{"pageNumber":"4010","pageRowStart":"100225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":57197,"text":"ofr94569 - 1994 - Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-21T16:54:19.305382","indexId":"ofr94569","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-569","title":"Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>Currently, gas emissions from Kilauea occur from the summit caldera, along the middle East Rift Zone (ERZ), and where lava enters the ocean. We estimate that the current ERZ eruption of Kilauea releases between 400 metric tonnes of SO2 per day, during eruptive pauses, to as much as 1850 metric tonnes per day during actively erupting periods, along with lesser amounts of other chemically and radiatively active species including H2S, HCl, and HF. In order to characterize gas emissions from Kilauea in a meaningful way for assessing environmental impact we made a series of replicate grab-sample measurements of ambient air and precipitation at the summit of Kilauea, along its ERZ, and at coastal sites where lava enters the ocean. The grab-sampling data combined with SO2 emission rates, and continuous air quality and meteorological monitoring at the summit of Kilauea show that the effects of these emissions on ambient air character are a complex function of chemical reactivity, source geometry and effusivity, and local meteorology. For all the measurement sites, ambient concentrations of the emitted gases decrease rapidly, even at short distances from point sources. Prevailing tradewinds typically carry the gases and aerosols released to the southwest, where they are further distributed by the regional wind regime. Episodes of kona, or low speed variable winds sometimes disrupt this pattern, however, and allow the gases and their oxidation products to collect at the summit and eastern side of the island. Summit solfatara areas of Kilauea are distinguished by moderate to high ambient SO2, high H2S at one location, and low H2S at all others, and negligible HC1 concentrations, as measured 1 m from degassing point-sources. Summit solfatara rain water has high sulfate and low chloride ioa concentrations, and low pH. The middle ERZ degassing areas show moderate to high SO2 at 100 m away from degassing lava, and low H2S concentrations. Moderate HC1 was found in ambient air. Rain water near the middle ERZ degassing areas have high sulfate, high chloride and low pH. Coastal entry areas are characterized by high HC1 in the gas plume and significant rain-out of this HCl as indicated by low rain water pH, and high rain water chloride. Sulfate in the coastal-entry rainwater is also high. Ambient SO2 and 112S are moderate to high near the coastal entry locations. Ambient air in the lower ERZ thermal and non-thermal areas shows essentially no influence from the on-going eruption, as evidenced by the absence of SO2, H2S, HC1, and the moderate rain water pH with low sulfate concentration. When the current eruption ceases, ERZ and summit gas emissions will be greatly reduced.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94569","usgsCitation":"Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., and Navarrete, R., 1994, Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-569, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94569.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482342,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70017566,"text":"70017566 - 1994 - Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-04T13:11:20.118568","indexId":"70017566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2310,"text":"Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan","docAbstract":"Marine magnetic and gravity data from the northeast Japan forearc offer insight to the subsurface structure, density and magnetization from which geologic interpretations and tectonic reconstructions can be made. Positive marine magnetic anomalies, on-land geology, drill hole data, and 2-1/2-dimensional models reveal that Kitakami plutons and possibly their associated volcanic rocks constitute part of the modern forearc basement and lie 100-150 km further east than previously thought. A method to create magnetization and density contrast maps was employed to produce a three-dimensional picture of the forearc basement rock properties averaged over a 14-km thickness. -Author","language":"English","publisher":"J-STAGE","doi":"10.5636/jgg.46.423","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., 1994, Magnetic and gravity constraints on forearc upper crustal structure and composition, offshore northeast Japan: Journal of Geomagnetism & Geoelectricity, v. 46, no. 6, p. 423-441, https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.46.423.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"441","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479362,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5636/jgg.46.423","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ],\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              34.3798759750546\n            ],\n            [\n              147.34081016355123,\n              34.3798759750546\n            ],\n            [\n              147.34081016355123,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ],\n            [\n              141.42516285009606,\n              43.17763599352298\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b65e4b0c8380cd694f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":57199,"text":"ofr94644 - 1994 - Freshwater Mussel Studies in the Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:49","indexId":"ofr94644","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-644","title":"Freshwater Mussel Studies in the Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr94644","usgsCitation":"Blackwood, D.B., Rendings, R.R., and Butler, J., 1994, Freshwater Mussel Studies in the Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-644, Video: 