Portions of highland breccia boulder 7 collected during the Apollo 17 mission were studied using U![\"single](\"https://sdfestaticassets-us-east-1.sciencedirectassets.com/shared-assets/55/entities/sbnd.gif\")
ThPb and RbSr systematics. A RbSr internal isochron age of3.89 ± 0.08b.y. with an initial87Sr/86Sr of0.69926 ± 0.00008 was obtained for clast 1 (77135,57) (a troctolitic microbreccia). A troctolitic portion of microbreccia clast 77215,37 yielded a UPb internal isochron of3.8 ± 0.2b.y. and an initial206Pb/207Pb of 0.69. These internal isochron age are interpreted as reflecting metamorphic events, probably related to impacts, which reset RbSr and UPb mineral systems of older rocks.
Six portions of boulder 7 were analyzed for U, Th, and Pb as whole rocks. Two chemical groups appear to be defined by the U, Th, and Pb concentration data. Chemical group A is characterized by U, Th, and Pb concentrations and238U/204Pb values which are higher than those of group B. Group A rocks have typical232Th/238U ratios of ∼ 3.85, whereas-group B rocks have unusually high Th/U values of ∼ 4.1.
Whole-rock UPb and PbPb ages are nearly concordant. Two events appear to be reflected in these data — one at ∼ 4.4 b.y. and one at ∼ 4.5 b.y. The chemical groupings show no correlation with documented ages. The old ages of ∼ 4.4 b.y. and ∼ 4.5 b.y. may, like the younger ∼ 4.0 b.y. ages, be related to basin excavation events.
Food supply has been acknowledged as one of eight major external factors regulating the sexual cycles of birds (Marshall 1961). Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the role of food supply as an ultimate factor regulating breeding (Marshall 1951; Lack 1954, 1968; Wynne-Edwards 1962; and others). Another potential influence of food is its being a proximate stimulus to breeding. When certain foods become available they may act as a stimulus as the female requires them to meet her dietary needs during egg formation. Lack (1966a: 24) suggested that the average date of laying by the Great Tit (Parus major) probably resulted from a correlation between spring temperatures and the time of appearance of the insect foods the adult females need to form eggs. He also cited other passerines whose breeding was affected by food supply available to the female. In waterfowl it has been suggested that laying females require invertebrate foods (Moyle 1961, Leitch 1964). If true, this implies that the timing of laying is influenced by those environmental changes that affect food supply.
The Pintail (Anas acuta) lives primarily on plant foods during much of the year (Martin et al. 1951); thus a study of feeding ecology during the nesting season provided an opportunity to evaluate the significance of an invertebrate food source to females during the period of egg formation. Marshall (1951) stated that essentially vegetarian species appear compelled to switch at least partially to a heavier protein diet when feeding their developing young. Production of a clutch of eggs, like tissue growth in the young, requires a special dietary need that presumably should be reflected in the diet of vegetarian species during the period that eggs are being formed. This paper describes the diet of the female Pintail prior to, during, and after laying and discusses the impact of certain environmental and physiological changes on Pintail breeding.
Rates of accumulation of Fe and Mn, as well as Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Hg, U and Th have been determined for five ferromanganese deposits from four localities in the South Pacific Ocean.
Manganese is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate roughly equivalent to that found to be accumulating in sediments in the same area. Iron shows a deficiency in accumulation in nodules and crusts with respect to sediments, especially near the continents, but also in the central and south-central Pacific. Copper is accumulating in nodules and crusts at a rate one order of magnitude less than the surrounding sediments.
This is interpreted as meaning that most of the Mn is supplied as an authigenic phase to both sediments and nodules while Fe is supplied mostly by ferromanganese micro-nodules and by detrital and adsorbed components of sediments; and Cu is enriched in sediments relative to nodules and crusts most probably through biological activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(74)90019-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kraemer, T., and Schornick, J., 1974, Comparison of elemental accumulation rates between ferromanganese deposits and sediments in the South Pacific Ocean: Chemical Geology, v. 13, no. 3, p. 187-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(74)90019-9.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"196","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f85ee4b0c8380cd4d066","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraemer, T.","contributorId":90040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraemer","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schornick, J.C.","contributorId":49790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schornick","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011077,"text":"70011077 - 1974 - Martian planetwide crater distributions: Implications for geologic history and surface processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-15T13:55:17.854115","indexId":"70011077","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Martian planetwide crater distributions: Implications for geologic history and surface processes","docAbstract":"Population-density maps of craters in three size ranges (0.6 to 1.2 km, 4 to 10 km, and >20 km in diameter) were compiled for most of Mars from Mariner 9 imagery. These data provide: historical records of the eolian processes (0.6 to 1.2 km craters); stratigraphic, relative, and absolute timescales (4 to 10 km craters); and a history of the early postaccretional evolution of the uplands (> 20 km craters).
Based on the distribution of large craters (>20 km diameters), Mars is divisible into two general classes of terrain, densely cratered and very lightly cratered—a division remarkably like the uplands-maria dichotomy of the moon. It is probable that this bimodal character in the density distribution of large craters arose from an abrupt transition in the impact flux rate from an early intense period associated with the tailing off of accretion to an extended quiescent epoch, not from a void in geological activity during much of Mars' history. Radio-isotope studies of Apollo lunar samples show that this transition occurred on the moon in a short time.
