone that marks the boundary between the Pan-African and the Liberian age province (∼2,700 m.y.); the shearing (in a thrust-fault sense) may be the result of compressive stress associated with the closing of a proto-Atlantic ocean. Liberian age magnetic anomalies in the area northwest of 9°30′ W. cross the Pan-African province (and the positive coastal gravity anomaly) and continue over the continental shelf and slope to about the 3,000-m bathymetric contour; the seaward limit of the anomalies is interpreted as representing the seaward limit of the old continental crust. This westward extension of the continental crust does not completely fill the gap in fit in various published reconstructions of Gondwanaland, and we suggest that the northern Florida block may have been located near the Liberian margin at one time.
Magnetic data indicate a thick section of sedimentary rock, possibly as great as 8 km, on the continental slope. Comparison of gravity data over magnetically inferred basins in the shelf, slope, and rise suggests that low-density sedimentary rocks constitute a greater proportion of the section in basins beneath the shelf and beneath the slope and rise northwest of 9°30' W. than beneath the slope and rise in the area of the fracture zones. The gravitational attraction that corresponds to a crust-mantle boundary dipping 45° to 60° can be computed to fit observed data – as might be expected at a rifted continental margin. A shallow high-density block beneath the coast and continental shelf is required to fit the coastal positive anomaly; this block is represented by exposures on land of granulite-grade metamorphic rock of the Pan-African province.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85%3C1143:SOTCMO%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Schlee, J., Robb, J.M., and Silverstein, M.K., 1974, Structure of the continental margin of Liberia, West Africa: GSA Bulletin, v. 85, no. 7, p. 1143-1158, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85%3C1143:SOTCMO%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1143","endPage":"1158","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":419214,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Liberia","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -7.507756358276964,\n 4.265398952157554\n ],\n [\n -9.504760130496521,\n 5.57324030553599\n ],\n [\n -11.531982049174047,\n 6.8961292989303615\n ],\n [\n -14.503668726755393,\n 4.160156590205247\n ],\n [\n -7.1278281931950005,\n 1.0872277989001162\n ],\n [\n -7.507756358276964,\n 4.265398952157554\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":878510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlee, John","contributorId":16078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlee","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":73272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":878512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silverstein, M. Katherine","contributorId":316840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silverstein","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70232494,"text":"70232494 - 1974 - Investigation of diffusion in open-channel flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T16:02:51.956372","indexId":"70232494","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T10:57:22","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of diffusion in open-channel flows","docAbstract":"This investigation examines the interrelation between turbulent diffusion, dispersion, and the statistical properties of turbulence in an open-channel flow. The results of the study substantiate Philip's concept relating the ratio of Eulerian to estimated Lagrangian time scales and the reciprocal of the longitudinal intensity of turbulence. The relation may be used to predict coefficients of longitudinal turbulent diffusion at the water surface and in the flow field, A similar concept using an integral scale based on the longitudinal intensity of turbulence may be used to predict coefficients of both surface and depth-averaged turbulent diffusion in three coordinate directions. Longitudinal space-time velocity correlation measurements can be used to predict the Lagrangian time scale only under limited conditions. Within the range of conditions studied, longitudinal diffusion accounted for 4 to 13 percent of the one-dimensional dispersion process.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Keefer, T.N., and McQuivey, R.S., 1974, Investigation of diffusion in open-channel flows: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 501-509.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"501","endPage":"509","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402972,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402971,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, Thomas N.","contributorId":43752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McQuivey, Raul S.","contributorId":48176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McQuivey","given":"Raul","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232478,"text":"70232478 - 1974 - Activity-product constants of aragonite at 90° and 51°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T14:11:35.186074","indexId":"70232478","displayToPublicDate":"1974-07-01T08:56:06","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Activity-product constants of aragonite at 90° and 51°C","docAbstract":"The activity-product constants of aragonite, KA=[Ca2+][CO32-] (where the brackets denote activities), were determined experimentally at 90°C and at 51°C. Results at 90°C were obtained from four separate dolomite dissolution runs, in which aragonite precipitated and came to equilibrium with the aqueous phase (from the direction of. supersaturation), and from two runs starting with aragonite suspended in dilute MgCl2 solutions (from the direction of undersaturation). The average values of KA from the six runs were in excellent agreement; for the negative logarithm of KA, PKA, they yield a value of 8.95±0.05. One run was made at 51° C starting with aragonite suspended in dilute MgCl2 solution; the value of pKA at 51°C is 8.61±0.05. No X-ray detectable calcite was found at the conclusion of any of the runs, including a dolomite dissolution run at 90°C (D-10) that was sampled over a period of 10,268 h and toward the end had a concentration of approximately 0.002 molal total dissolved magnesium.