23 minutes, on DVD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94644.","productDescription":"Video: 23 minutes, on DVD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a85f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blackwood, Dann B.","contributorId":9521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwood","given":"Dann","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rendings, Richard R.","contributorId":40071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendings","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, Janet","contributorId":90591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Janet","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017557,"text":"70017557 - 1994 - Spring sapping origin of the enigmatic relict valleys of Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Islands, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T22:15:39.399736","indexId":"70017557","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spring sapping origin of the enigmatic relict valleys of Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Islands, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id3\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>Steep-sided, flat-floored linear valleys that lack well developed tributaries and end in amphitheater-like heads are eroded on the outwash plains of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Island. The valleys are restricted from the mid to the distal ends of the outwash plains and show no connection to possible water sources at the updip end of the plains. Their distribution and morphology lead us to propose that they were eroded by groundwater seeps fed by proglacial lakes (the high hydrostatic heads of the lakes led to the elevation of the water table) dammed by the outwash plains and associated moraines. The valleys on Cape Cod were initiated by seeps along the foreset surfaces of sandy deltas emplaced in lakes in Nantucket Sound and Cape Cod Bay after these lakes drained. Those on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket islands were either eroded by seeps at the distal ends of outwash plain wedges emplaced atop the subareal continental shelf south of the islands or along the foreset surfaces of sandy deltas emplaced on a lake behind a peripheral crustal bulge south of the glacial front. Valley erosion terminated after the lakes were drained and the water table dropped.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(94)90068-X","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Uchupi, E., and Oldale, R.N., 1994, Spring sapping origin of the enigmatic relict valleys of Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Islands, Massachusetts: Geomorphology, v. 9, no. 2, p. 83-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(94)90068-X.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"95","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228565,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9623e4b08c986b31b308","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uchupi, E.","contributorId":10074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uchupi","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oldale, R. N.","contributorId":92680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57200,"text":"ofr94674 - 1994 - Field guide to Proterozoic geology of the New York, Ivanpah, and Providence Mountains, California: Field Conference 1, Proterozoic Orogenesis and Metallogenesis Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-12T08:36:50","indexId":"ofr94674","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-674","title":"Field guide to Proterozoic geology of the New York, Ivanpah, and Providence Mountains, California: Field Conference 1, Proterozoic Orogenesis and Metallogenesis Project","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94674","usgsCitation":"Miller, D., and Wooden, J., 1994, Field guide to Proterozoic geology of the New York, Ivanpah, and Providence Mountains, California: Field Conference 1, Proterozoic Orogenesis and Metallogenesis Project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-674, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94674.","productDescription":"51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0674/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":5665,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0674/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Ivanpah Mountains, McCullough Mountains, New York Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.09939575195312,\n              34.9028267048758\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.873046875,\n              34.9028267048758\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.873046875,\n              35.71418299132001\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.09939575195312,\n              35.71418299132001\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.09939575195312,\n              34.9028267048758\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f593a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":1707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":256328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1002512,"text":"1002512 - 1994 - Prospects for improving the salt tolerance of forest trees: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T08:29:33","indexId":"1002512","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3649,"text":"Tree Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Prospects for improving the salt tolerance of forest trees: A review","docAbstract":"<p>Three major themes related to the improvement of salt tolerance in forest tree species are examined. First, evidence demonstrating that substantial intraspecific variation in salt tolerance exists in many species is presented. This evidence is important because it suggests