Sixty-eight landslides more than 20 km long are present along a 2200 km segment of the Hawaiian Ridge from near Midway to Hawaii. Some of the landslides exceed 200 km in length and 5000 km3 in volume, ranking them among the largest on Earth. Most of these giant landslides were discovered during a mapping program of the U.S. Hawaiian Exclusive Economic zone from 1986 to 1991 utilizing the GLORIA side-looking sonar mapping system. Two general types of landslides are present: slumps and debris avalanches. Many intermediate forms occur and some debris avalanches form from oversteepened slumps. The slumps are deeply rooted in the volcanoes and may extend back to volcanic rift zones and down to the base of the volcanic pile at about 10 km depth. Debris avalanches are thinner, longer, and move on lower gradients than slumps. Their rapid movement is indicated by the fact that some have moved uphill for tens of kilometers, and are believed to have produced major tsunamis. The debris avalanches left large amphitheaters at their heads and produce broad hummocky distals lobes at their toes. Commonly, major canyons have incised the amphitheaters. Giant landslides have recently been discovered on many other marine volcanoes where they also can be related to volcanic structure and eruptive activity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","language":"English","doi":"10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001003","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Normark, W.R., and Holcomb, R.T., 1994, Giant Hawaiian landslides, chap. of Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, p. 119-144, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001003.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1c2e4b0c2e071a99bcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Normark, W. R.","contributorId":87137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Normark","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holcomb, R. T.","contributorId":99146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28203,"text":"wri924191 - 1994 - Stream velocities and reaeration coefficients for the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg, Oregon, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-14T18:28:54.376155","indexId":"wri924191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4191","title":"Stream velocities and reaeration coefficients for the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg, Oregon, 1991","docAbstract":"Dye-tracer and gas-tracer studies were done in July and September 1991 during low flows on four reaches of the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg, Oregon. For a stream flow of 435 cubic feet per second at the Brockway streamflow monitoring site (14312000), the average stream velocity between Tiller and Myrtle Creek is estimated at 0.88 feet per second, and between Myrtle Creek and Roseburg is estimated at 0.64 feet per second. For a streamflow of 129 cubic feet per second at the Brockway site, the average stream velocity between Tiller and Myrtle Creek is estimated at 0.34 feet per second, and between Myrtle Creek and Roseburg is estimated at 0.23 feet per second. For a streamflow of 129 cubic feet per second at the Brockway site, the reaeration coefficients determined from gas-desorption data collected in the selected reaches for this study ranged from 1.03 to 8.35 per day. The reaeration coefficients determined for this study were approximately two times larger than values derived using a semiempirical formula and at least five times larger than the values derived using a conceptual formula. Average stream-reach velocity, depth, and slope data that were used to compute reaeration coefficients were collected during this study. Reaeration coefficient formulas developed for the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg are presented in this report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924191","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Woo, W.H., 1994, Stream velocities and reaeration coefficients for the South Umpqua River between Tiller and Roseburg, Oregon, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4191, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924191.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57041,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4191/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390525,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47732.htm"},{"id":159570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4191/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","city":"Roseberg, Tiller","otherGeospatial":"Umpqua River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.6667,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 43.3\n ],\n [\n -123.6667,\n 43.3\n ],\n [\n -123.6667,\n 42.8\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a50f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woo, W. H.","contributorId":75974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180349,"text":"70180349 - 1994 - Reproduction and early life history of northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis in the Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:29:51","indexId":"70180349","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Reproduction and early life history of northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis in the Columbia River","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"System-wide significance of predation on juvenile salmonids in Columbia and Snake River reservoirs and evaluation of predation control measures","language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Survey","usgsCitation":"Barfoot, C., Gadomski, D., Murphy, A., and Schultz, G., 1994, Reproduction and early life history of northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis in the Columbia River, 34 p. .","productDescription":"34 p. ","startPage":"7","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334197,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aaae4b08c8121c90994","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barfoot, C.A.","contributorId":51490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barfoot","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gadomski, D.M.","contributorId":37101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gadomski","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murphy, A.M.","contributorId":178853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schultz, G.T.","contributorId":178808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28994,"text":"wri944044 - 1994 - Analysis of the results of hydraulic-fracture stimulation of two crystalline bedrock boreholes, Grand Portage, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:45:43","indexId":"wri944044","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4044","title":"Analysis of the results of hydraulic-fracture stimulation of two crystalline bedrock boreholes, Grand Portage, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Hydraulic fracture-stimulation procedures typical of those provided by contractors in the water-well industry