Radon concentrations in soil gas were measured by the track-etch method in 60 shallow holes, each 70 cm deep and supported by a capped plastic tube, along several major faults in central California during 1975–1985. This set of data was analyzed to investigate the seasonal variability of soil-gas radon concentration in an area which has various geological conditions but similar climate. The results show several different patterns of seasonal variations, but all of which can be largely attributed to the water-saturation and moisture-retention characteristics of the shallow part of the soil. During the rainy winter and spring seasons, radon tended to be confined underground by the water-saturated surface soil which had much reduced gas permeability, while during the sunny summer and autumn seasons, it exhaled more readily as the soil became drier and more permeable. At several sites located on creeping faults, the radon-variation patterns changed with time, possibly because of disturbance of site condition by fault movement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1350-4487(94)90004-3","issn":"13504487","usgsCitation":"King, C., and Minissale, A., 1994, Seasonal variability of soil-gas radon concentration in central California: Radiation Measurements, v. 23, no. 4, p. 683-692, https://doi.org/10.1016/1350-4487(94)90004-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"683","endPage":"692","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88e5e4b08c986b316c13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, C.-Y.","contributorId":81225,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"C.-Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minissale, A.","contributorId":94441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minissale","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017053,"text":"70017053 - 1994 - An integrated data-directed numerical method for estimating the undiscovered mineral endowment in a region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:47","indexId":"70017053","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An integrated data-directed numerical method for estimating the undiscovered mineral endowment in a region","docAbstract":"An integrated data-directed numerical method has been developed to estimate the undiscovered mineral endowment within a given area. The method has been used to estimate the undiscovered uranium endowment in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, U.S.A. The favorability of uranium concentration was evaluated in each of 2,068 cells defined within the Basin. Favorability was based on the correlated similarity of the geologic characteristics of each cell to the geologic characteristics of five area-related deposit models. Estimates of the undiscovered endowment for each cell were categorized according to deposit type, depth, and cutoff grade. The method can be applied to any mineral or energy commodity provided that the data collected reflect discovered endowment. ?? 1994 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02286436","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"McCammon, R., Finch, W., Kork, J., and Bridges, N., 1994, An integrated data-directed numerical method for estimating the undiscovered mineral endowment in a region: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 3, no. 2, p. 109-122, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02286436.","startPage":"109","endPage":"122","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205517,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02286436"},{"id":224627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea7fe4b0c8380cd488db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finch, W.I.","contributorId":75919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kork, J.O.","contributorId":86831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kork","given":"J.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bridges, N.J.","contributorId":20320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54321,"text":"wdrIL932 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, Illinois, Water Year 1993, Vol. 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:51","indexId":"wdrIL932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IL-93-2","title":"Water Resources Data, Illinois, Water Year 1993, Vol. 2","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrIL932","usgsCitation":"Zuehls, E., LaTour, J., and Wicker, T., 1994, Water Resources Data, Illinois, Water Year 1993, Vol. 2: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IL-93-2, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIL932.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb9b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zuehls, E.E.","contributorId":19942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zuehls","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaTour, J.K.","contributorId":30257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaTour","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wicker, T.L.","contributorId":83994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicker","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008452,"text":"1008452 - 1994 - Mercury in fish from gold mining regions in the upper Cuyuni River system, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:48","indexId":"1008452","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1694,"text":"Fresenius Environmental Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury in fish from gold mining regions in the upper Cuyuni River system, Venezuela","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fresenius Environmental Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Nico, L., and Taphorn, D., 1994, Mercury in fish from gold mining regions in the upper Cuyuni River system, Venezuela: Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, v. 3, no. 5, p. 287-292.","productDescription":"p. 287-292","startPage":"287","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624c1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nico, L.G. 0000-0002-4488-7737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-7737","contributorId":83052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taphorn, D.C.","contributorId":32480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taphorn","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017575,"text":"70017575 - 1994 - Sediment resuspension and bed armoring during high bottom stress events on the northern California inner continental shelf: Measurements and predictions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:13:36.529606","indexId":"70017575","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment resuspension and bed armoring during high bottom stress events on the northern California inner continental shelf: Measurements and predictions","docAbstract":"Geoprobe bottom tripods were deployed during the winter of 1990–1991 on the northern California inner continental shelf as part of the STRESS field experiment. Transmissometer measurements of light beam attenuation were made at two levels and current velocity was measured at four levels in the bottom 1.2 m of water. Intervals of high measured bottom wave velocity were generally correlated with times of both high attenuation and high attenuation gradient in the bottom meter of the water column. Measured time series of light attenuation and attenuation gradient are compared to values computed using a modified version of the Smith [(1977) The sea, Vol. 6, Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 539–577] steady wave-current bottom-boundary-layer model. Size-dependent transmissometer calibrations, which show significantly enhanced attenuation with decreasing grain size, are used to convert calculated suspended sediment concentration to light attenuation. The finest fractions of the bed, which are the most easily suspended and attenuate the most light, dominate the computed attenuation signal although they comprise only about 5–7% of the bed sediment. The calculations indicate that adjusting the value of the coefficient γ0 in the expression for near-bed sediment concentration cannot in itself give both the correct magnitudes of light attenuation and attenuation gradient. To supply the volumes of fine sediment computed to be in suspension during peak events, even with values of γ0 as low as 5 × 10−5, requires suspension of particles from unreasonably large depths in the bed. A limit on the depth of sediment availability is proposed as a correction to suspended sediment calculations. With such a limit, reasonable attenuation values are computed with γ0 ≈ 0.002. The effects of limiting availability and employing a higher γ0 are to reduce the volume of the finest sediment in suspension and to increase the suspended volumes of the coarser fractions. As a consequence, the average size and settling velocity of suspended sediment increases as bottom shear stress increases, with accompanying increases in near-bed concentration gradients. Higher concentration gradients produce larger stratification effects, particularly near the top of the wave boundary layer at times when wave shear velocities are high and current shear velocities are low. These are the conditions under which maximum attenuation gradients are observed.
