{"pageNumber":"4011","pageRowStart":"100250","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":70017553,"text":"70017553 - 1994 - Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T10:06:22","indexId":"70017553","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool","docAbstract":"<p><span>During the eruption of Redoubt Volcano from December 1989 through April 1990, the Alaska Volcano Observatory issued advance warnings of several tephra eruptions based on changes in seismic activity related to the occurrence of precursory swarms of long-period (LP) seismic events (dominant period of about 0.5 s). The initial eruption on December 14 occurred after 23 years of quiescence and was heralded by a 23-hour swarm of LP events that ended abruptly with the eruption. After a series of vent-clearing explosions over the next few days, dome growth began on December 21. Another swarm, with LP events similar to those of the first, began on the 26th and ended in a major tephra eruption on January 2. Eruptions continued over the next two weeks and then ceased until February 15, when a large eruption initiated a long phase of repetitive dome-building and dome-destroying episodes that continued into April. Warnings were issued before the major events on December 14 and January 2, but as the eruptive sequence continued after January 2, the energy of the swarms decreased and forecasting became more difficult. A significant but less intense swarm preceded the February 15 eruption, which was not forecast. This eruption destroyed the only seismograph on the volcanic edifice and stymied forecasting until March 4, when the first of three new stations was installed within 3 km of the active vent. From March 4 to the end of the sequence on April 21, there were eight eruptions, six of which were preceded by detectable swarms of LP events. Although weak, these swarms provided the basis for warnings issued before the eruptions on March 23 and April 6. The initial swarm on December 13 had the following features: (1) short duration (23 hours); (2) a rapidly accelerating rate of seismic energy release over the first 18 hours of the swarm, followed by a decline of activity during the 5 hours preceding the eruption; (3) a magnitude range from −0.4 to 1.6; (4) nearly identical LP signatures with a dominant period near 0.5 s; (5) dilatational first motions everywhere; and (6) a stationary source location at a depth of 1.4 km beneath the crater. This occurrence of long-period events suggests a model involving the interaction of magma with groundwater in which magmatic gases, steam and water drive a fixed conduit at a stationary point throughout the swarm. The initiation of that sequence of events is analogous to the failure of a pressure-relief valve connecting a lower, supercharged magma-dominated reservoir to a shallow hydrothermal system. A three-dimensional model of a vibrating fluid-filled crack recently developed by Chouet is found to be compatible with the seismic data and yields the following parameters for the LP source: crack length, 280–380 m; crack width, 140–190 m; crack thickness, 0.05–0.20 m; crack stiffness, 100–200; sound speed of fluid, 0.8–1.3 km/s; compressional-wave speed of rock, 5.1 km/s; density ratio of fluid to rock, ≈0.4; and ratio of bulk modulus of fluid to rigidity of rock, 0.03–0.07. The fluid-filled crack is excited intermittently by an impulsive pressure drop that varies in magnitude within the range of 0.4 to 40 bar. Such disturbance appears to be consistent with a triggering mechanism associated with choked flow conditions in the crack.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90030-2","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., Page, R., Stephens, C., Lahr, J., and Power, J., 1994, Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 95-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90030-2.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook inlet, Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -149,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -149,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              59\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a814de4b0c8380cd7b470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017449,"text":"70017449 - 1994 - Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T13:28:27","indexId":"70017449","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin","docAbstract":"The deglacial history of the Lake Michigan basin, including discharge and routing of meltwater, is complex because of the interaction among (1) glacial retreats and re-advances in the basin (2) the timing of occupation and the isostatic adjustment of lake outlets and (3) the depositional and erosional processes that left evidence of past lake levels. In the southern part of the basin, a restricted area little affected by differential isostasy, new studies of onshore and offshore areas allow refinement of a lake-level history that has evolved over 100 years. Important new data include the recognition of two periods of influx of meltwater from Lake Agassiz into the basin and details of the highstands gleaned from sedimentological evidence. Major disagreements still persist concerning the exact timing and lake-level changes associated with the Algonquin phase, approximately 11,000 BP. A wide variety of independent data suggests that the Lake Michigan Lobe was thin, unstable, and subject to rapid advances and retreats. Consequently, lake-level changes were commonly abrupt and stable shorelines were short-lived. The long-held beliefs that the southern part of the basin was stable and separated from deformed northern areas by a hinge-line discontinuity are becoming difficult to maintain. Numerical modeling of the ice-earth system and empirical modeling of shoreline deformation are both consistent with observed shoreline tilting in the north and with the amount and pattern of modern deformation shown by lake-level gauges. New studies of subaerial lacustrine features suggest the presence of deformed shorelines higher than those originally ascribed to the supposed horizontal Glenwood level. Finally, the Lake Michigan region as a whole appears to behave in a similar manner to other areas, both local (other Great Lakes) and regional (U.S. east coast), that have experienced major isostatic changes. Detailed sedimentological and dating studies of field sites and additional development of geophysical models offer hope for reconciling the field data with our understanding of earth rheology. ?? 1995.