The intermediate-sized craters (4 to 10 km diameter) and the small-sized craters (0.6 to 1.2 km diameter) appear to be genetically related. The smaller ones are apparently secondary impact craters generated by the former. Most of the craters in the larger of these two size classes appear fresh and uneroded, although many are partly buried by dust mantles. Poleward of the 40° parallels the small fresh craters are notably absent owing to these mantles. The density of small craters is highest in an irregular band centered at 20°S. This band coincides closely with (1) the zone of permanent low-albedo markings; (2) the “wind equator” (the latitude of zero net north or south transport at the surface); and (3) a band that includes a majority of the small dendritic channels. Situated in the southermost part of the equatorial unmantled terrain which extends from about 40°N to 40°S, this band is apparently devoid of even a thin mantle. Because this belt is also coincident with the latitutde of maximum solar insolation (periapsis occurs near summer solstice), we suggest that this band arises from the asymmetrical global wind patterns at the surface and that the band probably follows the latitude of maximum heating which migrates north and south from 25°N to 25°S within the unmantled terrain on a 50,000 year timescale.
The population of intermediate-sized craters (4–10 km diameter) appears unaffected by the eolian mantles, at least within the ±45° latitudes. Hence the local density of these craters is probably a valid indicator of the relative age of surfaces generated during the period since the uplands were intensely bombarded and eroded. It now appears that the impact fluxes at Mars and the moon have been roughly the same over the last 4 b.y. because the oldest postaccretional, mare-like surfaces on Mars and the moon display about the same crater density. If so, the nearness of Mars to the asteroid belt has not generated a flux 10 to 25 times greater than the lunar flux. Whereas the lunar maria show a variation of about a factor of three in crater density from the oldest to the youngest major units, analogous surfaces on Mars show a variation between 30 and 50. This implies that periods of active eolian erosion, tectonic evolution, volcanic eruption, and possibly fluvial modification have been scattered throughout Martian history since the formation and degradation of the martian uplands and not confined to small, ancient or recent, epochs. These processes are surely active on the planet today.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0019-1035(74)90175-4","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L., Condit, C., West, R., Herman, B., and Kreidler, T.J., 1974, Martian planetwide crater distributions: Implications for geologic history and surface processes: Icarus, v. 22, no. 3, p. 239-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(74)90175-4.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"263","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5234e4b0c8380cd6c23d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Condit, C.D.","contributorId":60250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condit","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"West, R.A.","contributorId":51019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Herman, B.M.","contributorId":24494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kreidler, T. J.","contributorId":57460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreidler","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70164462,"text":"70164462 - 1974 - Computer systems for automatic earthquake detection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-22T11:12:56","indexId":"70164462","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Computer systems for automatic earthquake detection","docAbstract":"U.S Geological Survey seismologists in Menlo park, California, are utilizing the speed, reliability, and efficiency of minicomputers to monitor seismograph stations and to automatically detect earthquakes. An earthquake detection computer system, believed to be the only one of its kind in operation, automatically reports about 90 percent of all local earthquakes recorded by a network of over 100 central California seismograph stations. The system also monitors the stations for signs of malfunction or abnormal operation. Before the automatic system was put in operation, all of the earthquakes recorded had to be detected by manually searching the records, a time-consuming process. With the automatic detection system, the stations are efficiently monitored continuously.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Stewart, S., 1974, Computer systems for automatic earthquake detection: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 6, no. 3, p. 17-21.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316623,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b5d5d1e4b0cc799981716d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, S.W.","contributorId":34550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164342,"text":"70164342 - 1974 - Scientists probe Earth’s secrets at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T15:09:03","indexId":"70164342","displayToPublicDate":"1974-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1974","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1435,"text":"Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scientists probe Earth’s secrets at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","docAbstract":"The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) sits on the edge of Kilauea Caldera at the summit of Kilauea Volcao, one of the five volcanoes on the island of Hawaii, the largest island in the Hawaiian Islands chain. Of the five, only Kilauea and Mauna Loa have been active in the past 100 years. Before its last eruption in June 1950, Mauna Loa had erupted more frequently and copiously than Kilauea, but since then only Kilauea has been active.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Unger, J.D., 1974, Scientists probe Earth’s secrets at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 6, no. 4, p. 3-11.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":316416,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.29861450195312,\n 19.41803040932666\n ],\n [\n -155.29552459716797,\n 19.39698244374978\n ],\n [\n -155.27320861816406,\n 19.39471557731923\n ],\n [\n -155.24333953857422,\n 19.402811383848345\n ],\n [\n -155.23406982421875,\n 19.408963927370102\n ],\n [\n -155.24608612060547,\n 19.420620739866035\n ],\n [\n -155.26187896728516,\n 19.43195295046888\n ],\n [\n -155.2855682373047,\n 19.43227671629882\n ],\n [\n -155.29483795166016,\n 19.42321102911835\n ],\n [\n -155.29861450195312,\n 19.41803040932666\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fe6e4b010e2af2a5e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Unger, J. D.","contributorId":10824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unger","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70047244,"text":"70047244 - 1973 - A progress report on results of test drilling and ground-water investigations of the Snake Plain aquifer, southeastern Idaho: Part 1: Mud Lake Region, 1969-70 and Part 2: Observation Wells South of Arco and West of