Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement.
The eastern flank of the central and southern Cascade Mountains is bordered by a belt of shield volcanoes that appears to be a subprovince of the Oregon high-alumina plateau basalt petrologic province. Most of the volcanoes in this belt are low shields in which differentiation from the parent high-alumina basalt magma has been relatively slight, but several are large complex shield centers where differentiation has been extreme. The location of these large centers, and of some of the smaller volcanoes as well, was largely determined by intersecting concentrations of faults and fault-fissures of three regional fault systems.
One of the largest of the complex volcanic centers is Newberry Volcano in central Oregon, a shield volcano with a big caldera at its summit. The stratigraphy of the caldera walls and of features on the caldera floor at Newberry allows detailed interpretation of the history of the younger parts of the volcano and caldera. The formation of Newberry Caldera was apparently a slow process controlled largely by faulting along the three regional fault systems. The magma conduits were probably a gridlike plexus of intersecting dikes and fissures, with larger “magma pockets” at the grid intersections. The magma was trapped in shallow chambers and periodically released by faulting. The entrapment of the magma allowed differentiation in the shallow chambers.
The stratigraphy and petrology of the wall sequence also allows determination of the relative time at which the caldera had grown large enough to hold a caldera lake.
On differentiation plots, chemical analyses of the Newberry rocks show two trends: rocks erupted before the presence of a lake in the caldera trend toward slight iron enrichment, whereas rocks erupted after water was present in the caldera generally trend toward alkali enrichment. These different trends are attributed to differences in the oxygen fugacity of the magma which, in turn, are related to the presence or absence of large volumes of water in the caldera lake. The interpretation is supported by field, petrographic, petrologic, chemical, trace-element, and isotopic data. Plots of existing data for the Medicine Lake Highland Volcano, another large complex shield center in the belt, show the same type of two-trend relation as those of Newberry Volcano.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<455:PONVCO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Higgins, M.W., 1973, Petrology of Newberry Volcano, central Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 2, p. 455-487, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<455:PONVCO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"487","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Newberry Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.31542595924863,\n 43.671896153864395\n ],\n [\n -121.24807825316685,\n 43.65385159170725\n ],\n [\n -121.15578695224004,\n 43.682118998227196\n ],\n [\n -121.12336027894165,\n 43.7061658794388\n ],\n [\n -121.14082079533293,\n 43.7518283877308\n ],\n [\n -121.16992165598549,\n 43.787252910984904\n ],\n [\n -121.25639278478187,\n 43.80225697343542\n ],\n [\n -121.2979654428569,\n 43.780649930066716\n ],\n [\n -121.32290903770196,\n 43.72058937968043\n ],\n [\n -121.31542595924863,\n 43.671896153864395\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higgins, Michael W.","contributorId":12459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70241704,"text":"70241704 - 1973 - Geochronology of Precambrian rocks of the Teton Range, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-24T17:35:46.661924","indexId":"70241704","displayToPublicDate":"1973-02-01T12:15:58","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochronology of Precambrian rocks of the Teton Range, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement.
The oldest rocks in the Teton Range are complexly deformed interlayered biotite gneiss, plagioclase gneiss, amphibole gneiss, and amphibolite. Also, within these rocks, there are concordant bodies of strongly lineated quartz monzonite gneiss, here named the Webb Canyon Gneiss, which may be of volcanic origin. Coarse metagabbro, here named the Rendezvous Metagabbro, is intrusive into the layered gneiss sequence and was metamorphosed and deformed along with the enclosing rocks.
These older rocks are cut by discordant plutons and swarms of undeformed dikes of quartz monzonite and associated pegmatite. The quartz monzonite, which makes up much of the central part of the Teton Range, is here named the Mount Owen Quartz Monzonite.
The youngest Precambrian rocks are undeformed dikes of slightly metamorphosed tholeiitic diabase.
A Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron on the Webb Canyon Gneiss and the Rendezvous Metagabbro indicates that these rocks were metamorphosed 2,875 ± 150 m.y. ago. The initial Sr. ratio of 0.700 suggests that the original rocks are probably not significantly older than the metamorphism. The Mount Owen Quartz Monzonite has a whole-rock isochron age of 2,495 ± 75 m.y. and an unusually high initial ratio of 0.732. Plagioclase-microcline isochrons from two samples of the quartz monzonite indicate partial re-equilibration of the Rb-Sr system during a thermal event 1,800 m.y. ago.
The age of the diabase dikes has not been definitely determined, but biotite in the wall rocks of one major dike has a K-Ar age of 1,450 m.y. This suggests that the dike was emplaced during or prior to a thermal event 1,300 to 1,500 m.y. ago that was responsible for resetting many of the previously reported K-Ar mineral ages throughout the range.