that efforts to improve salt tolerance through conventional plant breeding techniques are justified. Second, the physiological and genetic mechanisms controlling salt tolerance are discussed briefly. Although salt tolerance involves the integration of numerous physiological processes, there is considerable evidence that differences in the ability to exclude Na+ and Cl- from leaves are the most important factors underlying intraspecific differences in tolerance. It is also becoming apparent that, although salt tolerance is a multigenic trait, major genes play an important role. Third, progress to date in improving salt tolerance of forest tree species is assessed. Compared with agricultural crops, relatively little progress has been made with either conventional or biotechnological methods, but field trials designed to test clones identified as salt tolerant in screening trials are underway now in several countries. We conclude that there is justification for cautious optimism about the prospects for improving salt tolerance in forest tree species.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Heron Publishing","publisherLocation":"Victoria, Canada","doi":"10.1093/treephys/14.7-8-9.843","usgsCitation":"Allen, J.A., Chambers, J.L., and Stine, M., 1994, Prospects for improving the salt tolerance of forest trees: A review: Tree Physiology, v. 14, no. 7-9, p. 843-853, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/14.7-8-9.843.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"853","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"7-9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687edf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, J. A.","contributorId":82644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chambers, J. L.","contributorId":100787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stine, M.","contributorId":12414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stine","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1002506,"text":"1002506 - 1994 - Trace elements in canvasbacks (<i>Aythya valisineria</i>) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T10:59:52","indexId":"1002506","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace elements in canvasbacks (<i>Aythya valisineria</i>) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988","docAbstract":"We determined trace element concentrations in livers of canvasbacks (<i>Aythya valisineria</i>) collected at Catahoula Lake and the Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana during, the winter of 1987–1988. Forty percent of canvasbacks wintering at Lake Catahoula had elevated concentrations of lead (>6·7 μg g<sup>−1</sup> dry weight) in the liver; 33% had concentrations consistent with lead intoxication (>26·7 μg g<sup>−1</sup>). Based on the number of canvasbacks that winter at Lake Catahoula and the frequency of lead exposure there, more than 5% of the continental population of canvasbacks may be exposed to lead at Lake Catahoula alone. Lead concentrations in livers differed among months and were higher in males than females, but were not different in adults and immatures. Concentrations of selenium and mercury in livers of females differed among months but not by age or location. Cadmium concentrations in livers differed by age, location and month of collection, but not by sex. Frequencies and concentrations of trace elements not commonly associated with adverse effects on avian species (aluminum, arsenic, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, silver, vanadium and zinc) are presented. Except for the elevated concentrations of lead at Catahoula Lake, all trace elements were at background concentrations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0269-7491(94)90136-8","usgsCitation":"Custer, T.W., and Hohman, W.L., 1994, Trace elements in canvasbacks (<i>Aythya valisineria</i>) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988: Environmental Pollution, v. 84, no. 3, p. 253-259, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90136-8.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"259","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15414,"rank":100,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90136-8","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7123.000000000000000"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Catahoula Lake;Mississippi River Delta","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.0434,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,33.0195 ], [ -88.8162,33.0195 ], [ -88.8162,28.9254 ], [ -94.0434,28.9254 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627e81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3170-6519 tcuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":2835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hohman, William L.","contributorId":73141,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hohman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017538,"text":"70017538 - 1994 - Mechanisms of crustal uplift and subsidence at the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017538","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms of crustal uplift and subsidence at the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Leveling surveys in 1923, 1976, and each year from 1983 to 1993 have shown that the east-central part of the Yellowstone caldera, near the base of the Sour Creek resurgent dome, rose at an average rate of 14??1 mm/year from 1923 to 1976 and 22??1 mm/year from 1976 to 1984. In contrast, no detectable movement occurred in the same area from 1984 to 1985 (-2??5 mm/year), and from 1985 to 1993 the area subsided at an average rate of 19??1 mm/year. We conclude that uplift from 1923 to 1984 was caused by: (1) pressurization of the deep hydrothermal system by fluids released from a crystallizing body of rhyolite magma beneath the caldera, then trapped beneath