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Siebert, R.M., Hostetler, P.B., and Christ, C.L., 1974, Activity-product constants of aragonite at 90° and 51°C: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 4, p. 447-455.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"447","endPage":"455","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402940,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue4/report.pdf","size":"19104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Siebert, R. M.","contributorId":147019,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Siebert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13719,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, P. B.","contributorId":107849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hostetler","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":13719,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Missouri","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":845658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christ, C. L.","contributorId":270138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christ","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5221216,"text":"5221216 - 1974 - Plasma enzyme activities in coturnix quail fed graded doses of DDE, polychlorinated biphenyl, malathion, and mercuric chloride","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-13T13:26:21","indexId":"5221216","displayToPublicDate":"1974-06-16T12:17:57","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3612,"text":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plasma enzyme activities in coturnix quail fed graded doses of DDE, polychlorinated biphenyl, malathion, and mercuric chloride","docAbstract":"Male Coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed diets for 12 weeks containing graded levels of DDE, polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254), malathion, and mercuric chloride. Birds were bled prior to exposure and at 2, 4 and 12 weeks, and the plasma used to measure the activities of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase, fructose-diphosphate aldolase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Abnormal activity of certain plasma enzymes was noted in birds after 2 and 4 weeks, but these changes were not proportional to dose or exposure time. At 12 weeks increases in each of the activities of plasma enzymes of birds fed organochlorines, and decreases in cholinesterase activity of birds fed malathion or mercuric chloride, were proportional to the log dose of the respective agents. In addition, the pattern of enzyme responses in the 4 experimental groups had changed, and was illustrative of the specific type of substance that had been fed. The data suggest that qualitative and quantitative identification of environmental contaminants in birds, and perhaps a variety of wild animals, may be possible by utilization of multiple plasma enzyme assays. Residue analyses after 12 weeks of feeding showed that DDE accumulated in carcasses and livers at concentrations up to 4-fold higher than those in the diets. In contrast residues of Aroclor 1254 attained in carcasses were identical to, and in livers one-half of, the concentration in the feed. Mercury did not accumulate as much in the tissues; residues attained were one-twentieth or less of those in the feed. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0041-008X(74)90175-6","usgsCitation":"Dieter, M.P., 1974, Plasma enzyme activities in coturnix quail fed graded doses of DDE, polychlorinated biphenyl, malathion, and mercuric chloride: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 86-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(74)90175-6.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16216,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(74)90175-6","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683c76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieter, M. P.","contributorId":89626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieter","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211092,"text":"70211092 - 1974 - Estimating the “thickness” of the Boulder Batholith, Montana, from heat-flow and heat-productivity data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T16:47:54.546602","indexId":"70211092","displayToPublicDate":"1974-06-13T11:14:25","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the “thickness” of the Boulder Batholith, Montana, from heat-flow and heat-productivity data","docAbstract":"Estimates of minimum thickness of the Boulder batholith, computed using the linear relation between heat flow and heat productivity and assuming constant heat productivity with depth, are highly nonspecific. They can vary between about 3 and 20 km, depending on values of surface-rock heat productivity and values of assumed contribution of nonbatholith heat sources (such as lower crustal and upper mantle) to the measured surface heat flow used in the calculations. Models involving radiogenic heat sources decreasing with depth in the batholith lead to significantly greater estimates of thickness by as much as a factor of two or more. A reappraisal of data and arguments related to earlier conflicting estimates, based only on one heat-flow determination and within the context of several newly published additional heat-flow measurements, indicates that the previous differences of opinion are negligible and acceptable, in view of the enormous uncertainties inherent in the method of estimation.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<457:ETTOTB>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., 1974, Estimating the “thickness” of the Boulder Batholith, Montana, from heat-flow and heat-productivity data: Geology, v. 2, no. 9, p. 457-460, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<457:ETTOTB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"460","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70247306,"text":"70247306 - 1974 - Channel changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-27T15:08:32.887753","indexId":"70247306","displayToPublicDate":"1974-06-01T10:06:33","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Channel changes","docAbstract":"Environmental impacts may alter the quantities of water and sediment carried in a stream and thus may increase or diminish naturally occurring rates of channel changes and the pre-impact frequency of flows. Repetitive cross-channel surveys to determine changes in channel size or location are a measure of the response of stream to environmental impact and may provide data necessary before corrective measures can be taken to minimize the effects of the impact. One effect on stream channels from the impact of urbanization can be shown, by example from one stream, to be a loss in channel size due to deposition of sediment. After 17 years of urbanization encroaching on the area, the channel was only 66 percent of the size it was at the beginning of that period.