The geochronologic record in the Teton Range is very similar to that elsewhere in the Wyoming Precambrian province. Major metamorphic events with ages between 2,700 and 2,900 m.y. have been identified in the Bighorn, Beartooth, Little Belt, and Granite Mountains. Post-tectonic granitic rocks with ages of 2,500 to 2,700 m.y. have been found in the Wind River Range and the Granite Mountains. Later thermal events have affected Rb-Sr systematics of rocks in the Beartooth Mountains, Wind River Range, and Granite Mountains, as well as in the Teton Range at about the same time as major episodes of regional metamorphism in terranes flanking the Wyoming province in southwestern Montana and in the Front Range in Colorado.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<561:GOPROT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Reed, J.C., and Zartman, R., 1973, Geochronology of Precambrian rocks of the Teton Range, Wyoming: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 2, p. 561-582, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<561:GOPROT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"582","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414712,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Teton Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.84537434997902,\n 43.502379861642595\n ],\n [\n -110.7349727362824,\n 43.685697211227364\n ],\n [\n -110.7107382357151,\n 43.845156242838044\n ],\n [\n -110.67304012372105,\n 43.979005826657925\n ],\n [\n -110.73766545856788,\n 44.14347912047279\n ],\n [\n -110.94231235224892,\n 44.12415303704091\n ],\n [\n -111.017708576237,\n 43.98481854482057\n ],\n [\n -111.04194307680432,\n 43.83738761553414\n ],\n [\n -111.02578674309277,\n 43.75964570842382\n ],\n [\n -111.10656841165111,\n 43.6058083095117\n ],\n [\n -111.07156302194257,\n 43.549237376713535\n ],\n [\n -110.92615601853738,\n 43.49065979580564\n ],\n [\n -110.84537434997902,\n 43.502379861642595\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, John C. Jr.","contributorId":223980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reed","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207922,"text":"70207922 - 1973 - Flow of lava into the sea, 1969–1971, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T12:35:06","indexId":"70207922","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-20T12:22:19","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow of lava into the sea, 1969–1971, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii ","docAbstract":"Lava from the Mauna Ulu eruption on Kilauea Volcano entered the sea on the south coast of the Island of Hawaii three times from 1969 to 1971. Two of these flows were investigated underwater by divers, one while lava was actively flowing.
The June 1969 flow entered the sea as a narrow flow of aa. Below sea level, the flow maintained continuity and flowed at least several hundred meters to a depth beyond 70 m. Several cylindrical flow lobes about 1 m in diameter and about 10 to 15 m long emerged from the side of the aa flow at a depth of about 25m.
Underwater investigations, combined with subaerial observations, revealed that the March–May 1971 flow produced a distinct lava delta composed of subaerial pahoehoe lava resting on a submarine sequence of steeply dipping foreset-bedded volcanic sand and rubble that includes conformably dipping cylindrical lava tongues. Most of the pahoehoe streams pouring over the sea cliff are quenched and shattered to glassy sand and rubble that in turn is further fragmented by vigorous wave action and avalanching. In some places, however, larger pahoehoe flows maintain coherence across the cliff and through the surf zone to feed submarine lava tongues. Underwater, these active lava tongues emitted a roaring noise as lava flowed inside their outer black glassy walls. Periodically, cracks exposed the brightly incandescent lava within, and pillow-like buds and toes grew from the top and sides of the lava tongue. Only a small amount of steam was generated underwater. Water temperature close to the active tongues was elevated only 2.5°C.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<537:FOLITS>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., Phillips, R.L., Grigg, R., Peterson, D.W., and Swanson, D., 1973, Flow of lava into the sea, 1969–1971, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii : GSA Bulletin, v. 84, no. 2, p. 537-546, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<537:FOLITS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"546","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.34118652343747,\n 19.19186565046399\n ],\n [\n -155.072021484375,\n 19.19186565046399\n ],\n [\n -155.072021484375,\n 19.38888634723281\n ],\n [\n -155.34118652343747,\n 19.38888634723281\n ],\n [\n -155.34118652343747,\n 19.19186565046399\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, R. L.","contributorId":119868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grigg, R.W.","contributorId":31548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grigg","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, D. W.","contributorId":84326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swanson, Don 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":168817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Don","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70241583,"text":"70241583 - 1973 - X-ray fluorescence determination of sodium in silicate standards using direct dilution and dilution fusion preparation techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T18:54:00.926318","indexId":"70241583","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T13:48:24","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":13630,"text":"X-ray Spectrometry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"X-ray fluorescence determination of sodium in silicate standards using direct dilution and dilution fusion preparation techniques","docAbstract":"Direct dilution of a sample with an equal proportion of cellulose binder and dilution fusion of one part of sample with fourteen parts of LiBO2 flux has been used to prepare pelletized samples of silicate standards for determining sodium by X-ray fluorescence analysis. An RAP analysing crystal was used to disperse and reflect the sodium spectra. Detection limits were found to be 0.07 and 0.39% Na2O at the 2s̀ confidence level for the direct dilution and dilution fusion preparation techniques, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/xrs.1300020106","usgsCitation":"Fabbi, B., 1973, X-ray fluorescence determination of sodium in silicate standards using direct dilution and dilution fusion preparation techniques: X-ray Spectrometry, v. 2, no. 1, p. 15-17, https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1300020106.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414640,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fabbi, B.P.","contributorId":208188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fabbi","given":"B.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":867387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006369,"text":"70006369 - 1973 - Chemical stability of preserved oligotrophic water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T12:31:45","indexId":"70006369","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T09:06:30","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3168,"text":"Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical stability of preserved oligotrophic water samples","docAbstract":"Tests were conducted to determine whether changes that may occur in the chemical characteristics of stored oligotrophic waters collected on 15 sites in northeastern Minnesota were affected by chloroforming. Chloroform was added on site to one of each pair of samples to stabilize the organic content of the water by preventing biological decomposition. The samples were subsequently stored at 25 deg.C, and pH and specific conductivity were measured at intervals for a period of 13 months at which time nine additional chemical parameters (total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, chloride, sulfate, silica, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium) were measured.pH increased and specific conductivity decreased. Average changes occurring in time from the original levels were not influenced by treatment, and first differed significantly (P<0.05, paired t test) at 14 days for pH and 8.5 months for specific conductivity. Total dissolved solids and sulfate were significantly (P<0.01 and <0.05, respectively) larger in treated than untreated samples after 13 months storage while the reverse was true for calcium (P<0.05). Total alkalinity, chloride, silica, and magnesium, however, did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Sodium and potassium levels were too low to provide meaningful comparisons. It was concluded that chloroform may be advantageous in preserving oligothrophic waters with respect to total dissolved solids, sulfate and calcium.","language":"English","publisher":"North Dakota Academy of Science","usgsCitation":"Adomaitis, V.A., Shoesmith, J., and Swanson, G., 1973, Chemical stability of preserved oligotrophic water samples: Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science, v. 26, no. 2, p. 1-5.