{"pageNumber":"4000","pageRowStart":"99975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":70186522,"text":"70186522 - 1994 - Cretaceous rocks from southwestern Montana to southwestern Minnesota, northern Rocky Mountains, and Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T14:50:47.396174","indexId":"70186522","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Cretaceous rocks from southwestern Montana to southwestern Minnesota, northern Rocky Mountains, and Great Plains","docAbstract":"<p>In Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota, and Minnesota, Cretaceous strata are preserved in the asymmetric Western Interior foreland basin. More than 5,200 m (17,000 ft) of Cretaceous strata are present in southwestern Montana, less than 300 m (1,000 ft) in eastern South Dakota. The asymmetry resulted from varying rates of subsidence due to tectonic and sediment loading. The strata consist primarily of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and shale. Conglomerate is locally abundant along the western margin, whereas carbonate is present in most areas of the eastern shelf. Sediment was deposited in both marine and nonmarine environments as the shoreline fluctuated during major tectonic and eustatic cycles.</p><p>A discussion of Cretaceous strata from southwestern to east-central Montana, the Black Hills, eastern South Dakota, and southwestern Minnesota shows regional stratigraphy and facies relations, sequence, boundaries, and biostratigraphic and radiometric correlations. The thick Cretaceous strata in southwestern Montana typify nonmarine facies of the rapidly subsiding westernmost part of the basin. These strata include more than 3,000 m (10,000 ft) of synorogenic conglomerate of the Upper Cretaceous part of the Beaverhead Group. West of the Madison Range, sequence boundaries bracket the Kootenai (Aptian and Albian), the Blackleaf (Albian and Cenomanian), and the Frontier Formations (Cenomanian and Turonian); sequence boundaries are difficult to recognize because the rocks are dominantly non-marine. Cretaceous strata in east-central Montana (about 1,371 m; 4,500 ft thick) lie at the approximate depositional axis of the basin and are mostly marine terrigenous rocks. Chert-pebble zones in these rocks reflect stratigraphic breaks that may correlate with sequence boundaries to the east and west. Cretaceous rocks of the Black Hills region consist of a predominantly marine clastic sequence averaging approximately 1,524 m (5,000 ft) thick. The Cretaceous System in eastern South Dakota (457 to 610 m; 1,500 to 2,000 ft thick) consists of a marine shelf sequence dominated by shale and limestone. Major sequence boundaries in South Dakota are at the base of the Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation, Fall River Sandstone, and Muddy Sandstone, and bracket the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Perspectives on the eastern margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior basin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE287-p5","usgsCitation":"Dyman, T.S., Cobban, W.A., Fox, J.E., Hammond, R.H., Nichols, D.J., Perry, W.J., Porter, K.W., Rice, D.D., Setterholm, D.R., Shurr, G., Tysdal, R.G., Haley, J.C., and Campen, E.B., 1994, Cretaceous rocks from southwestern Montana to southwestern Minnesota, northern Rocky Mountains, and Great Plains, chap. <i>of</i> Perspectives on the eastern margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior basin, v. 287, p. 5-26, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE287-p5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"287","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60278e4b09da6799ac6b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyman, T. S.","contributorId":21161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dyman","given":"T.","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fox, J. E.","contributorId":79080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"J.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hammond, R. H.","contributorId":79927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perry, W. J. Jr.","contributorId":64266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Porter, K. W.","contributorId":56262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"K.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rice, D. D.","contributorId":41828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Setterholm, D. R.","contributorId":15371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Setterholm","given":"D.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Shurr, G. W.","contributorId":43500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shurr","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tysdal, R. G.","contributorId":8823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Haley, J. C.","contributorId":14873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haley","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Campen, E. B.","contributorId":95760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campen","given":"E.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":44332,"text":"ofr94226A - 1994 - Earthquakes in Washington and Oregon, 1872-1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-20T17:18:44.525832","indexId":"ofr94226A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-226","chapter":"A","title":"Earthquakes in Washington and Oregon, 1872-1993","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94226A","usgsCitation":"Goter, S.K., 1994, Earthquakes in Washington and Oregon, 1872-1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-226, 1 Plate: 35.90 x 44.74 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94226A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.90 x 44.74 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":399186,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0226-a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0226-a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":397324,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12479.htm"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Oregon, 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,{"id":21131,"text":"ofr9443 - 1994 - Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a replacement-vegetation site near Fort Defiance, Arizona, 1989-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr9443","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-43","title":"Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a replacement-vegetation site near Fort Defiance, Arizona, 1989-91","docAbstract":"The Navajo Nation Forestry Department established a growth of four species of native grasses and two species of native shrubs on formerly sagebrush- covered land about 6 miles north of Fort Defiance, Arizona. The native grasses and shrubs grew under conditions of natural precipitation and soil fertility. This provided alternate grazing areas for tribal livestock. Tribal livestock previously had been grazed on timber-producing land, killing seedlings planted for reforestation. Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a site planted with grasses and shrubs north Fort Defiance, Arizona were monitored to document hydrologic conditions during the experiment. Daily rainfall during the April through November 1989- 91 data-collection period ranged from 0 to 1.21 inches (0 to 30.7 millimeters). Evapotranspiration during the data-collection period generally ranged from about 0.5 to 2 millimeters per day (0.02 to 0.08 inch per day), increasing to 2 to 5 millimeters per day (0.08 to 0.20 inch per day) after rainfall. The total soil-water content ranged from 5.7 to 65.9 percent. Soils were wetter during the April data-collection period than during the November data-collection periods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9443","usgsCitation":"Thomas, C.L., 1994, Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a replacement-vegetation site near Fort Defiance, Arizona, 1989-91: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-43, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9443.