were applied to two boreholes in basaltic and gabbroic rocks near Grand Portage, Minnesota.These boreholes were considered incapable of supplying adequate ground water for even a single household although geophysical logs showed both boreholes were intersected by many apparently permeable fractures. Tests made before and after stimulation indicated that the two boreholes would produce about 0.05 and 0.25 gallon per minute before stimulation, and about 1.5 and 1.2 gallons per minute after stimulation. These increases would be enough to obtain adequate domestic water supplies from the two boreholes but would not furnish enough water for more than a single household from either borehole. Profiles of high-resolution flow made during pumping after stimulation indicated that the stimulation enhanced previously small inflows or stimulated new inflow from seven fractures or fracture zones in one borehole and from six fractures or fracture zones in the other.Geophysical logs obtained after stimulation showed no specific changes in these 13 fractures that could be related to stimulation other than the increases in flow indicated by the flowmeter logs. The results indicate that the stimulation has increased inflow to the two boreholes by improving the connectivity of favorably orientated fractures with larger scale flow zones in the surrounding rocks. Three of four possible diagnostics related to measured pressure and flow during the stimulation treatments were weakly correlated with the increases in production associated with each treatment interval. These correlations are not statistically significant on the basis of the limited sample of 16 treatment intervals in two boreholes, but the results indicate that significant correlations might be established from a much larger data set.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944044","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Olson, J.D., 1994, Analysis of the results of hydraulic-fracture stimulation of two crystalline bedrock boreholes, Grand Portage, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4044, vi, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944044.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95740,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4044/report.pdf","size":"4377","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4044/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Grand Portage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.62663650512694,\n 47.97084701460957\n ],\n [\n -89.51608657836914,\n 47.97084701460957\n ],\n [\n -89.51608657836914,\n 48.01978346615275\n ],\n [\n -89.62663650512694,\n 48.01978346615275\n ],\n [\n -89.62663650512694,\n 47.97084701460957\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680065","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Fredrick L.","contributorId":78780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Fredrick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olson, James D.","contributorId":34969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27731,"text":"wri944019 - 1994 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T21:49:14.650832","indexId":"wri944019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4019","title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","docAbstract":"Important rainfall-runoff characteristics for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area were determined to be overland flow, interception storage, interception losses, evaporation, and infiltration. Using these characteristics, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was configured for basins in the study area. The data network for the model calibration consisted of four continuous rainfall gages and three continuous streamflow gages. The model was calibrated, using observed data from three runoff events, by minimizing objective functions representing peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge from the beginning of simulation. The absolute mean percentage difference between the simulated and observed data for peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge are 9.47, 10.8, and 19.6 percent. A sensitivity analysis of SWMM parameters was performed on a simplified drainage basin. The output of runoff (volume, peak, and timing) in SWMM was determined to be most sensitive to subarea width, percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The volume of runoff was affected by percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The peak flow rate was affected by subcatchment width and percentage impervious area, whereas the time to peak was affected by subcatchment width. The model also was determined to be sensitive to the time step in the streamflow routing part.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944019","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R., and East, J.W., 1994, Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4019, vii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944019.","productDescription":"vii, 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47930.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56571,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Rolla","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 38.03597634320698\n ],\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 37.80120519183451\n ],\n [\n -91.61055977166683,\n 37.80120519183451\n ],\n [\n -91.61055977166683,\n 38.03597634320698\n ],\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 38.03597634320698\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":70429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, J. W.","contributorId":99186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28205,"text":"wri934045 - 1994 - Variations in turbidity in streams of the Bull Run Watershed, Oregon 1989-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-15T10:33:15","indexId":"wri934045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4045","title":"Variations in turbidity in streams of the Bull Run Watershed, Oregon 1989-90","docAbstract":"In this study, turbidity is used to help explain spatial and temporal patterns of erosion and sediment transport.
Automated turbidity sampling in streams in the Bull Run watershed during water years 1989 and 1990, showed turbidity levels, in general, are remarkably low, with levels below 1 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit) about 90 percent of the time. However, ephemeral increases in turbidity in streams of the Bull Run watershed occur in direct response to storms. Turbidity is caused by abundant organic particles as well as by materials eroded from unconsolidated geologic materials located along roads, stream channels, or stream banks. Seasonal and within-storm decreases in turbidity are attributed to depletion of accumulated particle supplies. During winter storms, erosion caused by rainfall intensities greater than 0.25 inches in 3 hours is sufficient to increase stream turbidities from less than 1 NTU to as much as 100 NTUs. Large-scale storms or floods cause persistent effects because mass erosion or scour of channel armor increases available sediment supply.