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"5","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5104e4b0b290850f3abb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adomaitis, V. A.","contributorId":66198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adomaitis","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shoesmith, J.A.","contributorId":58599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoesmith","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swanson, G.A.","contributorId":49299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159798,"text":"70159798 - 1973 - Accessory apatite from hybrid granitoid rocks of the southern Snake Range, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-25T12:36:55","indexId":"70159798","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T01:15:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2446,"text":"Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accessory apatite from hybrid granitoid rocks of the southern Snake Range, Nevada","docAbstract":"Analytical data, optical properties, and unit-cell parameters are presented for 24 samples of accessory apatites recovered from hybrid granitoid rocks of the southern Snake Range, Nev. A complete chemical analysis is given for one. In the Snake Creek-Williams Canyon
outcrop area, where the hybrid rocks grade from granodiorite with 63 percent SiO2 to a quartz monzonite with 76 percent SiO2 within a
horizontal distance of about 3 miles, abundance and crystal habit of the apatite change with rock chemistry. The apatite probably is slightly
more than 90 mole percent fluorapatite in the most felsic rocks, slightly less in the most mafic. The range of F->OH substitution in apatite from this outcrop area is much smaller than in the coexisting biotites. Except for manganese, strontium, sodium, and the rare earths, there is very limited substitution for calcium in the crystal structure of these apatites. Apatites from the more mafic rocks tend to contain a lighter,
more basic assemblage of rare earths, in agreement with results obtained for coexisting allanites, monazites, and zircons.
A photograph made with a level camera, if taken at a known height above a permanent mark on the ground, can be later repeated with exactness for measurement of changes in terrain. Such a photograph is one of several means for establishing a geologic bench mark and is especially useful for monitoring the subtle qualities of a landscape that are otherwise hard to map and describe, including the effects of man's use. Moreover, the geometry of such a photograph provides the same angular measurements between objects as can be made with a transit. A measurement of distance on a single photograph, however, requires control points. These can be surveyed at any convenient time, not necessarily when the initial photograph is made. Distances can also be determined by simple stereophotography from a base line of suitable length.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Malde, H.E., 1973, Geologic bench marks by terrestrial photography: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v. 1, no. 2, p. 193-206.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"206","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":312893,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312892,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/journal/1973/vol1issue2/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"26.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56826b3ee4b0a04ef4925b34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Malde, Harold E.","contributorId":45706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malde","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":583412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000190,"text":"1000190 - 1973 - Age, growth, spawning season, and fecundity of the trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) in southeastern Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T13:47:52","indexId":"1000190","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age, growth, spawning season, and fecundity of the trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) in southeastern Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Growth of trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) in the first 2 years of life was somewhat slower in southeastern Lake Michigan (average length at end of second year, 83 mm) than in Lower Red Lake, Minnesota (90 mm), but considerably faster than in Lake Superior (58 mm); size differences in later years were slightly less pronounced. Young fish began growing earlier in the year (some before June 20) than older ones (as late as August). Females tended to live longer than males, as they do in Lower Red Lake and Lake Superior. Trout-perch spawned from late June or early July until late September, somewhat later than in Lower Red Lake (May to August) or Lake Erie (June to August). Fecundity was similar to that in Lake Erie; mature females 94-146 mm long contained from 126 to 1329 yolked eggs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ontario","doi":"10.1139/f73-193","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"House, R., and Wells, L., 1973, Age, growth, spawning season, and fecundity of the trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus) in southeastern Lake Michigan: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 30, no. 8, p. 1221-1225, https://doi.org/10.1139/f73-193.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1221","endPage":"1225","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266947,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f73-193"}],"volume":"30","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689271","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"House, Robert","contributorId":58974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, LaRue","contributorId":75476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"LaRue","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009823,"text":"70009823 - 1973 - Uranium concentration and distribution in six peridotite inclusions of probable mantle origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T00:54:14.7955","indexId":"70009823","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium concentration and distribution in six peridotite inclusions of probable mantle origin","docAbstract":"Fission-track activation was used to investigate uranium concentration and distribution in peridotite inclusions in alkali basalt from six localities. Whole-rock uranium concentrations range from 24 to 82 ng/g (1ng= 10−9g). Most of the uranium is uniformly distributed in the major silicate phases — olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene. Chromian spinels may be classified into two groups on the basis of their uranium content, having either less than 10 ng/g or 100–150 ng/g U. In one sample accessory hydrous phases, phlogopite and hornblende, contain 130 and 300 ng/g U, respectively. The contact between the inclusion and the host basalt is usually quite sharp. Glassy or microcrystalline veinlets found in some samples contain more than 1μg/g(1 μg= 10−6g). Very little uranium is associated with microcrystals of apatite. Our results agree with some earlier investigators, who have concluded that suboceanic peridotites contain too little uranium to account for normal oceanic heat flow by conduction alone.
