Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural areas have degraded the water quality of downstream rivers, lakes, and oceans. As a result, investment in the adoption of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) has grown, but assessments of their effectiveness at large spatial scales have lagged. This study applies regional Spatially Referenced Regression On Watershed-attributes (SPARROW) models developed for the Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast United States to quantify potential regional effects of BMPs on nutrient losses from agricultural lands. These models were used because they account for specific BMPs in the prediction of instream nutrient loads. The BMPs included in the models were cover crops, no-till, and conservation tillage. Sensitivity testing for the BMPs on agricultural nutrient loads was done using simulations that varied the intensity of BMPs specified in each region. When the BMP intensity was increased 50% relative to the 2012 intensity, the predicted agricultural load of total P decreased across all regions (4% to 14%). The predicted reduction in average P yields in the Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast was 706, 544, and 26 kg km–2, respectively. Increasing BMPs by 50% decreased predicted agricultural total N loads by 3.5% in the Southeast but increased predicted N loads in the Midwest and Northeast by 4.7% and 1.8%, respectively. Model-predicted average N yields increased by 402 kg km–2 and 302 kg km–2 in the Midwest and Northeast, respectively, and decreased in the Southeast by 329 kg km–2. In model simulations, cover crops were more effective at reducing N and P loads than the tillage BMPs despite lower intensity of implementation in 2012. However, at the regional scale of this investigation, implementation of BMPs result in only moderate predicted effects on agricultural nutrient loads
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil and Water Conservation Society","doi":"10.2489/jswc.2022.00162","usgsCitation":"Roland, V.L., Garcia, A.M., Saad, D.A., Ator, S., Robertson, D., and Schwarz, G.E., 2022, Quantifying regional effects of best management practices on nutrient losses from agricultural lands: Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v. 77, no. 1, p. 15-29, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00162.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"29","ipdsId":"IP-119875","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449184,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00162","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9H2NDWU","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Nutrient Load Data used to Quantify Regional Effects of Agricultural Best Management Practices: An application of the 2012 SPARROW models for the Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast United States"},{"id":395226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roland, Victor L. II 0000-0002-6260-9351 vroland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6260-9351","contributorId":212248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roland","given":"Victor","suffix":"II","email":"vroland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, Ana Maria 0000-0002-5388-1281 agarcia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-1281","contributorId":2035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Ana","email":"agarcia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Maria","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saad, David A. 0000-0001-6559-6181 dasaad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6559-6181","contributorId":204667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ator, Scott W. 0000-0002-9186-4837","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9186-4837","contributorId":220504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ator","given":"Scott W.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robertson, Dale M. 0000-0001-6799-0596","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-0596","contributorId":217258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"Dale M.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":213621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":832445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70229185,"text":"70229185 - 2022 - The impact of future climate on wetland habitat in a critical migratory waterfowl corridor of the Prairie Pothole Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-03T15:34:56.28404","indexId":"70229185","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-12T09:27:17","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":251,"text":"Final Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"title":"The impact of future climate on wetland habitat in a critical migratory waterfowl corridor of the Prairie Pothole Region","docAbstract":"Depressional wetlands are extremely sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation, so understanding how wetland inundation dynamics respond to changes in climate is essential for describing potential effects on wildlife breeding habitat. Millions of depressional basins make up the largest wetland complex in North America known as the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR). The wetland ecosystems that have formed in these basins provide important migratory-bird breeding habitat. The southeast portion of the U.S. PPR in Minnesota and Iowa has faced some of the greatest challenges in wetland conservation. Many existing prairie-pothole wetlands are small (<1 ha) and shallow (<2 m) and are typically not inundated with surface water year-round. Our goal with this project is to increase the efficacy of mapping tools used by management agencies to predict future changes in water levels in the PPR. We accomplish this goal by improving the link between existing data (about wetland water characteristics) and existing tools (mapping products). Our results successfully validated (2009-2021) the current mapping tool (a wetland hydrology model) used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to manage 22 wetlands in Minnesota. We were able to hindcast wetland water levels to 1984 and assess the accuracy of a satellite-derived surface water product and forecast water levels through 2099 using a suite of modeled climate data. This newly refined link between monitoring data and remote sensing tools will increase understanding and prediction for other wetlands beyond our study sites and through the Minnesota and Iowa portions of the PPR. Through conference presentations, publications, and development of an interactive climate change dashboard we are now working with managers to determine how we can help incorporate these predicted changes to waterfowl breeding habitat into their future management, acquisition, and restoration strategy.