Spatial variability in turbidity is evident only during storms when erosion and sediment-transport processes are active. Parts of the Rhododendron Formation are particularly prone to channel and mass erosion during large storms. Eroding glacial deposits in sections of Log Creek affected by a 1964 dam-break flood also cause high stream turbidity relative to other streams in the watershed.
Analysis of characteristics of magnetic minerals in sediment sources and deposits was unproductive as a means to identify source areas of suspended sediment because high concentrations of magnetite in all samples of the volcanic rocks masked differences of less magnetic minerals in the samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934045","usgsCitation":"LaHusen, R.G., 1994, Variations in turbidity in streams of the Bull Run Watershed, Oregon 1989-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4045, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934045.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359446,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4045/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4045/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Bull Run Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.13775634765625,\n 45.43218993953094\n ],\n [\n -121.80473327636719,\n 45.43218993953094\n ],\n [\n -121.80473327636719,\n 45.569832358492825\n ],\n [\n -122.13775634765625,\n 45.569832358492825\n ],\n [\n -122.13775634765625,\n 45.43218993953094\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6028ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaHusen, Richard G.","contributorId":60205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaHusen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180348,"text":"70180348 - 1994 - Application of DNA technology to the detection and identification of two rhabdoviruses of Pacific salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:37:21","indexId":"70180348","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Application of DNA technology to the detection and identification of two rhabdoviruses of Pacific salmon","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Application of DNA technology to the management of Pacific Salmon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration","usgsCitation":"Arakawa, C., Batts, W., Deering, R., and Winton, J., 1994, Application of DNA technology to the detection and identification of two rhabdoviruses of Pacific salmon, 5 p. .","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"113","endPage":"117","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aaae4b08c8121c90996","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Park, L.K.","contributorId":25739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661326,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, P.","contributorId":34746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661327,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waples, R.S.","contributorId":178852,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waples","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661328,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Arakawa, C.K.","contributorId":152140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arakawa","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batts, W.N. 0000-0002-6469-9004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9004","contributorId":51043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batts","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deering, R.E.","contributorId":178851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deering","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27519,"text":"wri934115 - 1994 - Yields of bedrock wells in Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri934115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4115","title":"Yields of bedrock wells in Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Six to seven percent of the population of Massachusetts obtains its water from domestic bedrock wells. Additional public, commercial, industrial, and domestic supplies from bedrock will be needed in the future. Information about the factors that are related to large well yields is needed. The factors associated with well yields were identified by use of statistical analysis of reported data from 4,218 bedrock wells. The median reported yield of all bedrock wells was 7 gallons per minute, and the median depth was 170 feet. Wells in valleys and lowlands had the largest median yield--I0 gallons per minute. The median well yield on hilltops and slopes was 6 gallons per minute. In valleys and lowlands, significant increases in well yields corresponded to increasing thickness of overburden. On hilltops and slopes, only small increases in well yield corresponded to increases in overburden thickness. Increases in well diameter corresponded to significant increases in well yields for all well locations, depths, and use categories. The common assumptions that fractured crystalline rocks generally yield only small quantities of water to wells and that the fractures that yield water to wells pinch out or are closed because of lithostatic pressure at depths greater than 300 to 400 feet may be in error. Analysis of well data indicates that the median yield of all bedrock wells decreased as well depth increased to 400 feet and increased slightly with well depths greater than 600 feet. The median yield of bedrock wells located in valleys and lowlands reached 50 gallons per minute at depths of 600 to 700 feet. The median yield of wells located on hilltops and slopes reached 15 gallons per minute at depths of 600 to 700 feet. Carbonate bedrock, with a median well yield of 25 gallons per minute, seemed to be the most productive bedrock type. A reported yield of 1,700 gallons per minute from an industrial well completed in carbonate bedrock is the largest reported yield from a bedrock well in Massachusetts. Yield of wells in sedimentary rocks of the Connecticut Valley increased significantly at depths greater than 400 feet, indicating that this bedrock type may have some primary permeability. Commercial or industrial wells had a median yield of 30 gallons per minute. These wells appear to be preferentially sited, large in diameter, and deeper than average to maximize potential well yields. The median reported bedrock well yield and depth have changed over time. The median yield of about 20 gallons per minute for 1920-40 decreased to 6 gallons per minute for 1970-80. Well depth increased from 128 feet for 1950- 60 to 250 feet for 1980-90. The period during which well depths began to increase coincides with a change in bedrock-well drilling methods from cable tool to air rotary with percussion. Four methods of testing the yield of domestic bedrock wells were evaluated: air injection, evacuation and recovery, constant-discharge, and instantaneous discharge or recharge. A constant-discharge test best satisfied the criteria established to evaluate the testing methods. Further data collection and evaluation are needed for the systematic characterization and appraisal of the bedrock aquifers of Massachusetts. Specific elements include (1) improved and expanded collection and storage of well data, (2) detailed hydrogeologic evaluations of apparent high yield bedrock areas, (3) an evaluation of the relation between the vertical distribution of hydraulic properties measured during well drilling to actual hydraulic properties, (4) an evaluation of the effect of well diameter on well yield, and (5) areal evaluations to characterize the quality of water in bedrock.