Evapotranspiration of irrigated crops on two irrigation service areas along the lower Colorado River was estimated using a normalized difference vegetation index of satellite data. A procedure was developed which equated the index to crop coefficients. Evapotranspiration estimates for fields for three dates of thematic mapper data were highly correlated with ground estimates. Service area estimates using thematic mapper and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data agreed well with estimates based on US Geological Survey gauging station data.
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Federal agencies and geographic information system vendors currently are developing SDTS encoding and decoding capabilities. A program is being developed to test encoders and decoders for conformance to the requirements of SDTS profiles. A series of test points will specify SDTS requirements that can be tested by software or by nonautomated methods. By certifying SDTS products, the conformance testing program will benefit both vendors and users of the SDTS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"ACSM","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, United States","doi":"10.1559/152304094782602827","issn":"10509844","usgsCitation":"Lazar, R.A., 1994, Conformance testing for the spatial data transfer standard: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 21, no. 3, p. 159-161, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602827.","startPage":"159","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228850,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269514,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602827"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9c4e4b0c8380cd4d787","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lazar, Robert A.","contributorId":107451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazar","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44751,"text":"wri944005 - 1994 - Method to identify wells that yield water that will be replaced by Colorado River water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T13:20:03","indexId":"wri944005","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4005","title":"Method to identify wells that yield water that will be replaced by Colorado River water in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah","docAbstract":"Accounting for the use of Colorado River water is required by the U.S. Supreme Court decree, 1964, Arizona v. California. Water pumped from wells on the flood plain and from certain wells on alluvial slopes outside the flood plain is presumed to be river water and is accounted for as Colorado River water. A method was developed to identify wells outside the f1ood plain of the lower Colorado River that yield water that will be replaced by water from the river. The method provides a uniform criterion of identification for all users pumping water from wells. Wells that have a static water-level elevation equal to or below the accounting surface are presumed to yield water that will be replaced by water from the river. Wells that have a static water-level elevation above the accounting surface are presumed to yield water that will be replaced by water from precipitation and inflow from tributary valleys.
The method is based on the concept of a river aquifer and an accounting surface within the river aquifer. The river aquifer consists of permeable, partly saturated sediments and sedimentary rocks that are hydraulically connected to the Colorado River so that water can move between the river and the aquifer in response to withdrawal of water from the aquifer or differences in water-level elevations between the river and the aquifer. The accounting surface represents the elevation and slope of the unconfined static water table in the river aquifer outside the flood plain and reservoirs that would exist if the river were the only source of water to the river aquifer. Maps at a scale of 1:100,000 show the extent and elevation of the accounting surface from the area surrounding Lake Mead to Laguna Dam near Yuma, Arizona.
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1994 - The 1 km resolution global data set: needs of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T13:28:24","indexId":"70187633","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1 km resolution global data set: needs of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme","docAbstract":"Examination of the scientific priorities for the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) reveals a requirement for global land data sets in several of its Core Projects. These data sets need to be at several space and time scales. Requirements are demonstrated for the regular acquisition of data at spatial resolutions of 1 km and finer and at high temporal frequencies. Global daily data at a resolution of approximately 1 km are sensed by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), but they have not been available in a single archive. It is proposed, that a global data set of the land surface is created from remotely sensed data from the AVHRR to support a number of IGBP's projects. This data set should have a spatial resolution of 1 km and should be generated at least once every 10 days for the entire globe. The minimum length of record should be a year, and ideally a system should be put in place which leads to the continuous acquisition of 1 km data to provide a base line data set prior to the Earth Observing System (EOS) towards the end of the decade. Because of the high cloud cover in many parts of the world, it is necessary to plan for the collection of data from every orbit. Substantial effort will be required in the preprocessing of the data set involving radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction, geometric correction and temporal compositing, to make it suitable for the extraction of information.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431169408954338","usgsCitation":"Townshend, J., Justice, C., Skole, D., Malingreau, J., Cihlar, J., Teillet, P., Sadowski, F., and Ruttenberg, S., 1994, The 1 km resolution global data set: needs of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 15, no. 17, p. 3417-3441, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169408954338.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"3417","endPage":"3441","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341117,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59156eace4b01a342e691414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Townshend, J.R.G.","contributorId":15321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townshend","given":"J.R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Justice, C.O.","contributorId":36450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justice","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skole, D.","contributorId":191948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skole","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malingreau, J.