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2%3C271:CC%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Emmett, W.W., 1974, Channel changes: Geology, v. 2, no. 6, p. 271-272, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2%3C271:CC%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"272","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Emmett, William W.","contributorId":68715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":879167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70261446,"text":"70261446 - 1974 - Selected chlorinated hydrocarbons in bottom material from streams tributary to San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-11T17:30:16.58425","indexId":"70261446","displayToPublicDate":"1974-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3038,"text":"Pesticides Monitoring Journal","onlineIssn":" 0031-615","printIssn":" 0031-615","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selected chlorinated hydrocarbons in bottom material from streams tributary to San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"As part of a study of the environmental quality of San Francisco Bay, bottom material from 26 streams tributary to the Bay were analyzed for chlordane, DDD, DDE, DDT, and PCB residues. These compounds were present in essentially all streams tested. Chlordane proved to be ubiquitous, with a concentration range similar to that of the other compounds. Noteworthy was the occurrence in one stream of polychlorinated naphthalene residues. Compounds occurring in concentrations above 20 μg/kg were identified in most instances by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Law, L.M., and Goerlitz, D.F., 1974, Selected chlorinated hydrocarbons in bottom material from streams tributary to San Francisco Bay: Pesticides Monitoring Journal, v. 8, no. 1, p. 33-36.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"36","costCenters":[{"id":379,"text":"Menlo Park Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":465028,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.53014916518325,\n 37.85087332942885\n ],\n [\n -122.53014916518325,\n 37.41269423080945\n ],\n [\n -121.93161333337619,\n 37.41269423080945\n ],\n [\n -121.93161333337619,\n 37.85087332942885\n ],\n [\n -122.53014916518325,\n 37.85087332942885\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Law, LeRoy M.","contributorId":104603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Law","given":"LeRoy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":920587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goerlitz, Donald F.","contributorId":10780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":920588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209225,"text":"70209225 - 1974 - A prototype global volcano surveillance system monitoring seismic activity and tilt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-24T14:45:20","indexId":"70209225","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-24T14:43:17","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A prototype global volcano surveillance system monitoring seismic activity and tilt","docAbstract":"The Earth Resources Technology Satellite makes it feasible for the first time to monitor the level of activity at widely separated volcanoes and to relay these data almost instantancously to one central office. This capability opens a new era in volcanology where the hundreds of normally quiescent but potentially dangerous volcanoes near populated regions around the world can be economically and reliably monitored. A prototype global volcano surveillance system has been established beginning in the fall of 1972 with the help of local scientists on 15 volcanoes in Alaska, Hawaii, Washington, California, Iceland. Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Data on earthquake activity and ground tilt are received 6 to 10 times daily in Menlo Park, California, within 90 minutes of transmission from the sites. Seismic event counters were installed at 19 locations with biaxial borehole tiltineters with 1 microradian sensitivity installed at seven sites. Direct comparison of seismic events that are counted with records from nearby seismic stations show the event counters work quite reliably. An order of magnitude increase in seismic events was observed prior to the eruption of Volcán Fuego in Guatemala in February, 1973. Significant changes in tilt were observed on volcanoes Kilauea. Fuego, and Pacava. This study demonstrates the technological and economic feasibility of utilizing such a volcano surveillance system throughout the world.
Distribution patterns for biotitic alteration, sericitic alteration, and distinctive fluid-inclusion types in igneous host rocks of the porphyry copper ore body at Bingham, Utah, have been determined by petrographic examination of about 300 samples. These patterns are related to differences in original rock composition, variations in physical-chemical conditions during periods of intrusion and mineralization, and spatial position within the ore body.
The distribution of biotitic (potassium-silicate) alteration assemblages and high-salinity fluid inclusions generally follows the crudely triangular form of the disseminated copper ore zone. Variations in abundance of hydrothermal biotite are attributed to differences in original mafic mineral content of the igneous host rocks. Biotitic alteration and initial copper mineralization were accomplished by high-salinity fluids concentrated during final crystallization of the monzonitic parent magma; genetic continuity between magmatic and hydrothermal stages is indicated.