a self-sealed zone near the base of the hydrothermal system; and (2) aseismic intrusions of magma into the lower part of the sub-caldera magma body. Subsidence since 1985 is attributed to: (1) depressurization and fluid loss from the deep hydrothermal system, and (2) sagging of the caldera floor in response to regional crustal extension. Future intrusions might trigger renewed eruptive activity at Yellowstone, but most intrusions at large silicic calderas seem to be accommodated without eruptions. Overpressurization of the deep hydrothermal system could conceivably result in a phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruption, but this hazard is mitigated by episodic rupturing of the self-sealed zone during shallow earthquake swarms. Historical ground movements, although rapid by most geologic standards, seem to be typical of inter-eruption periods at large, mature, silicic magma systems like Yellowstone. The greatest short-term hazards posed by continuing unrest in the Yellowstone region are: (1) moderate to large earthquakes (magnitude 5.5-7.5), with a recurrence interval of a few decdes; and (2) small hydrothermal explosions, most of which affect only a small area (<0.01 km2), with a recurrence interval of a few years. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00302079","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., Yamashita, K., and Kleinman, J., 1994, Mechanisms of crustal uplift and subsidence at the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 56, no. 4, p. 261-270, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302079.","startPage":"261","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206178,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302079"}],"volume":"56","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a536de4b0c8380cd6ca97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yamashita, K.M.","contributorId":54603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamashita","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kleinman, J.W.","contributorId":51465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleinman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017545,"text":"70017545 - 1994 - The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-07T00:39:09.961081","indexId":"70017545","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics","docAbstract":"<p>Tyrannosaurids are a well-supported clade of very large predatory dinosaurs of Late Cretaceous Asiamerica. Traditional dinosaurian systematics place these animals within the infraorder Carnosauria with the other large theropods (allosaurids, megalosaurids). A new cladistic analysis indicates that the tyrannosaurs were in fact derived members of the Coelurosauria, a group of otherwise small theropods. Despite certain gross cranial similarities with the large predators of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurids are shown to be the sister group to ornithomimids and troodontids, which share a derived condition of the metatarsus. This clade is found to be nested within Maniraptora, which is a more inclusive taxon than previously recognized. The atrophied carpal structure found in tyrannosaurids and ornithomimids is derived from a maniraptoran condition with a large semilunate carpal, rather than from the plesiomorphic theropod morphology.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Palentological Society","doi":"10.1017/S0022336000026706","issn":"00223360","usgsCitation":"Holtz, T., 1994, The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics: Journal of Paleontology, v. 68, no. 5, p. 1100-1117, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022336000026706.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1100","endPage":"1117","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228332,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2016-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae93e4b08c986b3241bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holtz, T.R. Jr.","contributorId":23703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtz","given":"T.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017552,"text":"70017552 - 1994 - Liquefaction during the 1977 San Juan Province, Argentina earthquake (Ms = 7.4)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:33:58.074394","indexId":"70017552","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Liquefaction during the 1977 San Juan Province, Argentina earthquake (Ms = 7.4)","docAbstract":"<p>Liquefaction effects generated by the 1977 San Juan Province, Argentina, earthquake (Ms = 7.4) are described. The larger and more abundant effects were concentrated in the 60-km long band of the lowlands in the Valle del Bermejo and in an equally long band along the Rio San Juan in the Valle de Tulum. Fissures in the Valle del Bermejo were up to several hundred meters long and up to several meters wide. Sand deposits, from boils that erupted through the fissures, covered areas up to tens of square meters. Fissures generally parallelled nearby stream channels. Because the Valle del Bermejo is undeveloped, these large features caused no damage. Liquefaction in the Valle del Tulum caused important or unusual damage at several localities, including the following five sites: (1) At the Barrio Justo P. Castro, a subdivision of Caucete, liquefaction of subsurface sediments decoupled overlying, unliquefied stiff sediments, producing a form of ground failure called \"ground oscillation\". The associated differential ground movements pulled apart houses and pavements in extension, while shearing curbs and buckling canal linings in compression at the same locality. (2) At the Escuela Normal, in Caucete, the roof of a 30-m long single-story classroom building shifted westward relative to the foundation. That displacement fractured and tilted columns supporting the roof. The foundation was fractured at several