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50723,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, C. L.","contributorId":43802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54907,"text":"wdrOK932 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, Oklahoma, Water Year 1993. Volume 2. Red River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-26T16:13:53","indexId":"wdrOK932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OK-93-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Oklahoma, Water Year 1993. Volume 2. Red River Basin","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrOK932","usgsCitation":"Blazs, R., Walters, D., Coffey, T., White, D., Boyle, D., and Kerestes, J., 1994, Water Resources Data, Oklahoma, Water Year 1993. Volume 2. Red River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OK-93-2, xvii, 235 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOK932.","productDescription":"xvii, 235 p. 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,{"id":70017007,"text":"70017007 - 1994 - Geology and lithogeochemistry of the Ren gold prospect, Elko County, Nevada - the role of rock sampling in exploration for deep Carlin-type deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T00:24:00.267309","indexId":"70017007","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and lithogeochemistry of the Ren gold prospect, Elko County, Nevada - the role of rock sampling in exploration for deep Carlin-type deposits","docAbstract":"<p>The Ren gold prospect, Elko County, Nevada, is in the northern part of the Carlin trend, two kilometers northwest of the recently-discovered, high-grade Purple Vein deposit. The Ren area is underlain mainly by Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, consisting of limestone, calcareous siltstone, and mudstone of the eastern (carbonate) assemblage, overlain in thrust contact by chert, quartzite, and mudstone of the western (siliceous) assemblage. Cretaceous(?) granodiorite porphyry and hornblende porphyry dikes have intruded the sedimentary rocks along north-striking faults. Three stages of mineralization include a pre- or syntectonic base metal-barite assemblage, a middle stage of Ag- and Sb-rich jasperoid, and a late Au-rich stage responsible for the potentially economic mineralization at the prospect. The latter two stages of alteration and mineralization were focused along steep east-dipping faults and dikes, and the nearly flat-lying contact between lower massive limestone and laminated calcareous siltstone. Mineralization is present between 380 and 500 m below the surface. Alteration includes decalcification and weak silicification in siltstone, and formation of massive jasperoid in the upper part of the limestone unit. Alteration of dikes is mainly sericite-quartz-pyrite, with late pyrite-quartz-kaolinite.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6742(94)90004-3","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Albino, G.V., 1994, Geology and lithogeochemistry of the Ren gold prospect, Elko County, Nevada - the role of rock sampling in exploration for deep Carlin-type deposits: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 51, no. 1, p. 37-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(94)90004-3.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224623,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a237ae4b0c8380cd578c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albino, George V.","contributorId":50545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albino","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":19676,"text":"ofr94250 - 1994 - Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr94250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-250","title":"Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94250","usgsCitation":"Klein, T.L., and Day, W.C., 1994, Descriptive and grade-tonnage models of Archean low-sulfide Au-quartz veins and a revised grade-tonnage model of Homestake Au: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-250, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94250.","productDescription":"29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1129,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-0250/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":151596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, T. L.","contributorId":76322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, W. C.","contributorId":6876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003628,"text":"1003628 - 1994 - Avian leucocyte counting using the hemocytometer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:51","indexId":"1003628","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2514,"text":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian leucocyte counting using the hemocytometer","docAbstract":"Automated methods for counting leucocytes in avian blood are not available because of the presence of nucleated erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Therefore, total white blood cell counts are performed by hand using a hemocytometer. The Natt and Herrick and the Unopette methods are the most common stain and diluent preparations for this procedure. Replicate hemocytometer counts using these two methods were performed on blood from four birds of different species. Cells present in each square of the hemocytometer were counted. Counting cells in the corner, side, or center hemocytometer squares produced statistically equivalent results; counting four squares per chamber provided a result similar to that obtained by counting nine squares; and the Unopette method was more precise for hemocytometer counting than was the Natt and Herrick method. The Unopette method is easier to learn and perform but is an indirect process, utilizing the differential count from a stained smear. The Natt and Herrick method is a direct total count, but cell identification is more difficult.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dein, F., Wilson, A., Fischer, D., and Langenberg, P., 1994, Avian leucocyte counting using the hemocytometer: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, v. 25, no. 3, p. 432-437.","productDescription":"p. 432-437","startPage":"432","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64aef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dein, F. J.","contributorId":97030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dein","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, A.","contributorId":8430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischer, D.","contributorId":92218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langenberg, P.","contributorId":33289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenberg","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1003718,"text":"1003718 - 1994 - Parathion poisoning of Mississippi kites in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-20T15:19:34","indexId":"1003718","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Parathion poisoning of Mississippi kites in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"<p>Parathion(phosphorothioic acid O, O-diethyl O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) is a broad spectrum organophosphorus insecticide, used on a variety of crops and occasionally for mosquito control, and is highly toxic to birds (Smith 1987). Intentional poisoning with parathion is reported to have killed more than 8000 red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in two separate instances (Stone et al. 1984). Use of parathion on wheat fields has resulted in the mortality of about 1600 Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and other waterfowl in one instance (White et al. 1982) and about 200 Canada geese in another (Flickinger et al. 1991). More than 200 laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) died near cotton fields treated with parathion (White et al. 1979). Secondary poisoning of raptors resulting from the consumption of prey exposed to parathion, has been reported experimentally and in the field. Stone et al. (1984) found two dead red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), a Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) and an American kestrel (Falco sparverius) that had fed on blackbirds killed by parathion. One of four American kestrels died after being fed cricket frogs (Acris crepitans) that had been exposed to 10ppm parathion for 96 hr (Fleming et al. 1982). The Mississippi kite (Ictinia mississippensis) is highly insectivorous (Brown and Amadon 1968) and is thus subject to secondary poisoning resulting from consumption of insects exposed to pesticides. I report here an instance of secondary parathion poisoning in wild Mississippi kites.