Pervasive sericitic alteration of plagioclase is confined to rocks in the northern one-third of the Bingham stock; a subzone of argillic alteration in the north-central part of the ore body occurs within the broader area of sericitic alteration. Fluids responsible for sericitic and argillic alteration were channeled by a broad zone of northeast-trending fractures.
Hydrothermal minerals and high-salinity fluid inclusions occur within a large volume of shattered rock. Boiling of fluids during crystallization of the aplitic porphyry may account for the shattering. Sericitic (and argillic) alteration were apparently super-imposed on the earlier biotitic assemblage as the hydrothermal system cooled. Cooling and hydrolytic alteration were promoted by progressive introduction of meteoric waters. The many generations of inclusions trapped from boiling fluids in the temperature range 400 degrees to 600 degrees C suggest that the system was recharged repeatedly during the period of mineralization. Estimated fluid pressures of about 800 bars in the early stages of mineralization correspond to a lithostatic load of about 3 km; pressures were even lower (less than 200 bars) in the later stages and were probably controlled by hydrostatic conditions.Distribution patterns for biotitic alteration, sericitic alteration, and distinctive fluid-inclusion types in igneous host rocks of the porphyry copper ore body at Bingham, Utah, have been determined by petrographic examination of about 300 samples. These patterns are related to differences in original rock composition, variations in physical-chemical conditions during periods of intrusion and mineralization, and spatial position within the ore body.The distribution of biotitic (potassium-silicate) alteration assemblages and high-salinity fluid inclusions generally follows the crudely triangular form of the disseminated copper ore zone. Variations in abundance of hydrothermal biotite are attributed to differences in original mafic mineral content of the igneous host rocks. Biotitic alteration and initial copper mineralization were accomplished by high-salinity fluids concentrated during final crystallization of the monzonitic parent magma; genetic continuity between magmatic and hydrothermal stages is indicated.Pervasive sericitic alteration of plagioclase is confined to rocks in the northern one-third of the Bingham stock; a subzone of argillic alteration in the north-central part of the ore body occurs within the broader area of sericitic alteration. Fluids responsible for sericitic and argillic alteration were channeled by a broad zone of northeast-trending fractures.Hydrothermal minerals and high-salinity fluid inclusions occur within a large volume of shattered rock. Boiling of fluids during crystallization of the aplitic porphyry may account for the shattering. Sericitic (and argillic) alteration were apparently super-imposed on the earlier biotitic assemblage as the hydrothermal system cooled. Cooling and hydrolytic alteration were promoted by progressive introduction of meteoric waters. The many generations of inclusions trapped from boiling fluids in the temperature range 400 degrees to 600 degrees C suggest that the system was recharged repeatedly during the period of mineralization. Estimated fluid pressures of about 800 bars in the early stages of mineralization correspond to a lithostatic load of about 3 km; pressures were even lower (less than 200 bars) in the later stages and were probably controlled by hydrostatic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.69.5.631","usgsCitation":"Moore, W.J., and Nash, J.T., 1974, Alteration and fluid inclusion studies of the porphyry copper ore body at Bingham, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 69, no. 5, p. 631-645, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.69.5.631.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"631","endPage":"645","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":372905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Bingham","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.455307212131494\n ],\n [\n -112.02690124511719,\n 40.455307212131494\n ],\n [\n -112.02690124511719,\n 40.61551614707256\n ],\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.61551614707256\n ],\n [\n -112.23907470703124,\n 40.455307212131494\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1974-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, W. J.","contributorId":84334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":783856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70232376,"text":"70232376 - 1974 - Distribution of copper in biotite and biotite alteration products in intrusive rocks near two Arizona porphyry copper deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T15:38:40.308572","indexId":"70232376","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-01T10:29:41","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of copper in biotite and biotite alteration products in intrusive rocks near two Arizona porphyry copper deposits","docAbstract":"Biotite and its alteration products (primarily chlorite) from igneous rocks around the Ray and Esperanza (Esperanza-Sierrita) porphyry copper deposits, Arizona, were analyzed for copper by electron microprobe. The copper occurs in amounts >90 p/m (limit of detection) in most of the chlorites analyzed, is concentrated at the optical and chemical boundary of chlorite and biotite, and is not associated with sulfur. Most unaltered igneous and hydrothermal biotites analyzed contain <90 p/m Cu, and