The flow rate at the terminal spring of a 1929 ha karst ground-water catchment has been continuously monitored for 2 years, and 108 identifiable events were analyzed. The peak flow rates followed a beta frequency distribution with parameters α = 0.365 and γ = 1.135. Events were separated into high-flow and low-flow. High-flow events had characteristics attributable to pipe flow. Correlation and stepwise regression were used to develop peak flow rate prediction equations for the combined 108 events and for the 81 low-flow events. The portion of the recession curve identified as pipe flow was a watershed constant and time invariant. The base flow was seasonal, increasing in the winter to approximately 0.071 m3s−1 and decreasing in the summer to approximately 0.014 m3s−1.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90006-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Felton, G., and Currens, J., 1994, Peak flow rate and recession-curve characteristics of a karst spring in the Inner Bluegrass, central Kentucky: Journal of Hydrology, v. 162, no. 1-2, p. 99-118, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90006-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229028,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"162","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a760ce4b0c8380cd77ec3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felton, G.K.","contributorId":75706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felton","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Currens, J.C.","contributorId":72036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Currens","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44328,"text":"ofr94191 - 1994 - Geologic map of the Sheep Mountain-Little Sheep Mountain area, Big Horn County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"ofr94191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-191","title":"Geologic map of the Sheep Mountain-Little Sheep Mountain area, Big Horn County, Wyoming","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94191","usgsCitation":"Rioux, R., 1994, Geologic map of the Sheep Mountain-Little Sheep Mountain area, Big Horn County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-191, 1 map : plastic-coated, photocopy ; 123 x 92 cm., on sheet 136 x 102 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94191.","productDescription":"1 map : plastic-coated, photocopy ; 123 x 92 cm., on sheet 136 x 102 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":21554,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0191/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21555,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0191/plate-1-preview.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rioux, Robert L.","contributorId":73265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rioux","given":"Robert L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017622,"text":"70017622 - 1994 - Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T11:56:02","indexId":"70017622","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock","docAbstract":"The effect of topography and rock mass anisotropy on gravitational stresses in long isolated symmetric ridges and valleys is modeled using an analytical method proposed earlier by the first two authors. The rock mass deforms under a condition of plane strain. A parametric study is presented on the effect of (1) topography, (2) orientation of anisotropy and (3) degree of anisotropy on the magnitude and distribution of gravitational stresses in transversely isotropic rock masses with planes of anisotropy striking parallel to the ridge or valley axis. It is found that compressive stresses develop near ridge crests and that tensile stresses develop in valley bottoms and valley walls. The magnitude of the gravitational stresses is of the order of the characteristics stress ??{variant}g??b?? where ??{variant} is the rock density, g is the gravitational acceleration and ??b?? is the height of the ridge or depth of the valley. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(94)90899-0","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Pan, E., Amadei, B., and Savage, W.Z., 1994, Gravitational stresses in long symmetric ridges and valleys in anisotropic rock: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 31, no. 4, p. 293-312, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90899-0.","startPage":"293","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265932,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90899-0"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29f5e4b0c8380cd5ada6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pan, E.","contributorId":13107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pan","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amadei, B.","contributorId":86902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amadei","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savage, W. 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The atlas was begun as an effort to depict the areal distribution of surficial geologic deposits and other materials that accumulated or formed during the past 2+ million years, the period that includes all activities of the human species. These materials are at the surface of the earth. They make up the 'ground' on which we walk, the 'dirt' in which we dig foundations, and the 'soil' in which we grow crops. Most of our human activity is related in one way or another to these surface materials that are referred to collectively by many geologists as regolith, the mantle of fragmental and generally unconsolidated material that overlies the bedrock foundation of the continent. The maps were compiled at 1:1,000,000 scale.\r\n\r\nThis map is a product of collaboration of the Ontario Geological Survey, the University of Michigan, and the U.S. Geological Survey, and is designed for both scientific and practical purposes. It was prepared in two stages. First, separate maps and map explanations were prepared by the compilers. Second, the maps were combined, integrated, and supplemented by the editor. Map unit symbols were revised to a uniform system of classification and the map unit descriptions were prepared by the editor from information received from the compilers and from additional sources listed under Sources of Information. Diagrams accompanying the map were prepared by the editor.