Several recent laboratory studies and field investigations have indicated that shales and compacted clay minerals behave as semipermeable membranes. One of the properties of semipermeable membranes is to retard or prevent the passage of charged ionic species through the membrane pores while allowing relatively free movement of uncharged species. This phenomenon is termed salt filtering, reverse osmosis, or ultrafiltration.
This paper shows how one can proceed from the ion exchange capacity of clay minerals and, by means of Donnan membrane equilibrium concept and the Teorell-Meyer-Siever theory, develop a theory to explain why and to what extent ultrafiltration occurs when solutions of known concentration are forced to flow through a clay membrane. Reasonable agreement between theory and laboratory results were found. The concentration of the ultrafiltrate was always greater than predicted because of uncertainty in values of some parameters in the equations.
Ultrafiltration phenomena may be responsible for the formation of some subsurface brines and mineral deposits. The effect should also be taken into consideration in any proposal for subsurface waste emplacement in an environment containing large quantities of clay minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(73)90106-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, B., and Coplen, T., 1973, Ultrafiltration by a compacted clay membrane-II. Sodium ion exclusion at various ionic strengths: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, no. 10, p. 2311-2327, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90106-3.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2311","endPage":"2327","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbbffe4b08c986b32896f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010055,"text":"70010055 - 1973 - Lead concentration and isotopic composition in five peridotite inclusions of probable mantle origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-29T20:58:05.380091","indexId":"70010055","displayToPublicDate":"1973-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead concentration and isotopic composition in five peridotite inclusions of probable mantle origin","docAbstract":"The lead content of five whole-rock peridotite inclusions (four lherzolites and one harzburgite) in alkali basalt ranges from 82 to 570 ppb (parts per billion). Approximately 30–60 ppb of this amount can be accounted for by analyzed major silicate minerals (olivine ≤ 10 ppb; enstatite 5–28 ppb; chrome diopside ∼400 ppb). Through a series of acid leaching experiments, the remainder of the lead is shown to be quite labile and to reside in either glassy or microcrystalline veinlets or accessory mineral phases, such as apatite and mica. The lead isotopic composition of the peridotites (206Pb/204Pb= 18.01–18.90;207Pb/204Pb= 15.52–15.61;208Pb/204Pb= 37.80–38.86) lies within the range of values defined by many modern volcanic rocks and, in particular, is essentially coextensive with the abyssal tholeiite field. In all but one instance, isotopic differences were found between the peridotite and its host alkali basalt. Two of the peridotites clearly demonstrated internal isotopic heterogeneity between leachable and residual fractions that could not simply be due to contamination by the host basalt. However, there is no evidence that these ultramafic rocks form some layer in the mantle with isotopic characteristics fundamentally different from those of the magma sources of volcanic rocks.
Selenium was determined in duplicate portions from three bottles of six U.S.G.S. standard rocks by a spect rofluorimetric procedure. The following averages, as p.p.m. Se, were obtained: PCC-1, 0.031; GSP-1, 0.088; BCR-1, 0.12; SCo-1, 0.91; MAG-1, 1.3; and SGR-1, 3.7. One-way analysis of variance of the several sets of data showed no significant differences in the selenium content among bottles of any specific rock; these samples may be accepted as homogeneous for their selenium contents by this analytical method.