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Raptor Research Foundation","usgsCitation":"Franson, J., 1994, Parathion poisoning of Mississippi kites in Oklahoma: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 28, no. 2, p. 108-109.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -103.07373046875,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.5703125,\n              37.10776507118514\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.482421875,\n              36.13787471840729\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.37255859375,\n              35.38904996691167\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.4384765625,\n              33.50475906922606\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.185546875,\n              33.815666308702774\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.08642578125,\n              33.669496972795535\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.48193359375,\n              33.5963189611327\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.8994140625,\n              33.779147331286474\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.18505859374999,\n              33.65120829920497\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.701416015625,\n              33.88865750124075\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.91015624999999,\n              33.770015152780125\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.20678710937499,\n              34.07086232376631\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.59130859375,\n              34.03445260967645\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.734130859375,\n              34.07996230865873\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.31640625,\n              34.125447565116126\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.33837890625,\n              34.31621838080741\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.744873046875,\n              34.34343606848294\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.99755859375,\n              34.53371242139564\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.096435546875,\n              34.58799745550482\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.096435546875,\n              36.4566360115962\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.095703125,\n              36.474306755095206\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.07373046875,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68920f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":2157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":314033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27305,"text":"wri934177 - 1994 - Geohydrology and saline ground-water discharge to the South Fork Ninnescah River in Pratt and Kingman Counties, south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri934177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4177","title":"Geohydrology and saline ground-water discharge to the South Fork Ninnescah River in Pratt and Kingman Counties, south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"Saline ground water discharges to the South Fork Ninnescah River in Pratt and Kingman Counties from the adjacent alluvial aquifer. Electromagnetic terrain surveys in this area indicated that the saline ground water is entering the river in intermittent reaches along the channel. The chloride concentration in the river near Murdock exceeds 250 milligrams per liter 75 percent of the time. During base flow in November 1988, stream discharge increased 67 cubic feet per second, and the chloride concentration increased 360 milligrams per liter from Pratt to the Pratt-Kingman County line. The chloride load to the river along this reach was 82 tons per day. The source of saline water probably is dissolution of salt in the Permian rocks, about 600 feet below land surface. Subsequent subsidence and collapse of Permian rocks into salt-dissolution cavities probably has caused fracturing in overlying Permian rocks. Brine moves upward through the Permian rocks and discharges into the alluvial aquifer. The brine discharge to the alluvium is about 0.7 cubic foot per second. In the area of major saline-water discharge to the river, the fluid-potential levels in the Permian rocks are higher than fluid-potential levels in the alluvial aquifer. Several methods for reducing the saline ground-water discharge to the South Fork Ninnescah River have been considered. The most effective of these methods appears to be interception of brine flow in the Permian rocks by pumping of relief wells. Brine could be disposed by injection into deeper formations, by storage in evaporation reservoirs, or by desalinization.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934177","usgsCitation":"Gillespie, J.B., and Hargadine, G., 1994, Geohydrology and saline ground-water discharge to the South Fork Ninnescah River in Pratt and Kingman Counties, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4177, viii, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934177.","productDescription":"viii, 51 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4177/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56178,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae29a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillespie, Joe B.","contributorId":21194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hargadine, G.D.","contributorId":93927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargadine","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":60958,"text":"mf2154D - 1994 - Map showing compilation of isotopic ages of Cenozoic rocks in the Reno 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-29T14:31:45.892953","indexId":"mf2154D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2154","chapter":"D","title":"Map showing compilation of isotopic ages of Cenozoic rocks in the Reno 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2154D","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J., McKee, E., and John, D., 1994, Map showing compilation of isotopic ages of Cenozoic rocks in the Reno 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2154, Report: 19 p.; 1 Plate: 29.91 x 32.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2154D.","productDescription":"Report: 19 p.; 1 Plate: 29.91 x 32.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":485131,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2154-D/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":187120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2154d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88910,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2154d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":485119,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5776.