Ecologists have long sought to understand space use and mechanisms underlying patterns observed in nature. We developed an optimality landscape and mechanistic territory model to understand mechanisms driving space use and compared model predictions to empirical reality. We demonstrate our approach using grey wolves (Canis lupus). In the model, simulated animals selected territories to economically acquire resources by selecting patches with greatest value, accounting for benefits, costs and trade-offs of defending and using space on the optimality landscape. Our approach successfully predicted and explained first- and second-order space use of wolves, including the population's distribution, territories of individual packs, and influences of prey density, competitor density, human-caused mortality risk and seasonality. It accomplished this using simple behavioural rules and limited data to inform the optimality landscape. Results contribute evidence that economical territory selection is a mechanistic bridge between space use and animal distribution on the landscape. This approach and resulting gains in knowledge enable predicting effects of a wide range of environmental conditions, contributing to both basic ecological understanding of natural systems and conservation. We expect this approach will demonstrate applicability across diverse habitats and species, and that its foundation can help continue to advance understanding of spatial behaviour.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Royal Society Publishing","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2021.2512","usgsCitation":"Sells, S.N., Mitchell, M.S., Ausband, D.E., Luis, A.D., Emlen, D.J., Podruzny, K.M., and Gude, J., 2022, Economical defence of resources structures territorial space use in a cooperative carnivore: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 289, no. 1966, 20212512, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2512.","productDescription":"20212512, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-134147","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2512","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":429873,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"289","issue":"1966","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sells, Sarah N.","contributorId":171706,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sells","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, Michael S.","contributorId":338172,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mitchell","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36394,"text":"University of Idaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ausband, David Edward 0000-0001-9204-9837","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9204-9837","contributorId":275329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ausband","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":902987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luis, Angela D.","contributorId":33199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luis","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Emlen, Douglas J.","contributorId":338162,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Emlen","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36523,"text":"University of Montana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Podruzny, Kevin M.","contributorId":85865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Podruzny","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gude, Justin A.","contributorId":95780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gude","given":"Justin A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":902992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70230367,"text":"70230367 - 2022 - Characterization of bituminite in Kimmeridge Clay by confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-11T14:00:54.827276","indexId":"70230367","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-12T08:52:42","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of bituminite in Kimmeridge Clay by confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy","docAbstract":"This work investigates bituminite (amorphous sedimentary organic matter) in Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay source rock via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). These petrographic tools were used to provide better understanding of the nature of bituminite, which has been historically difficult to identify and differentiate from similar organic matter types in source rocks. As part of an International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) working group, an immature (0.42% vitrinite reflectance), organic-rich (44.1 wt% total organic carbon content) sample of Kimmeridge Clay was distributed to multiple laboratories for CLSM characterization. The primary observations from CLSM imaging and spectroscopy include: 1) the interpreted presence of Botryococcus algae as a contributor to bituminite precursors; 2) color red-shift of sulfide reflectance and bituminite auto-fluorescence from below the sample surface; 3) positive alteration of bituminite from laser-induced photo-oxidation of the sample surface, including fluorescence blue-shift; 4) fluorescence blue-shift associated to higher fluorescence intensity regions in bituminite indicative of compositional (fluorophore) differences; 5) the need for fluorescence spectroscopy standardization as applied via CLSM; and 6) the suitability of CLSM fluorescence spectroscopy to predict solid bitumen reflectance from bituminite spectral emission via calibration to an extant dataset. Secondary CLSM observations include detection of reflected laser light from highly reflective inclusions in bituminite, including sulfides and fusinite, and radiolytic alteration of bituminite caused by substitution of U for Fe in sulfides. Findings from AFM include the observation that surface roughening or surface flattening of bituminite are induced by differential broad ion beam (BIB) milling and are dependent on the location and scale of AFM topology measurement. This result highlights our still limited understanding of the effects of BIB milling on sedimentary organic matter and indicates the need for further research before this technique can be advanced as a standard practice in petrographic sample preparation. Collectively, the results of this study illustrate the general applicability and versatility of AFM and CLSM as tools for organic petrology research, specifically for better understanding of the nature and properties of the bituminite maceral.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2022.103927","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P.C., Kus, J., Mendonca Filho, J.G., Czaja, A.D., Borrego, A., Životić, D., Valentine, B.J., and Hatcherian, J.J., 2022, Characterization of bituminite in Kimmeridge Clay by confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 251, 103927, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2022.103927.","productDescription":"103927, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-133126","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2022.103927","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":398465,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"England","city":"Kimmeridge","otherGeospatial":"Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -2.1928024291992188,\n 50.58607046502884\n ],\n [\n -2.0602798461914062,\n 50.58607046502884\n ],\n [\n -2.0602798461914062,\n 50.629428887865565\n ],\n [\n -2.1928024291992188,\n 50.629428887865565\n ],\n [\n -2.1928024291992188,\n 50.58607046502884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"251","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":840090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kus, Jolanta","contributorId":289942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kus","given":"Jolanta","affiliations":[{"id":62291,"text":"BGR.de","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mendonca Filho, Joao Graciano","contributorId":289943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mendonca Filho","given":"Joao","email":"","middleInitial":"Graciano","affiliations":[{"id":62294,"text":"UFRJ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Czaja, Andrew D.","contributorId":289944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Czaja","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":62295,"text":"Univ. Cincinnati,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Borrego, Angeles G.","contributorId":289945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Borrego","given":"Angeles G.","affiliations":[{"id":27409,"text":"Incar","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Životić, Dragana","contributorId":289946,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Životić","given":"Dragana","affiliations":[{"id":62296,"text":"Univ. Belgrade","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Valentine, Brett J. 0000-0002-8678-2431 bvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2431","contributorId":3846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Brett","email":"bvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":840096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hatcherian, Javin J. 0000-0001-9151-6798 jhatcherian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9151-6798","contributorId":195770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatcherian","given":"Javin","email":"jhatcherian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":840097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70252840,"text":"70252840 - 2022 - Assessment of native fish passage through Brandon Road Lock and Dam, Des Plaines River, Illinois, using fin ray microchemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-09T12:25:01.204236","indexId":"70252840","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-12T07:22:20","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of native fish passage through Brandon Road Lock and Dam, Des Plaines River, Illinois, using fin ray microchemistry","docAbstract":"This study examined evidence of native fish passage through Brandon Road Lock and Dam (BRLD) on the Des Plaines River, Illinois, in light of proposed modifications to prevent the upstream passage of invasive carps. Direct evidence of upstream passage by native fishes at BRLD is lacking and could help to inform assessment of the impacts of barrier technology installation. Fin ray microchemistry was used to assess upstream BRLD passage in the native taxa Centrarchidae, Catostomidae, Ictaluridae, and Lepisosteidae. The fin ray edge strontium : calcium ratio (Sr:Ca) of fish sampled from the Des Plaines River upstream of BRLD and in rivers downstream of BRLD was used to characterize ranges of river-specific fin ray Sr:Ca for each taxon. These were applied to Sr:Ca data along a transect from fin ray core to edge to infer the environmental history of individual fish that were captured upstream from BRLD and to estimate the proportion of fish that had passed upstream through BRLD. Depending on the taxon, 6–37% of individuals sampled upstream from BRLD exhibited fin ray Sr:Ca indicating prior residency in rivers downstream of BRLD and therefore upstream passage through BRLD. Upstream passage was indeterminate for 19–91% of individuals in each taxon due to uncertainty in environmental history inferred from fin ray Sr:Ca. These results provide the first definitive evidence of upstream native fish passage at BRLD and suggest that the installation of barrier technology could have an impact on native fish.