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(94)90007-8","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Clark, J., Clayton, L., Hansel, A., and Larsen, C., 1994, Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 13, no. 9-10, p. 879-890, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90007-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"879","endPage":"890","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science 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]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe53e4b0c8380cd4ec8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, J.A.","contributorId":73759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clayton, L.","contributorId":55145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansel, A.K.","contributorId":89280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larsen, C.E.","contributorId":84518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1014752,"text":"1014752 - 1994 - Changes in cortisol dynamics in wild and hatchery-reared juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during smoltification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:08","indexId":"1014752","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in cortisol dynamics in wild and hatchery-reared juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during smoltification","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"95-088/PY96/TF","usgsCitation":"Shrimpton, J., Bernier, N., and Randall, D., 1994, Changes in cortisol dynamics in wild and hatchery-reared juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during smoltification: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 51, p. 2179-2187.","productDescription":"p. 2179-2187","startPage":"2179","endPage":"2187","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shrimpton, J. M.","contributorId":10362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shrimpton","given":"J. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bernier, N.J.","contributorId":83870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernier","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randall, D.J.","contributorId":7656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":18853,"text":"ofr94431 - 1994 - User's manual for SIMULPS12 for imaging vp and vp/vs; a derivative of the \"Thurber\" tomographic inversion SIMUL3 for local earthquakes and explosions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:28","indexId":"ofr94431","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-431","title":"User's manual for SIMULPS12 for imaging vp and vp/vs; a derivative of the \"Thurber\" tomographic inversion SIMUL3 for local earthquakes and explosions","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94431","usgsCitation":"Evans, J., Eberhart-Phillips, D., and Thurber, C., 1994, User's manual for SIMULPS12 for imaging vp and vp/vs; a derivative of the \"Thurber\" tomographic inversion SIMUL3 for local earthquakes and explosions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-431, 101 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94431.","productDescription":"101 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0431/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48244,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0431/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603db0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, Donna","contributorId":100867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"Donna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurber, C.H.","contributorId":28617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014742,"text":"1014742 - 1994 - Effects of medium composition on the growth of two fish pathogens, Cytophaga columnaris and Cytophaga psychrophila","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-07T13:06:53.910976","indexId":"1014742","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1036,"text":"Biomedical Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of medium composition on the growth of two fish pathogens, Cytophaga columnaris and Cytophaga psychrophila","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Cipriano, R.C., and Teska, J., 1994, Effects of medium composition on the growth of two fish pathogens, Cytophaga columnaris and Cytophaga psychrophila: Biomedical Letters, v. 49, no. 193, p. 7-12.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"12","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129342,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"193","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ec21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cipriano, R. C.","contributorId":12400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cipriano","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teska, J.D.","contributorId":15961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teska","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017668,"text":"70017668 - 1994 - Hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning measured by ion microprobe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-07T18:38:07","indexId":"70017668","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning measured by ion microprobe","docAbstract":"<p><span>Trace-element abundances were measured in situ by ion microprobe in five samples of hornblende and melt ranging from basaltic andesite to high-silica rhyolite. Except for one sample, for which quench overgrowth or disequilibrium is suspected, the abundance ratios show systematic inter-element and inter-sample variations, and probably approach true partition coefficients. Apparent partition coefficients are reported for La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Dy, Er, Yb, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Sr, Y and Zr. Rare-earth elements (REE) and Y form smooth convex-upward partitioning patterns that rise to higher </span><i>D</i><span>-values and become increasingly convex in more evolved samples. Apparent partition coefficients for REE, Y, Ti, V and Cr can be parameterized as functions of the distribution of Ca between hornblende and melt, giving expressions to predict hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning values. These expressions are used to show that heavy REE-enriched hornblende/whole-rock REE abundance patterns in granitoids may result from partial re-equilibration of hornblende and late-stage residual liquids rather than from anomalous partitioning values.