\r\n\r\nFor scientific purposes, the map differentiates Quaternary surficial deposits on the basis of lithology or composition, texture or particle size, structure, genesis, stratigraphic relationships, engineering geologic properties, and relative age, as shown on the correlation diagram and indicated in the map unit descriptions. Deposits of some constructional landforms, such as kame moraine deposits, are distinguished as map units. Deposits of erosional landforms, such as outwash terraces, are not distinguished, although glaciofluvial, ice-contact, and lacustrine deposits that are mapped may be terraced. As a Quaternary geologic map it serves as a base from which a variety of maps relating Quaternary geologic history can be derived.\r\n\r\nFor practical purposes, the map is a surficial materials map. Materials are distinguished on the basis of lithology or composition, texture or particle size, and other physical, chemical, and engineering characteristics. It is not a map of soils that are recognized and classified in pedology or agronomy. Rather, it is a generalized map of soils as recognized in engineering geology, or of substrata or parent materials in which pedologic or agronomic soils are formed. As a materials map it serves as a base from which a variety of maps for use in planning engineering, land use, or land management projects can be derived.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1420(NM16)","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ontario Geological Survey and the University of Michigan, Department of Geological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Fullerton, D.S., and Farrand, W.R., 1994, Quaternary Geologic Map of the Lake Nipigon 4 Degrees x 6 Degrees Quadrangle, United States and Canada (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1420(NM-16), Map Sheet: 45.5 x 33 inches; Zip Files; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1420(NM16).","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 45.5 x 33 inches; Zip Files; Downloads Directory","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":189426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12626,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/nm-16/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":106750,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9229.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9229"}],"scale":"1000000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90,48 ], [ -90,52 ], [ -84,52 ], [ -84,48 ], [ -90,48 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c63","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Sado, Edward V.","contributorId":9351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sado","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749498,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"editors":[{"text":"Fullerton, David S. fullerton@usgs.gov","contributorId":448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"David","email":"fullerton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749497,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fullerton, David S. fullerton@usgs.gov","contributorId":448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"David","email":"fullerton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":273559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrand, William R.","contributorId":65542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrand","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":273561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135350,"text":"70135350 - 1994 - New recording package for VACM provides sensor flexibility","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-13T15:03:39","indexId":"70135350","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New recording package for VACM provides sensor flexibility","docAbstract":"For the past three decades, the VACM has been a standard for ocean current measurements. A VACM is a true vector-averaging instrument that computes north and east current vectors and averages temperature continuously over a specified interval. It keeps a running total of rotor counts, and records one-shot samples of compass, vane position and time. Adding peripheral sensors to the data stream was easy. In today's economy, it seems imperative that operational centers concentrate on upgrading present inventory rather than purchasing newer instruments that often fall short of the flexible measurement platforms with high data capacities required by most researchers today. PCMCIA cards are rapidly becoming an industry standard with a wide range of storage capacities. By upgrading the VACM to a PCMCIA storage system with a flexible microprocessor, the VACM should continue to be a viable instrument into the next century
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"OCEANS '94: 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation,' Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"OCEANS '94: 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation'","conferenceDate":"September 13-16, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Brest, France","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1994.363945","usgsCitation":"Strahle, W.J., Worrilow, S.E., Fucile, S.E., and Martini, M.A., 1994, New recording package for VACM provides sensor flexibility, in OCEANS '94: 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation,' Proceedings, v. 1, Brest, France, September 13-16, 1994, p. 391-396, https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1994.363945.