-P.","contributorId":191949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malingreau","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cihlar, J.","contributorId":191950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cihlar","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Teillet, P.","contributorId":191143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Teillet","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sadowski, F.","contributorId":191951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sadowski","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ruttenberg, S.","contributorId":191952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruttenberg","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":17297,"text":"ofr94434 - 1994 - Late Wisconsinan to Pre-Illinoian(G?) glacial and periglacial events in eastern Pennsylvania; (Guidebook for the 57th field conference, Friends of the Pleistocene northeastern section, May 20-22, 1994, Hazleton, Pennsylvania)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:20","indexId":"ofr94434","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-434","title":"Late Wisconsinan to Pre-Illinoian(G?) glacial and periglacial events in eastern Pennsylvania; (Guidebook for the 57th field conference, Friends of the Pleistocene northeastern section, May 20-22, 1994, Hazleton, Pennsylvania)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94434","usgsCitation":"Braun, D.D., Ciolkosz, E., Inners, J.D., Epstein, J.B., Clark, G.M., Sasowsky, I., and Koberle, R., 1994, Late Wisconsinan to Pre-Illinoian(G?) glacial and periglacial events in eastern Pennsylvania; (Guidebook for the 57th field conference, Friends of the Pleistocene northeastern section, May 20-22, 1994, Hazleton, Pennsylvania): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-434, iii, 117 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94434.","productDescription":"iii, 117 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0434/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46434,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0434/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Braun, D. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the symposium on mapping and geographic information systems: Commission IV Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Mapping and geographic information systems: Comission IV Symposium","conferenceDate":"May 31-June 3, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Athens, GA","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Watson, W., Bryant, K., Gardner, N., Grim, M.S., and Lebing, G., 1994, Assessing Crow Indian coal resources: GIS in action, in Proceedings of the symposium on mapping and geographic information systems: Commission IV Symposium, v. 30, no. 4, Athens, GA, May 31-June 3, 1994, p. 44-51.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.isprs.org/publications/archives.aspx"},{"id":352492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2321e4b0da30c1bfd646","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Welch, Roy","contributorId":84133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Welch","given":"Roy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730975,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Remillard, Marguerite","contributorId":29232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Remillard","given":"Marguerite","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730976,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Watson, W.D.","contributorId":96730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryant, K.","contributorId":19043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gardner, N.K.","contributorId":61444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grim, M. 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The collapse intersects the water table about 15 m below land surface and the fissure extends at least 130 m deeper. Below water, most of the fissure is lined with a >30-cm-thick layer of dense maxillary calcite that precipitated continuously from groundwater for >500,000 yr. The thick mammillary calcite coat implies a long history of calcite-supersaturated groundwaters, which, combined with the absence of dissolutional morphologies, suggests that Devils Hole was not formed by karst processes. Devils Hole is located in a region of active extension; its tectonic origin is shown by evidence of spreading of its planar opening along a fault and by the orientation of its opening and others nearby, perpendicular to the northwest-southeast minimum principal stress direction of the region. Most Quaternary tectonic activity in the area, including seismicity and Quaternary faults and fractures, occurs on or parallel to northeast-striking structures. The hydrogeologic implications of this primarily structural origin are that fracture networks and caves opened by extensional tectonism can act as groundwater flowpaths functionally similar to those developed by karst processes and that, during active extension, transmissivity can be maintained despite infilling by mineral precipitation. Such extensional environments can provide conditions favorable for accumulation of deposits preserving long, continuous paleoenvironmental records. The precipitates in Devils Hole store chronologies of flow system water-level fluctuations, hydrochemistry, a half-million-yr proxy paleoclimate record, evidence of Devils Hole's tectonic origin, and probably atmospheric circulation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1994.1075","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Riggs, A., Carr, W.J., Kolesar, P.T., and Hoffman, R., 1994, Tectonic Speleogenesis of Devils Hole, Nevada, and Implications for Hydrogeology and the Development of Long, Continuous Paleoenvironmental Records: Quaternary Research, v. 42, no. 3, p. 241-254, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1075.","startPage":"241","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206110,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1075"},{"id":228386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba44ee4b08c986b320238","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, W. 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Final report prepared for the United States Department of Agriculture, Angeles National Forest, Arcadia, California, through Interagency Agreement (5-01-69-019), 44 p.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"44","numberOfPages":"44","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b0e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, M.R.","contributorId":18296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":96749,"text":"96749 - 1994 - Proposed desert wildlife management areas for recovery of the Mojave population of the desert tortoise","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:52","indexId":"96749","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Proposed desert wildlife management areas for recovery of the Mojave population of the desert tortoise","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Brussard, P., Berry, K., Gilpin, M., and and others, 1994, Proposed desert wildlife management areas for recovery of the Mojave population of the desert tortoise.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a91e4b07f02db656a3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brussard, P. 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