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(94)90135-X","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Sisson, T.W., 1994, Hornblende-melt trace-element partitioning measured by ion microprobe: Chemical Geology, v. 117, no. 1-4, p. 331-344, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90135-X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"331","endPage":"344","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"117","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3225e4b0c8380cd5e567","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sisson, T. W.","contributorId":108120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017517,"text":"70017517 - 1994 - Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:32:36","indexId":"70017517","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3716,"text":"Water Research","onlineIssn":"1879-2448","printIssn":"0043-1354","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2","docAbstract":"Aquatic humic substances (AHS) were isolated from peatbog water by adsorption (1) on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) and (2) on Amberlite XAD-2 (XAD) to compare yields of the methods and the composition of the isolated AHS. To provide a detailed comparison, the isolates were fractionated using size-exclusion and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The fractions were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared and 13C-nuclear magnetic spectroscopies and analyzed for elemental, functional-group, carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. More AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C than onto XAD-2 (94 and 74%, respectively). However, only 76% of the AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C was recovered using 0.1 M NaOH, whereas 98% of the AHS adsorbed onto XAD was released by consecutive elution with 1 M NH4OH (91%) and methanol (7%). Four main fractions of different composition were obtained from each of the alkali-desorbed AHS samples by Sephadex-gel chromatography. General agreement was found in relative amounts, spectroscopic characteristics and composition of corresponding fractions of both isolates except nitrogen content, which was significantly higher in AHS isolated with XAD, apparently due to the reaction of AHS with NH4OH used for the desorption from the resin.Aquatic humic substances (AHS) were isolated from peatbog water by adsorption (1) on diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) and (2) on Amberlite XAD-2 (XAD) to compare yields of the methods and the composition of the isolated AHS. To provide a detailed comparison, the isolates were fractionated using size-exclusion and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The fractions were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, infrared and 13C-nuclear magnetic spectroscopies and analyzed for elemental, functional-group, carbohydrate and amino acid compositions. More AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C than onto XAD-2 (94 and 74%, respectively). However, only 76% of the AHS adsorbed onto DEAE-C was recovered using 0.1 M NaOH, whereas 98% of the AHS adsorbed onto XAD was released by consecutive elution with 1 M NH4OH (91%) and methanol (7%). Four main fractions of different composition were obtained from each of the alkali-desorbed AHS samples by Sephadex-gel chromatography. General agreement was found in relative amounts, spectroscopic characteristics and composition of corresponding fractions of both isolates except nitrogen content, which was significantly higher in AHS isolated with XAD, apparently due to the reaction of AHS with NH4OH used for the desorption from the resin.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6","issn":"00431354","usgsCitation":"Hejzlar, J., Szpakowska, B., and Wershaw, R., 1994, Comparison of humic substances isolated from peatbog water by sorption on DEAE-cellulose and amberlite XAD-2: Water Research, v. 28, no. 9, p. 1961-1970, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1961","endPage":"1970","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206139,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(94)90171-6"}],"volume":"28","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f869e4b0c8380cd4d0b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hejzlar, J.","contributorId":95632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hejzlar","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Szpakowska, B.","contributorId":98058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szpakowska","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017954,"text":"70017954 - 1994 - Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles","docAbstract":"In Texas, a computer program has been developed which will estimate flood quantiles for an ungaged site based on data from gaging stations with similar watershed characteristics. The user enters site location and watershed characteristics for an ungaged site and the program selects, from a data base of gaging stations, a subset of stations to be used in the regression analysis. The subset of stations are selected based on the similarity of their basin characteristics to the ungaged site's basin characteristics. This approach offers several advantages over the usual regional regression approach. For example, the estimation data includes only stations whose size, topography, and climate are similar to the ungaged site. Therefore, predictions tend to be made near the center of the space of the explanatory variables, and extrapolation errors are reduced. In addition, any violation of the assumption of linearity for the regression is less likely to cause problems. A new regression equation is developed for each prediction site, thus numerous calculations are necessary. However, today's desktop computers can make the calculations easily. A split sampling study is used to compare this technique with the more conventional regional regression approach.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems","conferenceDate":"23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400202","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., and Slade, R., 1994, Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and, Denver, CO, USA, 23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994, p. 782-785.","startPage":"782","endPage":"785","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce1e4b0c8380cd6310b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, Raymond M.","contributorId":23242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Raymond M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":46590,"text":"ofr9249 - 1994 - Generalized water-table map of Block Island, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:39","indexId":"ofr9249","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-49","title":"Generalized water-table map of Block Island, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"The map shows the altitude of water table surface above seal level in the glacial deposits that form Block Island. Because the sediments are only moderately permeable, the water table is close to the to the surface in most parts of the island, even in hilly areas. The map represents a generalized water-table configuration on the basis of data from many different sampling periods; because the data were collected at different times, they should not be used to determine a specific depth to water at a particular site. Water levels measured in 117 shallow wells (less than 35 feet deep) from June through September 1962 and from March through September 1988-90--periods when water levels were at about the same altitude above sea level--ranged from less than 1 to 24 feet below land surface and averaged about 6 feet below land surface.