Thirty-nine bald eagles found sick or dead in 13 States during 1969 and 1970 were analyzed for pesticide residues. Residues of DDE, dieldrin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and mercury were detected in all bald eagle carcasses; DDD residues were detected in 38; DDT, heptachlor epoxide, and dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) were detected less frequently. Six eagles contained possible lethal levels of dieldrin in the brain, and one contained a lethal concentration of DDE (385 ppm) in the brain together with 235 ppm of PCB's. Autopsy revealed that 18 bald eagles were illegally shot; other causes of death were impact injuries, electrocution, emaciation, and infectious diseases.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Belisle, A.A., Reichel, W.L., Locke, L.N., Lamont, T., Mulhern, B.M., Prouty, R.M., DeWolf, R.B., and Cromartie, E., 1972, Residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury and autopsy data for bald eagles, 1969 and 1970: Pesticides Monitoring Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 133-138.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belisle, Andre A.","contributorId":96750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belisle","given":"Andre","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reichel, William L.","contributorId":62707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reichel","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Locke, Louis N.","contributorId":71233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lamont, Thair","contributorId":56321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamont","given":"Thair","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mulhern, Bernard M.","contributorId":105177,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulhern","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Prouty, Richard M.","contributorId":79121,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prouty","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"DeWolf, Robert B.","contributorId":88267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeWolf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cromartie, Eugene","contributorId":66672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cromartie","given":"Eugene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":48339,"text":"ofr72304 - 1972 - Effect of urban development on floods in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T09:35:41","indexId":"ofr72304","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"72-304","title":"Effect of urban development on floods in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina","docAbstract":"This report relates peak discharges for recurrence intervals ranging up to 100 years to drainage area, stream length, stream slope, and percent of basin covered by impervious surfaced. The relations are based on analysis of flood information for approximately 200 sites, 42 of which are in metropolitan areas of the North Carolina Piedmont providence. The estimating relations are limited to providing flood discharge estimate at open-channel sites in the Piedmont province of North Carolina where runoff is unaffected by artificial storage or diversion. The estimate are most reliable for smaller size floods at sires where the drainage area ranges between 0.3 and 150 square miles, where the L/√s ratio ranges between 0.1 and 9.0, and where impervious cover of less than 30 percent is uniformly distributed over the basin.
\n\n
Changes from rural to urban conditions significantly affect flood flows. Urban development may reduce the basin laf time to one-sixteenth that of comparable natural system. This reduction in basin lag time, along with the increased storm runoff resulting from impervious cover, increases the flood-peak discharge by a factor that ranges up to five. The increase in flood-peak discharge depends on the drainage-basin characteristics and the recurrence interval of the flood.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Raleigh, NC","doi":"10.3133/ofr72304","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the cities of Charlotte, Durham, Lenoir, Morganton, and Winston-Salem, North Carolina","usgsCitation":"Putnam, A.L., 1972, Effect of urban development on floods in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-304, Report: v, 87 p.; 1 Plate: 10.48 x 4.96 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr72304.","productDescription":"Report: v, 87 p.; 1 Plate: 10.48 x 4.96 inches","numberOfPages":"91","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr72304.PNG"},{"id":308855,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1972/0304/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Piedmont Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.34002685546875,\n 34.85100201839405\n ],\n [\n -81.34002685546875,\n 35.67403185377907\n ],\n [\n -80.27984619140625,\n 35.67403185377907\n ],\n [\n -80.27984619140625,\n 34.85100201839405\n ],\n [\n -81.34002685546875,\n 34.85100201839405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ffa2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Putnam, Arthur L.","contributorId":25170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67402,"text":"i591L - 1972 - Map showing landslides and areas of potential landsliding in the Salina quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-04T21:22:21.882867","indexId":"i591L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"591","chapter":"L","title":"Map showing landslides and areas of potential landsliding in the Salina quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"The term “landslide” is broadly defined as any “downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials composed of natural rock, soils, artificial fills, or combinations of these materials. The moving mass may proceed by any one of three principal types of movement: falling, sliding, or flossing, or by their combinations” (Varnes, 1958). Landslides and areas of potential landslides are fairly common in the rugged terrain of the Salina quadrangle. In much of the western half of the map area, relatively high rainfall, steep slopes, and flat layers of hard rock on top of very soft incompetent rock all favor landsliding, chiefly as slides and earth flows. In arid parts of the quadrangle, principally in the east half, alternating flat layers of hard and soft rocks are eroded to bare cliffs separated by benches, and rockfalls are the dominant type of landsliding. Landslides were more active in the wetter climate of the Pleistocene Epoch, which ended several thousand years ago (Smith and others, 1963, p. 52). Although landslide deposits are abundant in the Salina quadrangle, few landslide movements have been documented during historic time, partly because landslides are generally less active now than during Pleistocene times, partly because movement is commonly very slow and thus escapes notice, and partly because of the remoteness and sparse population of the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/i591L","usgsCitation":"Williams, P., 1972, Map showing landslides and areas of potential landsliding in the Salina quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 591, 1 Plate: 39.86 x 27.62 inches; Cover: 9.18 x 11.77 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i591L.