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"391","endPage":"396","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296653,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548c1fd5e4b0ca8c43c36975","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strahle, William J.","contributorId":55962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":527098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Worrilow, S. E.","contributorId":127846,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Worrilow","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fucile, S. E.","contributorId":127847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fucile","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70135102,"text":"70135102 - 1994 - Vertical structure of mean cross-shore currents across a barred surf zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-12-09T13:52:01","indexId":"70135102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical structure of mean cross-shore currents across a barred surf zone","docAbstract":"Mean cross-shore currents observed across a barred surf zone are compared to model predictions. The model is based on a simplified momentum balance with a turbulent boundary layer at the bed. Turbulent exchange is parameterized by an eddy viscosity formulation, with the eddy viscosity Aυ independent of time and the vertical coordinate. Mean currents result from gradients due to wave breaking and shoaling, and the presence of a mean setup of the free surface. Descriptions of the wave field are provided by the wave transformation model of Thornton and Guza [1983]. The wave transformation model adequately reproduces the observed wave heights across the surf zone. The mean current model successfully reproduces the observed cross-shore flows. Both observations and predictions show predominantly offshore flow with onshore flow restricted to a relatively thin surface layer. Successful application of the mean flow model requires an eddy viscosity which varies horizontally across the surf zone. Attempts are made to parameterize this variation with some success. The data does not discriminate between alternative parameterizations proposed. The overall variability in eddy viscosity suggested by the model fitting should be resolvable by field measurements of the turbulent stresses. Consistent shortcomings of the parameterizations, and the overall modeling effort, suggest avenues for further development and data collection.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JC00427","usgsCitation":"Haines, J.W., and Sallenger, A.H., 1994, Vertical structure of mean cross-shore currents across a barred surf zone: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 99, no. 7, p. 14223-14242, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JC00427.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"14223","endPage":"14242","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296535,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54882b66e4b02acb4f0c8c57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haines, John W. 0000-0002-6475-8924 jhaines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6475-8924","contributorId":509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"John","email":"jhaines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sallenger, Asbury H. Jr.","contributorId":30562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sallenger","given":"Asbury","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":65740,"text":"i2447 - 1994 - Mapping the solar system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:13","indexId":"i2447","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2447","subseriesTitle":"NONE","title":"Mapping the solar system","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2447","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Mapping the solar system: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2447, 1 photoprint :col. ;85 x 69 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2447.","productDescription":"1 photoprint :col. ;85 x 69 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190247,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":115042,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2447/plate-1.pdf","size":"7964","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":115043,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2447/plate-2.pdf","size":"3561","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0ae4b07f02db69d464","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222758,"text":"5222758 - 1994 - Retention of web tags and plasticine-filled leg bands applied to day-old ducklings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-06T17:08:42.244034","indexId":"5222758","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Retention of web tags and plasticine-filled leg bands applied to day-old ducklings","docAbstract":"A new plasticine-filled leg band was developed for use in banding dayold ducklings. These bands permit inference about early survival that is not possible from banding of older young in standard operations. Two double-marking experiments with web tags and the new leg bands indicated a high retention rate for the leg bands. In contrast, several web tags were lost, permitting an analysis directed at sources of variation in web tag retention rates. We found retention rates of web tags to be higher for diving ducks (Aythya) than for dabbling ducks (Anas), and higher for tags placed the web interior than for those applied to the web edge. However, we recommend that the new plasticine-filled leg bands be used in place of web tags because of their higher retention rates and presumably greater visibility to hunters. We believe they offer great potential for new studies of duckling survival and distribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809551","usgsCitation":"Blums, P., Mednis, A., and Nichols, J., 1994, Retention of web tags and plasticine-filled leg bands applied to day-old ducklings: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 1, p. 76-81, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809551.