Tidal marsh survival in the face of sea level rise (SLR) and declining sediment supply often depends on the ability of marshes to build soil vertically. However, numerical models typically predict survival under rates of SLR that far exceed field-based measurements of vertical accretion. Here, we combine novel measurements from seven U.S. Atlantic Coast marshes and data from 70 additional marshes from around the world to illustrate that—over continental scales—70% of variability in marsh accretion rates can be explained by suspended sediment concentratin (SSC) and spring tidal range (TR). Apparent discrepancies between models and measurements can be explained by differing responses in high marshes and low marshes, the latter of which accretes faster for a given SSC and TR. Together these results help bridge the gap between models and measurements, and reinforce the paradigm that sediment supply is the key determinant of wetland vulnerability at continental scales.
The genetic composition of an individual can markedly affect its survival, reproduction, and ultimately fitness. As some wildlife populations become smaller, conserving genetic diversity will be a conservation challenge. Many imperiled species are already supported through population augmentation efforts and we often do not know if or how genetic diversity is maintained in translocated species. As a case study for understanding the maintenance of genetic diversity in augmented populations, I wanted to know if genetic diversity (i.e., observed heterozygosity) remained high in a population of gray wolves in the Rocky Mountains of the U.S. > 20 years after reintroduction. Additionally, I wanted to know if a potential mechanism for such diversity was individuals with below average genetic diversity choosing mates with above average diversity. I also asked whether there was a preference for mating with unrelated individuals. Finally, I hypothesized that mated pairs with above average heterozygosity would have increased survival of young. Ultimately, I found that females with below average heterozygosity did not choose mates with above average heterozygosity and wolves chose mates randomly with respect to genetic relatedness. Pup survival was not higher for mated pairs with above average heterozygosity in my models. The dominant variables predicting pup survival were harvest rate during their first year of life and years pairs were mated. Ultimately, genetic diversity was relatively unchanged > 20 years after reintroduction. The mechanism for maintaining such diversity does not appear related to individuals preferentially choosing more genetically diverse mates. Inbreeding avoidance, however, appears to be at least one mechanism maintaining genetic diversity in this population.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-04449-4","usgsCitation":"Ausband, D.E., 2022, Genetic diversity and mate selection in a reintroduced population of gray wolves: Scientific Reports, v. 12, 535, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04449-4.","productDescription":"535, 7 p.","ipdsId":"IP-130898","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04449-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":430019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ausband, David Edward 0000-0001-9204-9837","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9204-9837","contributorId":275329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ausband","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70230638,"text":"70230638 - 2022 - Portable optically stimulated luminescence age map of a paleoseismic exposure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-19T14:52:32.370176","indexId":"70230638","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-11T09:43:41","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Portable optically stimulated luminescence age map of a paleoseismic exposure","docAbstract":"The quality and quantity of geochronologic data used to constrain the history of major earthquakes in a region exerts a first-order control on the accuracy of seismic hazard assessments that affect millions of people. However, evaluations of geochronological data are limited by uncertainties related to inherently complex depositional processes that may vary spatially and temporally. To improve confidence in models of earthquake timing, we use a high-density suite of radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages with a grid of 342 portable OSL samples to explore spatiotemporal trends in geochronological data across an exemplary normal fault colluvial wedge exposure. The data reveal a two-dimensional age map of the paleoseismic exposure and demonstrate how vertical and horizontal trends in age relate to dominant sedimentary facies and soil characteristics at the site. Portable OSL data provide critical context for the interpretation of 14C and OSL ages, show that geochronologic age boundaries between pre- and post-earthquake deposits do not match stratigraphic contacts, and provide the basis for selecting alternate Bayesian models of earthquake timing. Our results demonstrate the potential to use emergent, portable OSL methods to dramatically improve paleoseismic constraints on earthquake timing.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G49472.1","usgsCitation":"DuRoss, C., Gold, R.D., Gray, H., and Nicovich, S.R., 2022, Portable optically stimulated luminescence age map of a paleoseismic exposure: Geology, v. 50, no. 4, p. 470-475, https://doi.org/10.1130/G49472.1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"470","endPage":"475","ipdsId":"IP-134256","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g49472.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":399085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Deep Creek site, Wasatch fault zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.8639,\n 39.5056\n ],\n [\n -111.8583,\n 39.5056\n ],\n [\n -111.8583,\n 39.5111\n ],\n [\n -111.8639,\n 39.5111\n ],\n [\n -111.8639,\n 39.5056\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DuRoss, Christopher 0000-0002-6963-7451 cduross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-7451","contributorId":152321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DuRoss","given":"Christopher","email":"cduross@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":840958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gold, Ryan D. 0000-0002-4464-6394 rgold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-6394","contributorId":3883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gold","given":"Ryan","email":"rgold@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":840959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, Harrison J. 0000-0002-4555-7473","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4555-7473","contributorId":207019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Harrison J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":840960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nicovich, Sylvia R.","contributorId":290414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nicovich","given":"Sylvia","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6736,"text":"Bureau of Reclamation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70255178,"text":"70255178 - 2022 - Site fidelity as a maladaptive behavior in the Anthropocene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-13T14:11:32.632785","indexId":"70255178","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-11T09:08:49","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1701,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site fidelity as a maladaptive behavior in the Anthropocene","docAbstract":"Site fidelity, or the behavior of returning to previously visited locations, has been observed across taxa and ecosystems. By developing familiarity with a particular location, site fidelity provides a range of benefits and is advantageous in stable or predictable environments. However, the Anthropocene is characterized by rates of environmental change that outpace the evolutionary history of extant taxa, which can result in site fidelity becoming maladaptive. Here we outline the theoretical underpinnings for maladaptive site fidelity and synthesize empirical research supporting its occurrence, and examine it in the context of a related concept, ecological traps, whereby organisms exhibit maladaptive behavior in habitat selection. We then discuss adaptive mechanisms that may enable species with site fidelity to continue to persist in the Anthropocene. With ongoing environmental change, researchers and practitioners should expect fidelity-induced ecological traps to become more common, and initiate projects to identify and understand their origins. Such knowledge will help conserve the widespread and ecologically important behavior of site fidelity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/fee.2456","usgsCitation":"Merkle, J.A., Abrahms, B., Armstrong, J., Sawyer, H., Costa, D.P., and Chalfoun, A.D., 2022, Site fidelity as a maladaptive behavior in the Anthropocene: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 20, no. 3, p. 187-194, https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2456.