Aberdeen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-26T10:37:43","indexId":"70047244","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T10:25:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":301,"text":"Water Information Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"32","title":"A progress report on results of test drilling and ground-water investigations of the Snake Plain aquifer, southeastern Idaho: Part 1: Mud Lake Region, 1969-70 and Part 2: Observation Wells South of Arco and West of Aberdeen","docAbstract":"The results of drilling test holes to depths of approximately 1,000 feet in the Mud Lake region show that a large part of the region is underlain by both sedimentary deposits and basalt flows. At some locations, predominantly sedimentary deposits were penetrated; at others, basalt flows predominated. The so-called Mud Lake-Market Lake barrier denotes a change in geology. From the vicinity of the barrier area, as described by Stearns, Crandall, and Steward (1938, p. 111), up the water-table gradient for at least a few tens of miles, the saturated geologic section consists predominantly of beds of sediments that are intercalated with numerous basalt flows. Downgradient from the barrier, sedimentary deposits are not common and practically all the water-bearing formations are basalt, at least to the depths explored so far. Thus, the barrier is a transition zone from a sedimentary-basaltic sequence to a basaltic sequence. The sedimentary-basaltic sequence forms a complex hydrologic system in which water occurs under water-table conditions in the upper few tens of feet of saturated material and under artesian conditions in the deeper material in the southwest part of the region. The well data indicate that southwest of the barrier, artesian pressures are not significant. Southwest of the barrier, few sedimentary deposits occur in the basalt section and, as described by Mundorff, Crosthwaite, and Kilburn (1964). ground water occurs in a manner typical of the Snake Plain aquifer. In several wells, artesian pressures are higher in the deeper formations than in the shallower ones, but the reverse was found in a few wells. The available data are not adequate to describe the water-bearing characteristics of the artesian aquifer nor the effects that pumping in one zone would have on adjacent zones. The water-table aquifer yields large quantities of water to irrigation wells.","language":"English","publisher":"Idaho Department of Water Administration","publisherLocation":"Boise City, ID","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with Idaho Department of Water Administration","usgsCitation":"Crosthwaite, E., 1973, A progress report on results of test drilling and ground-water investigations of the Snake Plain aquifer, southeastern Idaho: Part 1: Mud Lake Region, 1969-70 and Part 2: Observation Wells South of Arco and West of Aberdeen: Water Information Bulletin 32, vii, 60 p.; Figures.","productDescription":"vii, 60 p.; Figures","numberOfPages":"73","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":275431,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047244.png"},{"id":275430,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterInformation/Publications/wib/wib32-mud_lake_arco_aberdeen.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake Plain Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51f39a62e4b0a32220222f52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crosthwaite, E. G.","contributorId":83098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosthwaite","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001345,"text":"70001345 - 1973 - Recurrence of seismic migrations along the central California segment of the San Andreas fault system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T21:57:35.031797","indexId":"70001345","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:33","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recurrence of seismic migrations along the central California segment of the San Andreas fault system","docAbstract":"VERIFICATIONS of tectonic concepts1 concerning seafloor spreading are emerging in a manner that has direct bearing on earthquake prediction. Although the gross pattern of worldwide seismicity contributed to the formulation of the plate tectonic hypothesis, it is the space-time characteristics of this seismicity that may contribute more toward understanding the kinematics and dynamics of the driving mechanism long speculated to originate in the mantle. If the lithosphere is composed of plates that move essentially as rigid bodies, then there should be seismic edge effects associated with this movement. It is these interplate effects, especially seismic migration patterns, that we discuss here. The unidirectional propagation at constant velocity (80 km yr−1 east to west) for earthquakes (M≥7.2) on the Antblian fault for the period 1939 to 1956 (ref. 2) is one of the earliest observations of such a phenomenon. Similar studies3,4 of the Alaska Aleutian seismic zone and certain regions of the west coast of South America suggest unidirectional and recurring migrations of earthquakes (M≥7.7) occur in these areas. Between these two regions along the great transform faults of the west coast of North America, there is some evidence5 for unidirectional, constant velocity and recurrent migration of great earthquakes. The small population of earthquakes (M>7.2) in Savage's investigation5 indicates a large spatial gap along the San Andreas system in central California from 1830 to 1970. Previous work on the seismicity of this gap in central California indicates that the recurrence curves remain relatively constant, independent of large earthquakes, for periods up to a century6. Recurrence intervals for earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault have been calculated empirically by Wallace7 on the basis of geological evidence, surface measurements and assumptions restricted to the surficial seismic layer. Here we examine the evidence for recurrence of seismic migrations along the San Andreas fault system of central California for earthquakes of magnitude M≥5.
THE “orange soil” from Shorty Crater differs greatly from ordinary lunar soils in that it consists of ∼99% 10–300 µm smooth shiny spherules and broken fragments of spherules of transparent orange glass, about 20% of which contain partly crystallized to opaque material. The remaining 1 % is chiefly crystalline basalt fragments. Although the colour of the individual orange spherule varies with thickness from yellow–orange to red–brown, all orange glass in our sample (74220, 70; 0.25 g) has a uniform index of refraction (∼ 1.712). By contrast, other lunar soils contain spherules ranging from 1.50 to 1.75. The orange glass is also completely free of bubbles, to the limit of resolution of the light microscope, whereas bubbles are present in many other spherule samples. The spherules generally appear spherical in a normal microscope mount, but when viewed from two directions many are found to be oblate spheroids with axial ratios varying from near 1.00 to as low as 0.42 (Fig. 1a). Some have fissioned during free flight1 and all stages of the fission process are found, as described for the Apollo 11 samples. Only a few spherules seem to have been distorted by landing while still soft. One notable exception is the occurrence of small spherules of orange glass conforming and adhering to the surface of larger black spherules (Fig. 1b).