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934115","usgsCitation":"Hansen, B.P., and Simcox, A., 1994, Yields of bedrock wells in Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4115, v, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934115.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4115/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56378,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4783e4b07f02db483604","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, B. P.","contributorId":45332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simcox, A.C.","contributorId":46134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simcox","given":"A.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67348,"text":"i2364G - 1994 - Isopleth maps of titanium, aluminum, and associated elements in stream sediments of West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:15","indexId":"i2364G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2364","subseriesTitle":"NONE","chapter":"G","title":"Isopleth maps of titanium, aluminum, and associated elements in stream sediments of West Virginia","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2364G","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.C., Hinkle, M.E., and Griffitts, W.R., 1994, Isopleth maps of titanium, aluminum, and associated elements in stream sediments of West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2364, 3 maps :some col. ;39 x 43 cm., on sheet 102 x 140 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 data sheet (92 x 127 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2364G.","productDescription":"3 maps :some col. ;39 x 43 cm., on sheet 102 x 140 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 data sheet (92 x 127 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":107398,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10254.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10254"},{"id":188547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.65,37.2 ], [ -82.65,40.63333333333333 ], [ -77.73333333333333,40.63333333333333 ], [ -77.73333333333333,37.2 ], [ -82.65,37.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c309","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, K. C. Jr.","contributorId":36578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"K.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinkle, M. E.","contributorId":11612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Griffitts, W. R.","contributorId":10428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffitts","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38468,"text":"pp1439 - 1994 - Geology of the Blue Mountains region of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington: Stratigraphy, physiography, and mineral resources of the Blue Mountains region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-09T20:41:51.649608","indexId":"pp1439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1439","title":"Geology of the Blue Mountains region of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington: Stratigraphy, physiography, and mineral resources of the Blue Mountains region","docAbstract":"PART 1: Stratigraphic and sedimentological analysis of sedimentary sequences from the Wallowa terrane of northeastern Oregon has provided a unique insight into the paleogeography and depositional history of the terrane, as well as establishing important constraints on its tectonic evolution and accretionary history. Its Late Triassic history is considered here by examining the two most important sedimentary units in the Wallowa terrane-the Martin Bridge Limestone and the Hurwal Formation. \r\n\r\nConformably overlying epiclastic volcanic rocks of the Seven Devils Group, the Martin Bridge Limestone comprises shallow-water platform carbonate rocks and deeper water, off-platform slope and basin facies. Regional stratigraphic and tectonic relations suggest that the Martin Bridge was deposited in a narrow, carbonate-dominated (forearc?) basin during a lull in volcanic activity. The northern Wallowa platform was a narrow, rimmed shelf delineated by carbonate sand shoals. Interior parts of the shelf were characterized by supratidal to shallow subtidal carbonates and evaporites, which were deposited in a restricted basin. In the southern Wallowa Mountains, lithofacies of the Martin Bridge are primarily carbonate turbidites and debris flow deposits, which accumulated on a carbonate slope apron adjacent to the northern Wallowa rimmed shelf from which they were derived. \r\n\r\nDrowning of the platform in the latest Triassic, coupled with a renewed influx of volcanically derived sediments, resulted in the progradation of fine-grained turbidites of the Hurwal Formation over the carbonate platform. Within the Hurwal, Norian conglomerates of the Excelsior Gulch unit contain exotic clasts of radiolarian chert, which were probably derived from the Bakei terrane. Such a provenance provides evidence of a tectonic link between the Baker and Wallowa terranes as early as the Late Triassic, and offers support for the theory that both terranes were part of a more extensive and complex Blue Mountains island-arc terrane. \r\n\r\nPART 2: Mesozoic rocks exposed along the Snake River in the northern Wallowa terrane represent a volcanic island and its associated sedimentary basins within the Blue Mountains island arc of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. In the northern part of the Wallowa terrane, rock units include the Wild Sheep Creek, Doyle Creek, and Coon Hollow Formations, the (informal) Imnaha intrusion, and the (informal) Dry Creek stock. \r\n\r\nThe volcanic rocks of the Ladinian to Karnian Wild Sheep Creek Formation show two stages of evolution-an early dacitic phase Gower volcanic faciesY and a late mafic phase (upper volcanic facies). The two volcanic facies are separated by eruption-generated turbidites of siliceous argillites and arkosic arenites (argillitesandstone facies). The two magmatic phases of the Wild Sheep Creek Formation may be recorded by the compositional zoning from older quartz diorite and diorite to younger gabbro in the Imnaha intrusion. Although the Late Triassic Imnaha intrusion is in fault contact with the Wild Sheep Creek