In July 1990, the U.S. Geological Survey began a study of the occurrence of natural gas in near-surface ground water in the Animas River valley in the San Juan Basin between Durango, Colorado, and Aztec, New Mexico. The general purpose of the study was to identify the sources and migration pathways of natural gas in nearsurface ground water in the study area. The purpose of this report is to present interpretive conclusions for the study, primarily based on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from August 1990 to May 1991.
Seventy of the 205 (34 percent) groundwater samples collected during August-November 1990 had methane concentrations that exceeded the reporting limit of 0.005 milligram per liter. The maximum concentration was 39 milligrams per liter, and the mean concentration was 1.3 milligrams per liter. Samples from wells completed in bedrock have greater mean concentrations of methane than samples from wells completed in alluvium. Correlations indicate weak or nonexistent associations between dissolved-methane concentrations and concentrations of dissolved solids, major ions, bromide, silica, iron, manganese, and carbon dioxide. Dissolved methane was associated with hydrogen sulfide.
Soil-gas-methane concentrations were measurable at few of 192 ground-water sites, even at sites at which ground water contained large concentrations of dissolved methane, which indicates that soil-gas surveys are not useful to delineate areas of gas-affected ground water. The reporting limit of 0.005 milligram per liter of gas was equaled or exceeded by 40 percent of soil-gas measurements adjacent to 352 gas-well casings. Concentrations of at least 100 milligrams per liter of gas were measured at 25 (7 percent) of the sites.
Potential sources of gases in water, soil, gas-well surface casings, and cathodic-protection wells were determined on the basis of their isotopic and molecular compositions and available information about gas-well construction or leaks. Biogenic and thermogenic sources of gas exist in the near-surface environment of the study area. Biogenic gas is present locally in the near-surface Animas and Nacimiento formations, and biogenic gas has been detected in water wells completed in those rocks. Most gas probably is thermogenic gas from deep reservoirs, including the Dakota Sandstone, Mesaverde Group, Lewis Shale, Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, and coals in the Fruitland Formation. Less important sources include sandstones in the upper Fruitland Formation and the Kirtland Shale.
Although migration of gas by diffusion or through natural fractures is possible, manmade conduits probably account for most of the upward migration of gas to the near-surface environment of the study area. Primary migration pathways largely consist of 1) leaking, conventional gas wells and 2) uncemented annuli of conventional gas wells along coals in the Fruitland Formation. Secondary migration pathways are gas-well annuli, cathodic-protection wells, seismic-test holes, and bedrock water wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Oil and Gas Conversation Commission, La Plata County, and the Southern Ute Tribal Council","usgsCitation":"Chafin, D.T., 1994, Sources and migration pathways of natural gas in near-surface ground water beneath the Animas River valley, Colorado and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4006, Report: ix, 56 p.; 3 Plates: 42.17 x 47.80 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944006.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 56 p.; 3 Plates: 42.17 x 47.80 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351272,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4006/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351273,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4006/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351274,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4006/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4006/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","datum":"National Geodetic Datum of 1929","country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Animas River valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -106.9,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -106.9,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 37.5\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 35.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e76c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chafin, Daniel T.","contributorId":77500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chafin","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18527,"text":"ofr91298 - 1994 - Landslide deposits in the Grouse Creek 30' X 60' Quadrangle, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:36","indexId":"ofr91298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-298","title":"Landslide deposits in the Grouse Creek 30' X 60' Quadrangle, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91298","usgsCitation":"Colton, R.B., 1994, Landslide deposits in the Grouse Creek 30' X 60' Quadrangle, Utah, Nevada, and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-298, 5 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91298.","productDescription":"5 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47876,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0298/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":47877,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab7be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, Roger B.","contributorId":17967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20898,"text":"ofr94130 - 1994 - Habitat impacts of offshore drilling, eastern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T06:45:15","indexId":"ofr94130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-130","title":"Habitat impacts of offshore drilling, eastern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"In this survey six offshore exploratory drill sites in a variety of environments and water depths were examined using a small research submersible. Sites varied from locations off northwest Florida to as far west as offshore Alabama. Water depths ranged from 21 m (70 ft) to 149 m (489 ft), and bottom sediments ranged from carbonate mud to Shelly quartz sand and silt to hard limestone. The age of the sites (the time between cessation of drilling activities and our observations) ranged from 15 months to 17 years . In a previous MMS-funded study, Shinn et al. (1989) and Dustan et al . (1991) examined eight sites off South Florida, where the age of the sites ranged from 2 to 29 years. The study documented repeatedly variability of impact from site to site . In the present study, we note a similar wide divergence of impacts . Using the concentration of barium (the major component of drill mud), cuttings, and trace metals as a basis, we found that time is the single most important factor determining the nature of habitat recovery. Older sites, particularly the 17-year-old site, were relatively pristine. At a 7-year-old site, two hurricanes did far more damage than drilling . At other sites, we documented a significant amount of discarded debris, and at two 5-year-old sites, large concentrations of barium and cuttings. Impacts, such as the extent of debris and cuttings, affected the bottom ranging in area from almost negligible (17-year-old site) to as much as 3 acres (4-year-old site) . As suspected, those sites with the most debris and/or open boreholes attracted the most abundant and diverse fish fauna.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94130","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with U.S. Mineral Management Service","usgsCitation":"Shinn, E., Lidz, B.H., and Reich, C.D., 1994, Habitat impacts of offshore drilling, eastern Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-130, 1 Videocassette: 13 minutes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94130.","productDescription":"1 Videocassette: 13 minutes","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.1875,\n 25.085598897064752\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 25.085598897064752\n ],\n [\n -81.2109375,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -87.1875,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -87.1875,\n 25.085598897064752\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publicComments":"This video compliments MMS Report 93-0021.