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.86 x 27.62 inches; Cover: 9.18 x 11.77 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":493513,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9385.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":256589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0591l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":256588,"rank":2,"type":{"id":8,"text":"Cover"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0591l/report.pdf","text":"Folio Cover","size":"37 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256587,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0591l/plate-1.pdf","text":"Map I-591-L","size":"9.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Salina quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,38 ], [ -112,39 ], [ -110,39 ], [ -110,38 ], [ -112,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Paul L.","contributorId":91086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Paul L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2081,"text":"wsp1899M - 1972 - Geohydrologic summary of the Pearl River basin, Mississippi and Louisiana","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":56144,"text":"ofr5942 - 1959 - Low-flow analysis of Pearl River at Jackson, Mississippi","indexId":"ofr5942","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Low-flow analysis of Pearl River at Jackson, Mississippi"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2081,"text":"wsp1899M - 1972 - Geohydrologic summary of the Pearl River basin, Mississippi and Louisiana","indexId":"wsp1899M","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","title":"Geohydrologic summary of the Pearl River basin, Mississippi and Louisiana"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:23","indexId":"wsp1899M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1899","chapter":"M","title":"Geohydrologic summary of the Pearl River basin, Mississippi and Louisiana","docAbstract":"Fresh water in abundance is contained in large artesian reservoirs in sand and gravel deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary ages in the Pearl River basin, a watershed of 8,760 square miles. Shallow, water-table reservoirs occur in Quarternary deposits (Pleistocene and Holocene) that blanket most of the uplands in .the southern half of the basin and that are present in smaller upland areas and along streams elsewhere. The shallow reservoirs contribute substantially to dry-weather flow of the Strong River and Bogue Chitto and of Holiday, Lower Little, Silver, and Whitesand Creeks, among others. About 3 billion acre-feet of ground water is in storage in the fresh-water section, which extends from the surface to depths ranging from about sea level in the extreme northern part of the basin to more than 3,000 feet below sea level in the southern part of the basin. \r\n\r\nVariations in low flow for different parts of the river basin are closely related to geologic terrane and occurrence of ground water. The upland terrace belt that crosses the south-central part of the basin is underlain by permeable sand and gravel deposits and yields more than 0.20 cubic feet per second per square mile of drainage area to streamflow, whereas the northern part of the basin, underlain by clay, marl, and fine to medium sand, yields less than 0.05 cubic feet per second per square mile of drainage area (based on 7-day Q2 minimum flow computed from records). Overall, the potential surface-water supplies are large. \r\n\r\nBecause water is available at shallow depths, most of the deeper aquifers have not been developed anywhere in the basin. At many places in the south, seven or more aquifers could be developed either by tapping one sand in each well or by screening two or more sands in a single well. Well fields each capable, of producing several million gallons of water a day are feasible nearly anywhere in the Pearl River basin. \r\n\r\nWater in nearly all the aquifers is of good to excellent quality and requires little or no treatment for most uses. The water is a soft, sodium bicarbonate type and therefore has a low to moderate dissolved-solids content. Mineral content increases generally downdip in an aquifer. Excessive iron, common in shallow aquifers, is objectionable for some water uses. Water from the streams, except in salty tidal reaches, is less mineralized than ground water; in 10 sites the median dissolved-solids content in streamflow was 50 milligrams per liter or less. \r\n\r\nModerately intensive ground-water development has been made in the Bogalusa area, Louisiana; at the Mississippi Test Facility, Hancock County, Miss. ; and in the Jackson area, Mississippi. Wells with pumping rates of 500 to 1,000 gallons per minute each are common throughout the Pearl River basin, and some deep wells flow more than 3,000 gallons per minute in the coastal lowland areas. Probably 20 million gallons per day of artesian water flows uncontrolled from wells in the southern part of the basin. Ground-water levels, except in the higher altitudes, are within 60 feet of the surface, and flowing wells are common in the valleys and in the coastal Pine Meadows. Decline of water level is a problem in only a few small areas. \r\n\r\nSaline water as a resource is available for development from aquifers and streams near the coast and from aquifers at considerable depth in most of the Pearl River basin. Pollution is a problem in oil fields and in reaches of some streams below sewage and other waste-disposal points. The basin estuary contains water of variable quality but has potential for certain water-use developments that will require special planning and management.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1899M","usgsCitation":"Lang, J.W., 1972, Geohydrologic summary of the Pearl River basin, Mississippi and Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1899, iv, 44 p. :illus. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1899M.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :illus. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110039,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25125.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25125"},{"id":138153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899m/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27641,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899m/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27642,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899m/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27643,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899m/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247102,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1899m/plate-table_1.pdf","size":"1286","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8dfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lang, Joseph W.","contributorId":30211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lang","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198181,"text":"70198181 - 1972 - Geologic setting of the Apollo 15 samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-19T09:49:39","indexId":"70198181","displayToPublicDate":"1972-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic setting of the Apollo 15 samples","docAbstract":"The samples and photographs returned from the Apollo 15 site show that Hadley Delta is largely underlain by breccias whose clasts are mainly fragments of coarse-grained feldspathic rocks and nonmare-type basalt. Conspicuous sets of lineaments, visible in surface and orbital photographs of Mount Hadley and Hadley Delta, may represent systematic layering or fracture sets. The mare surface, with regolith about 5 meters thick, is underlain by two major basalt types, at least one of which has extensive lateral continuity and is exposed in the upper wall of Hadley Rille. Gradual erosional recession of the edges and filing of the interior of the rille by talus have contributed to the present cross sectional profile.