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194129,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Latvia","otherGeospatial":"Engure Marsh","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 23.043657076331158,\n 57.326850796245935\n ],\n [\n 23.043657076331158,\n 57.213995886220346\n ],\n [\n 23.21665416094106,\n 57.213995886220346\n ],\n [\n 23.21665416094106,\n 57.326850796245935\n ],\n [\n 23.043657076331158,\n 57.326850796245935\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b215","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blums, Peter","contributorId":25652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blums","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mednis, Aivars","contributorId":73695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mednis","given":"Aivars","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18654,"text":"ofr94140 - 1994 - Efficacy of heavy-metal capture by clinoptilolite-rich rocks from heavy-metal-polluted water in five drainages in Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr94140","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-140","title":"Efficacy of heavy-metal capture by clinoptilolite-rich rocks from heavy-metal-polluted water in five drainages in Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94140","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., 1994, Efficacy of heavy-metal capture by clinoptilolite-rich rocks from heavy-metal-polluted water in five drainages in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-140, ii, 25 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94140.","productDescription":"ii, 25 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0140/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47991,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0140/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f76d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, G. A.","contributorId":34527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28131,"text":"wri934132 - 1994 - Variability of streamflow and precipitation in Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri934132","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4132","title":"Variability of streamflow and precipitation in Washington","docAbstract":"Patterns of variation in monthly records of 55 streamflow stations and 38 precipitation stations were evaluated using chronologies of cumulative departure of monthly values from mean-monthly values. The cumulative departures for each station were rescaled (standardized) by dividng them by the standard deviation of the annual values for that station. The degree of similarity between the chronologies for each pair of either streamflow or precipitation stations was measured by the coefficient of correlation between them. Matrices of these coefficients of correlation were evaluated using cluster analysis to identify regions of similarity among the chronologies. The cluster analysis of the streamflow-station matrix defined geographic regions of similarity in south- western, northwestern, and northeastern Washington. The cluster analysis of the precipitation-station matrix defined two regions of similarity--western and eastern Washington-- and indicated that there is a tendency for persistent periods of above-average precipitation in western Washington to correspond with persistent periods of below-average precipitation in eastern Washington, and conversely. A water- resource availability index was developed that provides a quantitative interpretation of present conditions in the context of historical records of streamflow and precipitation. The index value for a given month and year is calculated as the summation of time-weighted, rescaled, monthly departures during the preceding 3-year period. Methods were described for the use of chronologies of cumulative departure (1) in estimating monthly streamflow or precipitation values for ungaged sites from monthly values for gaged sites, and (2) in examining the adequacy of the sizes of existing or proposed reservoirs.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934132","usgsCitation":"Kresch, D., 1994, Variability of streamflow and precipitation in Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4132, iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934132.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4132/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56965,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db489fd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kresch, D. L.","contributorId":52559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresch","given":"D. 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The buried canyons are infilled along nine slope-wide unconformities separating upper-middle Miocene to Pleistocene sediments that thin downslope. Canyons infilled during the Miocene occur in the southwest part of the study area where Miocene sediments are thickest. Other canyons, infilled during the Pleistocene, occur in the northeast part of the study area where Pleistocene sediments are thickest. When followed downslope, each of the buried canyons arrives at a confluence with a modern canyon, usually where the downslope-tapering sediment cover has failed to smooth over the buried canyon, leaving a sea-floor trough. Sea-ward of the confluences, the modern canyons have exhumed the buried canyons and use the older valleys to reach the base of the slope.
Re-use of the lower slope reach of the buried canyons appears to have begun when the sea-floor troughs over the buried canyons captured sediment flows initiated along the upper slope and shelf break and confined them to follow the former path of the buried canyons to the base of the slope. The downslope erosion caused by the sediment.flows is proposed to have initiated the modern canyons, which eventually excavated and deepened the former routes of the buried canyons seaward of the sites of sediment flow capture. The occurrence of buried canyons where strata thickens alongslope suggests that infilling of the buried canyons occurred seaward of shelf-edge depocenters. The heightened sediment input to the slope in these regions may have also led to the initiation and growth of modern-day canyons. The temporal relation between modern canyon formation, sediment supply, and sea level, however, remains to be established.