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"194","ipdsId":"IP-125854","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430131,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merkle, Jerod A.","contributorId":272239,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merkle","given":"Jerod","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":40829,"text":"uwy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrahms, Briana","contributorId":338281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Abrahms","given":"Briana","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armstrong, Jonathan B.","contributorId":287296,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Jonathan B.","affiliations":[{"id":25426,"text":"OSU","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sawyer, Hall","contributorId":270423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sawyer","given":"Hall","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":51998,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Costa, Daniel P.","contributorId":141212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Costa","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chalfoun, Anna D. 0000-0002-0219-6006 achalfoun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0219-6006","contributorId":197589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalfoun","given":"Anna","email":"achalfoun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70230838,"text":"70230838 - 2022 - Alert optimization of the PLUM earthquake early warning algorithm for the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-26T14:06:19.287356","indexId":"70230838","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-11T09:01:05","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alert optimization of the PLUM earthquake early warning algorithm for the western United States","docAbstract":"We determine an optimal alerting configuration for the propagation of local undamped motion (PLUM) earthquake early warning (EEW) algorithm for use by the U.S. ShakeAlert system covering California, Oregon, and Washington. All EEW systems should balance the primary goal of providing timely alerts for impactful or potentially damaging shaking while limiting alerts for shaking that is too low to be of concern (precautionary alerts). The PLUM EEW algorithm forward predicts observed ground motions to nearby sites within a defined radius without accounting for attenuation, avoiding the earthquake source parameter estimation step of most EEW algorithms. PLUM was originally developed in Japan where the alert regions and ground motions for which alerts are issued differ from those implemented by ShakeAlert. We compare predicted ground motions from PLUM to ShakeMap‐reported ground motions for a set of 22 U.S. West Coast earthquakes of magnitude 4.4–7.2 and evaluate available warning times. We examine a range of prediction radii (20–100 km), thresholds used to issue an alert (alert threshold), and levels of impactful or potentially damaging shaking (target threshold). We find optimal performance when the alert threshold is close to the target threshold, although higher target ground motions benefit from somewhat lower alert thresholds to ensure timely alerts. We also find that performance, measured as the cost reduction that a user can achieve, depends on the user’s tolerance for precautionary alerts. Users with a low target threshold and high tolerance for precautionary alerts achieve optimal performance when larger prediction radii (60–100 km) are used. In contrast, users with high target thresholds and low tolerance for precautionary alerts achieve better performance for smaller prediction radii (30–60 km). Therefore, setting the PLUM prediction radius to 60 km balances the needs of many users and provides warning times of up to ∼20 s.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120210259","usgsCitation":"Cochran, E.S., Saunders, J.K., Minson, S.E., Bunn, J., Baltay Sundstrom, A.S., Kilb, D., O’Rourke, C.T., Hoshiba, M., and Kodera, Y., 2022, Alert optimization of the PLUM earthquake early warning algorithm for the western United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 112, no. 2, p. 803-819, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120210259.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"803","endPage":"819","ipdsId":"IP-133243","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399664,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n 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southern Beaufort Sea (SB), where sea ice loss has led to increased use of land-based food resources by bears, and from East Greenland (EG), where persistent sea ice has allowed hunting of ice-associated prey nearly year-round. SB polar bears showed a higher number of total (940 vs. 742) and unique (387 vs. 189) amplicon sequence variants and higher inter-individual variation compared to EG polar bears. Gut microbiome composition differed significantly between the two subpopulations and among sex/age classes, likely driven by diet variation and ontogenetic shifts in the gut microbiome. Dietary tracer analysis using fatty acid signatures for SB polar bears showed that diet explained more intrapopulation variation in gut microbiome composition and diversity than other tested variables, i.e., sex/age class, body condition, and capture year. Substantial differences in the SB gut microbiome relative to EG polar bears, and associations between SB gut microbiome and diet, suggest that the shifting foraging habits of SB polar bears tied to sea ice loss may be altering their gut microbiome, with potential consequences for nutrition and physiology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publications","doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-04340-2","usgsCitation":"Franz, M., White, L., Atwood, T.C., Laidre, K.L., Roy, D., Watson, S., Gongora, E., and McKinney, M., 2022, Distinct gut microbiomes in two polar bear subpopulations inhabiting different sea ice ecoregions: Scientific Reports, v. 12, 522, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04340-2.","productDescription":"522, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-131826","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04340-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":436001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P97KU2YD","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Southern Beaufort Sea Polar Bear Diet and Gut Microbiota Data, 2015-2019"},{"id":398307,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greenland, United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -39.375,\n 61.270232790000634\n ],\n [\n -23.203125,\n 68.78414378041504\n ],\n [\n -35.15625,\n 70.1403642720717\n ],\n [\n -48.1640625,\n 62.59334083012024\n ],\n [\n -39.375,\n 61.270232790000634\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.328125,\n 69.53451763078358\n ],\n [\n -142.734375,\n 70.72897946208789\n ],\n [\n -156.796875,\n 71.96538769913127\n ],\n [\n -158.203125,\n 68.78414378041504\n ],\n [\n -140.625,\n 68.00757101804004\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 69.53451763078358\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franz, Megan","contributorId":289877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Franz","given":"Megan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Lyle","contributorId":289878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Lyle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atwood, Todd C. 0000-0002-1971-3110 tatwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-3110","contributorId":4368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwood","given":"Todd","email":"tatwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Laidre, Kristin L.","contributorId":191798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laidre","given":"Kristin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roy, Denis","contributorId":289880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roy","given":"Denis","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Watson, Sophie","contributorId":222143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watson","given":"Sophie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17940,"text":"Cardiff University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gongora, Esteban","contributorId":289882,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gongora","given":"Esteban","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McKinney, Melissa","contributorId":222146,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKinney","given":"Melissa","affiliations":[{"id":6646,"text":"McGill University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70231511,"text":"70231511 - 2022 - Mine drainage precipitates attenuate and conceal wastewater-derived phosphate pollution in stream water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-12T13:23:18.566652","indexId":"70231511","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-11T08:14:00","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mine drainage precipitates attenuate and conceal wastewater-derived phosphate pollution in stream water","docAbstract":"Hydrous ferric-oxide (HFO) coatings on streambed sediments may attenuate dissolved phosphate (PO4) concentrations at acidic to neutral pH conditions, limiting phosphorus (P) transport and availability in aquatic ecosystems. Mesh-covered tiles on which “natural” HFO from abandoned mine drainage (AMD) had precipitated were exposed to treated municipal wastewater (MWW) effluent or a mixture of stream water and effluent. Between 42 and 99% of the dissolved P in effluent was removed from the water to a thin coating (~2 μm) of HFO on the mesh. Geochemical equilibrium model results predicted the removal of 76 to 99% of PO4 from the water by adsorption to the HFO, depending on the HFO quantity, initial PO4 concentration, and pH. The measurements and model results indicated the capacity for P removal decreased as the concentration of P associated with the HFO increased. Continuing accumulation of HFO from upstream AMD sources replenish the in-stream capacity for P attenuation below the MWW discharge. This indicates AMD pollution may conceal P inputs and limit the amount of dissolved P transported to downstream ecosystems. However, HFO-rich sediments also represent a potential source of “legacy” P that could confound management practices intended to decrease nutrient and metal loadings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152672","usgsCitation":"Smyntek, P.M., Lamagna, N., Cravotta, C., and Strosnider, W., 2022, Mine drainage precipitates attenuate and conceal wastewater-derived phosphate pollution in stream water: Science of the Total Environment, v. 815, 152672, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152672.","productDescription":"152672, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-132530","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9D8VQDV","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Interactive PHREEQ-N-Titration-PO4-Adsorption water-quality modeling tools to evaluate potential attenuation of phosphate and associated dissolved constituents by aqueous-solid equilibrium processes (software download)"},{"id":400574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Four Mile Run","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.44746017456055,\n 40.28279959861071\n ],\n [\n -79.39699172973633,\n 40.28279959861071\n ],\n [\n -79.39699172973633,\n 40.32050383546901\n ],\n [\n -79.44746017456055,\n 40.32050383546901\n ],\n [\n -79.44746017456055,\n 40.28279959861071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"815","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smyntek, Peter M.","contributorId":291642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smyntek","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":62738,"text":"Saint Vincent College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":842810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lamagna, Natalie","contributorId":291643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamagna","given":"Natalie","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":62738,"text":"Saint Vincent College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":842811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III 0000-0003-3116-4684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":207249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles A.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":842812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strosnider, William H. J.","contributorId":291644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Strosnider","given":"William H. J.","affiliations":[{"id":37804,"text":"University of South Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":842813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70227380,"text":"70227380 - 2022 - Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-15T16:53:15.858946","indexId":"70227380","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-11T06:52:54","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza is an emerging disease threat to wild birds in North America","docAbstract":"Prior to the emergence of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/GD) H5N1 influenza A virus, the long-held and well-supported paradigm was that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks were restricted to poultry, the result of cross-species transmission of precursor viruses from wild aquatic birds that subsequently gained pathogenicity in domestic birds. Therefore, management agencies typically adopted a prevention, control, and eradication strategy that included strict biosecurity for domestic bird production, isolation of infected and exposed flocks, and prompt depopulation. In most cases, this strategy has proved sufficient for eradicating HPAI. Since 2002, this paradigm has been challenged with many detections of viral descendants of the Gs/GD lineage among wild birds, most of which have been associated with sporadic mortality events. Since the emergence and evolution of the genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 Gs/GD lineage HPAI viruses in approximately 2010, there have been further increases in the occurrence of HPAI in wild birds and geographic spread through migratory bird movement. A prominent example is the introduction of clade 2.3.4.4 Gs/GD HPAI viruses from East Asia to North America via migratory birds in autumn 2014 that ultimately led to the largest outbreak of HPAI in the history of the United States. Given the apparent maintenance of Gs/GD lineage HPAI viruses in a global avian reservoir; bidirectional virus exchange between wild and domestic birds facilitating the continued adaptation of Gs/GD HPAI viruses in wild bird hosts; the current frequency of HPAI outbreaks in wild birds globally, and particularly in Eurasia where Gs/GD HPAI viruses may now be enzootic; and ongoing dispersal of AI viruses from East Asia to North America via migratory birds, HPAI now represents an emerging disease threat to North American wildlife. This recent paradigm shift implies that management of HPAI in domestic birds alone may no longer be sufficient to eradicate HPAI viruses from a given country or region. Rather, agencies managing wild birds and their habitats may consider the development or adoption of mitigation strategies to minimize introductions to poultry, to reduce negative impacts on wild bird populations, and to diminish adverse effects to stakeholders using wildlife resources. The main objective of this review is, therefore, to provide information that will assist wildlife managers in developing mitigation strategies or approaches for dealing with outbreaks of Gs/GD HPAI in wild birds in the form of preparedness, surveillance, research, communications, and targeted management actions. Resultant outbreak response plans and actions may represent meaningful steps of wildlife managers toward the use of collaborative and multi-jurisdictional One Health approaches when it comes to the detection, investigation, and mitigation of emerging viruses at the human-domestic animal-wildlife interface.
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted field research programs, making conservation and management decision-making more challenging. However, it may be possible to conduct population assessments using integrated models that combine community science data with existing data from structured surveys. We developed a space-time integrated model to characterize spatial and temporal variability in population distribution. We fit our integrated model to 10 years of eBird (2010-2020) and 9 years of aerial survey (2010-2019) mottled duck count data to forecast 2020 population size along the western Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. Estimates of mottled duck abundance were similar in magnitude to estimates calculated using previous methods, but were more precise and showed evidence of a declining population. The spatial distribution for mottled ducks each year was characterized by several concentrations of relatively high abundance, although the location of these abundance ‘hotspots’ varied over time. Expected abundance was higher for areas with a higher proportion of area covered by marsh habitat. By leveraging large-scale community science data, we were able to conduct a population assessment despite the disruption in structured surveys caused by the pandemic. As participation in community science platforms continues to increase, we anticipate modeling frameworks, like the integrated model we developed here, will become increasingly useful for informing conservation and management decision-making.