except for one sample, all copper that was detected can be explained as contamination by copper from chlorite grains. The paucity of detectable copper in igneous and hydrothermal biotite and its presence in daughter chlorite suggest that the positive association noted by some workers between the proximity of an ore deposit and the copper content of biotite might be partly the result: of increased amounts of chloritization of biotite near a deposit coupled with difficulty in physically cleaning the biotite separates. Additionally, previous speculations that (1) part of the copper in a deposit may come from altered biotite, and (2) copper in biotite indicates how copper behaves in a differentiating magma, are of doubtful value if based on data derived from analyses of bulk mineral separates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Banks, N.G., 1974, Distribution of copper in biotite and biotite alteration products in intrusive rocks near two Arizona porphyry copper deposits: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 195-211.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"211","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402691,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Ray and Esperanza (Esperanza-Sierrita) porphyry copper deposits","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.170654296875,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -110.6597900390625,\n 33.0178760185549\n ],\n [\n -110.6597900390625,\n 33.35347332342168\n ],\n [\n -111.170654296875,\n 33.35347332342168\n ],\n [\n -111.170654296875,\n 33.0178760185549\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.9674072265625,\n 31.84956532831343\n ],\n [\n -110.8026123046875,\n 31.84956532831343\n ],\n [\n -110.8026123046875,\n 31.966143862120095\n ],\n [\n -110.9674072265625,\n 31.966143862120095\n ],\n [\n -110.9674072265625,\n 31.84956532831343\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Norman G.","contributorId":89524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70232373,"text":"70232373 - 1974 - Classification and new genera of noncystimorph colonial rugose corals from the Onesquethaw stage in New York and adjacent areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T14:46:12.027117","indexId":"70232373","displayToPublicDate":"1974-03-01T09:43:27","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification and new genera of noncystimorph colonial rugose corals from the Onesquethaw stage in New York and adjacent areas","docAbstract":"A. proposed classification is outlined for 39 species of colonial rugose corals in 10 genera belonging to the families Stauriidae, Craspcdophyllidae (including Cylindrophyllinae new subfamily and Craspedophyllinac), Disphyllidae?, and Zaphrentidae, from the Onesquethaw and lower Cazenovia Stages in New York and adjacent areas. These corals are described or redescribed in another report now in press. Three new genera, Asterobillingsa, Grewgiphyllum, and Cyathocylindrium, are described in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Oliver, W.A., 1974, Classification and new genera of noncystimorph colonial rugose corals from the Onesquethaw stage in New York and adjacent areas: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 2, p. 165-174.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"174","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":402683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402682,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"New York, Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -73.85009765625,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -73.85009765625,\n 45.38301927899065\n ],\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 45.38301927899065\n ],\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 42.09822241118974\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oliver, William Albert Jr.","contributorId":44521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":845379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156687,"text":"70156687 - 1974 - Lunar highlands volcanism implications from Luna 20 and Apollo 16","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T16:00:42","indexId":"70156687","displayToPublicDate":"1974-02-27T18:30:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar highlands volcanism implications from Luna 20 and Apollo 16","docAbstract":"Highlands materials sampled at the Apollo 16 and Luna 20 sites represent units of distinctive morphology that are widespread on the lunar nearside. Samples from the Apollo 16 site represent hilly and furrowed materials of the Descartes highlands and Cayley Formation. Materials were collected by Luna 20 from terrain resembling the Descartes terrain. Most photogeologic interpretations of these units favored volcanic origins, but the samples fail to support this interpretation. Luna 20 soil fragments are mainly glassy microbreccia with lithic inclusions of fine-grained hornfels; less than 3 percent of the fragments have textures of volcanic rocks, and most of these are likely crystalline products of impact melting. Apollo 16 soils formed on ejecta derived from a plutonic anorthosite-norite-troctolite suite. The similarity of Luna 20 soils indicates that these too formed as regolith on ejecta of anorthosite-norite-troctolitc composition. Interpretation of the samples from the two locations now suggests that hilly and furrowed terrains, previously thought to be of volcanic origin, are impact ejecta; in view of the plutonic nature of the source rocks and their extensive fusion and metamorphism, it is likely that the ejecta were derived from multiring basins. At one point, the Apollo 16 site, the Cayley Formation is composed of basin ejecta.