Black duck (Anas rubripes) hens fed 10 ppm dry weight (approximately 3 ppm wet weight) of p,p'-DDE in the diet laid eggs with shells 22 percent thinner at the equator, 30 percent thinner at the cap, and 33 percent thinner at the apex than those of controls. Natural incubation increased shell cracking more than fourfold as compared with mechanical incubation. Hens removed cracked eggs from nests, and one hen terminated incubation. Hens fed DDE produced one-fifth as many ducklings as controls. DDE in eggs of dosed hens averaged 64.9 ppm wet weight.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3800130","usgsCitation":"Longcore, J.R., and Samson, F.B., 1973, Eggshell breakage by incubating black ducks fed DDE: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 37, no. 3, p. 390-394, https://doi.org/10.2307/3800130.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"390","endPage":"394","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ef91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Longcore, J. R. 0000-0003-4898-5438","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4898-5438","contributorId":43835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Samson, F. B.","contributorId":77880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samson","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011095,"text":"70011095 - 1973 - Sea level history in Beringia during the past 250,000 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-11T16:12:15.320931","indexId":"70011095","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea level history in Beringia during the past 250,000 years","docAbstract":"This paper attempts to relate current knowledge of sea-level history in Beringia to the Broecker-van Donk “Termination” concept of climatic and sea-level history. The Einahnuhtan transgression is thought to represent Termination III, which according to Broecker and van Donk, took place about 225,000 y.a. The Kotzebuan transgression is thought to represent a positive fluctuation that modulated the generally falling sea level during the ensuing 100,000 yr. Sea level probably fell to about −135 m in the Bering Sea area during the maximum phase of the penultimate glaciation. The two Pelukian shorelines probably represent Termination II (about 125,000 yr BP in the Broecker-van Donk chronology) and one of the two positive fluctuations that modulated the generally falling sea level of early Wisconsinan time, about 105,000 and 80,000 y.a. according to Broecker and van Donk. Another positive modulation brought sea level to at least −20 m, about 30,000 y.a. Sea level evidently fell to between −90 and −100 m during the late Wisconsinan regression, but a substantial part of the outer Bering shelf remained submerged. Submerged shoreline features at −38m, −30 m, −24 to −20 m, and −12 to −10 m represent stillstands or slight regressions that modulated Termination I, the late Wisconsinan, and early Holocene recovery of sea level.
The Quaternary of the continental interior of the United States is characterized by deposits from glacial ice, with associated outwash and eolian deposits, and by alluvial deposits produced by the same climatic pulses. Erosional incision of valleys occurred early in the glacial pulse, outwash deposition during the waning phase of the pulse, and soil formation during times of relative stability between the glacial pulses. These features of deposition, erosion, and soil formation are presented in a series of curves. One way the marine record could be correlated with that of the continental interior is to compare and match the physical records of both environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0033-5894(73)90046-X","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Frye, J., 1973, Pleistocene succession of the central interior United States: Quaternary Research, v. 3, no. 2, p. 275-283, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(73)90046-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"283","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219510,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"central interior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.53493775416565,\n 48.22990191093726\n ],\n [\n -104.53493775416565,\n 34.60571713352289\n ],\n [\n -88.05694292153164,\n 34.60571713352289\n ],\n [\n -88.05694292153164,\n 48.22990191093726\n ],\n [\n -104.53493775416565,\n 48.22990191093726\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c54e4b0c8380cd79913","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frye, J.C.","contributorId":35067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frye","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27029,"text":"wri731 - 1973 - Geohydrology of the cross-Florida barge canal area, with special reference to the Ocala vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri731","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-1","title":"Geohydrology of the cross-Florida barge canal area, with special reference to the Ocala vicinity","docAbstract":"The Cross-Florida Barge Canal route commences at Palatka on the St. Johns River, about 75 miles upstream from the Atlantic Ocean, and extends 110 miles southwestward across Peninsular Florida into deep water in the Gulf of Mexico near Yankeetown. The canal will be equipped with five locks, each 600 feet long and 84 feet wide, and the channel will be a minimum of 12 feet deep and 150 feet wide. From near Ocala northeastward, the canal channel will replace much of the natural channel of the Oklawaha River, and will be excavated into beds of the so-called shallow sand aquifer of Miocene age and younger, which overlies limestone of the Floridan aquifer. Westward from Ocala, most of the canal will be excavated below the potentiometric surface into limestone and dolomite of the Floridan aquifer. Water levels of Rodman, Eureka, and Inglis Pools will be controlled by dams and spillways with the limited exchange of water between the pools and the aquifers. The water levels in the Summit Pools will fluctuate with the natural changes in the ground-water level of the Floridan aquifer, although the stage of the pool will be controlled partly by the stage held in the Eureka Pool. A dynamic inflow-outflow relationship will exist between the Summit Pool and the Floridan aquifer. \r\n\r\nThe Floridan aquifer in the canal area is 1,000 to 1,200 feet thick and consists of limestone and dolomite of middle Eocene Miocene age, including from older to younger, the Lake City, Avon Park, and Ocala limestones plus permeable sandy, dolomitic limestone in the lower part of the Hawthorn Formation. It is possible that most of the flow to the two major springs in the area occurs in the upper 100 feet or so of the aquifer in the Ocala Limestone. The aquifer is underlain by the Oldsmar limestone of early Eocene age and is overlain by sand, clayey sand, clay and shell beds of Miocene through Holocene age, in thickness from a few feet to 300 feet. The permeable beds overlying the Floridan aquifer constitute the shallow aquifer, while the poorly permeable ones act as confining beds where the Floridan aquifer is under artesian conditions. \r\n\r\nA north-south line drawn separating the head of Silver Springs on the west from the Oklawaha River on the east marks the approximate western limit of a continuous blanket of materials of Miocene-Pliocene(?) age covering the rocks of the Floridan aquifer. East of the line, much of the aquifer is under artesian conditions, particularly in the Oklawaha River valley, although in some areas east of the valley, direct recharge through thick permeable Miocene-Pliocene(?) sands occurs. West of the line, only scattered remnants of a once continuous Miocene-Pliocene(?) cover remain. Lack of the cover is a result of erosion on the crest and flank of the Ocala Uplift, a broad northwest-southeast trending anticlinal upwarp, the axis of which is crossed by the canal route in the Dunnellon area. Over most of this area the Floridan aquifer is unconfined and receives direct recharge through a cover of a few tens of feet of sand and clayey sand of Quaternary age. \r\n\r\nTensional stresses during the structural evolution of the Ocala Uplift produced an intersecting system of fractures and normal faults in rocks of the Floridan aquifer. The fractures and faults are