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Reno 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,39 ], [ -120,40 ], [ -118,40 ], [ -118,39 ], [ -120,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db659e6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKee, E.H.","contributorId":20736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"John, D. A.","contributorId":43748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003637,"text":"1003637 - 1994 - Use of sentinel mallards for epizootiologic studies of avian botulism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-18T11:24:38","indexId":"1003637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of sentinel mallards for epizootiologic studies of avian botulism","docAbstract":"<p>Captive-reared mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were used as sentinels to study the epizootiology of avian botulism at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge, Willows, California (USA) from 1986 to 1989. Sentinel mallards were wing-clipped, and 40 to 50 birds were confined in 1.6-ha enclosures in 11 selected wetlands (pools). Enclosures were searched intensively three to four times weekly from July through October. Sick and dead wild and sentinel birds were collected, necropsied, and tested for type C botulism toxin. Botulism epizootics occurred in sentinel mallards in 1986, 1987, and 1989, but only a few isolated cases of botulism were detected in 1988. In most epizootics, botulism also was detected simultaneously in wild birds using the same pool outside the enclosure. Epizootics in sentinels were initiated and perpetuated in the absence of vertebrate carcasses. A sex-specific trend in the probability of intoxication was detected, with males contracting botulism at a higher rate than females. Daily mortality rates of sentinels during botulism epizootics ranged from 0.0006 to 0.0600, with a mean of 0.0190. These rates would result in the daily loss of 0.6 to 60 birds per thousand at risk. The use of sentinel birds provided an effective means of gathering site-specific epizootiologic data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-30.4.514","usgsCitation":"Rocke, T., and Brand, C.J., 1994, Use of sentinel mallards for epizootiologic studies of avian botulism: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 30, no. 4, p. 514-522, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-30.4.514.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"514","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480255,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-30.4.514","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134072,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Sacramento","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.19955444335938,\n              39.35261775357708\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.19955444335938,\n              39.469330027492575\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1229934692383,\n              39.469330027492575\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1229934692383,\n              39.35261775357708\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.19955444335938,\n              39.35261775357708\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db60438d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":88680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brand, C. J.","contributorId":8788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brand","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017342,"text":"70017342 - 1994 - Block versus continuum deformation in the Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T00:51:07.05227","indexId":"70017342","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Block versus continuum deformation in the Western United States","docAbstract":"<p>The relative role of block versus continuum deformation of continental lithosphere is a current subject of debate. Continuous deformation is suggested by distributed seismicity at continental plate margins and by cumulative seismic moment sums which yield slip estimates that are less than estimates from plate motion studies. In contrast, block models are favored by geologic studies of displacement in places like Asia. A problem in this debate is a lack of data from which unequivocal conclusions may be reached. In this paper we apply the techniques of study used in regions such as the Alpine-Himalayan belt to an area with a wealth of instrumental data-the Western United States. By comparing plate rates to seismic moment release rates and assuming a typical seismogenic layer thickness of 15 km it appears that since 1850 about 60% of the Pacific-North America motion across the plate boundary in California and Nevada has occurred seismically and 40% aseismically. The San Francisco Bay area shows similar partitioning between seismic and aseismic deformation, and it can be shown that within the seismogenic depth range aseismic deformation is concentrated near the surface and at depth. In some cases this deformation can be located on creeping surface faults, but elsewhere it is spread over a several kilometer wide zone adjacent to the fault. These superficial creeping deformation zones may be responsible for the palaeomagnetic rotations that have been ascribed elsewhere to the surface expression of continuum deformation in the lithosphere. Our results support the dominant role of non-continuum deformation processes with the implication that deformation localization by strain softening must occur in the lower crust and probably the upper mantle. Our conclusions apply only to the regions where the data are good, and even within the Western United States (i.e., the Basin and Range) deformation styles remain poorly resolved. Nonetheless, we maintain that block motion is the deformation style of choice for those continental regions where the data are best.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(94)90134-1","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"King, G., Oppenheimer, D., and Amelung, F., 1994, Block versus continuum deformation in the Western United States: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 128, no. 3-4, p. 55-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)90134-1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224930,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1e4e4b0c8380cd4aeaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, G.","contributorId":74521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oppenheimer, D.","contributorId":66841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oppenheimer","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amelung, F.","contributorId":106268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amelung","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017005,"text":"70017005 - 1994 - Sediment-transport events on the northern California continental shelf during the 1990-1991 STRESS experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:23:53.099964","indexId":"70017005","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment-transport events on the northern California continental shelf during the 1990-1991 STRESS experiment","docAbstract":"Measurements of currents and light transmission were made at bottom tripods and moorings arrayed across the northern California continental shelf along the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE) \"C\" transect as part of the 1990-1991 Sediment Transport Events on Shelves and Slopes (STRESS) experiment. In combination with meteorological and wave data from the National Data Buoy Center Buoy 46013, these measurements provide information about the physical forcing and resultant resuspension and transport of bottom material between 21 November and 8 March. Sixteen events were identified in the wave, wind and current-meter records for this period. Only two were local storms with southerly winds, but they caused about half of the seasonal net transport. Seven were swell events that combined long-period waves generated by distant storms with local currents. At the 90-m site, swells interacted with the mean northward flow to produce northward transport. During six northerly wind events, upwelling-favorable winds often were sufficient to slow or reverse the mean northward flow and thus caused southward transport. A single current event, which produced moderate southward transport, was observed at the 130-m site. Net transport during the winter experiment was offshore at all sites, northward at the inner- and mid-shelf sites, but southward at the outer-shelf site. The results suggest that local storms with southerly winds may dominate seasonal transport, as on the Washington shelf, but significant transport also can occur during fair weather and during periods of northerly winds. ?? 