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Wilshire, H.G., Wilhelms, D., and Howard, K.A., 1974, Lunar highlands volcanism implications from Luna 20 and Apollo 16: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 2, no. 1, p. 1-6.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307493,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1974/vol2issue1/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"20.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":307494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91bae4b0518e354dd19d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilhelms, D.E.","contributorId":82302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilhelms","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121298,"text":"70121298 - 1974 - Diffusimetry (diffusion constant estimation) on sediment cores by resistivity probe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T14:08:52","indexId":"70121298","displayToPublicDate":"1974-02-01T15:53:59","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffusimetry (diffusion constant estimation) on sediment cores by resistivity probe","docAbstract":"Measurement of formation factor (ratio of rock resistivity to interstitial water resistivity) from sediment cores provides an indirect measurment of the tortuosity of the fluid channels in the sediments. From these measurements one can estimate the diffusion coefficient of the sediment with depth. The F (formation factor) values for Indian Ocean sediments varied from 1.6 for a clayey diatom ooze having 87% porosity (70% water content) to 13.6 for a cemented limestone having 25% porosity (11% water content). These formation factors would yield diffusion coefficients for chloride ions in the corresponding sediments of 6.4 x 10-6 to 1.5 x 10-6 cm2/sec. In general, surficial sediments showed diffusion coefficients about one-half to one-third of those for free solution, values decreasing with depth and porosity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International","publisherLocation":"College Station, TX","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.22.132.1974","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Waterman, L.S., 1974, Diffusimetry (diffusion constant estimation) on sediment cores by resistivity probe: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 22, p. 663-670, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.22.132.1974.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"663","endPage":"670","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292712,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Indian Ocean","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 20.0,-71.4 ], [ 20.0,10.4 ], [ 147.5,10.4 ], [ 147.5,-71.4 ], [ 20.0,-71.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b64ee4b09d12e0e8e68f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":45294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank T.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waterman, Lee S.","contributorId":30151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waterman","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70246985,"text":"70246985 - 1974 - Prehnite- and pumpellyite-bearing mineral assemblages, west side of the Appalachian metamorphic belt, Pennsylvania to Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-20T16:08:01.969843","indexId":"70246985","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T11:04:17","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prehnite- and pumpellyite-bearing mineral assemblages, west side of the Appalachian metamorphic belt, Pennsylvania to Newfoundland","docAbstract":"Prehnite- and/or pumpellyite-bearing meta-igneous rocks are found on the west side of the Appalachian metamorphic belt (1) near Jonestown, south-eastern Pennsylvania; (2) on Rensselaer Plateau, eastern New York; (3) near Quebec City, Quebec; and (4) at Little Port, Humber Arm, western Newfoundland. The assemblages critical to determining the conditions of metamorphism are (1) chlorite-epidote-hematite-pumpellyite-prehnite; actinolite-chlorite-hematite-pumpellyite-stilpnomelane; (2) actinolite-chlorite-epidote-stilpnomelane; chlorite-epidote-pumpellyite-stilpnomelane; chlorite-epidote-hematite-pumpellyite; (3) chlorite-epidote-hematite-pumpellyite-stilpnomelane; chlorite-epidote-pumpellyite-prehnite; and (4) chlorite-epidote-prehnite; chlorite-prehnite-stilpnomelane; chlorite-epidote-pumpellyite-prehnite. One pumpellyite-bearing rock from western Newfoundland shows a later vein of analcime-calcite. All the assemblages also include quartz, sphene, calcite, K-mica, and albite.
Analysis of the mineral assemblages by the Schreinemakers method for the phases actinolite-chlorite-epidote-hematite-prehnite-pumpellyite-stilpnomelane shows that the different localities can be assigned different metamorphic grades. Though the detailed results of the Schreinemakers analysis depend on the assumed source of ferric iron in epidote, the major conclusions are not affected. The thermodynamic role of calcite is more problematic, but it appears that CO2 did not behave as a boundary-value component during metamorphism. If calcite is treated as an excess phase, the Schreinemakers bundle decomposes to a net in a multisystem. Plotted on such a net, the various localities again occupy different parts signifying different metamorphic grades.