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9249","usgsCitation":"Johnston, H., and Veeger, A., 1994, Generalized water-table map of Block Island, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-49, 1 map ;90 x 63 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9249.","productDescription":"1 map ;90 x 63 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":83531,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":83532,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, H.E.","contributorId":27070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veeger, A.I.","contributorId":100031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veeger","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":233627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017547,"text":"70017547 - 1994 - Development of saline seeps in Southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70017547","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of saline seeps in Southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Saline seeps are an increasingly serious problem in semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States. They result when excessive recharge of the shallow ground water in soils raises the water table locally to within one meter of the land surface, and the salinity of the shallow water is increased through evaporation. In this connection, a comprehensive study is being undertaken in Oklahoma and Texas to determine the geologic setting, hydrology, soils, land use, and history of saline-seep development.","largerWorkTitle":"National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Water Down Under 1994 Conference. Part 3 (of 3)","conferenceDate":"21 November 1994 through 25 November 1994","conferenceLocation":"Adelaide, Aust","language":"English","publisher":"IE Aust","publisherLocation":"Crows Nest, NSW","issn":"03136922","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K., 1994, Development of saline seeps in Southwestern United States, <i>in</i> National Conference Publication - Institution of Engineers, Australia, v. 2, Adelaide, Aust, 21 November 1994 through 25 November 1994.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228378,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0062e4b0c8380cd4f72c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Anon","contributorId":128316,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Anon","id":536371,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Kenneth S.","contributorId":31541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kenneth S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":17515,"text":"ofr94173 - 1994 - Preliminary geologic map of Fort Irwin basin, north-central Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr94173","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-173","title":"Preliminary geologic map of Fort Irwin basin, north-central Mojave Desert, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94173","usgsCitation":"Yount, J.C., Schermer, E., Felger, T., Miller, D., and Stephens, K., 1994, Preliminary geologic map of Fort Irwin basin, north-central Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-173, 27 p. :maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94173.","productDescription":"27 p. :maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":21545,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0173/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46662,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yount, J. C.","contributorId":69553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yount","given":"J.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schermer, E.R.","contributorId":78756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schermer","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Felger, T.J.","contributorId":104076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felger","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, D. M. 0000-0003-3711-0441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":104422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stephens, K.A.","contributorId":78345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017556,"text":"70017556 - 1994 - Multiple isotopic components in Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Cascade Arc near Crater lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T11:05:15","indexId":"70017556","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple isotopic components in Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Cascade Arc near Crater lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p>Quaternary lavas and pyroclastic rocks of Mount Mazama, Crater lake caldera, and the surrounding area have variable Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions. High-alumina olivine tholeiites have 87Ar/86Ar ratios of 0.70346-0.70364; basaltic andesite, 0.70349-0.70372; shoshonitic basaltic andesite, 0.70374-0.70388; and andesite, 0.70324-0.70383. Dacites of Mount Mazama have 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios of 0.70348-0.70373. Most rhyodacites converge on 0.7037. Andesitic to mafic-cumulate scoriae of the climatic eruption, and enclaves in pre-climactic rhyodacites, cluster in two groups but show nearly the entire 87Sr/86Sr range of the data set, confirming previously suggested introduction of diverse parental magmas into the growing climactic chamber. Magma evolution is described.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/35.6.1521","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Gunn, S., Lanphere, M.A., and Wooden, J.L., 1994, Multiple isotopic components in Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Cascade Arc near Crater lake, Oregon: Journal of Petrology, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1521-1556, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/35.6.1521.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"1521","endPage":"1556","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228564,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a606de4b0c8380cd71451","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunn, S.H.","contributorId":65236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunn","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017718,"text":"70017718 - 1994 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:07:42","indexId":"70017718","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1992","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 133 moderate-to-large earthquakes occurring during 1992. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(94)90097-3","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., and Needham, R., 1994, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1992: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 82, no. 1, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(94)90097-3.