important controls for orientation of solution channels and, therefore, for development of ground-water circulation patterns. \r\n\r\nWhen the system surface streams, which once drained the Barge Canal area, eroded the poorly permeable Miocene-Pliocene(?) cover from the flanks of the Ocala Uplift, surface runoff was reduced and precipitation began to directly infiltrate the underlying limestones. Now only principal streams remain, such as the Oklawaha and Withlacoochee Rivers and a few short tributaries, while one of the most highly developed subsurface drainage systems in the world has evolved in cavernous limestone of the Floridan aquifer. Two of the larger freshwater springs in the world now","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri731","usgsCitation":"Faulkner, G.L., 1973, Geohydrology of the cross-Florida barge canal area, with special reference to the Ocala vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 73-1, ix, 117 p. :maps, charts. PGS: 257 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri731.","productDescription":"ix, 117 p. :maps, charts. PGS: 257 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2190,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri73-0001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158578,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8886","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faulkner, Glen L.","contributorId":58302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":943,"text":"wsp1757L - 1973 - Aquifers in the Sokoto basin, northwestern Nigeria, with a description of the general hydrogeology of the region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1757L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"L","title":"Aquifers in the Sokoto basin, northwestern Nigeria, with a description of the general hydrogeology of the region","docAbstract":"The Sokoto Basin of northwestern Nigeria lies in the sub-Saharan Sudan belt of west Africa in a zone of savannah-type vegetation. Rainfall, averaging about 30 inches annually in much of the basin, occurs chiefly in a wet season which lasts from May to October. A prolonged dry season extending from October to April is dominated by dusty harmattan winds from the northeast. April and May are the hottest months, when temperatures occasionally reach 105?F.\r\n\r\nFlow in streams of the Sokoto Basin is mostly overland runoff. Only in a few reaches, fed by ground-water discharge from the sedimentary rocks, are streams perennial. In the River Zamfara basin, ground-water discharge contributes almost 1 inch of the average 3.33 inches of total annual runoff. In the vicinity of Sokoto, the River Rima flows throughout the year sustained by spring discharge from perched ground water in limestone of the Kalambaina Formation. On the crystalline terrane where most of the streams rise, total annual runoff may exceed 5 inches, very little of which is ground-water discharge. \r\n\r\nThe sedimentary rocks of the basin range in age from Cretaceous to Tertiary and are composed mostly of interbedded sand, clay, and some limestone; the beds dip gently toward the northwest. Alluvium of Quaternary age underlies the lowlands of the River Sokoto (now Sokoto) and its principal tributaries. These rocks contain three important artesian aquifers, in addition to regional unconfined ground-water bodies in all the principal outcron areas, and a perched water body in the outcrop of the Kalambaina Formation. Artesian aquifers occur at depth in the Gundumi Formation, the Rima Group, and the Gwandu Formation and are separated from one another by clay beds in the lower part of the Rima Group and the Dange Formation. In outcrop, clay in the Dange Formation also supports the perched water of the Kalambaina Formation. \r\n\r\nThe Gundumi Formation, resting on the basement complex, is composed of varicolored clay, sand, and gravel and attains a thickness of 800 to 1,000 feet in its downdip extensions. Most of the formation is thin bedded and clayey and therefore does not yield large quantities of water to boreholes; the average yield is 2,700 gph (gallons per hour). (All gallons are imperial gallons.) Nevertheless, the upper part of the formation is sandy and more permeable and forms a regional artesian aquifer from which yields of as much as 6,600 gph are obtained from single boreholes. Clay in the lower part of the Rima Group confines the Gundumi aquifer downdip, so that at Rabah and Sokoto, for example, in the River Sokoto fadama (valley floor), artesian flow is found in boreholes screened in the Gundumi. \r\n\r\nAquifer tests indicate low transmissivities, ranging from 300 to 5,000 gpd per ft (gallons per day per foot) in the lower part of the Gundumi Formation; but in the upper sandy zone the transmissivities are much higher, reaching 66,000 gpd per ft. In the western part of the Sokoto Basin, more productive aquifers with higher heads usually lie above the Gundumi aquifer so that it is not attractive for development, except in the River Sokoto fadama where artesian flow is possible. \r\n\r\nThe Illo Group, which is in part contemporaneous with the Gundumi Formation, includes interbedded varicolored clay and grit in the southern part of the Sokoto Basin. The upper part of the Illo is known to be water-bearing; however, except for the test borehole at Mungadi, little is known of its subsurface extent and water-yielding potential. \r\n\r\nOverlying the Gundumi Formation in the central and northern part of the Sokoto Basin are interbedded fine gray sand and dark gray clay of the Wurno and Taloka Formations, separated in the extreme north by clay shale of the Dukamaje Formation. Collectively known as the Rima Group, these sediments attain a thickness of more than 1,000 feet near the Niger border. At depth and downdip the clayey beds practically disappear; the sandy beds become thicker and coar","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757L","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H., and Ogilbee, W., 1973, Aquifers in the Sokoto basin, northwestern Nigeria, with a description of the general hydrogeology of the region: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, v, L79 p. :and portfolio (10 fold. maps, 1 fold. sheet) ;illus.24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757L.","productDescription":"v, L79 p. :and portfolio (10 fold. maps, 1 fold. sheet) ;illus.24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25429,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25430,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25431,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25432,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25433,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25434,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25435,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25436,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25437,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25438,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25439,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25440,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":246956,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757l/plate-table_7.pdf","size":"1976","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679f48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, H. R.","contributorId":67487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ogilbee, William","contributorId":106093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ogilbee","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48212,"text":"ofr73374 - 1973 - Preliminary report on land-surface subsidence in the area of Burnett, Scott, and Crystal Bays near Baytown, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T16:24:59","indexId":"ofr73374","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"73-374","title":"Preliminary report on land-surface subsidence in the area of Burnett, Scott, and Crystal Bays near Baytown, Texas","docAbstract":"Removal of water, oil, and gas from the subsurface in Harris County has caused declines in fluid pressures which in turn have resulted in subsidence of the land surface. One critical area of subsidence is in the area of Burnett, Scott, and Crystal Bays near Baytown. Much of this area is now subject to inundation by high tides.