Formation, it may be a subduction-related pluton and was the likely magma source for the Wild Sheep Creek Formation. \r\n\r\nInterbedded with the upper volcanic facies are eruption-generated turbidite and debris flow deposits (sandstone-breccia facies) and thick carbonate units (limestone facies). The limestone facies consists of two marker units, which may represent carbonate platform environments. Clast imbrication, fossil orientation, and cross-stratification in the Wild Sheep Creek Formation indicate a shoaling to subaerial volcanic island to the south and southeast; sediment was transported to the north and northwest. \r\n\r\nThe Karnian Doyle Creek Formation consists largely of epiclastic conglomerate, sandstone, and shale that were deposited in welloxygenated basins. Vitric tuffs interbedded with these sediments suggest shallow or subaerial pyroclastic eruptions. Quartz diorite clasts in this formation may indicate uplift","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1439","usgsCitation":"Brooks, H.C., 1994, Geology of the Blue Mountains region of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington: Stratigraphy, physiography, and mineral resources of the Blue Mountains region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1439, v, 198 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1439.","productDescription":"v, 198 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491981,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76392.htm","text":"Geology of the Iron Dyke Mine and surrounding Permian Hunsaker Creek Formation","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":491980,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76391.htm","text":"Geology, mineralization, and alteration of the Red Ledge volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, western Idaho","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":491979,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76390.htm","text":"Geology of the Peck Mountain massive sulfide prospect, Adams County, Idaho","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":491978,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76389.htm","text":"Intra-arc basin deposits within the Wallowa terrane, Pittsburg Landing area, Oregon and Idaho","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":491977,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76388.htm","text":"Geologic evolution of the Pittsburg Landing area, Snake River Canyon, Oregon and Idaho","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":491976,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76387.htm","text":"The Mesozoic geologic evolution of the northern Wallowa terrane, northeastern Oregon and western Idaho","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119328,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1439/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65023,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1439/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":401827,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76380.htm","text":"Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Martin Bridge Limestone and Hurwal Formation (Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic) from the Wallowa terrane, Oregon","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Blue Mountains region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.4167,\n 44.675\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 44.675\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 46.4\n ],\n [\n -118.4167,\n 46.4\n ],\n [\n -118.4167,\n 44.675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db683261","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Vallier, T.L.","contributorId":69526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"T.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749903,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, H. C.","contributorId":104548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26525,"text":"wri934182 - 1994 - Development and documentation of spatial data bases for the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:17:59","indexId":"wri934182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4182","title":"Development and documentation of spatial data bases for the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"A set of spatial data bases consisting of natural- resources and planimetric-base layers has been developed and documented for the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada. The data bases, in the form of geographic information system coverages, include surface geology, soils, timber type, riparian vegetation, land capability, stream channels, water bodies, roads, political boundaries, the Lake Tahoe Basin boundary, slope, aspect, drainage-basin boundaries, and hydrologic-monitoring sites. The data bases were developed from existing thematic maps, digital data, and hydrographic records. Data were compiled from maps and records of Federal, State, and local agencies. The scale of source materials ranged from 1:24,000 to 1:125,000 and their release dates. from 1964 to 1989. Documen- tation and summary information are included for each spatial data base.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934182","collaboration":"Planning in cooperation with the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency","usgsCitation":"Cartier, K.D., Peltz, L.A., and Smith, J.L., 1994, Development and documentation of spatial data bases for the Lake Tahoe Basin, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4182, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934182.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55388,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119116,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4182/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Lake Tahoe Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.3,\n 38.7\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 38.7\n ],\n [\n -119.25,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -120.3,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -120.3,\n 38.