1994.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(94)90029-9","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Sherwood, C.R., Butman, B., Cacchione, D., Drake, D., Gross, T., Sternberg, R., Wiberg, P., and Williams, A., 1994, Sediment-transport events on the northern California continental shelf during the 1990-1991 STRESS experiment: Continental Shelf Research, v. 14, no. 10-11, p. 1063-1099, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90029-9.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"1063","endPage":"1099","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224571,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"10-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8a0be4b08c986b316fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, B.","contributorId":85580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gross, T.F.","contributorId":20911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sternberg, R.W.","contributorId":90872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, A. J. III","contributorId":58029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"A. J.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":19508,"text":"ofr94246 - 1994 - A guide to Miocene extension and magmatism in the lower Colorado River region, Nevada, Arizona, and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T11:09:55.303028","indexId":"ofr94246","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-246","title":"A guide to Miocene extension and magmatism in the lower Colorado River region, Nevada, Arizona, and California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94246","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., John, B., Davis, G.A., Anderson, J.L., and Gans, P.B., 1994, A guide to Miocene extension and magmatism in the lower Colorado River region, Nevada, Arizona, and California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-246, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94246.","productDescription":"54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0246/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48966,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407246,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12484.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"lower Colorado River region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.5869140625,\n              32.58384932565662\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.57714843749999,\n              32.58384932565662\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.57714843749999,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5869140625,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.5869140625,\n              32.58384932565662\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae58f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"John, Barbara E.","contributorId":61833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"Barbara E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, G. A.","contributorId":44940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, J. L.","contributorId":103240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gans, P. B.","contributorId":79913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gans","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":19694,"text":"ofr94241 - 1994 - Data report for the 1993 seismic refraction experiment in the San Francisco Bay Area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr94241","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-241","title":"Data report for the 1993 seismic refraction experiment in the San Francisco Bay Area, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94241","usgsCitation":"Kohler, W., and Catchings, R.D., 1994, Data report for the 1993 seismic refraction experiment in the San Francisco Bay Area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-241, 71 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94241.","productDescription":"71 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49176,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kohler, W.M.","contributorId":62999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Catchings, R. D.","contributorId":98738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017356,"text":"70017356 - 1994 - Eruptive activity at Mount St Helens, Washington, USA, 1984-1988: a gas geochemistry perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T11:02:04","indexId":"70017356","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruptive activity at Mount St Helens, Washington, USA, 1984-1988: a gas geochemistry perspective","docAbstract":"The results from two different types of gas measurement, telemetered in situ monitoring of reducing gases on the dome and airborne measurements of sulfur dioxide emission rates in the plume by correlation spectrometry, suggest that the combination of these two methods is particularly effective in detecting periods of enhanced degassing that intermittently punctuate the normal background leakage of gaseous effluent from Mount St Helens to the atmosphere. Gas events were recorded before lava extrusion for each of the four dome-building episodes at Mount St Helens since mid-1984. For two of the episodes, precursory reducing gas peaks were detected, whereas during three of the episodes, COSPEC measurements recorded precursory degassing of sulfur dioxide. During one episode (October 1986), both reducing gas monitoring and SO2 emission rate measurements simultaneously detected a large gas release several hours before lava extrusion. Had both types of gas measurements been operational during each of the dome-building episodes, it is thought that both would have recorded precursory signals for all four episodes. Evidence from the data presented herein suggests that increased degassing at Mount St Helens becomes detectable when fresh upward-moving magma is between 2 km and a few hundred meters below the base of the dome and between about 60 and 12 hours before the surface extrusion of lava. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302825","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"McGee, K., and Sutton, A.J., 1994, Eruptive activity at Mount St Helens, Washington, USA, 1984-1988: a gas geochemistry perspective: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 6-7, p. 435-446, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302825.