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267319,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(94)90097-3"},{"id":228622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d46e4b0c8380cd7029c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017439,"text":"70017439 - 1994 - Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program","docAbstract":"An active oceanic spreading ridge is being subducted beneath the South American continent at the Chile Triple Junction. This process has played a major part in the evolution of most of the continental margins that border the Pacific Ocean basin. A combination of high resolution swath bathymetric maps, seismic reflection profiles and drillhole and core data from five sites drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 141 provide important data that define the tectonic, structural and stratigraphic effects of this modern example of spreading ridge subduction. A change from subduction accretion to subduction erosion occurs along-strike of the South American forearc. This change is prominently expressed by normal faulting, forearc subsidence, oversteepening of topographic slopes and intensive sedimentary mass wasting, overprinted on older signatures of sediment accretion, overthrusting and uplift processes in the forearc. Data from drill sites north of the triple junction (Sites 859-861) show that after an important phase of forearc building in the early to late Pliocene, subduction accretion had ceased in the late Pliocene. Since that time sediment on the downgoing oceanic Nazca plate has been subducted. Site 863 was drilled into the forearc in the immediate vicinity of the triple junction above the subducted spreading ridge axis. Here, thick and intensely folded and faulted trench slope sediments of Pleistocene age are currently involved in the frontal deformation of the forearc. Early faults with thrust and reverse kinematics are overprinted by later normal faults. The Chile Triple Junction is also the site of apparent ophiolite emplacement into the South American forearc. Drilling at Site 862 on the Taitao Ridge revealed an offshore volcanic sequence of Plio-Pleistocene age associated with the Taitao Fracture Zone, adjacent to exposures of the Pliocene-aged Taitao ophiolite onshore. Despite the large-scale loss of material from the forearc at the triple junction, ophiolite emplacement produces a large topographic promontory in the forearc immediately after ridge subduction, and represents the first stage of forearc rebuilding. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00251080","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Behrmann, J., Lewis, S., and Cande, S., 1994, Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program: Geologische Rundschau, v. 83, no. 4, p. 832-852, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00251080.","startPage":"832","endPage":"852","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206168,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251080"},{"id":228923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba484e4b08c986b3203dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrmann, J.H.","contributorId":48822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrmann","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, S.D.","contributorId":11618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cande, S.C.","contributorId":59300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cande","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017473,"text":"70017473 - 1994 - Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:47:52","indexId":"70017473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","docAbstract":"<p>The loss of the preemergent herbicide atrazine in surface runoff from experimental field plots growing corn (Zea mays L.) was significantly reduced using a starchencapsulated formulation versus a conventional powdered formulation. Field edge losses of starch-encapsulated atrazine were described as following a Rayleigh distribution totaling 1.8% of applied herbicide compared to exponential powdered atrazine losses of 2.9% applied - a 40% decrease. This has important implications for the reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water by agricultural chemicals. Unsaturated zone release of starchencapsulated atrazine was gradual, but comparable weed control was maintained. Deethylatrazine was a major dealkylated metabolite from each formulation, and deisopropylatrazine was a minor metabolite. The determination of soil partition coefficients for deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine (0.4 and 0.3, respectively), aqueous solubilities (3200 and 670 mg/L, respectively), and melting points (133 and 177 C, respectively) confirmed that the dealkylated metabolites should move more rapidly through the soil profile to groundwater than atrazine.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00050a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.S., and Thurman, E., 1994, Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 73-79, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00050a011.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e2e4b0e8fec6cdb9f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017614,"text":"70017614 - 1994 - A precise 232Th-208Pb chronology of fine-grained monazite: Age of the Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T23:58:14.315681","indexId":"70017614","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A precise 232Th-208Pb chronology of fine-grained monazite: Age of the Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit, China","docAbstract":"<p><span>We have obtained precise Th-Pb internal isochron ages on monazite and bastnaesite for the world's largest known rare earth elements (REE)-Fe-Nb ore deposit, the Bayan Obo of Inner Mongolia, China. The monazite samples, collected from the carbonate-hosted ore zone, contain extremely small amounts of uranium (less than 10 ppm) but up to 0.7% ThO</span><sub>2</sub><span>. Previous estimates of the age of mineralization ranged from 1.8 to 0.255 Ga. Magnetic fractions of monazite and bastnaesite samples (&lt;60-μm size) showed large ranges in&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>232</mn></msup><mtext>Th</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>232</sup>Th<sup>204</sup>Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;values (900–400,000) and provided precise Th-Pb internal isochron ages for paragenetic monazite mineralization ranging from 555 to 398 Ma within a few percent error (0.8% for two samples). These results are the first indication that REE mineralization within the giant Bayan Obo ore deposit occurred over a long period of time. The initial lead isotopic compositions (low&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>206</sup>Pb<sup>204</sup>Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and high&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>208</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>208</sup>Pb<sup>204</sup>Pb)</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and large negative&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i><sub><i>Nd</i></sub><span>&nbsp;values for Bayan Obo ore minerals indicate that the main source(s) for the ores was the lower crust which was depleted in uranium, but enriched in thorium and light rare earth elements for a long period of time. Zircon from a quartz monzonite, located 50 km south of the ore complex and thought to be related to Caledonian subduction, gave an age of 451 Ma, within the range of monazite ages. Textural relations together with the mineral ages favor an epigenetic rather than a syngenetic origin for the orebodies. REE mineralization started around 555 Ma (disseminated monazite in the West, the Main, and south of the East Orebody), but the main mineralization (banded ores) was related to the Caledonian subduction event ca. 474-400 Ma.