We surveyed for Least Bell’s Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus; vireo) and Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii extimus; flycatcher) along the San Luis Rey River, between College Boulevard in Oceanside and Interstate 15 in Fallbrook, California (middle San Luis Rey River), in 2021. Surveys were conducted from April 13 to July 14 (vireo) and from May 18 to July 13 (flycatcher). We found 180 vireo territories, at least 125 of which were occupied by pairs. The vireo population size decreased by 6 percent from 2020 to 2021. In 2021, vireo territories decreased by 14 percent in the portion of the middle San Luis Rey River that burned in 2017 and decreased by 2 percent outside of the burned area.
Vireos used six different habitat types in the survey area: (1) willow-cottonwood, (2) mixed willow riparian, (3) riparian scrub, (4) upland scrub, (5) willow-sycamore, and (6) non-native. Forty percent of the vireos were detected in habitat characterized as willow-cottonwood, and 97 percent of the vireos were detected in habitat with greater than 50-percent native plant cover. Of the 14 banded vireos detected in the survey area, 3 were resighted with a full color-band combination. There were 10 other vireos with single (natal) federal bands that were recaptured, identified, and color-banded in 2021. One vireo with a single dark blue federal band, indicating that it was banded as a nestling at the lower San Luis Rey River, could not be recaptured for identification. The 10 natal vireos that were recaptured on the middle San Luis Rey River dispersed from 2.0 to 11.7 kilometers from their natal territories. Banded vireos with a known age ranged from 1 to 7 years old.
One resident flycatcher, of undetermined breeding status, was observed in the survey area in 2021. The resident flycatcher (male) was detected in a territory of mixed willow habitat with greater than 50-percent native plant cover. He was detected from May 20 to June 4, 2021, and no evidence of pairing or nesting was observed. The male flycatcher was resighted with a unique color-band combination and had occupied the same territory since 2018.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/dr1147","usgsCitation":"Allen, L.D., and Kus, B.E., 2022, Distribution and abundance of Least Bell’s Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus) and Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii extimus) on the Middle San Luis Rey River, San Diego County, southern California—2021 Data summary: U.S. Geological Survey Data Report 1147, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/dr1147.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-135051","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":436004,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UPGVPG","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Distribution and Abundance of Least Bell's Vireos (Vireo bellii pusillus) and Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii extimus) on the Middle San Luis Rey River, San Diego County, Southern California in 2021"},{"id":394135,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1147/covrthb.jpg"},{"id":394136,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1147/dr1147.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394137,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1147/dr1147.pdf"},{"id":394138,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1147/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Diego County","otherGeospatial":"Middle San Luis Rey River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.22137451171874,\n 32.90265033334125\n ],\n [\n -117.18841552734374,\n 32.63937487360669\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 32.71566625570313\n ],\n [\n -116.5264892578125,\n 32.960281958039836\n ],\n [\n -117.22137451171874,\n 32.90265033334125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Western Ecological Research Center
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We explored whether parasites are important in kelp forests by examining their effects on a high-quality, high-resolution kelp-forest food web. After controlling for generic effects of network size, parasites affected kelp-forest food web structure in some ways consistent with other systems. Parasites increased the trophic span of the web, increasing top predator vulnerability and the longest chain length. Unique links associated with parasites, such as concomitant predation (consumption of parasites along with their hosts by predators) increased the frequency of network motifs involving mutual consumption and decreased niche contiguity of free-living species. However, parasites also affected kelp-forest food web structure in ways not seen in other systems. Kelp-forest parasites are richer and more specialized than other systems. As a result, parasites reduced diet generality and decreased connectance in the kelp forest. Although mutual consumption motifs increased in frequency, this motif type was still a small fraction of all possible motifs, so their increase in frequency was not enough to compensate for the decrease in connectance caused by adding many specialist parasite species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1002/ecm.1506","usgsCitation":"Morton, D.N., and Lafferty, K.D., 2022, Parasites in kelp-forest food webs increase food-chain length, complexity, and specialization, but reduce connectance: Ecological Monographs, v. 92, no. 2, e1506, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1506.","productDescription":"e1506, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-128853","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449213,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1506","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":397861,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Channel Islands, Santa Barbara Channel","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.4815673828125,\n 33.9\n ],\n [\n -119.40765380859375,\n 33.9\n ],\n [\n -119.40765380859375,\n 34.46\n ],\n [\n -120.4815673828125,\n 34.46\n ],\n [\n -120.4815673828125,\n 33.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, Dana N.","contributorId":224397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morton","given":"Dana","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":37180,"text":"UC Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244303,"text":"70244303 - 2022 - North American tree migration paced by climate in the West, lagging in the East","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-13T13:32:31.643228","indexId":"70244303","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-10T08:22:42","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2982,"text":"PNAS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North American tree migration paced by climate in the West, lagging in the East","docAbstract":"Tree fecundity and recruitment have not yet been quantified at scales needed to anticipate biogeographic shifts in response to climate change. By separating their responses, this study shows coherence across species and communities, offering the strongest support to date that migration is in progress with regional limitations on rates. The southeastern continent emerges as a fecundity hotspot, but it is situated south of population centers where high seed production could contribute to poleward population spread. By contrast, seedling success is highest in the West and North, serving to partially offset limited seed production near poleward frontiers. The evidence of fecundity and recruitment control on tree migration can inform conservation planning for the expected long-term disequilibrium between climate and forest distribution.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2116691118","usgsCitation":"Sharma, S., Andrus, R., Bergeron, Y., Bogdziewicz, M., Bragg, D.C., Brockway, D.G., Cleavitt, N.L., Courbaud, B., Das, A., Dietze, M., Fahey, T.J., Franklin, J.F., Gregory, G.S., Greenberg, C.H., Guo, Q., Lambers, J., Ibanez, I., Johnstone, J.F., Kilner, C.L., Knops, J., Koenig, W.D., Kunstler, G., LaMontagne, J.M., Macias, D., Moran, E.V., Myers, J.A., Parmenter, R., Pearse, I., Poulton-Kamakura, R., Redmond, M.D., Reid, C.D., Rodman, K., Scher, C., Schlesinger, W.H., Steele, M.A., Stephenson, N.L., Swenson, J., Swift, M., Veblen, T.T., Whipple, A., Whitham, T.G., Wion, A.P., Woodall, C.W., Zlotin, R., and Clark, J.S., 2022, North American tree migration paced by climate in the West, lagging in the East: PNAS, v. 119, no. 3, e2116691118, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116691118.","productDescription":"e2116691118, 8 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Seismic waves can sample these rocks, but most seismic methods focus on coarse crustal structures while laboratory measurements concentrate on crystal-scale rock properties, and little work has been conducted to bridge this interpretation gap. In some places, geologic maps of crystalline basement provide samples of the intermediate-scale fabrics and structures that may represent in situ deep crust. However, previous research has not considered natural geometric variations from map data, nor is this heterogeneity typically included in map-scale seismic property calculations. Here, we test how map-scale fabrics influence crustal seismic anisotropy in Colorado by analyzing structural data from geologic maps, combining those data with bulk rock elastic tensors to calculate map-scale seismic properties, and evaluating the resulting comparisons with observed receiver function A1 (360° periodic) arrivals. Crystalline fabrics, predicted seismic properties, and tectonic structures positively correlate with shallow and deep crustal A1 arrivals. Additionally, widespread correlations occur between mapped fault traces and regional foliations, implying that preexisting mechanical heterogeneity may have strongly influenced subsequent reactivation. We interpret that various mapped geologic contact types (e.g., lithologic and structural) generate A1 arrivals and that multiple parallel features (e.g., faults, foliations, and intrusions) contribute to a seismically visible tectonic grain. Therefore, Colorado's exhumed basement, as expressed in outcrops and maps, offers insight into modern deep crustal geological and geophysical structure.