The occurrence of pumpellyite-bearing assemblages on the west flank of the northern Appalachian metamorphic belt might suggest that these assemblages, contrary to the ideas of Miyashiro and of others, do not indicate high-pressure and low-temperature type of metamorphism. These assemblages, however, are compatible with an alternative interpretation as remnants of a high-pressure, low-temperature Taconic metamorphic regime, whose imprint within most of the Appalachian metamorphic belt has been obliterated by later events. Such a reconstruction is compatible with the suggestion that this zone, lying near the margin of the early Paleozoic craton, was an active subduction zone during the Taconic orogeny.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/15.2.197","usgsCitation":"Zen, E., 1974, Prehnite- and pumpellyite-bearing mineral assemblages, west side of the Appalachian metamorphic belt, Pennsylvania to Newfoundland: Journal of Petrology, v. 15, no. 2, p. 197-242, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/15.2.197.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"242","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian metamorphic belt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.47423023405047,\n 39.69308703725781\n ],\n [\n -67.6920197700901,\n 44.79789616439686\n ],\n [\n -64.206384066307,\n 45.7962470849381\n ],\n [\n -53.4232657940356,\n 48.112138178866275\n ],\n [\n -55.99805109429077,\n 53.54319967895097\n ],\n [\n -65.79365836535626,\n 50.731908095598186\n ],\n [\n -70.79322235691728,\n 46.06624520636481\n ],\n [\n -80.44907525946763,\n 39.58813057959887\n ],\n [\n -76.47423023405047,\n 39.69308703725781\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zen, E-an","contributorId":38564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zen","given":"E-an","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010060,"text":"70010060 - 1974 - Episodic Cenozoic volcanism and tectonism in the Andes of Peru","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T01:04:41.481823","indexId":"70010060","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic Cenozoic volcanism and tectonism in the Andes of Peru","docAbstract":"Radiometric and geologic information indicate a complex history of Cenozoic volcanism and tectonism in the central Andes. K-Ar ages on silicic pyroclastic rocks demonstrate major volcanic activity in central and southern Peru, northern Chile, and adjacent areas during the Early and Middle Miocene, and provide additional evidence for volcanism during the Late Eocene. A provisional outline of tectonic and volcanic events in the Peruvian Andes during the Cenozoic includes: one or more pulses of igneous activity and intense deformation during the Paleocene and Eocene; a period of quiescence, lasting most of Oligocene time; reinception of tectonism and volcanism at the beginning of the Miocene; and a major pulse of deformation in the Middle Miocene accompanied and followed through the Pliocene by intense volcanism and plutonism. Reinception of igneous activity and tectonism at about the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, a feature recognized in other circum-Pacific regions, may reflect an increase in the rate of rotation of the Pacific plate relative to fixed or quasifixed mantle coordinates. Middle Miocene tectonism and latest Tertiary volcanism correlates with and probably is genetically related to the beginning of very rapid spreading at the East Pacific Rise.
Osmium, ruthenium, iridium and uranium contents were determined in eight ortho pyroxene, seven plagioclase, and three chromite mineral separates from the eastern Bushveld Complex. Neutron activation analysis was used to measure the platinum metals, and uranium was determined by a fission track technique. The platinum metals were found to be present within each minéral in the proportions Os:Ru:Ir = 1:7:1, while the concentrations of these metals in the minerals are in the ratios orthopyroxene:plagioclase:chromite = 1:16:700. The concentration of uranium was found to range from 11 to 66 ppb (parts per billion) and not to vary significantly from mineral to mineral. The data for the platinum metals are consistent with a model in which the eastern Bushveld Complex was formed by the fractional crystallization of two separately injected magmas. A computer fit of this model to these data indicates that the initial concentrations of Os, Ru and Ir in the first magma were 0.24, 2.0 and 0.21 ppb and in the second magma were 0.16, 1.1 and 0.18 ppb, respectively. The fit also yields the distribution coefficients for the partitioning between the liquid and cumulus orthopyroxene, cumulus plagioclase and cumulus chromite. These coefficients (mineral/liquid) for osmium are 4.5, 66 and 2700; for ruthenium, they are 5, 65 and 2700; and for iridium, they are 4, 60 and 1600. To make this fit, it was necessary to hypothesize the existence of two types of chromite: one type with a large distribution coefficient, presumably formed as a cumulus phase at high temperature, and another, more prevalent type with a smaller distribution coefficient, which may have been formed by postcumulus growth at a lower temperature. This hypothesis is supported by data for coexisting chromite-silicate pairs, which indicate that the chromite grains expelled these platinum metals as they cooled.