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90043-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Wang, J., Tatsumoto, M., Li, X., Premo, W.R., and Chao, E.C., 1994, A precise 232Th-208Pb chronology of fine-grained monazite: Age of the Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit, China: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 15, p. 3155-3169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90043-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3155","endPage":"3169","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Bayan Obo, Kuanggou Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              108.73036127372524,\n              41.98236580560348\n            ],\n            [\n              105.25634608876459,\n              41.98236580560348\n            ],\n            [\n              105.25634608876459,\n              40.18305427531274\n            ],\n            [\n              108.73036127372524,\n              40.18305427531274\n            ],\n            [\n              108.73036127372524,\n              41.98236580560348\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e9e4b0c8380cd469fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Jingyuan","contributorId":10771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jingyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, X.","contributorId":67635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Premo, W. R. 0000-0001-9904-4801","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":22782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017475,"text":"70017475 - 1994 - Design and operation of a system to monitor sediment deposition for protection of an endangered mussel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70017475","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Design and operation of a system to monitor sediment deposition for protection of an endangered mussel","docAbstract":"The USGS, in cooperation with the COE, has designed and installed a system to continuously monitor changes in elevation of the river bed over the mussel bed located downstream of the Olmsted Locks and Dam project. The installed system utilizes a multi-transducer acoustic ranging system to provide river bed elevation measurements accurate to plus or minus 1 cm. The system is currently collecting data to assess the baseline sediment deposition and erosion characteristics of the mussel bed.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400369","usgsCitation":"Griffin, M.S., and Mueller, D.S., 1994, Design and operation of a system to monitor sediment deposition for protection of an endangered mussel, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 472-481.","startPage":"472","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff38e4b0c8380cd4f09e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Michael S. mgriffin@usgs.gov","contributorId":4381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Michael","email":"mgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017605,"text":"70017605 - 1994 - Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017605","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes","docAbstract":"Although laboratory stick-slip friction experiments have long been regarded as analogs to natural crustal earthquakes, the potential use of laboratory results for understanding the earthquake source mechanism has not been fully exploited because of essential difficulties in relating seismographic data to measurements made in the controlled laboratory environment. Mining-induced earthquakes, however, provide a means of calibrating the seismic data in terms of laboratory results because, in contrast to natural earthquakes, the causative forces as well as the hypocentral conditions are known. A comparison of stick-slip friction events in a large granite sample with mining-induced earthquakes in South Africa and Canada indicates both similarities and differences between the two phenomena. The physics of unstable fault slip appears to be largely the same for both types of events. For example, both laboratory and mining-induced earthquakes have very low seismic efficiencies {Mathematical expression} where ??a is the apparent stress and {Mathematical expression} is the average stress acting on the fault plane to cause slip; nearly all of the energy released by faulting is consumed in overcoming friction. In more detail, the mining-induced earthquakes differ from the laboratory events in the behavior of ?? as a function of seismic moment M0. Whereas for the laboratory events ?????0.06 independent of M0, ?? depends quite strongly on M0 for each set of induced earthquakes, with 0.06 serving, apparently, as an upper bound. It seems most likely that this observed scaling difference is due to variations in slip distribution over the fault plane. In the laboratory, a stick-slip event entails homogeneous slip over a fault of fixed area. For each set of induced earthquakes, the fault area appears to be approximately fixed but the slip is inhomogeneous due presumably to barriers (zones of no slip) distributed over the fault plane; at constant {Mathematical expression}, larger events correspond to larger??a as a consequence of fewer barriers to slip. If the inequality ??a/ {Mathematical expression} ??? 0.06 has general validity, then measurements of ??a=??Ea/M0, where ?? is the modulus of rigidity and Ea is the seismically-radiated energy, can be used to infer the absolute level of deviatoric stress at the hypocenter. ?? 