places, leaving open cracks, as wide as 15 mm. The cumulative width of the open cracks was 48 mm, an amount roughly equivalent to the 63 mm of offset between the roof and foundation at the east end of the building. The ground and foundation beneath the building extended (or spread) laterally opening cracks and lengthening the foundation while the roof remained in place. (3) The most spectacular damage to structures at the community of San Martin was the tilting of a 6-m high water tower and the toppling of a nearby pump house into a 1-m deep crater. Similarly, a small crater developed beneath a hand-pump in an open area and a large, 6-m diameter crater formed nearby. The following sequence of events created the craters and toppled the pump structures: During the earthquake, ground shaking generated excess pore pressures which were dissipated by upward flow of groundwater. Free drainage was restricted by an impermeable plastic-silt layer. Water apparently accumulated below the plastic-silt layer and then burst to the surface through several holes and cracks, including holes around well casings. (4) At the San Isidro winery, nine storage tanks tilted 2 to 5??. Five reinforced-concrete tanks were dismantled but four steel tanks were repaired by placing new footings and jacking the structures into an upright position. (5) At Escuela J.J. Pasos, differential settlement beneath building fractured several columns and walls. The largest settlements were about 60 mm and the maximum settlement of footings supporting columns was about 40 mm. In spite of the damage, the buildings were in no danger of collapse.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0013-7952(94)90057-4","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Youd, T., and Keefer, D.K., 1994, Liquefaction during the 1977 San Juan Province, Argentina earthquake (Ms = 7.4): Engineering Geology, v. 37, no. 3-4, p. 211-233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(94)90057-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228472,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Province","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.29754267074192,\n              -29.944571253387238\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.29754267074192,\n              -33.017059210850164\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.86980829574202,\n              -33.017059210850164\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.86980829574202,\n              -29.944571253387238\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.29754267074192,\n              -29.944571253387238\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47ebe4b0c8380cd67a9e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Youd, T. L.","contributorId":73593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youd","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003743,"text":"1003743 - 1994 - Lead poisoning in a Mississippi sandhill crane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T15:38:56.688527","indexId":"1003743","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead poisoning in a Mississippi sandhill crane","docAbstract":"<p>Lead poisoning from the ingestion of spent lead shot is well documented in waterfowl (Sanderson and Bellrose 1986) and has been reported in other wetland (Locke et al. 1991, Windingstad et al. 1984) and upland (Hunter and Rosen 1965, Locke and Bagley 1967) avian species. Ingested fishing weights have been implicated in lead poisoning of Trumpeter Swans (<i>Cygnus buccinator</i>) (Blus et al. 1989), Common Loons (<i>Gavia immer</i>) (Locke et al. 1982, Franson and Cliplef 1992, Pokras and Chafel 1992), Mute Swans (<i>Cygnus olor</i>) (Birkhead 1982), and Sandhill Cranes (<i>Grus canadensis</i>) (Windingstad et al. 1984). The significance of lead poisoning as a mortality factor in avian species other than waterfowl is probably underestimated (Locke and Friend 1992), and any cause of mortality becomes particularly important in species with small population sizes. We report here the first known case of lead poisoning in a Mississippi Sandhill Crane (<i>Grus canadensis pulla</i>), a critically endangered subspecies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Franson, J., and Hereford, S.G., 1994, Lead poisoning in a Mississippi sandhill crane: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 106, no. 4, p. 766-768.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"768","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":374767,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4163498"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.79974365234375,\n              30.198552988693212\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.80043029785156,\n              30.18787014479982\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.75030517578125,\n              30.184308939305243\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.7200927734375,\n              30.18787014479982\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.648681640625,\n              30.170062829919026\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.59031677246094,\n              30.168281921431145\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.55735778808594,\n              30.175405362307902\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.48045349121094,\n              30.144533400661235\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.44818115234375,\n              30.140970629328645\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.385009765625,\n              30.151064813970038\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.38088989257812,\n              30.16353267482236\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.40972900390625,\n              30.741835717889792\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.41522216796875,\n              