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"435","endPage":"446","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302825"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a54e4b0c8380cd522e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGee, K.A.","contributorId":6059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGee","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017343,"text":"70017343 - 1994 - Density gradient centrifugation: Application to the separation of macerals of type I, II, and III sedimentary organic matter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017343","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Density gradient centrifugation: Application to the separation of macerals of type I, II, and III sedimentary organic matter","docAbstract":"Samples of organic matter from nine well-known geological units (Green River Fm., Tasmanian Tasmanite, Lower Toarcian Sh. of the Paris Basin, Duwi Fm., New Albany Sh., Monterey Fm., Herrin No. 6 coal, Eocene coal, and Miocene lignite from Kalimantan) were processed by density gradient centrifugation (DGC) to isolate the constituent macerals. Optimal separation, as well as the liberation of microcrystalline pyrite from the organic matter, was obtained by particle size minimization prior to DGC by treatment with liquid N2 and micronization in a fluid energy mill. The resulting small particle size limits the use of optical microscopy, thus microfluorimetry and analytical pyrolysis were also employed to assess the quality and purity of the fractions. Each of the samples exhibits one dominant DGC peak (corresponding to alginite in the Green River Fm., amorphinite in the Lower Toarcian Sh., vitrinite in the Herrin No. 6, etc.) which shifts from 1.05 g mL-1 for the Type I kerogens to between 1.18 and 1.23 g mL-1 for Type II and II-S. The characteristic densities for Type III organic matter are greater still, being 1.27 g mL-1 for the hydrogen-rich Eocene coal, 1.29 g mL-1 for the Carboniferous coal and 1.43 g mL-1 for the oxygen-rich Miocene lignite. Among Type II kerogens, the DGC profile represents a compositional continuum from undegraded alginite through (bacterial) degraded amorphinite; therefore chemical and optical properties change gradually with increasing density. The separation of useful quantities of macerals that occur in only minor amounts is difficult. Such separations require large amounts of starting material and require multiple processing steps. Complete maceral separation for some samples using present methods seems remote. Samples containing macerals with significant density differences due to heteroatom diversity (e.g., preferential sulfur or oxygen concentration in the one maceral), on the other hand, may be successfully separated (e.g., coals and Monterey kerogen). ?? 1994 American Chemical Society.","largerWorkTitle":"Energy & Fuels","language":"English","issn":"08870624","usgsCitation":"Stankiewicz, B., Kruge, M., Crelling, J., and Salmon, G., 1994, Density gradient centrifugation: Application to the separation of macerals of type I, II, and III sedimentary organic matter, <i>in</i> Energy & Fuels, v. 8, no. 6, p. 1513-1521.","startPage":"1513","endPage":"1521","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224931,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fea7e4b0c8380cd4ee50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stankiewicz, B.A.","contributorId":83676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stankiewicz","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kruge, M.A.","contributorId":55579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruge","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crelling, J.C.","contributorId":84909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crelling","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Salmon, G.L.","contributorId":6597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salmon","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1003762,"text":"1003762 - 1994 - American woodcock (Scolopax minor) mortality associated with a reovirus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T12:03:49.696024","indexId":"1003762","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":948,"text":"Avian Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"American woodcock (Scolopax minor) mortality associated with a reovirus","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-container\" data-ajax=\"false\" data-v-6ffa789c=\"\" data-v-9de00bf0=\"\"><div class=\"abstract\" data-v-6ffa789c=\"\"><p data-v-6ffa789c=\"\">A virus isolate associated with a 1989-90 die-off in American woodcock (Scolopax minor) was identified as a reovirus. Emaciation was a consistent necropsy finding in the woodcock involved in this die-off. This reovirus infection appeared to be systemic, had the potential for fecal-oral virus transmission, and was associated with deterioration of body condition. To our knowledge this is the first report of a virus isolate from wild American woodcock. A survey conducted in 1990-92 indicated that this virus was not present at detectable levels in the woodcock breeding and wintering population.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists","doi":"10.2307/1592132","usgsCitation":"Docherty, D.E., Converse, K.A., Hansen, W.R., and Norman, G., 1994, American woodcock (Scolopax minor) mortality associated with a reovirus: Avian Diseases, v. 38, no. 4, p. 899-904, https://doi.org/10.2307/1592132.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"899","endPage":"904","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134106,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Virginia","city":"Cape Charles, Cape May","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.04736328125,\n              37.10557463437788\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7562255859375,\n              37.10557463437788\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7562255859375,\n              37.6968609874419\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.04736328125,\n              37.6968609874419\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.04736328125,\n              37.10557463437788\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6867fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Docherty, D. E.","contributorId":83469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Docherty","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, W. R.","contributorId":59378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Norman, G.W.","contributorId":54957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":17875,"text":"ofr9492 - 1994 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Nebraska, fiscal years 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr9492","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-92","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Nebraska, fiscal years 1993-94","docAbstract":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Nebraska consist principally of hydro- logic data collection and local, areal, or state- wide interpretive studies. These programs are funded by cooperative agreements with State and local agencies, transfer of funds from other Federal agencies, and direct Federal funds. The data and results of the investigations are published or released either by the U.S. Geological Survey or by cooperating agencies. This report describes the hydrologic data-collection programs and local or areal hydrologic investigations in Nebraska during fiscal yars 1993 and 1994 and provides a list of reports released by the Nebraska District during 1985-93.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9492","usgsCitation":"Sojka, A.M., and Fitzpatrick, D., 1994, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Nebraska, fiscal years 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-92, vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9492.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47113,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9e9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sojka, A. M. (compiler)","contributorId":107715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sojka","given":"A.