Production of oil and gas from the Goose Creek Field at the southern edge of Baytown had caused as much as 3.25 feet of subsidence by 1925. The subsidence bowl is restricted to the area of production and has not extended to the area of Burnett, Scott, and Crystal Bays.
Withdrawals of water from large-capacity industrial wells, which resulted in declines in artesian pressure, began about 1918; as much as 250 feet of water-pressure decline has occurred in the Evangeline aquifer, Significant subsidence of the land surface probably began about 1920 or later. Possibly as much as 7.5 feet of subsidence had occurred in the area by 1971.
The study of subsidence in the area of the three bays included the collection of undisturbed clay samples for laboratory analyses, collection of water-level records, and installation and monitoring of pressure transducers in clays and of observation wells in sands.
Probable future subsidence was calculated for two loading situations. Case I provided that the artesian pressure in both the Alta Loma Sand of Rose (1943) and Evangeline aquifer would continue to decline at a rate of 6 feet per year until 1980 and then cease. Case II provided that artesian pressure in the Alta Loma Sand would continue to decline at a rate of about 6 feet per year until about 1995, when the potentiometric head would reach the top of the Alta Loma Sand. The artesian pressure in the Evangeline aquifer would also decline about 6 feet per year until 1995.
The ultimate subsidence expected for the assumed conditions of case I and case II is 11.2 feet and 14.5 feet, respectively. However, only 1.8 feet of subsidence below present land surface would occur if artesian pressures were maintained at their present levels.
To halt subsidence in the near future, artesian pressure must be increased. The most logical method of increasing artesian pressure is by decreasing pumpage rather than repressurization by artificial recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr73374","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Gabrysch, R., 1973, Preliminary report on land-surface subsidence in the area of Burnett, Scott, and Crystal Bays near Baytown, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 73-374, Document: 25 p.; 13.53 x 8.77 inches and 13.86 x 8.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr73374.","productDescription":"Document: 25 p.; 13.53 x 8.77 inches and 13.86 x 8.76 inches","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172123,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0374/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84914,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0374/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84915,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0374/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":84916,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1973/0374/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Baytown","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e0f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gabrysch, R.K.","contributorId":105691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gabrysch","given":"R.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70162050,"text":"70162050 - 1973 - Determination of the association and dissociation of humic acid fractions by small angle X-ray scattering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-12T14:21:33","indexId":"70162050","displayToPublicDate":"1973-11-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of the association and dissociation of humic acid fractions by small angle X-ray scattering","docAbstract":"A procedure has been devised for the fractionation of humic acid samples from different environments. This procedure involves fractionation of the sample by adsorption chromatography on a Sephadex G-50 column followed by chromatography on either a G-25 or a G-100 column. The fractions of the solutions are then examined by small angle X-ray scattering. Three different types of behavior have been detected among the humic acid fractions: (1) Some fractions show very little change in aggregation at pH values above 3.5. (2) One fraction forms aggregates at pH values above and below pH 7, but at pH 7 it is completely dissociated. (3) In some fractions the degree of aggregation decreases with increasing pH. However, even at pH values as high as 11.5 some large particles are still present. These differences in
association behavior are due to the interaction of different attractive and repulsive forces. In many aggregating systems only one type of
attractive force is dominant; however in humic acid systems hydrogen bonding, π bonding between planar aromatic moieties, and other
coulombic interactions apparently all play a role in the formation of molecular aggregates.
Volcanic rocks in the vicinity of the massive sulfide deposits at the United Verde mine, Jerome, Ariz., have been modified in several periods of hydrothermal alteration and greenschist metamorphism. Chlorite, 2M, mica (sericite), and epidote are characteristic alteration products. Microprobe analyses for sericite, chlorite, and epidote are recalculated to structural formulas by the method employing oxygen anion equivalents. The sericite has the general composition of muscovite, but is moderately phengitic, and two samples have 6-12 percent paragonite in solid solution. Most of the chlorite is ripidolite with approximately one-third of the tetrahedral sites filled by aluminum; octahedral aluminum slightly exceeds tetrahedral. Fe:Fe+Mg+Mn ratios range from 0.34 to 0.66; low values are associated with sulfide minerals; higher values occur in a sample peripheral to the massive sulfide deposit. The epidote is a solid solution of 70 percent epidote, 30 percent clinozoisite.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Nash, J.T., 1973, Microprobe analyses of sericite, chlorite, and epidote from Jerome, Arizona: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 6, p. 673-678.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"673","endPage":"678","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":314178,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":314177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue6/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Jerome","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.12320327758789,\n 34.75014614974241\n ],\n [\n -112.11599349975586,\n 34.75458894128617\n ],\n [\n -112.11221694946289,\n 34.75127450039575\n ],\n [\n -112.10294723510741,\n 34.75331959666246\n ],\n [\n -112.09865570068358,\n 34.74471574661928\n ],\n [\n -112.11685180664062,\n 34.73886179538729\n ],\n [\n -112.12320327758789,\n 34.75014614974241\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e049e4b039675d005e39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. Thomas","contributorId":26306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161907,"text":"70161907 - 1973 - Aquifer diffusivity of the Ohio River alluvial aquifer by the flood-wave response method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-08T18:11:58","indexId":"70161907","displayToPublicDate":"1973-08-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer diffusivity of the Ohio River alluvial aquifer by the flood-wave response method","docAbstract":"Aquifer diffusivity (T/S) was calculated for 10 sites in the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Ohio River by observing the response of the aquifer to a flood wave in the river. The calculated type curves matched the observed aquifer response reasonably well at eight of the 10 sites. The diffusivities ranged from 0.4 ft2 sec-1 to 10.3 ft2 sec-1 and were generally in agreement with diffusivity values calculated from pump-test methods at two of the sites. Interference from pumping 1/2 mile upstream from one site and localized aquifer inhomogeneity at another site precluded calculation of diffusivity. Determining the shape of the ground-water recession curve may be difficult, but it can be done satisfactorily by collecting water-level data during an extended period of ground-water discharge and transposing the average recession curve to the flood period being analyzed. The flood-wave response method for estimating aquifer diffusivity provides a relatively inexpensive
technique for obtaining a significant part of the data needed to predict the aquifer's response to river and pumping stresses.