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.175.4020.407","usgsCitation":"Swann, G., Bailey, N.G., Batson, R.M., Freeman, V.L., Hait, M., Holt, H.E., Larson, K., Reed, V.S., Schaber, G.G., Sutton, R.L., Wolfe, E., Howard, K.A., Wilshire, H.G., Head, J., Irwin, J., Scott, D., Muehlberger, W., Silver, L.T., and Rennilson, J.J., 1972, Geologic setting of the Apollo 15 samples: Science, v. 175, no. 4020, p. 407-415, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.175.4020.407.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"407","endPage":"415","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355809,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"175","issue":"4020","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swann, G.A.","contributorId":8859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swann","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, N. G.","contributorId":14408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Batson, R. M.","contributorId":76714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, V. L.","contributorId":52958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hait, M. H.","contributorId":59052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hait","given":"M. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holt, H. E.","contributorId":64694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Larson, K.B.","contributorId":55410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reed, V. S.","contributorId":58255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sutton, R. L.","contributorId":24364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Wolfe, E.W.","contributorId":57470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Head, J.W.","contributorId":67982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Irwin, J.B.","contributorId":39270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Scott, D.R.","contributorId":86508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Muehlberger, W.R.","contributorId":66732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muehlberger","given":"W.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Silver, L. T.","contributorId":46968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silver","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Rennilson, J. J.","contributorId":107336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rennilson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}} ,{"id":70198184,"text":"70198184 - 1972 - Structure of Sierra Madera, Texas, as a guide to central peaks of lunar craters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-18T15:24:14","indexId":"70198184","displayToPublicDate":"1972-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure of Sierra Madera, Texas, as a guide to central peaks of lunar craters","docAbstract":"Like hundreds of other lunar craters of probable impact origin, Copernicus contains central peaks presumed to expose rocks uplifted from beneath the crater floor. A possible analog of these peaks on Earth is the central uplift of the Sierra Madera cryptoexplosion structure, a probable impact scar (astrobleme) in stratified Permian and Cretaceous rocks of west Texas. The most conspicuous part of this 12-km-wide structure is its central uplift, 6 to 8 km across, in which the oldest rocks have been raised 1,200 m above their normal position. The uplift is surrounded by a structural depression, beyond which is a concentric rim containing some folds and circumferential normal faults with downthrow toward the center. The intensity of folding and faulting increases inward from the flanks of the central uplift toward a central zone about 2 km across where dips and fold plunges are near vertical or overturned. As in salt domes, the beds moved inward as well as upward to occupy their present positions, causing faulting and radial folding due to crowding in the center. Repetition by folding due to inward movement of upper beds over lower appears to have been followed by upward movement of the core of the uplift pulling away from the flanks by faulting. Minor outward-directed thrusting may have been caused by gravitational spreading of the rising dome. The structural depression surrounding the uplift resulted from tectonic thinning accompanying the inward movement of rocks in the uplift.
Analogy with experimental craters and with other cryptoexplosion structures indicates that the uplift at Sierra Madera protruded into a crater (since destroyed by erosion) that was about 12 km across. Inasmuch as the rocks forming such uplifts are derived from below the crater floors, analogous peaks in lunar craters such as Copernicus may offer samples of lunar crust uplifted from distances below the crater floor on the order of one-tenth of the crater diameter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2795:SOSMTA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., Offield, T.W., and Wilshire, H.G., 1972, Structure of Sierra Madera, Texas, as a guide to central peaks of lunar craters: GSA Bulletin, v. 83, no. 9, p. 2795-2808, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2795:SOSMTA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2795","endPage":"2808","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355810,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Madera crater","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.326416015625,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 31.662732913235317\n ],\n [\n -103.326416015625,\n 31.662732913235317\n ],\n [\n -103.326416015625,\n 29.878755346037977\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Offield, Terry W.","contributorId":15196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Offield","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220526,"text":"5220526 - 1972 - Immunologic status of mourning doves following an epizootic of trichomoniasis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-04T16:24:18.620174","indexId":"5220526","displayToPublicDate":"1972-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Immunologic status of mourning doves following an epizootic of trichomoniasis","docAbstract":"An epizootic of trichomoniasis in mourning doves at the Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge began in 1969 and continued into 1970. The disease was seen in 16% of the adults and 2% of the immatures in 1970, but only one immature bird out of 37 surveyed (3%) carried Trichomonas gallinae. Challenge infection of 33 doves from the epizootic area showed 85 percent to be resistant to trichomoniasis, compared to 69 percent resistance in doves from Maryland, where no epizootic has occurred for at least 3 years.