30.74065539551507\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.88763427734375,\n              30.739475058679485\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.88626098632812,\n              30.417887641071157\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.86978149414062,\n              30.417295506645424\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.846435546875,\n              30.401306519203583\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.8299560546875,\n              30.38176086774858\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.80111694335938,\n              30.361618834464732\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.79974365234375,\n              30.198552988693212\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b10c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":2157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":314166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hereford, Scott G.","contributorId":100792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70186522,"text":"70186522 - 1994 - Cretaceous rocks from southwestern Montana to southwestern Minnesota, northern Rocky Mountains, and Great Plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T14:50:47.396174","indexId":"70186522","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Cretaceous rocks from southwestern Montana to southwestern Minnesota, northern Rocky Mountains, and Great Plains","docAbstract":"<p>In Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota, and Minnesota, Cretaceous strata are preserved in the asymmetric Western Interior foreland basin. More than 5,200 m (17,000 ft) of Cretaceous strata are present in southwestern Montana, less than 300 m (1,000 ft) in eastern South Dakota. The asymmetry resulted from varying rates of subsidence due to tectonic and sediment loading. The strata consist primarily of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and shale. Conglomerate is locally abundant along the western margin, whereas carbonate is present in most areas of the eastern shelf. Sediment was deposited in both marine and nonmarine environments as the shoreline fluctuated during major tectonic and eustatic cycles.</p><p>A discussion of Cretaceous strata from southwestern to east-central Montana, the Black Hills, eastern South Dakota, and southwestern Minnesota shows regional stratigraphy and facies relations, sequence, boundaries, and biostratigraphic and radiometric correlations. The thick Cretaceous strata in southwestern Montana typify nonmarine facies of the rapidly subsiding westernmost part of the basin. These strata include more than 3,000 m (10,000 ft) of synorogenic conglomerate of the Upper Cretaceous part of the Beaverhead Group. West of the Madison Range, sequence boundaries bracket the Kootenai (Aptian and Albian), the Blackleaf (Albian and Cenomanian), and the Frontier Formations (Cenomanian and Turonian); sequence boundaries are difficult to recognize because the rocks are dominantly non-marine. Cretaceous strata in east-central Montana (about 1,371 m; 4,500 ft thick) lie at the approximate depositional axis of the basin and are mostly marine terrigenous rocks. Chert-pebble zones in these rocks reflect stratigraphic breaks that may correlate with sequence boundaries to the east and west. Cretaceous rocks of the Black Hills region consist of a predominantly marine clastic sequence averaging approximately 1,524 m (5,000 ft) thick. The Cretaceous System in eastern South Dakota (457 to 610 m; 1,500 to 2,000 ft thick) consists of a marine shelf sequence dominated by shale and limestone. Major sequence boundaries in South Dakota are at the base of the Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation, Fall River Sandstone, and Muddy Sandstone, and bracket the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Perspectives on the eastern margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior basin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE287-p5","usgsCitation":"Dyman, T.S., Cobban, W.A., Fox, J.E., Hammond, R.H., Nichols, D.J., Perry, W.J., Porter, K.W., Rice, D.D., Setterholm, D.R., Shurr, G., Tysdal, R.G., Haley, J.C., and Campen, E.B., 1994, Cretaceous rocks from southwestern Montana to southwestern Minnesota, northern Rocky Mountains, and Great Plains, chap. <i>of</i> Perspectives on the eastern margin of the Cretaceous Western Interior basin, v. 287, p. 5-26, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE287-p5.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339186,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"287","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60278e4b09da6799ac6b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyman, T. S.","contributorId":21161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dyman","given":"T.","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fox, J. E.","contributorId":79080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"J.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hammond, R. H.","contributorId":79927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nichols, D. J.","contributorId":55466,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perry, W. J. Jr.","contributorId":64266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Porter, K. W.","contributorId":56262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"K.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rice, D. D.","contributorId":41828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Setterholm, D. R.","contributorId":15371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Setterholm","given":"D.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Shurr, G. W.","contributorId":43500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shurr","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Tysdal, R. G.","contributorId":8823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Haley, J. C.","contributorId":14873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haley","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Campen, E. B.","contributorId":95760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campen","given":"E.