1994 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876051","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., 1994, Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 142, no. 3-4, p. 467-489, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876051.","startPage":"467","endPage":"489","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206140,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876051"},{"id":228663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"142","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9286e4b08c986b319f77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1014722,"text":"1014722 - 1994 - Population structure of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) inhabiting the Laguna Madre, Texas, and adjacent bay systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:11","indexId":"1014722","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population structure of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) inhabiting the Laguna Madre, Texas, and adjacent bay systems","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"95-082/PY95/AE","usgsCitation":"King, T., Ward, R., and Zimmerman, E., 1994, Population structure of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) inhabiting the Laguna Madre, Texas, and adjacent bay systems: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 51, p. 215-222.","productDescription":"p. 215-222","startPage":"215","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683e01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, T.L.","contributorId":93416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, R.","contributorId":19111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zimmerman, E.G.","contributorId":46042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017546,"text":"70017546 - 1994 - The healing of disturbed hillslopes by gully gravure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T12:59:26.328679","indexId":"70017546","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The healing of disturbed hillslopes by gully gravure","docAbstract":"<p>Results of accelerated erosion on certain constructed surfaces in southeastern Arizona appear similar to those described by Bryan (1940) as gully gravure. Twenty cross-section excavations in eight rills incised into silt-rich lacustrine and fluvial deposits reveal partial filling of the rills by debris derived from overlying fluvial sand, gravel, and cobbles. Interstices of the coarse material gradually fill with fine-grained erosion products, decreasing permeability of the fill and deflecting subsequent runoff to the margins of the fill. Rills and rill fillings thus increase in width with time, and complete veneering of the surface by coarse debris ultimately may occur. Through incision, filling, lateral planation, and armoring, channels of the dissected surface heal and the new hillslope approaches an equilibrium condition.</p><p>Natural hillslopes in the area with similar geologic conditions have inclinations of 16°-22°, have generally unbroken veneers of coarse debris, and appear subject to the same erosional processes identified at constructed hillslopes. Field measurements and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) were used to estimate soil loss on natural and constructed hillslopes. Results suggest that erosion may be almost three orders of magnitude greater on steep, non-veneered, nonvegetated constructed surfaces than on natural hillslopes. Attributes of stable natural hillslopes provide criteria for the design of stable constructed hillslopes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1233:THODHB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Toy, T., 1994, The healing of disturbed hillslopes by gully gravure: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, no. 10, p. 1233-1241, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1233:THODHB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1233","endPage":"1241","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228377,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacafe4b08c986b323679","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toy, T.J.","contributorId":36626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toy","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017543,"text":"70017543 - 1994 - Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:13:14.098155","indexId":"70017543","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>A subsidence research program began in 1985 to document the extent and magnitude of land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, an area of about 15 600 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>, using Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying. A brief description of GPS surveying is followed by a summary of each of four surveys between 1985 and 1989. In addition to periodic conventional spirit levelling, an examination was made of the changes in GPS-derived ellipsoidal height differences (summary differences) between pairs of adjacent bench marks in central Sacramento Valley from 1986 to 1989. The average rates of land subsidence in the southern Sacramento Valley for the past several decades were determined by comparing GPS-derived orthometric heights with historic published elevations. A maximum average rate of 0.053 m year</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;(0.90 m in 17 years) of subsidence has been measured.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626669409492765","usgsCitation":"Ikehara, M.E., 1994, Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 39, no. 5, p. 417-429, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669409492765.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a295ae4b0c8380cd5a8ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ikehara, M. E.","contributorId":40977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikehara","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017666,"text":"70017666 - 1994 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:06:41","indexId":"70017666","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1993","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 130 moderate-to-large size earthquakes occurring during 1993. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(94)90123-6","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., and Needham, R., 1994, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1993: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 86, no. 4, p. 245-252, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(94)90123-6.","startPage":"245","endPage":"252","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267318,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(94)90123-6"},{"id":228434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d4de4b0c8380cd702c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017615,"text":"70017615 - 1994 - Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-13T13:11:34.116557","indexId":"70017615","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>Thousands of solution-collapse breccia pipes crop out in the canyons and on the plateaus of northwestern Arizona; some host high-grade uranium deposits. The mineralized pipes are enriched in Ag, As, Ba, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, V and Zn. These breccia pipes formed as sedimentary strata collapsed into solution caverns within the underlying Mississippian Redwall Limestone. A typical pipe is approximately 100 m (300 ft) in diameter and extends upward from the Redwall Limestone as much as 1000 m (3000 ft).</p><p>Unmineralized gypsum and limestone collapses rooted in the Lower Permian Kaibab Limestone or Toroweap Formation also occur throughout this area. Hence, development of geochemical tools that can distinguish these unmineralized collapse structures, as well as unmineralized breccia pipes, from mineralized breccia pipes could significantly reduce drilling costs for these orebodies commonly buried 300–360 m (1000–1200 ft) below the plateau surface.