The modes of occurrence of the potentially hazardous elements in coal will be of significance in any attempt to reduce their mobilization due to coal combustion. Antimony and selenium may be present in solid solution in pyrite, as minute accessory sulfides dispersed throughout the organic matrix, or in organic association. Because of these modes of occurrence it is anticipated that less than 50% of these elements will be routinely removed by conventional coal cleaning procedures. Arsenic and mercury occur primarily in late-stage coarse-grained pyrite therefore physical coal cleaning procedures should be successful in removing substantial proportions of these elements. Cadmium occurs in sphalerite and lead in galena. Both of these minerals exhibit a wide range of particle sizes and textural relations. Depending on the particle size and textural relations, physical coal cleaning may remove as little as 25% of these elements or as much as 75%. Manganese in bituminous coal occurs in carbonates, especially siderite. Physical coal cleaning should remove a substantial proportion of this element. More information is needed to elucidate the modes of occurrence of beryllium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3820(94)90169-4","usgsCitation":"Finkelman, R.B., 1994, Modes of occurrence of potentially hazardous elements in coal: Levels of confidence: Fuel Processing Technology, v. 39, no. 1-3, p. 21-34, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(94)90169-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ca9e4b0c8380cd6fe6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finkelman, Robert B.","contributorId":85951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017052,"text":"70017052 - 1994 - Dissolution of bedded rock salt: A seismic profile across the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member, central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T13:21:19","indexId":"70017052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissolution of bedded rock salt: A seismic profile across the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member, central Kansas","docAbstract":"Since late Tertiary, bedded rock salt of the Permian Hutchinson Salt Member has been dissolved more-or-less continuously along its active eastern margin in central Kansas as a result of sustained contact with unconfined, undersaturated groundwater. The associated westward migration of the eastern margin has resulted in surface subsidence and the contemporaneous sedimentation of predominantly valley-filling Quarternary alluvium. In places, these alluvium deposits extend more than 25 km to the east of the present-day edge of the main body of contiguous rock salt. The margin could have receded this distance during the past several million years. From an environmental perspective, the continued leaching of the Hutchinson Salt is a major concern. This predominantly natural dissolution occurs in a broad zone across the central part of the State and adversely affects groundwater and surface-water quality as nonpoint source pollution. Significant surface subsidence occurs as well. Most of these subsidence features have formed gradually; others developed in a more catastrophic manner. The latter in particular pose real threats to roadways, railways, and buried oil and gas pipelines. In an effort to further clarify the process of natural salt dissolution in central Kansas and with the long-term goal of mitigating the adverse environmental affects of such leaching, the Kansas Geological Survey acquired a 4-km seismic profile across the eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt in the Punkin Center area of central Kansas. The interpretation of these seismic data (and supporting surficial and borehole geologic control) is consistent with several hypotheses regarding the process and mechanisms of dissolution. More specifically these data support the theses that: 1. (1) Dissolution along the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member was initiated during late Tertiary. Leaching has resulted in the steady westward migration of the eastern margin, surface subsidence, and the contemporaneous deposition of predominantly valley-filling Quarternary alluvium. 2. (2) Along the active eastern margin, the rock salt has been leached vertically from the top down, and horizontally along the uppermost remnant bedded soluble layer(s). As a result, the eastern margin thickens gradually (up to 90 m) and in a stepwise manner from east to west for distances on the order 5-15 km. 3. (3) In places, the Hutchinson Salt Member has been leached locally along NNE-trending paleoshear zones situated to the west of the present-day edge of the main body of contiguous rock salt. Leaching at these sites initiated when the main dissolution front impinged upon preexisting shear zones. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(94)90120-1","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Anderson, N., Hopkins, J., Martinez, A., Knapp, R., Macfarlane, P.A., Watney, W., and Black, R., 1994, Dissolution of bedded rock salt: A seismic profile across the active eastern margin of the Hutchinson Salt Member, central Kansas: Computers & Geosciences, v. 20, no. 5, p. 889-903, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(94)90120-1.","startPage":"889","endPage":"903","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266160,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(94)90120-1"}],"volume":"20","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a022ee4b0c8380cd4ff1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, N.L.","contributorId":55129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, J.","contributorId":92545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martinez, A.","contributorId":81260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knapp, R.W.","contributorId":98049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Macfarlane, P. A.","contributorId":14597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macfarlane","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Watney, W.L.","contributorId":43087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watney","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Black, R.","contributorId":100693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70017056,"text":"70017056 - 1994 - Simulating effects of highway embankments on estuarine circulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T14:53:35.314099","indexId":"70017056","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2504,"text":"Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating effects of highway embankments on estuarine circulation","docAbstract":"A two‐dimensional, depth‐averaged, finite‐difference, numerical model was used to simulate tidal circulation and mass transport in the Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, estuarine system. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the utility of the Surface‐Water, Integrated, Flow and Transport model (SWIFT2D) for evaluating changes in circulation patterns and mass transport caused by highway‐crossing embankments. A model of a subregion of Port Royal Sound including the highway crossings and having a grid size of 61 m (200 ft) was derived from a 183‐m (600‐ft) model of the entire Port Royal Sound estuarine system. The 183‐m model was used to compute boundary‐value data for the 61‐m submodel, which was then used to simulate flow conditions with and without the highway embankments in place. The numerical simulations show that, with the highway embankments in place, mass transport between the Broad River and Battery Creek is reduced and mass transport between the Beaufort River and Battery Creek is increased. The net result is that mass transport into and out of upper Battery Creek is reduced. The presence of the embankments also alters circulation patterns within Battery Creek.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1994)120:2(199)","issn":"0733950X","usgsCitation":"Lee, J.K., Schaffranek, R.W., and Baltzer, R.A., 1994, Simulating effects of highway embankments on estuarine circulation: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, v. 120, no. 2, p. 199-218, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1994)120:2(199).","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fd0e4b08c986b319153","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Jonathan K.","contributorId":60186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baltzer, Robert A.","contributorId":34269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltzer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70177036,"text":"70177036 - 1994 - A water-renewal system that accurately delivers small volumes of water to exposure chambers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:17:33","indexId":"70177036","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A water-renewal system that accurately delivers small volumes of water to exposure chambers","docAbstract":"This paper describes a system that can accurately deliver small volumes of water (50 ml per cycle) to eight 300-ml beakers. The system is inexpensive <$100), easy to build (<8 h), and easy to calibrate (<15 min), and accurately delivers small volumes of water (<5% variability).
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620130813","usgsCitation":"Zumwalt, D.C., Dwyer, F., Greer, I., and Ingersoll, C., 1994, A water-renewal system that accurately delivers small volumes of water to exposure chambers: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 13, no. 8, p. 1311-1314, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620130813.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1311","endPage":"1314","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329624,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zumwalt, D. C.","contributorId":175431,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zumwalt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, F.J.","contributorId":107818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greer, I.E.","contributorId":70182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greer","given":"I.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17876,"text":"ofr93661 - 1994 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, fiscal year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T16:04:24","indexId":"ofr93661","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-661","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, fiscal year 1992","docAbstract":"Awareness of our environment in general, and water resources in particular, has brought increased interest in and support of hydrologic data collection and research. The quantity, quality, and distribution of water are extremely important to the future well-being of New Mexico. The State's surface-water resources are minimal and highly variable due to climate and to regulation and diversion; ground-water resources are subject to development that exceeds natural recharge and to potential contamination by land use. Issues related to global climate change, disposal of hazardous wastes, toxic substances in water, water rights, and ground-water contamination are evolving areas of greater public concern. At the same time there is a continuing need for a better understanding of various hydrologic systems and processes in order to manage these limited water resources for maximum benefit to present and future generations.
The U.S. Geological Survey has collected and disseminated information on the water resources of New Mexico for more than a century. The Survey began to collect records of streamflow in New Mexico in December 1888 when the first discharge measurements were made on the Rio Grande near the present gaging station at Embudo. This site, called the \"birthplace of systematic stream gaging,\" was chosen to be the training center for the first hydrographers of the Irrigation Survey, a bureau within the original Geological Survey. Since that time, in cooperation with Federal, State, local, and tribal agencies, we have monitored streams at hundreds of sites throughout the State and have a current network of more than 200 streamflow-gaging stations. Through the Cooperative Program, we also have established sites where ground-water levels are monitored to document changes in ground-water storage or where surface-water and groundwater samples are collected to determine water chemistry, and we have undertaken investigative studies to define the availability, quality, and distribution of water resources. Information from the data program and results of investigative studies are made available to water-resources managers, regulators, and the public to be used for the effective management of the State's water resources.