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":20480,"text":"ofr94203 - 1994 - Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits, and geology-based mineral-environmental assessments of public lands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94203","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-203","title":"Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits, and geology-based mineral-environmental assessments of public lands","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94203","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Smith, K., and Ficklin, W.H., 1994, Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits, and geology-based mineral-environmental assessments of public lands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-203, 7 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94203.","productDescription":"7 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1115,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/ofr-94-0203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a9b61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, K. S. 0000-0001-8547-9804","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":47779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ficklin, W. H.","contributorId":89517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficklin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":96773,"text":"96773 - 1994 - First year study plan for inventory of coastal ecological resources of the northern Channel Islands and Ventura/Los Angeles Counties. Report to the California Coastal Commission. September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96773","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"First year study plan for inventory of coastal ecological resources of the northern Channel Islands and Ventura/Los Angeles Counties. Report to the California Coastal Commission. September 1994","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Engle, J., Gorodezky, L., Lafferty, K.D., Ambrose, R., and Raimondi, P., 1994, First year study plan for inventory of coastal ecological resources of the northern Channel Islands and Ventura/Los Angeles Counties. Report to the California Coastal Commission. September 1994, 31 p.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"31","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3408","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Engle, J.M.","contributorId":66634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorodezky, L.","contributorId":66957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorodezky","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lafferty, K. D.","contributorId":58213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lafferty","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ambrose, R.F.","contributorId":63348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ambrose","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Raimondi, P.T.","contributorId":48909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raimondi","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":21130,"text":"ofr93419 - 1994 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21130,"text":"ofr93419 - 1994 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","indexId":"ofr93419","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2810,"text":"wsp2433 - 1997 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","indexId":"wsp2433","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2810,"text":"wsp2433 - 1997 - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","indexId":"wsp2433","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr93419","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-419","title":"Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Methods have been developed for estimating magni- tude and frequency of floods at gaged and ungaged sites on streams in the southwestern United States.  Estimating equations for ungaged sites that apply to small drainage basins were developed by transferring information from ungaged sites using techniques such as multiple regression and a hybrid method developed during this study. Drainage area, mean basin elevation, mean annual precipitation, mean annual evaporation, latitude, and longitude are the basin and climatic charac- teristics needed to use the equations.  Flood- frequency relations and selected basin and climatic characteristics, updated through 1986 water year, are tabulated for more than 1,300 gaging stations in the southwestern United States. The study area was divided into 16 flood regions. Generalized least-squares regression was used to define the regression models in 12 regions with a sufficient number of defined flood-frequency relations at gaged sites.  Four regions had more than 30 percent of the gaged sites with no defined relations, thus the regression method was not used because of the large amount of missing infor- mation.  The hybrid analysis was used in those 4 regions, because it does not require individual flood-frequency relations and thus can use data for all gaging stations in a region.  