Plasma protein changes which occurred following challenge infection were identical in CSNWR and Maryland doves which showed evidence of disease. Of the doves which showed no signs of disease, those from the CSNWR exhibited no change in beta globulins, identical to the response in pigeons which survive an infection by T. gallinae, but they had some tissue invasion by the parasite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-8.2.176","usgsCitation":"Kocan, R.M., and Amend, S., 1972, Immunologic status of mourning doves following an epizootic of trichomoniasis: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 8, no. 2, p. 176-180, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-8.2.176.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"180","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.29474864978431,\n 34.6599265138598\n ],\n [\n -80.29474864978431,\n 34.50939372233721\n ],\n [\n -80.15406892664078,\n 34.50939372233721\n ],\n [\n -80.15406892664078,\n 34.6599265138598\n ],\n [\n -80.29474864978431,\n 34.6599265138598\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f8641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kocan, R. M.","contributorId":41783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amend, S.R.","contributorId":60336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amend","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010114,"text":"70010114 - 1972 - Mariner 9 television reconnaissance of Mars and its satellites: Preliminary results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-26T16:23:21.859169","indexId":"70010114","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mariner 9 television reconnaissance of Mars and its satellites: Preliminary results","docAbstract":"At orbit insertion on 14 November 1971 the Martian surface was largely obscured by a dust haze with an extinction optical depth that ranged from near unity in the south polar region to probably greater than 2 over most of the planet. The only features clearly visible were the south polar cap, one dark, spot in Nix Olympica, and three dark spots in the Tharsis region. During the third week the atmosphere began to clear and surface visibility improved, but contrasts remained a fraction of their normal value. Each of the dark spots that apparently protrude through most of the dust-filled atmosphere has a crater or crater complex in its center. The craters are rimless and have featureless floors that, in the crater complexes, are at different levels. The largest crater within the southernmost spot is approximately 100 kilometers wide. The craters apparently were formed by subsidence and resemble terrestrial calderas. The south polar cap has a regular margin, suggesting very flat topography. Two craters outside the cap have frost on their floors; an apparent crater rim within the cap is frost free, indicating preferential loss of frost from elevated ground. If this is so then the curvilinear streaks, which were frost covered in 1969 and are now clear of frost, may be low-relief ridges. Closeup pictures of Phobos and Deimos show that Phobos is about 25 ±5 by 21 ±1 kilometers and Deimos is about 13.5 ± 2 by 12.0 ±0.5 kilometers. Both have irregular shapes and are highly cratered, with some craters showing raised rims. The satellites are dark objects with geometric albedos of 0.05.
This brief report summarizes three sets of measurement data on certain processes.
The first concerns the rate of movement of soil on hillslopes, especially by mass movement or slow gravitational creep. The results are abstracted from an unpublished manuscript by the junior author who reports on the measurements which Leopold began 10 or more years ago and to which in more recent years Emmett has added new sites and has carried on the annual remeasurement. The results are those from \"mass-movement lines\", which consist of a series of pins or iron rods, 10 inches (25 cm) long driven vertically into the ground along a straight line-of-sight, secured at each end with stiff iron posts. The Survey consists of setting a theodolite over one of the end bench marks and orienting on the other. The distance of each individual pin from the line of sight is recorded. Resurveys are usually made annually.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Emmett, W.W., 1972, Some rates of geomorphological processes: Geographia Polonica, v. 23, p. 27-36.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geographiapolonica.pl/article/item/8673.html"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc823e4b02ff32c685766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmett, William W.","contributorId":68715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000156,"text":"1000156 - 1972 - Limnology and fish ecology of sockeye salmon nursery lakes of the world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T13:04:43","indexId":"1000156","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limnology and fish ecology of sockeye salmon nursery lakes of the world","docAbstract":"Many important, recently glaciated oligotrophic lakes that lie in coastal regions around the northern rim of the Pacific Ocean produce anadromous populations of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. This paper describes the limnology and fish ecology of two such lakes in British Columbia, five in Alaska, and one in Kamchatka. Then we discuss the following general topics: the biogenic eutrophication of nursery lakes from the nutrients released from salmon carcasses wherein during years of highest numbers of spawners, lake phosphate balances in Lakes Babine, Iliamna, and Dalnee are significantly affected; the use of nursery lakes by young sockeye that reveals five patterns related to size and configuration of lake basins and the distribution of spawning areas; the interactions between various life history stages of sockeye salmon and such resident predators, competitors, and prey as Arctic char, lake trout, Dolly Varden, cutthroat trout, lake whitefish, pygmy whitefish, pond smelt, sticklebacks, and sculpins; the self-regulation of sockeye salmon abundance in these nursery lakes as controlled by density-dependent processes; the interrelations between young sockeye salmon biomass and growth rates, and zooplankton abundance in Babine Lake; and finally, the diel, vertical, pelagial migratory behavior of young sockeye in Babine Lake and the new hypothesis dealing with bioenergetic conservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f72-116","usgsCitation":"Hartman, W.L., and Burgner, R., 1972, Limnology and fish ecology of sockeye salmon nursery lakes of the world: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 29, no. 6, p. 699-715, https://doi.org/10.1139/f72-116.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"699","endPage":"715","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5182","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartman, Wilbur L.","contributorId":14763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartman","given":"Wilbur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burgner, R.L.","contributorId":107661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgner","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009924,"text":"70009924 - 1972 - Graphical methods for representing form and stability of aqueous metal ions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T21:25:30.006272","indexId":"70009924","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graphical methods for representing form and stability of aqueous metal ions","docAbstract":"The equilibrium distributions of solute species of aluminum at 25°C and one atmosphere pressure are shown graphically in systems containing fluoride, as functions of the total dissolved aluminum and fluoride. The predominant form of complex and degree of complexing are also shown graphically as functions of pH and fluoride activity. The graphs are based on the simultaneous solution of the equations representing nine complexing equilibria and three stoichiometric summarizations, using a fixed value of ionic strength equal to 0.1. Solubility relationships for aluminum hydroxide and cryolite also are shown graphically, using the same coordinates and additional equilibria. By overlaying an appropriate species distribution graph with a solubility graph a relatively complete summary of chemical relationships in an aqueous aluminum system can be obtained. Although this type of model has important limitations, it can accommodate enough variables simultaneously to have practical value and similar procedures could be used for other elements and systems of interest in low-temperature aqueous geochemistry.