</p><p>Design and interpretation of soil sampling surveys over breccia pipes are plagued with several complications. (1) The plateau-capping Kaibab Limestone and Moenkopi Formation are made up of diverse lithologies. Thus, because different breccia pipes are capped by different lithologies, each pipe needs to be treated as a separate geochemical survey with its own background samples. (2) Ascertaining true background is difficult because of uncertainties in locations of poorly-exposed collapse cones and ring fracture zones that surround the pipes.</p><p>Soil geochemical surveys were completed on 50 collapse structures, three of which are known mineralized breccia pipes. Each collapse structure was treated as an independent geochemical survey. Geochemical data from each collapse feature were plotted on single-element geochemical maps and processed by multivariate factor analysis. To contrast the results between geochemical surveys (collapse structures), a means of quantifying the anomalousness of elements at each site was developed. This degree of anomalousness, named the “correlation value”, was used to rank collapse features by their potential to overlie a deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipe.</p><p>Soil geochemical results from the three mineralized breccia pipes (the only three of the 50 that had previously been drilled) show that: (1) Soils above the SBF pipe contain significant enrichment of Ag, Al, As, Ba, Ga, K, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sc, Th, U and Zn, and depletion in Ca, Mg and Sr, in contrast to soils outside the topographic and structural rim; (2) Soils over the inner treeless zone of the Canyon pipe show Mo and Pb enrichment anf As and Ga depletion, in contrast to soils from the surrounding forest; and (3) The soil survey of the Mohawk Canyon pipe was a failure because of the rocky terrane and lack of a B soil horizon, or because the pipe plunges. At least 11 of the 47 other collapse structures studied contain anomalous soil enrichments similar to the SBF uranium ore-bearing pipe, and thus have good potential as exploration targets for uranium. One of these 11, #1102, does contain surface mineralized rock. These surveys suggest that soil geochemical sampling is a useful tool for the recognition of many collapse structures with underlying ore-bearing breccia pipes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Wenrich, K., and Aumente-Modreski, R.M., 1994, Geochemical soil sampling for deeply-buried mineralized breccia pipes, northwestern Arizona: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 4, p. 431-454, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90065-5.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"431","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              35.60134849448217\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.90029352070502,\n              35.60134849448217\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.90029352070502,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.31581652045145,\n              36.43233656059891\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16a8e4b0c8380cd5520f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wenrich, K. J.","contributorId":40203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenrich","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aumente-Modreski, R. M.","contributorId":63825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aumente-Modreski","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17652,"text":"ofr94163 - 1994 - The Scotts Mills, Oregon, earthquake of March 25, 1993; intensities, strong-motion data, and teleseismic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:23","indexId":"ofr94163","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-163","title":"The Scotts Mills, Oregon, earthquake of March 25, 1993; intensities, strong-motion data, and teleseismic data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94163","usgsCitation":"Dewey, J.W., Reagor, B., Johnson, D., Choy, G.L., and Baldwin, F.W., 1994, The Scotts Mills, Oregon, earthquake of March 25, 1993; intensities, strong-motion data, and teleseismic data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-163, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94163.","productDescription":"26 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0163/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46853,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ac22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dewey, J. W.","contributorId":31008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reagor, B.G.","contributorId":99121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reagor","given":"B.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, D.A.","contributorId":61370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Choy, G. L. 0000-0002-0217-5555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-5555","contributorId":78322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choy","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baldwin, F. W.","contributorId":32905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017561,"text":"70017561 - 1994 - Gravity-induced stresses in finite slopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-18T11:54:18","indexId":"70017561","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2071,"text":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity-induced stresses in finite slopes","docAbstract":"An exact solution for gravity-induced stresses in finite elastic slopes is presented. This solution, which is applied for gravity-induced stresses in 15, 30, 45 and 90?? finite slopes, has application in pit-slope design, compares favorably with published finite element results for this problem and satisfies the conditions that shear and normal stresses vanish on the ground surface. The solution predicts that horizontal stresses are compressive along the top of the slopes (zero in the case of the 90?? slope) and tensile away from the bottom of the slopes, effects which are caused by downward movement and near-surface horizontal extension in front of the slope in response to gravity loading caused by the additional material associated with the finite slope. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0148-9062(94)90150-3","issn":"01489062","usgsCitation":"Savage, W.Z., 1994, Gravity-induced stresses in finite slopes: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, v. 31, no. 5, p. 471-483, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90150-3.","productDescription":"p.471-483","startPage":"471","endPage":"483","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265931,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)90150-3"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a42e4b0c8380cd5b011","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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