This report provides a brief summary of the activities of the New Mexico District for FY (fiscal year) 1992, including our mission, organization, sources of funding, and descriptions of current projects. This report serves to document not only the content of the program, but also the diversity and complexity of that program. Cooperation among water-resources agencies will be essential in effectively dealing with water-related issues facing New Mexico. We look forward to the challenge of addressing these issues by continuing to provide factual hydrologic data and technically sound areal appraisals and interpretive studies.
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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-92","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Nebraska, fiscal years 1993-94","docAbstract":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Nebraska consist principally of hydro- logic data collection and local, areal, or state- wide interpretive studies. These programs are funded by cooperative agreements with State and local agencies, transfer of funds from other Federal agencies, and direct Federal funds. The data and results of the investigations are published or released either by the U.S. Geological Survey or by cooperating agencies. This report describes the hydrologic data-collection programs and local or areal hydrologic investigations in Nebraska during fiscal yars 1993 and 1994 and provides a list of reports released by the Nebraska District during 1985-93.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9492","usgsCitation":"Sojka, A.M., and Fitzpatrick, D., 1994, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Nebraska, fiscal years 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-92, vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9492.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47113,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9e9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sojka, A. M. (compiler)","contributorId":107715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sojka","given":"A.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, D. J.","contributorId":33313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177040,"text":"70177040 - 1994 - Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® to aquatic invertebrates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:40:26","indexId":"70177040","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® to aquatic invertebrates","docAbstract":"The herbicide Rodeo® provides waterfowl managers with an effective chemical tool for creating open water habitats in wetlands if its use does not adversely affect native invertebrate communities. The survival of caged Chironomus spp. (midge), Hyalella azteca (amphipod),Stagnicola elodes (pond snail), and Nephelopsis obscura (leech) was assessed in prairie pothole wetlands treated by air with a tank mixture of Rodeo®, the surfactant X-77 Spreader®, and the drift retardant Chem-Trol® at a rate recommended for controlling cattails. Laboratory studies were then conducted to determine the acute toxicities of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol®, individually and in simulated tank mixtures, to the same invertebrates and to Daphnia magna in reconstituted water representative of these wetlands. There was no difference in the survival of caged invertebrates between treated and reference wetlands after 21 days. Based on nominal concentrations of the formulations, X-77 Spreader® (LC50s=2.0–14.1 mg/L) was about 83–136 times more toxic than Rodeo® (LC50s=218–1216 mg/L) to aquatic invertebrates. Chem-Trol® killed ≤10% of the animals at 10,000 mg/L and ≤50% of the animals at 28,000 mg/L. Daphnia magna were more sensitive than the other species to X-77 Spreader®, Rodeo®, and the simulated Rodeo® tank mixture (RTM). The joint toxic action of the RTM was additive for amphipods and midges, greater than additive for leeches, and was less than additive for daphnids. X-77 Spreader® was the major toxic component in the RTM. Binary mixtures of X-77 Spreader®, Rodeo®, and Chem-Trol® at tank mixture and equitoxic ratios also showed additive toxicity to amphipods. The use of Rodeo® (applied as a tank mixture with X-77 Spreader® and Chem-Trol®) as a management tool in wetlands does not pose an acute hazard to native aquatic invertebrates because the concentrations of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® found to be acutely toxic to these invertebrates were much higher than their expected or measured concentrations in water from wetlands treated with the RTM.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00213176","usgsCitation":"Henry, C.J., Higgins, K.F., and Buhl, K., 1994, Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of Rodeo®, X-77 Spreader®, and Chem-Trol® to aquatic invertebrates: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 3, p. 392-399, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213176.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"392","endPage":"399","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329628,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henry, C. J.","contributorId":175437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Henry","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higgins, K. F.","contributorId":39713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higgins","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, K.J.","contributorId":19728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70177039,"text":"70177039 - 1994 - Acute and chronic effects of four commercial herbicide formulations on Ceriodaphnia dubia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:34:05","indexId":"70177039","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute and chronic effects of four commercial herbicide formulations on Ceriodaphnia dubia","docAbstract":"Toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia were conducted to determine acute (48 h) and chronic (7-day survival and reproduction) effects of four commonly used herbicide formulations. The 48-h LC50s in decreasing order of toxicity were 14.36 mg/L (Micro-Tech®), 15.93 mg/L (Bicep®), 32.99 mg/L (Extrazine®), and 35.36 mg/L (Lexone®). Reduced reproduction was detected at concentrations below 48-h LC50s for three of the formulations. The 7-day chronic values (ChV) based on reproduction were 17.68 mg/L (Micro-Tech®), 8.84 mg/L (Bicep®), 17.68 mg/L (Extrazine®), and 8.84 mg/L (Lexone®). The acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs) for Micro-Tech® (0.81), Bicep® (1.80), Extrazine® (1.86), and Lexone® (4.00) indicate a relatively narrow range between acute and chronic sensitivity in daphnids. A comparison of these response data to environmental concentrations suggests these herbicides are not likely to directly impact invertebrates. Potential impacts on plants and human health should be of primary ecological and regulatory concern.