Global concerns for desertification have focused on the slow recovery of extensive and expanding drylands following disturbance, which may be exacerbated by climate change. Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are photosynthetic soil communities found in drylands worldwide, which are central to the stability and resilience of dryland ecosystems, but vulnerable to global change. Here we use multiple decade-long experiments to investigate the consequences of climate and land-use change on biocrusts and soil stability. Biocrusts recovered rapidly under ambient temperatures but warming interacted with the precipitation disturbance to halt recovery. Moreover, warming alone caused losses of mosses, lichens and soil stability. Our results present a new mechanism contributing to land degradation in drylands whereby warming drives a state shift in biocrust communities, which degrades soil stability. The synergistic effects of climate and land-use change co-occur globally and our results support projections of increased desertification and lowered dryland resilience under warming.
Predicting baseflow dynamics, protecting aquatic habitat, and managing legacy contaminants requires explicit characterization and prediction of groundwater discharge patterns throughout river networks. Using handheld thermal infrared (TIR) cameras, we surveyed 47 km of stream length across the Farmington River watershed (1,570 km2; CT and MA, USA), mapping locations of bank and waterline groundwater discharges based on their thermal signature. Using the observed groundwater discharge locations and predicted groundwater discharge rates from 6 variations of a numerical groundwater-flow model (MODFLOW-NWT), we compared 1) predicted groundwater-discharge rates in areas with and without observed groundwater discharge, 2) spatial patterns of observed and predicted groundwater discharge locations, and 3) density of observed groundwater discharge locations with predicted discharge rates. Five of six models reasonably predicted the spatial patterns of discharge locations along the 5th order mainstem, but fewer models predicted groundwater discharge patterns in smaller streams. Our results highlight 1) the feasibility of using TIR observations to evaluate groundwater models, 2) model parameters that influence discharge prediction accuracy (riverbed sediment and bedrock hydraulic conductivity and river-aquifer connections), and 3) current strengths and future opportunities for improved modeling of groundwater-discharge patterns.
Connectivity is vital to the resiliency of populations to environmental change and stochastic events, especially for cold-adapted species as Arctic and alpine tundra habitats retract as the climate warms. We examined the influence of past and current landscapes on genomic connectivity in cold-adapted galliformes as a critical first step to assess the vulnerability of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse to environmental change. We hypothesize that the mosaic of physical features and habitat within Alaska promoted the formation of genetic structure across species.
Alaska, United States of America.
Ptarmigan and Grouse (Galliformes: Tetraoninae).
We collected double digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequence data from six ptarmigan and grouse species (N = 13–145/species) sampled across multiple ecosystems up to ~10 degrees of latitude. Spatial genomic structure was analysed using methods that reflect different temporal scales: (1) principal components analysis to identify major trends in the distribution of genomic variation; (2) maximum likelihood clustering analyses to test for the presence of multiple genomic groupings; (3) shared co-ancestry analyses to assess contemporary relationships and (4) effective migration surfaces to identify regions that deviate from a null model of isolation by distance.
Levels of genomic structure varied across species (ΦST =0.009–0.042). Three general patterns of structure emerged: (1) east-west partition located near the Yukon-Tanana uplands; (2) north-south split coinciding with the Alaska Range and (3) northern group near the Brooks Range. Species-specific patterns were observed; not all landscape features were barriers to gene flow for all ptarmigan and grouse and temporal contrasts were detected at the Brooks Range.
Within Alaska galliformes, patterns of genomic structure coincide with physiographic features and highlight the importance of physical and ecological barriers in shaping how genomic diversity is arrayed across the landscape. Lack of concordance in spatial patterns indicates that species behaviour and habitat affinities play key roles in driving the contrasting patterns of genomic structure.
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These reports present and detail the methodology and procedures for characterization; present technical and operational information about the specific sensing system being evaluated; and provide a summary of test measurements, data retention practices, data analysis results, and conclusions.
SkySat is a constellation of submeter resolution Earth observation satellites providing analytics services, high-definition video, and imagery. The goal for the constellation is to capture multiple daily repeats of high-resolution imagery over any spot on the Earth. As of September 2020, 21 SkySat satellites have been launched, and the first launch occurred in November 2013. More information on Planet satellites and sensors is available in the “2020 Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation—Remote Sensing Satellite Compendium” and from the manufacturer at https://www.planet.com/.