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0395:SCIBDE>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pratson, L.F., Ryan, W., Mountain, G.S., and Twichell, D.C., 1994, Submarine canyon initiation by downslope-eroding sediment flows: Evidence in late Cenozoic strata on the New Jersey continental slope: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 3, p. 395-412, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0395:SCIBDE>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"412","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.72900390625,\n 41.3850519497068\n ],\n [\n -75.311279296875,\n 40.67647212850004\n ],\n [\n -74.783935546875,\n 40.1452892956766\n ],\n [\n -75.673828125,\n 39.58875727696545\n ],\n [\n -75.0421142578125,\n 39.08743603215884\n ],\n [\n -74.99267578125,\n 38.87392853923629\n ],\n [\n -74.080810546875,\n 39.76632525654491\n ],\n [\n -73.883056640625,\n 40.979898069620155\n ],\n [\n -74.72900390625,\n 41.3850519497068\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548c1fd6e4b0ca8c43c36978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratson, Lincoln F.","contributorId":105885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pratson","given":"Lincoln","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":27331,"text":"Duke University, Durham, NC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":527086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, William B. F.","contributorId":86486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"William B. F.","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":527087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mountain, Gregory S.","contributorId":29154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mountain","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":527088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":527089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70135349,"text":"70135349 - 1994 - Antifouling leaching technique for optical lenses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T09:35:39","indexId":"70135349","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Antifouling leaching technique for optical lenses","docAbstract":"The effectiveness of optical lenses deployed in water less than 100 m deep is significantly reduced by biofouling caused by the settlement of macrofauna, such as barnacles, hydroids, and tunicates. However, machineable porous plastic rings can be used to dispense antifoulant into the water in front of the lens to retard macrofaunal growth without obstructing the light path. Unlike coatings which can degrade the optical performance, antifouling rings do not interfere with the instrument optics. The authors have designed plastic, reusable cup-like antifouling rings to slip over the optical lenses of a transmissometer. These rings have been used for several deployments on shallow moorings in Massachusetts Bay, MA and have increased the time before fouling degrades optical characteristics
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"OCEANS '94: 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation,' Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Oceans '94: Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation","conferenceDate":"September 13-16, 1994","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364133","usgsCitation":"Strahle, W.J., Perez, C.L., and Martini, M.A., 1994, Antifouling leaching technique for optical lenses, in OCEANS '94: 'Oceans Engineering for Today's Technology and Tomorrow's Preservation,' Proceedings, v. 2, September 13-16, 1994, p. 710-715, https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1994.364133.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"710","endPage":"715","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296652,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548c1fc6e4b0ca8c43c36957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strahle, William J.","contributorId":55962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strahle","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":527095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perez, C. L.","contributorId":127845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perez","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":527096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martini, Marinna A. 0000-0002-7757-5158 mmartini@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-5158","contributorId":2456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"Marinna","email":"mmartini@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70135111,"text":"70135111 - 1994 - Decade-scale trend in sea water salinity revealed through d18O analysis of Montastraea annularis annual growth bands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T16:38:12","indexId":"70135111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1106,"text":"Bulletin of Marine Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Decade-scale trend in sea water salinity revealed through d18O analysis of Montastraea annularis annual growth bands","title":"Decade-scale trend in sea water salinity revealed through d18O analysis of Montastraea annularis annual growth bands","docAbstract":"Stable oxygen isotope ratios (1)180) of coral skeletons are influenced by ambient water temperature and by the oxygen isotope ratio in the surrounding sea water, which, in turn, is linked to evaporation (salinity) and precipitation. To investigate this relationship more thoroughly, we collected hourly temperature data from the Hen and Chickens Reef in the Florida Keys between 1975 and 1988 and compared them to'the 1)180 of Montastraea annularis skeleton that grew during the same interval. To ensure that we obtained the correct oxygen isotopic range in the skeleton we typically sampled the coral at a resolution of 20-30 samples in 1 year; in 1 year we sampled the coral at a resolution of 70 samples·year-'. Despite our high-resolution sampling, we were unable to obtain the full temperature-induced 1)180 range in the skeleton. Our data suggest that, during the summer, evaporation causes isotopic enrichment in the water, partially masking the temperature-induced signal. Our data also show that oxygen isotopic composition of seawater at the reef has increased since 1981. This increase indicates that salinity has increased slightly during the past decade, perhaps as a result of increased evaporation in waters of Florida Bay and the Keys. This phenomenon is probably not caused by a decrease in the outflow of freshwater into Florida Bay from the Everglades but may be related to the measured deficit in precipitation that has occurred over the past decade.
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