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, D. J.","contributorId":33313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29269,"text":"wri924182 - 1994 - Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri924182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4182","title":"Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana","docAbstract":"Groundwater resources in southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas were studied to determine their potential for development as an alternative to the Mississippi River as a water-supply source for Jefferson Parish. Eight major aquifers consisting of thick sand units that underlie the study area are, in descending order: (1) shallow, (2) upper Ponchatoula, (3) lower Ponchatoula, (4) Abita, (5) Covington, (6) Tchefuncta, (7) Hammond, and (8) Amite. A fault zone, referred to as the Baton Rouge fault, crosses southern Tangipahoa Parish. Analyses of geophysical logs indicated that the deep aquifers south of the fault zone had been displaced from 350 to 400 feet, and that the deeper aquifers were not in hydraulic connection with the flow system north of the fault. The groundwater resources of southeastern Louisiana are immense and the quality of groundwater in Tangipahoa Parish is suitable for most uses. The quality of water in these aquifers generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's standards for public supply. The hydrologic system underlying Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas in 1990 supplied about 19 Mgal/d of water that was suitable for public supply. However, substantial increases in pumping from the aquifer system would result in renewed water-level declines throughout the hydrologic system until a new equilibrium is established. A test we11 in southern Tangipahoa Parish, penetrated all eight aquifers. Total thickness of freshwater sand beds penetrated by the 3003-ft test hole was more than 1900 ft. Resistivity values from an electric log of the test typically averaged 200 ohm-meters, which indicates that the water has low dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations. An analysis of the Abita aquifer at Ruddock in St. John the Baptist Parish, for two of three hypothetical well fields, indicated that for a hypothetical we11 field with a pumping rate of 112 Mgal/d, the freshwater/saltwater interface could arrive at the outer perimeter we11 in 10 to 14 years. The 1990 location of the interface in the Abita aquifer is 1.9 mi from the southernmost part of the potential location of the 112 Mgal/d well field.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924182","usgsCitation":"Rapp, T., 1994, Ground-water resources of southern Tangipahoa Parish and adjacent areas, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4182, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924182.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58121,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rapp, T.R.","contributorId":51784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17847,"text":"ofr94339 - 1994 - Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr94339","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-339","title":"Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has 82 active or complete-except-report projects of hydrologic investigations ongoing within the New England Program Area. Of this total, 23 are data projects. Data projects contain statistics and data on the conditions of surface water, ground water, water quality and (or) water use for the study area. There currently are six data projects in Connecticut, five in Maine, four in Massachusetts, four in Rhode Island, and four in New Hampshire and Vermont. The remaining 59 of these projects are interpretive projects. Interpretive projects include research, aerial appraisal, and other hydrologic studies and include projects as diverse as (1) determining the direction of ground-water flow at a toxic site, (2) predicting the effect of acid rain on water quality of a reservoir, and (3) estimating yields of aquifers on Cape Cod. Of the interpretive projects, 26 are in Massachusetts, 17 in Connecticut, 17 are in New Hampshire and Vermont, 6 are in Maine, and 3 in Rhode Island. The report is compiled from project descriptions for fiscal year 1993. It briefly describes the water-resources activities and projects that were active in each District of the USGS, Water Resources Division, New England Program Area of September 30, 1993. Cooperator or funding source, problem statements, objectives, approaches, progress, and plans for next year are described for each project. The project area is located on a map of the appropriate State(s). The report contains a bibliography, by District and by author, of reports completed since 1977.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94339","usgsCitation":"Orlando, M., 1994, Water-resources activities in New England, fiscal year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-339, v, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94339.","productDescription":"v, 134 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0339/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0339/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orlando, M.F.","contributorId":57475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017819,"text":"70017819 - 1994 - Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T00:41:18.527333","indexId":"70017819","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange","docAbstract":"<p>Rates of alkali exchange between alunite and water have been measured in hydrothermal experiments of 1 hour to 259 days duration at 150 to 400°C. Examination of run products by scanning electron microscope indicates that the reaction takes place by dissolution-reprecipitation. This exchange is modeled with an empirical rate equation which assumes a linear decrease in mineral surface area with percent exchange (f) and a linear dependence of the rate on the square root of the affinity for the alkali exchange reaction. This equation provides a good fit of the experimental data for f = 17% to 90% and yields log rate constants which range from −6.25 moles alkali m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at 400°C to − 11.7 moles alkali m<sup>−2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>at 200°C. The variation in these rates with temperature is given by the equation log<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>k&amp;#x2217; = &amp;#x2212;8.17(1000/T(K)) + 5.54 (r</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mtext>= 0.987)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">k∗ = −8.17(1000/T(K)) + 5.54 (r<sup>2</sup>= 0.987)</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>which yields an activation energy of 37.4 ± 1.5 kcal/mol. For comparison, data from<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">O'Neil</span><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Taylor</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(1967) and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">Merigoux</span><span>&nbsp;</span>(1968) modeled with a pseudo-second-order rate expression give an activation energy of 36.1 ± 2.9 kcal/mol for alkali-feldspar water Na-K exchange.</p><p>In the absence of coupled alkali exchange, oxygen isotope exchange between alunite and water also occurs by dissolution-reprecipitation but rates are one to three orders of magnitude lower than those for alkali exchange. In fine-grained alunites, significant D-H exchange occurs by hydrogen diffusion at temperatures as low as 100°C. Computed hydrogen diffusion coefficients range from −15.7 to −17.3 cm<sup>2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and suggest that the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion may be as low as 6 kcal/mol.