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649e91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shinn, Eugene A.","contributorId":6883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shinn","given":"Eugene A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidz, Barbara H. blidz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidz","given":"Barbara","email":"blidz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":183461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reich, Christopher D. 0000-0002-2534-1456 creich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1456","contributorId":900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"Christopher","email":"creich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187696,"text":"70187696 - 1994 - Genetic diversity in Arctic-nesting geese: Implications for management and conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-15T09:46:32","indexId":"70187696","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5322,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","printIssn":"0078-1355","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"Genetic diversity in Arctic-nesting geese: Implications for management and conservation","docAbstract":"The North Pacific Rim harbors breeding populations of many unique wildlife resources, of which waterfowl are among the most abundant and taxonomically diverse. Arctic nesting geese in particular are wide-spread in distribution (Figure 1), and though only seasons residents, they have evolved many unique adaptations for breeding in northern latitudes. This diversity has been recognized and managed at many taxonomic and geographic levels (Figure 2). Populations are spatially structured on macro- and micro-geographic scales reflecting taxon-specific migratory tendencies, and breeding and winter site fidelity.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the fifty-ninth North American wildlife and natural resources conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fifty-ninth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"March 18-23, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","issn":"0078-1355","usgsCitation":"Ely, C.R., and Scribner, K.T., 1994, Genetic diversity in Arctic-nesting geese: Implications for management and conservation, in Transactions of the fifty-ninth North American wildlife and natural resources conference, v. 59, Anchorage, AK, March 18-23, 1993, p. 91-110.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"110","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific","volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591abe3ae4b0a7fdb43c8c09","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McCabe, Richard E.","contributorId":76489,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCabe","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695133,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wadsworth, Kelly G.","contributorId":42936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wadsworth","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695134,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Ely, Craig R. 0000-0003-4262-0892 cely@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4262-0892","contributorId":3214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"Craig","email":"cely@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scribner, Kim T.","contributorId":146113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scribner","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":16582,"text":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Department of Zoology, 480 Wilson Rd. 13 Natural Resources Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17008,"text":"ofr9466 - 1994 - Concentrations of dissolved radon-222 in water from selected wells and springs in Idaho, 1989-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:00","indexId":"ofr9466","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-66","title":"Concentrations of dissolved radon-222 in water from selected wells and springs in Idaho, 1989-91","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9466","usgsCitation":"Cecil, L., Parliman, D., Edwards, D., and Young, H., 1994, Concentrations of dissolved radon-222 in water from selected wells and springs in Idaho, 1989-91: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-66, iii, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9466.","productDescription":"iii, 40 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148146,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46141,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5482","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parliman, D. J.","contributorId":64220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parliman","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, D.D.","contributorId":52980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, H.W.","contributorId":68278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":18291,"text":"ofr93664 - 1994 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of antimony by automated-hydride atomic absorption spectrophotometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-28T18:06:23.557971","indexId":"ofr93664","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-664","title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of antimony by automated-hydride atomic absorption spectrophotometry","docAbstract":"The analysis of natural-water samples for antimony by automated-hydride atomic absorption spectrophotometry is described. Samples are prepared for analysis by addition of potassium and hydrochloric acid followed by an autoclave digestion. After the digestion, potassium iodide and sodium borohydride are added automatically. Antimony hydride (stibine) gas is generated, then swept into a heated quartz cell for determination of antimony by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Precision and accuracy data are presented. Results obtained on standard reference water samples agree with means established by interlaboratory studies. Spike recoveries for actual samples range from 90 to 114 percent. Replicate analyses of water samples of varying matrices give relative standard deviations from 3 to 10 percent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr93664","usgsCitation":"Brown, G., and McLain, B., 1994, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Determination of antimony by automated-hydride atomic absorption spectrophotometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-664, iv, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93664.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":452,"text":"National Water Quality Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":47642,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0664/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0664/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bba0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, G.E.","contributorId":58131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLain, B.J.","contributorId":88387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLain","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81574,"text":"81574 - 1994 - 1. Complete species inventories","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:00","indexId":"81574","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"1. Complete species inventories","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Scott, N., 1994, 1. 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