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00203894","usgsCitation":"Ort, M.P., Fairchild, J., and Finger, S., 1994, Acute and chronic effects of four commercial herbicide formulations on Ceriodaphnia dubia: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 103-106, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203894.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"106","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329627,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ort, M. P.","contributorId":175436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ort","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finger, S.E.","contributorId":29769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178214,"text":"70178214 - 1994 - Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. II: Implications for health of mink","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T12:48:14","indexId":"70178214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. II: Implications for health of mink","docAbstract":"Populations of mink (Mustela vison) have declined in many areas of the world. Such declines have been linked to exposures to synthetic, halogenated hydrocarbons. In the Great Lakes region, mink are fewer in areas along the shore of the Great Lakes and their tributaries where mink have access to fish from the Great Lakes. Recently, there has been discussion of the relative merits of passage of fishes around hydroelectric dams on rivers in Michigan. A hazard assessment was conducted to determine the potential for adverse effects on mink, which could consume such fishes from above or below dams on the rivers. Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,3,7,8-tetrachloridibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ), and total mercury were measured in composite samples of fishes from above or below hydroelectric dams on the Manistee and Muskegon Rivers, which flow into Lake Michigan, and the Au Sable River, which flows into Lake Huron. Concentrations of organochlorine insecticides, PCBs, and TCDD-EQ were all greater in fishes from below the dams than those from above. Concentrations of neither organochlorine insecticides nor mercury in fishes are currently a risk to mink above or below the dams. All of the species of fishes collected from downstream of the dams contained concentrations of PCBs and TCDD-EQ, which represent a hazard to mink. The hazard index for PCBs was less than one for the average of all species from the upstream reaches of the Manistee and Au Sable Rivers, but not the Muskegon. The hazard index (concentration in fish/NOAEC) was greater than 1 for all of the species collected from below the dams, in all three rivers. The greatest hazard index was observed for carp (Cyprinus carpio) downstream on the Muskegon River. Because the concentrations of PCBs used in the hazard assessment were corrected for relative toxic potencies, the hazard ratios based on PCBs should be similar to those based on TCDD-EQ. This was found to be true. Thus, either total PCBs or TCDD-EQ could be used as the critical toxicant in the hazard assessment. However, if uncorrected concentrations of PCBs, expressed as Aroclors®, were used in the hazard assessment, the toxicity of the weathered mixture would have been underestimated by approximately five-fold, and, in that instance, TCDD-EQ would be the critical contaminant for the hazard assessment. The average maximum allowable percentage of fish from above the dams, which would result in no observable adverse effects of TCDD-EQ, was 70%. Based on the average TCDD-EQ concentrations in the fishes, an average of 8.6% of the diet could be made up of fishes from below dams on the rivers. The most restrictive daily allowable intakes were for carp on the Muskegon and steelhead trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) on the Manistee Rivers. Only 2.7% of the diet could be made up of these two species from influenced portion of the Au Sable River, they would be exposed to 390 μg PCBs and 8.55 ng of TCDD-EQ per day, respectively (Giesy et al. 1994b). Thus, it would take 15.1 or 77 days for mink to receive their total annual dose of PCBs or TCDD-EQ, respectively. At least for chinook salmon, the critical contaminant for the purposes of hazard assessment would be total concentrations of PCBs. Consuming chinook salmon for as little as 2 weeks would deliver the annual allowable dose of PCBs to mink.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00214265","usgsCitation":"Giesy, J., Verbrugge, D., Othout, R.A., Bowerman, W., Mora, M., Jones, P.D., Newsted, J., Vandervoort, C., Heaton, S.N., Aulerich, R., Bursian, S., Ludwig, J.P., Dawson, G.A., Kubiak, T., Best, D.A., and Tillitt, D., 1994, Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. II: Implications for health of mink: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 213-223, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214265.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"223","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Au Sable River, Manistee River, Muskegon Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.3140869140625,\n 43.19516498456403\n ],\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -83.309326171875,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -86.1328125,\n 44.74673324024678\n ],\n [\n -86.253662109375,\n 44.692088041727786\n ],\n [\n -86.495361328125,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -86.539306640625,\n 43.57243174740972\n ],\n [\n -86.3140869140625,\n 