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d530","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cartier, Kenn D.","contributorId":39766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cartier","given":"Kenn","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peltz, Lorri A.","contributorId":29401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltz","given":"Lorri","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12701,"text":"US Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":196552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27670,"text":"wri944004 - 1994 - Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T10:34:47","indexId":"wri944004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4004","title":"Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia","docAbstract":"The effects of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges along downstream reaches in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County, Georgia, were studied during 1986-93 using the U.S. Geological Survey's Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model (DR3M). Short-term rainfall-runoff data were collected at selected stations in six urban drainage basins in Gwinnett County. The basins range in size from 0.10 to 0.37 square miles and contain from 15- to 35- percent impervious areas. Each basin contains from two to six flood-detention reservoirs. The DR3M was calibrated using short-term rainfall-runoff data collected (1986-92) at each station. The model then was used to simulate long-term (1898-1980) peak discharges for these stations for conditions representing various amounts of detention ranging from the existing condition with all flood-detention reservoirs in place to the natural condition with no reservoirs. Flood-frequency relations were developed from the simulated annual peak discharges for each of these conditions by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharge data to a Pearson type III distribution curve. The effect of each flood-detention reservoir on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges simulated with and without the flood-detention reservoirs. The cumulative effect of all flood-detention reservoirs in a basin on peak discharges downstream was determined by comparison of peak discharges for a flood with a given recurrence interval simulated with and without the reservoirs. Results of these comparisons indicate that removal of an individual flood-detention reservoir during simulations changes peak discharges from - 1 to 24 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from - 1 to 27 percent for the 10-year recurrence interval, and from -2 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval. The cumulative effect of removing all of the reservoirs from each of the six basins during simulation increases peak discharges from 1 to 38 percent for the 2-year recurrence interval, from 1 to 37 percent for the l O-year recurrence interval, and from 3 to 31 percent for the 100-year recurrence interval. In this study of six basins, several factors influenced the effect of flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges downstream. The contributing drainage area, the maximum storage capacity, the outflow-structure capacity, and the elevation-to-storage relation of the flood-detention reservoir affected peak discharges in several basins. The location in the drainage basin and number of flood-detention reservoirs affected peak discharges in some basins.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri944004","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., and Inman, E.J., 1994, Effects of urban flood-detention reservoirs on peak discharges in Gwinnett County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4004, v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944004.","productDescription":"v, 35 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56521,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4004/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Gwinnett 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G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Inman, E. J.","contributorId":44193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20010,"text":"ofr93463 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20010,"text":"ofr93463 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","indexId":"ofr93463","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2230,"text":"wsp2436 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","indexId":"wsp2436","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2230,"text":"wsp2436 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","indexId":"wsp2436","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:24:15.4334","indexId":"ofr93463","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-463","title":"Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Operating Criteria and Procedures established in 1988 for delivery of water for irrigation in the Newlands Project area include regulations and methods to increase Project efficiency. Public Law 101-618 of 1990 includes a target of 75-percent Project efficiency and a program of water-rights acquisition for wetlands maintenance. The directives could result in large reductions in water used for irrigation in the Carson Desert, potentially affecting ground-water supplies. Previous studies of the area have been evaluated to determine the current understanding of how aquifers are recharged, what controls the flow and quality of ground water, potential effects of changes in water use, and what additional information would be needed to quantify further changes in water use.
Inflow of surface water to the basin from Lahontan Reservoir averaged about 370,000 acre-ft/yr (acre-feet per year) from 1975 to 1992, supplying water for irrigation of more than 50,000 acres. More than half of the water released from the reservoir is lost to seepage, operational spills, and evaporation before delivery of about 170,000 acre-ft/yr to farm headgates. The volume of water delivered to farms that does not contribute to crop consumptive use (on-farm loss) is poorly known but could be as much as 60,000 acre-ft/yr. Consumptive use on irrigated land may be about 180,000 acre-ft/yr, of which 50,000 acre-ft/yr may be derived from the shallow aquifer. Outflow from irrigated land is a mixture of operational spill, runoff from irrigated fields, and ground-water seepage to drains. Total outflow averages about 170,000 to 190,000 acre-ft/yr. This water flows to wetlands at Carson Lake, Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, and Carson Sink.
Three sedimentary aquifers were previously defined in the basin: a shallow aquifer having highly variable lithology and water quality, an intermediate aquifer containing principally fresh water, and a deep aquifer having water of poor quality. The deep aquifer could possibly be divided into sedimentary and volcanic zones. In addition, a near-surface zone may exist near the top of the shallow aquifer where vertical flow is inhibited by underlying clay beds. A basalt aquifer near the center of the basin is the source of public supply and is recharged by the shallow, intermediate, and deep aquifers. Water levels in the basalt aquifer have declined about 10 feet from pre-pumping levels, and chloride and arsenic concentrations in the water have increased. The average depth to ground water has decreased beneath large areas of the Carson Desert since 1904 as a result of recharge of surface water used for irrigation. Ground water generally flows from west to east, and dissolvedsolids concentrations increase greatly near areas of ground-water discharge, where State of Nevada drinking-water standards commonly are exceeded.