Most sulfosalts may be regarded as intermediate phases on joins between simple sulfide components (e.g., all lead sulfbismuthinides lie on the PbS-Bi 2 S 3 join). Many of the structures are characterized by subunits whose individual structures are similar to those of the component simple sulfides (e.g., galena-like and stibnite-like layers in the lead sulfantimonides). Therefore, as a first approximation one may estimate the properties of many sulfosalts in terms of mixtures of the simple sulfides.Recent work has shown that the free energy of reaction from the end-member sulfides, delta G m , for more than 20 sulfosalts is usually less negative than the hypothetical ideal free energy of mixing and that the standard free energy of formation, delta G degrees , per gram atom of sulfur in the formula may be represented as:delta G degrees = (N a delta G a degrees + . . . N i delta G i [degree) + (1.2 + or - 0.8)(N a RT ln N a + . . . N i RT ln N i )where N i is the mole fraction of the i-th simple sulfide component, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature in kelvins. The first term is far larger than the second. Estimates made for compounds in which the structural environment for the metals is quite different from that in the end-member sulfides, e.g., enargite, are subject to the greatest uncertainty.The estimated free energies may permit prediction of solubilities to a precision sufficient for many purposes, e.g., for H. C. Helgeson's computer-modeled hydrothermal systems. One may introduce some predictive capability into experimental design and anticipate some aspects of phase diagrams. This is especially true for redox reactions such as the behavior of proustite in the oxidized zone or the partial reduction of jamesonite to antimony + galena + pyrrhotite. However, other aspects, such as the prediction of the configuration of joins, e.g., PbS-As 2 S 3 , requires greater precision than the present rough estimates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.68.4.493","usgsCitation":"Craig, J.R., and Barton, P.B., 1973, Thermochemical approximations for sulfosalts: Economic Geology, v. 68, no. 4, p. 493-506, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.68.4.493.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"493","endPage":"506","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1973-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Craig, James R.","contributorId":303278,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Craig","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barton, Paul B. Jr.","contributorId":68406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":866993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70233752,"text":"70233752 - 1973 - Energy and plane waves in linear viscoelastic media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-27T17:13:31.404082","indexId":"70233752","displayToPublicDate":"1973-05-01T12:10:37","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy and plane waves in linear viscoelastic media","docAbstract":"The mathematical framework for describing plane waves in elastic and linear anelastic media is presented. Theoretical results suggest that the nature of plane waves in anelastic materials is distinctly different from the nature of plane waves in elastic materials. In elastic media the only type of inhomogeneous plane wave (P or S) that can propagate is one for which planes of constant phase are perpendicular to planes of constant amplitude. However, in anelastic media this is the only type of inhomogeneous wave that cannot propagate. For an inhomogeneous P or S plane wave the particle motion is elliptical, the velocity is less than that of a corresponding homogeneous wave, the maximum attenuation is greater than that of a corresponding homogeneous wave, and the direction of maximum energy flow is not the direction of phase propagation. Expressions for the energy flux, energy densities, dissipated energy, stored energy, and Q−1 are derived from an explicit energy conservation relation, valid for an arbitrary steady state viscoelastic radiation field. Each energy expression is valid for homogeneous or inhomogeneous P or S plane waves in elastic or linear anelastic media.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB078i014p02442","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., 1973, Energy and plane waves in linear viscoelastic media: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 78, no. 14, p. 2442-2453, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB078i014p02442.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2442","endPage":"2453","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404501,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156681,"text":"70156681 - 1973 - Effects of laboratory treatments on silver and other elements in native gold","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T17:06:31","indexId":"70156681","displayToPublicDate":"1973-04-28T15:45:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of laboratory treatments on silver and other elements in native gold","docAbstract":"Interpretation of the element content of gold and of alloy proportions of gold and silver may have useful applications in prospecting and ore genesis studies. The commonly used methods of concentration and recovery of gold for analysis (acid leach, roasting, or amalgamation), however, alter the content of silver and other elements in the gold. The treatment of gold with four mineral acids (HF, HCL, H2S04, and HNO3) and combinations of these acids, amalgamation of the gold, and roasting the gold in a muffle furnace at 650°C for 8 hours caused losses of 0-100 percent of the elements studied. In some of the samples studied these treatments also caused losses totaling as much as 50 percent, by weight, of the silver content (which made up 20 percent of the total sample weight). The other elements studied show similar behavior to a lesser extent. The results of these studies show that before one interprets compositional analyses for prospecting or other applications he must know to what extent a recovery treatment changes the composition of the elements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W.L., Mosier, E.L., and Antweiler, J., 1973, Effects of laboratory treatments on silver and other elements in native gold: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 2, p. 211-220.