The Earth Resources Observation and Science Cal/Val Center of Excellence system characterization team completed data analyses to characterize the geometric (interior and exterior), radiometric, and spatial performances. Results of these analyses indicate that SkySat has an interior geometric performance in the range of a 0.38- (0.47 pixel) to 0.75-meter (m; 0.93 pixel) root mean square error in easting and a 0.27- (0.33 pixel) to 0.55-m (0.68 pixel) root mean square error in northing, in band-to-band registration; an exterior geometric performance in the range of 0.26 (0.32 pixel) to 1.04 m (1.28 pixels) offset in comparison to ground control points; a radiometric performance in the range of 0.033 to 0.797 (linear regression); and a spatial performance in the range of 3.7 to 4.3 pixels at full width at half maximum, with a modulation transfer function at a Nyquist frequency in the range of 0.004 to 0.009.
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Sioux Falls, SD 57198
The 2004 magnitude (M) 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Islands earthquake in the Indian Ocean triggered the deadliest tsunami ever, killing more than 230,000 people. In response, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established three additional Intergovernmental Coordination Groups (ICGs) for the Tsunami and Other Coastal Hazards Early Warning System: for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (ICG/CARIBE-EWS), for the Indian Ocean, and for the Northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Connected Seas. Along with the ICG for the Pacific Ocean, which was established in 1965, one of the goals of the new ICGs was to improve earthquake and tsunami monitoring and early warning. This need was further demonstrated by the 2011 Great East Japan (Tōhoku-oki) earthquake and tsunami, which killed more than 20,000 people, and other destructive tsunamis that occurred in the Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Chile, Indonesia, and Peru.
In response to the call to action by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030), as well as the desired safe ocean outcome (von Hillebrandt-Andrade et al., 2021), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO approved the Ocean Decade Tsunami Programme in June 2021. One of its goals is to develop the capability to issue actionable alerts for tsunamis from all sources with minimum uncertainty within 10 minutes (Angove et al., 2019). While laudable, this goal presents complexities. Currently, warning depends on quick detection as well as the location and initial magnitude estimates of an earthquake that may generate a tsunami. Other factors that affect tsunamis, such as the faulting mechanism (how the faults slide past each other) and areal extent of the earthquake, currently take at least 20–30 minutes to forecast and are still subject to large uncertainties. Hence, agencies charged with tsunami early warning need to broadcast public alerts within minutes after an earthquake occurs but may struggle to meet this 10-minute goal without further technological advances, some of which are outlined in this article.
To reduce loss of life through adequate tsunami warning requires global ocean-based seismic, sea level, and geodetic initiatives to detect high-impact earthquakes and tsunamis, combined with sufficient communication and education so that people know how to respond when they receive alerts and warnings. The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction defines an early warning system as “a set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities, and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss” (UNISDR, 2012). In short, a successful early warning system requires technology coupled with human factors (Kelman and Glantz, 2014).
In this article, we explore case studies from Japan and Canada, where scientists are leading the way in incorporating ocean observing capabilities in their early warning systems. We also explore advancements and challenges in the Caribbean, an area with a complex tectonic environment that would benefit greatly from increased global ocean observing capabilities. We also explore physical and social science interventions necessary to reduce loss of life.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Oceanography Society","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-27","usgsCitation":"Sumy, D.F., McBride, S., von Hillebrandt-Andrade, C., Kohler, M.D., Orcutt, J., Kodaira, S., Moran, K., McNamara, D., Hori, T., Vanacore, E., Pirenne, B., and Collins, J., 2022, Long-term ocean observing for international capacity development around tsunami early warning: Oceanography, v. 34, no. 4, p. 70-77, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-27.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"70","endPage":"77","ipdsId":"IP-135818","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":449228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-27","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":398108,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, 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jcollins@whoi.edu","contributorId":177449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"John A.","email":"jcollins@whoi.edu","affiliations":[{"id":6706,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70227471,"text":"70227471 - 2022 - Analytical assessments in support of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3-bat species status assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T13:28:43.787648","indexId":"70227471","displayToPublicDate":"2022-01-07T07:25:46","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Analytical assessments in support of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 3-bat species status assessment","docAbstract":"Beginning in February of 2020, researchers and staff of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), Bat Conservation International (BCI), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and Montana State University associated with the North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat) collaborated with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to provide technical assistance in support of the USFWS Three Bat Species Status Assessments (SSA) including the little brown bat (MYLU, Myotis lucifugus), northern long-eared bat (MYSE, Myotis septentrionalis), and tricolored bat (PESU, Perimyotis subflavus). Analytical support for the SSA was not intended to provide interpretive results, which should therefore be considered beyond the scope of this report. Technical assistance for the SSA included facilitating the USFWS data call by educating and working directly with data contributors to manage, submit, and archive a variety of bat monitoring data in the online NABat database1 using standardized data submission templates accessible through the upload features on the NABat website. Most data collected through the USFWS data call for the SSA were submitted and stored in the NABat database. These represent the efforts of hundreds of partnering organizations across more than 200 individual NABat Partner Portal Projects. A few organizations contributed data for use in these analyses that were not submitted to the NABat database. Records submitted in response to the USFWS data call included bat capture, stationary and mobile acoustic, and internal roost count data (winter and summer). Data collated in the NABat database and used for the analyses described herein are documented (NABat 2020a, NABat 2020b, NABat 2021) and available through the NABat third party request feature.
gTOOLS is an open-source software for the processing of relative gravity data. gTOOLS is available in MATLAB and as a compiled executable to be run under the free MATLAB Runtime Compiler. The software has been designed for time-lapse (temporal) gravity monitoring. Although programmed to read the Scintrex CG-5 and CG-6 gravimeters output data files, it can be easily modified to read data files from other gravimeters. The software binds together single-task processing modules within a very simple user interface that is based on one text file. Gravity processing involves three modules: (a) gravimeter calibration; (b) automatic processing of gravity data to find adjusted gravity differences; and (c) post processing of results. Each module is optional and runs independently from the others. Data processing includes (a) averaging out the measurements noise, and correction for solid Earth tides, and ocean loading, and residual instrumental drift, and (b) calculate the residual instrumental drift and gravity differences between the base station and monitoring sites, and their uncertainties, by a weighted least square analysis of the gravity data. The software allows the automatic processing of a gravity campaign spanning multiple days in a single run. The software is tested on gravity data from 2015 eruption at Cotopaxi volcano, Ecuador.