Uncertainties in the rates of recharge to and discharge from the basin cause an imbalance in the calculated water budget. Estimates for total recharge range from 400,000 to 420,000 acreft/yr, whereas estimates for discharge range from 630,000 to 680,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates of inflow to and outflow from aquifers of the study area are as follows: shallow aquifer, more than 120,000 acre-ft/yr; intermediate aquifer, possibly more than 25,000 acre-ft/yr; deep aquifer, unknown; and basalt aquifer, about 4,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates for flow volumes to and from the shallow and intermediate aquifers are based on assumed aquifer properties and could be in error by an order of magnitude or more.
Conceptual models of the basin show that ground-water flow is downward from the shallow aquifer to the intermediate aquifer in the western part and near the center of the basin, and is upward in the eastern part of the basin. Little is known about flow in the deep aquifer. Nearsurface clay beds inhibit vertical flow near the center and eastern part of the basin except where breached by relict sand-filled channels of the Carson River.
Conceptual models of the basin show that changes in water use in the western part of the basin probably would affect recharge to the sedimentary and basalt aquifers. Near the center of the basin, water-use changes could affect the shallow and basalt aquifers but might have less effect on the intermediate aquifer. In the eastern part of the basin, changes could affect the shallow aquifer, but would probably not affect the intermediate or basalt aquifers.
If seepage is decreased by lining canals, and land is removed from production, water-level declines in the shallow aquifer could be greater than 10 feet as far as 2 miles from the lined canals. Depending upon the distribution of specific yield, decreasing recharge by 25,000 to 50,000 acre-ft/yr beneath 30,000 acres could cause water levels to decline from 4 to 17 feet. Where ground water supplements crop consumptive use, water levels could temporarily rise when land is removed from production. Where water is pumped from a near-surface zone of the shallow aquifer, water-level declines might not greatly affect pumped wells where the nearsurface zone is thickest, but could cause wells to go dry where the zone is thin.
The understanding of surface-water and ground-water relations, recharge and discharge of ground water, ground-water movement, and the potential effects of changes in water use in the Carson Desert can be refined by studying (1) the extent of potable water in the intermediate and basalt aquifers, (2) lithology and specific yield of aquifer materials, (3) data on ground-water levels and quality, and (4) data on surface-water flow and quality, as well as monitoring the effects of changes in water use as they take place.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93463","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., Johnson, A.K., and Welch, A., 1994, Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-463, Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93463.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351002,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351001,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351000,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"150000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Churchill County","otherGeospatial":"Carson Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Ann K.","contributorId":12457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welch, Alan H.","contributorId":45286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Alan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20676,"text":"ofr94446 - 1994 - Planktic foraminifer census data from site RC-15-62 and Ocean Drilling Program holes 747A and 751A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr94446","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-446","title":"Planktic foraminifer census data from site RC-15-62 and Ocean Drilling Program holes 747A and 751A","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94446","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M., and Brown, S., 1994, Planktic foraminifer census data from site RC-15-62 and Ocean Drilling Program holes 747A and 751A: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-446, 6 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94446.","productDescription":"6 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0446/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0446/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6855a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, M.M.","contributorId":56263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, S.L.","contributorId":100154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25983,"text":"wri934143 - 1994 - Generalized description and analysis of ground-water flow in the Cockfield and Sparta aquifers in Hinds, Madison, and Rankin counties, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:17","indexId":"wri934143","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4143","title":"Generalized description and analysis of ground-water flow in the Cockfield and Sparta aquifers in Hinds, Madison, and Rankin counties, Mississippi","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Services Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934143","usgsCitation":"Arthur, J.K., 1994, Generalized description and analysis of ground-water flow in the Cockfield and Sparta aquifers in Hinds, Madison, and Rankin counties, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4143, x, 103 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934143.","productDescription":"x, 103 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54737,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afc42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, J. 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A.","contributorId":43748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"D. 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Ten of the families were from coastal locations in Louisiana or Alabama, USA, that were slightly brackish. The other families were from locations not affected by saltwater intrusion. Five salinity levels were investigated--0,2,4,6, and 8 g -1 artificial seawater -- all with flooding to approximately 5 cm above the soil surface. Survival, height growth, leaf area and total biomass all declined with increasing salinity. Significant variation was found among salinity levels, families, and salinity x family interactions for leaf area and total biomass. Two tolerance indices were also developed to compare family response with salinity. In general, families from brackish sources had greater total biomass, leaf area, and tolerance index values than families from freshwater sources at the higher slainity levels. A selection and breeding program designed to develop moderately salt-tolerant baldcypress seedlings for use in wetland restoration projects and other applications appears to be well-justified.