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"220","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307482,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue2/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91b2e4b0518e354dd157","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W. L.","contributorId":46939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mosier, E. L.","contributorId":71537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Antweiler, J.C.","contributorId":35722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antweiler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160732,"text":"70160732 - 1973 - Zeolites in the Miocene Briones Sandstone and related formations of the central Coast Ranges, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-29T15:34:30","indexId":"70160732","displayToPublicDate":"1973-03-01T02:30:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zeolites in the Miocene Briones Sandstone and related formations of the central Coast Ranges, California","docAbstract":"Authigenic zeolites present in the generally tuffaceous Miocene Briones Sandstone and related formations of the central Coast Ranges of California indicate three stages of diagenetic history: (1) Initial alteration of pyroclastic materials to clinoptilolite (and montmorillonite) that is widely distributed in small amounts throughout the region. (2) Subsequent crystallization of heulandite followed by stilbite in fractures at a few places. (3) Widespread development of laumontite in only the southern part of the region, where the sandstone appears to have been downfolded and faulted to greater depths than elsewhere. Laumontite occurs both as pervasive cement of sandstone and as filling of fractures, and was produced through the reaction of interstitial solutions with other zeolites and with such major constituents of the sandstone as plagioclase, montmorillonite, and calcite at temperatures of 100° C or higher. Mordenite was found at only one locality, closely associated with clinoptilolite and opal. Analcite occurs in diverse settings, and its relation to the other zeolites is obscure. Sparry calcite and coexisting stilbite, laumontite, or analcite in veins seem to make up nonequilibrium assemblages.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Murata, K.J., and Whiteley, K.R., 1973, Zeolites in the Miocene Briones Sandstone and related formations of the central Coast Ranges, California: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 3, p. 255-265.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"265","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":313016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":313015,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue3/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"23.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States of America","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"central Coast Ranges","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.65411376953125,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -122.53601074218751,\n 38.1734326790354\n ],\n [\n -122.34100341796875,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -122.17620849609374,\n 38.28993659801203\n ],\n [\n -121.99493408203125,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -121.72302246093749,\n 37.983174833513395\n ],\n [\n -121.60491943359375,\n 37.49011473195046\n ],\n [\n -121.6351318359375,\n 37.09681225368691\n ],\n [\n -121.91802978515625,\n 36.90597988519294\n ],\n [\n -122.41241455078125,\n 36.96306042436515\n ],\n [\n -122.71453857421875,\n 37.46613860234406\n ],\n [\n -122.65411376953125,\n 37.85750715625203\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5683bcbfe4b0a04ef4925e63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whiteley, Karen R.","contributorId":150935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whiteley","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70160723,"text":"70160723 - 1973 - Geology of a system of submarine canyons south of Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-29T14:19:47","indexId":"70160723","displayToPublicDate":"1973-03-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of a system of submarine canyons south of Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"A strongly dendritic submarine canyon system with four major canyons occupies a 30-km indentation in the insular shelf off the south coast of Puerto Rico between Guanica and Ponce. Each canyon has several headward branches at depths of 100 to 1,100 m. Each of the five major rivers that reach the coast between Guanica and Ponce is opposite a canyon head, and off each of the rivers a channel 20 to 30 m deep is incised into the insular shelf. The entire canyon system is 40 km long and terminates at a depth of about 3.3 km; no fan or other constructional feature appears to have been formed. A 410-km continuous seismic profiling survey shows that three unconformable stratigraphic units underlie the canyon area. One sample of indurated clay of probable Miocene age was dredged from a canyon-wall outcrop
of the middle stratigraphic unit. The three stratigraphic units may be roughly correlative with (in ascending order) the Juana Diaz Formation,
the Ponce Limestone, and an unnamed upper section found in a nearby drill hole ashore. Canyon-axis sediment at depths of 700 to 2,200 m is entirely of pelagic origin, indicating that sediment is not now being transported down the canyons.
Owing to their enormous capacity, ground‐water reservoirs are at least equal in importance to the ground water itself. As regulators of water movement in the hydrological cycle, these reservoirs surpass all lakes combined, natural and manmade. While many aquifers are not well understood, data on many others are adequate for long‐range broad‐scale planning. An example is the basalt aquifer of the Snake River Plain in Idaho. However, the area has managerial problems which concern the time, the place and the feasibility of manipulations of water. All continents of the world contain great aquifers. For every huge aquifer, however, hundreds of smaller ones occur, and even these contain astonishing amounts of water. Aquifers in the Ohio River Basin of the United States are good examples. Management of total water resources is a difficult problem at many places. But many problems could be met and many water shortages alleviated or eliminated by use of aquifers, not merely as sources of water, but as reservoirs for management of water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01707.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1973, Ground water in perspective: JAWRA, v. 9, no. 1, p. 18-24, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01707.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.26806640625,\n 47.62097541515849\n ],\n [\n -120.08056640625,\n 44.94924926661153\n ],\n [\n -121.1572265625,\n 44.26093725039923\n ],\n [\n -119.61914062499999,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -116.21337890625,\n 43.24520272203356\n ],\n [\n -114.12597656249999,\n 42.97250158602597\n ],\n [\n -111.73095703125,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -111.29150390625,\n 42.5530802889558\n ],\n [\n -109.27001953125,\n 42.08191667830631\n ],\n [\n -108.3251953125,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -107.666015625,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -108.65478515625,\n 44.731125592643274\n ],\n [\n -109.77539062499999,\n 46.14939437647686\n ],\n [\n -110.36865234374999,\n 47.68018294648414\n ],\n [\n -112.19238281249999,\n 48.04870994288686\n ],\n [\n -117.26806640625,\n 47.62097541515849\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, R. L.","contributorId":11332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}