43.19516498456403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5821a0dfe4b02f1a881de986","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesy, J. P.","contributorId":60574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giesy","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verbrugge, D. A.","contributorId":64960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verbrugge","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Othout, R. A.","contributorId":223529,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Othout","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowerman, W.W.","contributorId":69098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowerman","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mora, M.A.","contributorId":71923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, P. D.","contributorId":46462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Newsted, J.L.","contributorId":94937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsted","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vandervoort, C.","contributorId":176721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vandervoort","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Heaton, S. N.","contributorId":176722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heaton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Aulerich, R.J.","contributorId":39904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aulerich","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bursian, S.J.","contributorId":16127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bursian","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Ludwig, J. P.","contributorId":176342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Dawson, G. A.","contributorId":176720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Kubiak, T.J.","contributorId":150393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubiak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":653293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Best, D. A.","contributorId":175435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Best","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":118820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70017819,"text":"70017819 - 1994 - Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T00:41:18.527333","indexId":"70017819","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange","docAbstract":"Rates of alkali exchange between alunite and water have been measured in hydrothermal experiments of 1 hour to 259 days duration at 150 to 400°C. Examination of run products by scanning electron microscope indicates that the reaction takes place by dissolution-reprecipitation. This exchange is modeled with an empirical rate equation which assumes a linear decrease in mineral surface area with percent exchange (f) and a linear dependence of the rate on the square root of the affinity for the alkali exchange reaction. This equation provides a good fit of the experimental data for f = 17% to 90% and yields log rate constants which range from −6.25 moles alkali m−2s−1 at 400°C to − 11.7 moles alkali m−2s−1 at 200°C. The variation in these rates with temperature is given by the equation log
In the absence of coupled alkali exchange, oxygen isotope exchange between alunite and water also occurs by dissolution-reprecipitation but rates are one to three orders of magnitude lower than those for alkali exchange. In fine-grained alunites, significant D-H exchange occurs by hydrogen diffusion at temperatures as low as 100°C. Computed hydrogen diffusion coefficients range from −15.7 to −17.3 cm2s−1 and suggest that the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion may be as low as 6 kcal/mol.
These experiments indicate that rates of alkali exchange in the relatively coarse-grained alunites typical of hydrothermal ore deposits are insignificant, and support the reliability of K-Ar age data from such samples. However, the fine-grained alunites typical of low temperature settings may be susceptible to limited alkali exchange at surficial conditions which could cause alteration of their radiometric ages. Furthermore, the rapid rate of hydrogen diffusion observed at 100–150°C suggests that fine-grained alunites are susceptible to rapid D-H re-equilibration even at surficial conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90515-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Stoffregen, R., Rye, R.O., and Wasserman, M., 1994, Experimental studies of alunite: II. Rates of alunite-water alkali and isotope exchange: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 2, p. 917-929, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90515-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"917","endPage":"929","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0de1e4b0c8380cd53232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoffregen, R.E.","contributorId":70417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoffregen","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wasserman, M.D.","contributorId":77949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasserman","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4312,"text":"cir1097 - 1994 - Guidebook on the geology, history, and surface-water contamination and remediation in the area from Denver to Idaho Springs, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T18:13:20","indexId":"cir1097","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1097","title":"Guidebook on the geology, history, and surface-water contamination and remediation in the area from Denver to Idaho Springs, Colorado","docAbstract":"This guidebook for a 1-day drive in the Front Range west of Denver, Colorado, includes commentary on mountain landscapes, notes on the colorful mining history of the area, and discussions on the geology and some miningrelated environmental hazards in the Idaho Springs area. It was originally prepared as U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 91-426 for a field trip sponsored by Division A-5 (Environmental Quality) of the Soil Science Society of America on October 10, 1991. That original report has been revised and expanded to make this circular more useful as a self-contained guide. A pamphlet entitled \"Mountains and Plains: Denver's Geologic Setting\" is a complimentary general interest publication that is available free of charge from map sales in building 810 on the Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, Colorado. The pamphlet contains useful background information on the geologic setting of Denver and nearby portions of the Front Range.
A few precautions and suggestions are offered to make the trip safe and enjoyable. Idaho Springs is about 7,500 feet above sea level and the lower oxygen content of the air (about 50 percent that of sea level) may adversely affect people with heart or breathing problems. The wetlands are \"wet\" so use suitable footwear. The daily weather patterns are changeable. Mornings in Denver may be sunny and warm, but afternoons in Idaho Springs may be cloudy, windy, and cool with rain or snow; be prepared for all types of mountain weather.
As you travel westward from Denver into the mountains, successively older rocks are crossed. By studying the descriptions at the various mileage points and by taking time at each described STOP, you will get an excellent overview of the geologic events that shaped the Denver Basin and the mountains to the west. After traveling some 18 miles into the mountains, you will reach the old mining town of Idaho Springs. Here, you can learn about the two longest tunnels in the area-the Argo and Big Five Tunnels-and how the mine drainage affects the water of Clear Creek.