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-1127(94)90087-6","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., Chambers, J.L., and McKinney, D., 1994, Intraspecific variation in the response of Taxodium distichum seedlings to salinity: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 70, no. 1-3, p. 203-214, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90087-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c42c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1103A","usgsCitation":"1994, USGS research on mineral resources, 1994; Part A, Program and abstracts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1103, viii, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1103A.","productDescription":"viii, 119 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30345,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1103a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1103a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":402569,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24052.htm","text":"The Mogollon mining district","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463561,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24058.htm","text":"Geoelectric contributions to the mineral resource assessment, Coronado National Forest, southeastern Arizona","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f938","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Carter, Lorna M.H.","contributorId":37260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Lorna","email":"","middleInitial":"M.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730035,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toth, Margo I.","contributorId":18365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toth","given":"Margo","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730036,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":730037,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54320,"text":"wdrIL931 - 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Jr.","contributorId":83520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haselton","given":"H.T.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chou, I.-M. 0000-0001-5233-6479","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-6479","contributorId":44283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chou","given":"I.-M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016706,"text":"70016706 - 1994 - Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:50","indexId":"70016706","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano","docAbstract":"An elastic point source model proposed by Mogi for magma chamber inflation and deflation has been applied to geodetic data collected at many volcanoes. The volume of ground surface uplift or subsidence estimated from this model is closely related to the volume of magma injection into or withdrawal from the reservoir below. The analytical expressions for these volumes are reviewed for a spherical chamber and it is shown that they differ by the factor 2(1-v), where v is Poisson's ratio of the host rock. For the common estimate v=0.25, as used by Mogi and subsequent workers, the uplift volume is 3/2 the injection volume. For highly fractured rocks, v can be even less and the uplift volume can approach twice the injection volume. Unfortunately, there is no single relation between the inflation of magma reservoirs and the dilation or contraction of host rocks. The inflation of sill-like bodies, for instance, generates no overall change in host rock volume. Inflation of dike-like bodies generates contraction such that, in contrast with Mogi's result, the uplift volume is generally less than the injection volume; for v=0.25, the former is only 3/4 of the latter. Estimates of volumes of magma injection or withdrawal are there-fore greatly dependent on the magma reservoir configuration. Ground surface tilt data collected during the 1960 collapse of Kilauea crater, one of the first events interpreted with Mogi's model and one of the largest collapses measured at Kilauea, is not favored by any one of a variety of deformation models. These models, however, predict substantially different volumes of both magma withdrawal and ground surface subsidence. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302823","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P., and McTigue, D., 1994, Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 6-7, p. 417-424, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302823.","startPage":"417","endPage":"424","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205533,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302823"},{"id":224699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc363e4b08c986b32b13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, P.T.","contributorId":69980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McTigue, D.F.","contributorId":57605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McTigue","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70016707,"text":"70016707 - 1994 - Hydrologic time and sustainability of shallow aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T06:42:44","indexId":"70016707","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic time and sustainability of shallow aquifers","docAbstract":"Measurement of water and short intervals of time are coeval events that began about 6000 BC in Mesopotamia. Even though time and hydrology have been intimately entwined, with time terms in the denominator of many hydrologic parameters, hydrology's a priori claim to time has not been consummated. Moreover, time takes on a greater importance now than in the past as the focus shifts to small site-scale aquifers whose sustainability can be physically and chemically threatened. One of the challenges for research in hydrogeology is to establish time scales for hydrologic phenomena such as infiltration rates, groundwater flow rates, rates of organic and inorganic reactions, and rates of groundwater withdrawal over the short term, and the long term and to understand the consequences of these various time scales. Credible monitoring programs must consider not only the spatial scale, but also the time scale of the phenomena being monitored.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Water down under 1994 conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Water Down Under 1994 Conference","conferenceDate":"November 21-25, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Adelaide, Austtralia","language":"English","publisher":"Institution of Engineers, Australia","publisherLocation":"Crows Nest, NSW","issn":"03136922","usgsCitation":"Back, W., 1994, Hydrologic time and sustainability of shallow aquifers, in Proceedings of the Water down under 1994 conference, v. 1, no. 94 /10, Adelaide, Austtralia, November 21-25, 1994, p. 331-335.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"331","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"94 /10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3691e4b0c8380cd60806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Back, William","contributorId":59007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19589,"text":"ofr9446 - 1994 - Description and use of a geographic-information-system-based Water Information Management and Analysis System (WIMAS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr9446","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-46","title":"Description and use of a geographic-information-system-based Water Information Management and Analysis System (WIMAS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9446","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., 1994, Description and use of a geographic-information-system-based Water Information Management and Analysis System (WIMAS): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-46, iv, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9446.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66db5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}