</p><p>These experiments indicate that rates of alkali exchange in the relatively coarse-grained alunites typical of hydrothermal ore deposits are insignificant, and support the reliability of K-Ar age data from such samples. However, the fine-grained alunites typical of low temperature settings may be susceptible to limited alkali exchange at surficial conditions which could cause alteration of their radiometric ages. Furthermore, the rapid rate of hydrogen diffusion observed at 100–150°C suggests that fine-grained alunites are susceptible to rapid D-H re-equilibration even at surficial conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90515-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Stoffregen, R., Rye, R.O., and Wasserman, M., 1994, Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 2, p. 917-929, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90515-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"917","endPage":"929","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0de1e4b0c8380cd53232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoffregen, R.E.","contributorId":70417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffregen","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wasserman, M.D.","contributorId":77949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserman","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017864,"text":"70017864 - 1994 - Closing of the Midcontinent-Rift - a far-field effect on Grenvillian compression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:54:51.020855","indexId":"70017864","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Closing of the Midcontinent-Rift - a far-field effect on Grenvillian compression","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15576126\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The Midcontinent rift formed in the Laurentian supercontinent between 1109 and 1094 Ma. Soon after rifting, stresses changed from extensional to compressional, and the central graben of the rift was partly inverted by thrusting on original extensional faults. Thrusting culminated at about 1060 Ma but may have begun as early as 1080 Ma. On the southwest-trending arm of the rift, the crust was shortened about 30 km; on the southeast-trending arm, strike-slip motion was dominant. The rift developed adjacent to the tectonically active Grenville province, and its rapid evolution from an extensional to a compressional feature at ca. 1080 Ma was coincident with renewal of northwest-directed thrusting in the Grenvllle, probably caused by continent-continent collision. A zone of weak lithosphere created by rifting became the locus for deformation within the otherwise strong continental lithosphere. Stresses transmitted from the Grenville province utilized this weak zone to close and invert the rift.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0155:COTMRA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Cannon, W., 1994, Closing of the Midcontinent-Rift - a far-field effect on Grenvillian compression: Geology, v. 22, no. 2, p. 155-158, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0155:COTMRA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f673e4b0c8380cd4c788","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, W.F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":70382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70180369,"text":"70180369 - 1994 - Nearshore habitat use by subyearling Chinook salmon in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Annual report 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T15:12:20","indexId":"70180369","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Nearshore habitat use by subyearling Chinook salmon in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Annual report 1992","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Identification of the spawning, rearing, and migratory requirements of fall Chinook salmon in the Columbia River basin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","usgsCitation":"Key, L., Garland, R., and Kofoot, E., 1994, Nearshore habitat use by subyearling Chinook salmon in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Annual report 1992, 31 p. .","productDescription":"31 p. ","startPage":"120 ","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa9e4b08c8121c9097c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Key, L.O.","contributorId":178802,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Key","given":"L.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garland, R.","contributorId":178422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garland","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kofoot, E.E.","contributorId":89349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kofoot","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70177040,"text":"70177040 - 1994 - Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® to aquatic invertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:40:26","indexId":"70177040","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® to aquatic invertebrates","docAbstract":"<p><span>The herbicide Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span> provides waterfowl managers with an effective chemical tool for creating open water habitats in wetlands if its use does not adversely affect native invertebrate communities. The survival of caged </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Chironomus</i><span> spp. (midge), </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Hyalella azteca</i><span> (amphipod),</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Stagnicola elodes</i><span> (pond snail), and </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Nephelopsis obscura</i><span> (leech) was assessed in prairie pothole wetlands treated by air with a tank mixture of Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, the surfactant X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and the drift retardant Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span> at a rate recommended for controlling cattails. Laboratory studies were then conducted to determine the acute toxicities of Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span>, individually and in simulated tank mixtures, to the same invertebrates and to </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Daphnia magna</i><span> in reconstituted water representative of these wetlands. There was no difference in the survival of caged invertebrates between treated and reference wetlands after 21 days. Based on nominal concentrations of the formulations, X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span> (LC50s=2.0–14.1 mg/L) was about 83–136 times more toxic than Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span> (LC50s=218–1216 mg/L) to aquatic invertebrates. Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span> killed ≤10% of the animals at 10,000 mg/L and ≤50% of the animals at 28,000 mg/L. </span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Daphnia magna</i><span> were more sensitive than the other species to X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and the simulated Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span> tank mixture (RTM). The joint toxic action of the RTM was additive for amphipods and midges, greater than additive for leeches, and was less than additive for daphnids. X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span> was the major toxic component in the RTM. Binary mixtures of X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span> at tank mixture and equitoxic ratios also showed additive toxicity to amphipods. The use of Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span> (applied as a tank mixture with X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span> and Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span>) as a management tool in wetlands does not pose an acute hazard to native aquatic invertebrates because the concentrations of Rodeo</span><sup>®</sup><span>, X-77 Spreader</span><sup>®</sup><span>, and Chem-Trol</span><sup>®</sup><span> found to be acutely toxic to these invertebrates were much higher than their expected or measured concentrations in water from wetlands treated with the RTM.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00213176","usgsCitation":"Henry, C.J., Higgins, K.F., and Buhl, K., 1994, Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® to aquatic invertebrates: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 3, p. 392-399, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213176.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"392","endPage":"399","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henry, C. J.","contributorId":175437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, K. F.","contributorId":39713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, K.J.","contributorId":19728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}