The Argo Tunnel near the east end of Idaho Springs drains part of the large Central City and Idaho Springs hardrock mining districts and is a source of acid water (which contains arsenic and other heavy metals) that drains into Clear Creek. At the west end ofldaho Springs is the Big Five Tunnel. Near the tunnel entrance an experimental constructed wetland demonstrates technology for the remediation of acid-mine drainage and removal of arsenic and heavy metals. Take an opportunity to view this experimental method for treatment of mine drainage. For access to the wetlands, prior arrangements must be made with the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Ecology or Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. Otherwise, the wetlands may be viewed from the road. Permission to enter the Argo Tunnel property may be obtained from Jim Maxwell of Idaho Springs, who owns the hot springs resort. The tunnel may also be viewed from public roads.
After you leave Idaho Springs, the road log guides you down Clear Creek canyon, providing an opportunity to get a closer look at the various Precambrian rocks while traveling through one of Colorado's picturesque canyons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir1097","usgsCitation":"Severson, R.C., 1994, Guidebook on the geology, history, and surface-water contamination and remediation in the area from Denver to Idaho Springs, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1097, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1097.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31423,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1097/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","city":"Denver, Idaho Springs","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af08","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stewart, K. C.","contributorId":46519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749622,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Severson, Ronald C.","contributorId":104885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70177037,"text":"70177037 - 1994 - Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents by double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus, Pelicaniformes) chicks in the North American Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:23:04","indexId":"70177037","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents by double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus, Pelicaniformes) chicks in the North American Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) were determined in eggs and chicks of double-crested cormorants (DCC) which were collected in 1989 from eight locations in the Laurentian Great Lakes. The mean biomagnification factor (BMF) from forage fish to eggs was found to be 31.3. Absolute and relative concentrations as well as rates of accumulation of total concentrations of PCBs and TCDD-EQ were measurable in all of the samples. The concentrations of both PCBs and TCDD-EQs decreased immediately upon hatching of chicks, due to growth dilution. Initial decreases in absolute masses of TCDD-EQ in chicks were also observed, which indicates that there can be significant elimination of these compounds during early development. The initial rates of accumulation by chicks were dependent only on the mass of fish consumed. After the chicks began thermoregulating, the rates of accumulation, expressed as a concentration, normalized to body weight, became greater. Rates of accumulation of both PCBs and TCDD-EQ were correlated with their respective concentrations in forage fish consumed by the chicks. The relative potency, expressed as the ratio of the concentration of TCDD-EQ to that of total PCBs was calculated to determine if there was significant trophic-level enrichment of the TCDD-EQs, relative to total concentrations of PCBs. A significant enrichment was observed at the more and less contaminated locations, but the degree of enrichment was greater at the less contaminated locations (26 vs 72 μg/g).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/eesa.1994.1016","usgsCitation":"Jones, P.D., Giesy, J., Newsted, J., Verbrugge, D., Ludwig, J., Ludwig, M.E., Auman, H., Crawford, R., Tillitt, D., Kubiak, T., and Best, D.A., 1994, Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents by double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus, Pelicaniformes) chicks in the North American Great Lakes: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 27, no. 2, p. 192-209, https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1994.1016.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"192","endPage":"209","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Accumulation_of_2_3_7_8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin_equivalents_by_double-crested_cormorant_Phalacrocorax_auritus_Pelicaniformes_chicks_in_the_North_American_Great_Lakes/22933277","text":"External Repository"},{"id":329625,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, P. D.","contributorId":46462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giesy, J. P.","contributorId":60574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giesy","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newsted, J.L.","contributorId":94937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newsted","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verbrugge, D. A.","contributorId":64960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verbrugge","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ludwig, J.P.","contributorId":50125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ludwig, M. E.","contributorId":175432,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ludwig","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Auman, H. J.","contributorId":175433,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Auman","given":"H. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Crawford, R.","contributorId":175434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Crawford","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":118820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kubiak, T.J.","contributorId":150393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubiak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":651096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Best, D. A.","contributorId":175435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Best","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70178211,"text":"70178211 - 1994 - Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I: Concentrations of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-23T12:43:41","indexId":"70178211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I: Concentrations of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury","docAbstract":"Fishes of the Great Lakes contain hazardous chemicals such as synthetic halogenated hydrocarbons and metals. These fish can move from the lakes into the Great Lakes tributaries of Michigan. In doing so, they transport concentrationsof contaminants which may represent a risk to wildlife. Concentrations of mercury (Hg), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ), total DDT complex, aldrin, endrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, hexachlorobenzene, cis-chlordane, oxychlordane, endosulfan-I, methoxychlor, trans-chlordane, and trans-nonachlor were determined in composite samples of fishes from above and below Michigan hydroelectric dams, which separate the fishes which have access to the Great Lakes from fishes that do not. Mean concentrations of total PCBs, TCDD-EQ, DDT, and most of the other pesticides were greater in composite samples of six species of fishes from below than above the dams on the Au Sable, Manistee, and Muskegon Rivers. Concentrations of mercury, were the same or greater above the dams than below. However, this difference was statistically significant only on the Au Sable. Mercury concentrations ranged from less than 0.05 mg/kg to 0.73 mg Hg/kg, ww. Total concentrations of PCBs ranged from 0.02 to 1.7 mg/kg, ww. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents varied among fishes and locations. The concentrations of TCDD-EQ ranged from 2.4 to 71 μg/kg, ww, with concentrations in carp being the greatest. Concentrations of TCDD-EQ were greater than the concentrations which would be expected to occur, due solely to the presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), and technical mixtures of PCBs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00214264","usgsCitation":"Giesy, J., Verbrugge, D., Othout, R.A., Bowerman, W., Mora, M., Jones, P.D., Newsted, J., Vandervoort, C., Heaton, S.N., Aulerich, R., Bursian, S., Ludwig, J.P., Ludwig, M., Dawson, G.A., Kubiak, T., Best, D.A., and Tillitt, D., 1994, Contaminants in fishes from Great Lakes-influenced sections and above dams of three Michigan rivers. I: Concentrations of organo chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin equivalents, and mercury: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 202-212, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214264.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"202","endPage":"212","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330848,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Michigan ","otherGeospatial":"Au Sable River, Manistee River, Muskegon Rivers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.3140869140625,\n 43.19516498456403\n ],\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -83.309326171875,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n -86.1328125,\n 44.74673324024678\n ],\n [\n -86.253662109375,\n 44.692088041727786\n ],\n [\n -86.495361328125,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -86.539306640625,\n 43.57243174740972\n ],\n [\n -86.3140869140625,\n 43.19516498456403\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5821a0dfe4b02f1a881de988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giesy, J. 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A.","contributorId":176720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kubiak, T.J.","contributorId":150393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kubiak","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6927,"text":"USFWS, National Wildlife Refuge System","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":653276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Best, D. A.","contributorId":175435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Best","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Tillitt, D. E.","contributorId":118820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":17844,"text":"ofr93157 - 1994 - Water resources activities in Kentucky, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:22","indexId":"ofr93157","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-157","title":"Water resources activities in Kentucky, 1993-94","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the principal Federal water-resources data collection and investigation agency. Through the Water Resources Division District Office in Kentucky, the USGS investigates the occurrence, distribution, quantity, movement, and chemical and biological quality of surface and ground water in the State. The mission of this program is to collect, interpret, and publish information on water resources. Almost all research and data collection is a cooperative effort in which planning and financial support are shared by State and local agencies and governments. Other activities are funded by other Federal agencies or by direct Congressional appropriation. This report is intended to inform the public and cooperating agencies, vitally interested in the water resources of Kentucky, as to the current status of the Distfict's data collection and investigation program. Included in the report are summaries of water-resources activities in Kentucky conducted by the USGS. Also included is a description of the USGS mission and program, District organization, funding sources and cooperating agencies, and a list of USGS publications relevant to the water resources of the State.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93157","usgsCitation":"Maglothin, L., and Forbes, R., 1994, Water resources activities in Kentucky, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-157, iv, 61 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93157.","productDescription":"iv, 61 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0157/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47082,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0157/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f96ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maglothin, L. S. (compiler)","contributorId":77168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maglothin","given":"L. 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At least six were accompanied by violent emission of non-juvenile tephra, ejection of blocks of rock nearly 1 km from the vent, and avalanching of debris off the north side of the dome. All six confirmed emissions and most (although not all) other seismic events took place hours to days after storms. The short delay between storms and emissions suggests that the events that follow storms originate at very shallow depth, probably within the dome itself. Although the exact causal mechanism is not known, it is speculated that slope instability or accelerated growth of cooling fractures following storms may have released gas trapped within or at the base of the dome. -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0175:ETEAMS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L., 1994, Explosive tephra emissions of Mount St. Helens, 1989-1991: the violent escape of magmatic gas following storms?: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 2, p. 175-185, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0175:ETEAMS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"185","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e2be4b0c8380cd5331d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, L.G.","contributorId":80313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70177034,"text":"70177034 - 1994 - A toxic equivalency factor scale for polychlorinated dibenzofurans","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:09:55","indexId":"70177034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3608,"text":"Toxicological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A toxic equivalency factor scale for polychlorinated dibenzofurans","docAbstract":"The ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) induction of 20 polychiorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) was examined in the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell bioassay. The selection of the compounds tested was based on a multivariate chemical characterization laying the groundwork for covering the whole chemical series of PCDFs. The EROD induction potency was found to vary in ED50 values from 25 to 100,000,000 pg/mg, i.e., nearly seven orders of magnitude. The response of the bioassay was calibrated against the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, enabling the corresponding toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) to be calculated. In order to establish a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for the TEF values, 37 physicochemical descriptor variables were used to chemically characterize the 87 tetra- to octachlorinated PCDFs. Using partial least-squares modeling on a training set of 10 congeners, a QSAR model with sound predictive power was obtained. The QSAR model was validated with a validation set of additional 10 congeners. The predicted TEFs indicate that a large number of congeners are potent EROD inducers.