Average standard error of prediction for the 12 regions with generalized least-squares models ranged from 39 to 95 percent for the 100-year peak discharge. The estimated average standard error of the four hybrid models ranged from 0.44 to 1.8 log units for the 100-year peak discharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93419","usgsCitation":"Thomas, B.E., Hjalmarson, H., and Waltemeyer, S., 1994, Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in the southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-419, viii, 211 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93419.","productDescription":"viii, 211 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0419/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50722,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0419/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a2d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, B. E.","contributorId":90767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waltemeyer, S. D.","contributorId":65857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waltemeyer","given":"S. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21131,"text":"ofr9443 - 1994 - Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a replacement-vegetation site near Fort Defiance, Arizona, 1989-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:46","indexId":"ofr9443","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-43","title":"Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a replacement-vegetation site near Fort Defiance, Arizona, 1989-91","docAbstract":"The Navajo Nation Forestry Department established a growth of four species of native grasses and two species of native shrubs on formerly sagebrush- covered land about 6 miles north of Fort Defiance, Arizona. The native grasses and shrubs grew under conditions of natural precipitation and soil fertility. This provided alternate grazing areas for tribal livestock. Tribal livestock previously had been grazed on timber-producing land, killing seedlings planted for reforestation. Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a site planted with grasses and shrubs north Fort Defiance, Arizona were monitored to document hydrologic conditions during the experiment. Daily rainfall during the April through November 1989- 91 data-collection period ranged from 0 to 1.21 inches (0 to 30.7 millimeters). Evapotranspiration during the data-collection period generally ranged from about 0.5 to 2 millimeters per day (0.02 to 0.08 inch per day), increasing to 2 to 5 millimeters per day (0.08 to 0.20 inch per day) after rainfall. The total soil-water content ranged from 5.7 to 65.9 percent. Soils were wetter during the April data-collection period than during the November data-collection periods.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9443","usgsCitation":"Thomas, C.L., 1994, Rainfall, evapotranspiration, total soil-water potential, and soil-water content at a sagebrush site and a replacement-vegetation site near Fort Defiance, Arizona, 1989-91: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-43, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9443.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50723,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, C. L.","contributorId":43802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000718,"text":"1000718 - 1994 - Declining survival of lake trout stocked during 1963-1986 in U.S. waters of Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T13:42:07","indexId":"1000718","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Declining survival of lake trout stocked during 1963-1986 in U.S. waters of Lake Superior","docAbstract":"<p><span>The average catch per effort (CPE) values for the 1963&ndash;1982 year-classes of stocked lake trout&nbsp;</span><i>Salvelinus namaycush</i><span>&nbsp;caught at age 7 in gill nets and for the 1976&ndash;1986 year-classes caught at ages 2&ndash;4 in trawls declined significantly in U.S. waters of Lake Superior. The declines in CPE were not explained by reduced stocking, but rather by significant declines in survival indices of the year-classes of stocked lake trout. Increases in mortality occurred in year-classes before the fish reached ages 2&ndash;4, before they were recruited into the sport and commercial fisheries, and before they reached sizes vulnerable to sea lamprey predation. We conclude that declining abundance of stocked lake trout resulted from increased mortality, which may have been caused by competition, predation, or by a combination of these and other factors. Restoration of lake trout in Lake Superior may now depend on prudent management of naturally reproducing stocks rather than on stocking of hatchery-reared fish.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0395:DSOLTS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hansen, M.J., Ebener, M.P., Schorfhaar, R.G., Schram, S.T., Schreiner, D.R., and Selgeby, J.H., 1994, Declining survival of lake trout stocked during 1963-1986 in U.S. waters of Lake Superior: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 14, no. 2, p. 395-402, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1994)014<0395:DSOLTS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"402","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6726a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Michael J. 0000-0001-8522-3876 michaelhansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8522-3876","contributorId":5006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"michaelhansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebener, Mark P.","contributorId":25099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ebener","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12957,"text":"Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schorfhaar, Richard G.","contributorId":76258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schorfhaar","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schram, Stephen T.","contributorId":59384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schram","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schreiner, Donald R.","contributorId":108051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Selgeby, James H.","contributorId":89828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selgeby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
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