A network of meteorological stations was installed during the Monsoon '90 field campaign in the Walnut Gulch experimental watershed. The study area has a fairly complex surface. The vegetation cover is heterogeneous and sparse, and the terrain is mildly hilly, but dissected by ephemeral channels. Besides measurement of some of the standard weather data such as wind speed, air temperature, and solar radiation, these sites also contained instruments for estimating the local surface energy balance. The approach utilized measurements of net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G) and Monin-Obukhov similarity theory applied to first- and second-order turbulent statistics of wind speed and temperature for determining the sensible heat flux (H). The latent heat flux (LE) was solved as a residual in the surface energy balance equation, namely, LE = −(Rn + G + H). This procedure (VAR-RESID) for estimating the energy fluxes satisfied monetary constraints and the requirement for low maintenance and continued operation through the harsh environmental conditions experienced in semiarid regions. Comparison of energy fluxes using this approach with more traditional eddy correlation techniques showed differences were within 20% under unstable conditions. Similar variability in flux estimates over the study area was present in the eddy correlation data. Hence, estimates of H and LE using the VAR-RESID approach under unstable conditions were considered satisfactory. Also, with second-order statistics of vertical velocity collected at several sites, the local momentum roughness length was estimated. This is an important parameter used in modeling the turbulent transfer of momentum and sensible heat fluxes across the surface-atmosphere interface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR03084","usgsCitation":"Kustas, W.P., Blanford, J., Stannard, D., Daughtry, C., Nichols, W.D., and Weltz, M., 1994, Local energy flux estimates for unstable conditions using variance data in semiarid rangelands: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 5, p. 1351-1361, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR03084.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"1351","endPage":"1361","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337963,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b9ae4b0236b68f829a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kustas, William P.","contributorId":29962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kustas","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6622,"text":"US Department of Agriculture","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanford, J.H.","contributorId":189626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanford","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stannard, D.I.","contributorId":100884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daughtry, C.S.T.","contributorId":46222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daughtry","given":"C.S.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nichols, W. D.","contributorId":73220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weltz, M.A.","contributorId":77732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weltz","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185385,"text":"70185385 - 1994 - Batch experiments characterizing the reduction of chromium(VI) using suboxic material from a mildly reducing sand and gravel aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:43:13","indexId":"70185385","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Batch experiments characterizing the reduction of chromium(VI) using suboxic material from a mildly reducing sand and gravel aquifer","docAbstract":"Batch experiments were conducted with sand collected from a shallow sand and gravel aquifer to identify the principal chemical reactions influencing the reduction of Cr(VI), so that field-observed Cr(V1) reduction could be described. The reduction appeared to be heterogeneous and occurred primarily on Fe(I1)-bearing minerals. At only 1 wt % , the fine fraction (<64 μm diameter) of the sediments dominated the amount of aqueous Cr(V1) reduction because of its greater reactivity and surface area. Although reduction of Cr(V1) increased with decreasing pH, small variations in the abundance of fine fraction among the replicate samples obscured pH trends in the batch experiments. Consistent results could only be obtained by separating the fine material from the sand and running parallel experiments on each fraction. As pH decreased (6.4 to 4.5), Cr(V1) reduction increased from 30 to 50 nmol/m2 for the sand fraction (64-1000 μm) and from 130 to 200 nmol/m2 for the fine fraction. The amount of Cr(V1) reduced in both the sand-sized and fine material increased from 35 to 80 and from 130 to 1000 nmol/m2, respectively, for a 10-fold increase in Cr(VI)initial. A consistent description of the rate data was achieved by assuming that intraparticle diffusion limited the observed rate of reduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00050a025","usgsCitation":"Anderson, L.D., Kent, D.B., and Davis, J., 1994, Batch experiments characterizing the reduction of chromium(VI) using suboxic material from a mildly reducing sand and gravel aquifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 178-185, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00050a025.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"178","endPage":"185","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b9ae4b0236b68f829a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Linda Davis","contributorId":189616,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"Davis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, Douglas B. 0000-0003-3758-8322 dbkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-8322","contributorId":1871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Douglas","email":"dbkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, James A.","contributorId":69289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186635,"text":"70186635 - 1994 - Geology of northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T12:48:13","indexId":"70186635","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Geology of northern Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","isbn":"0813752191","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Wallace, W.K., Bird, K.J., Karl, S.M., Mull, C.G., and Dillon, J.T., 1994, Geology of northern Alaska, chap. 3 of The geology of Alaska, p. 49-140.","productDescription":"92 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"140","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339328,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339327,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rock.geosociety.org/Store/detail.aspx?id=DNAGGNAG1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75407e4b09da6799c0c88","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690111,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berg, Henry C.","contributorId":73176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berg","given":"Henry C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690112,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, Wes K.","contributorId":106397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Wes","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Karl, Susan M. 0000-0003-1559-7826 skarl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-7826","contributorId":502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Susan","email":"skarl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mull, Charles G.","contributorId":49343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mull","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dillon, John T.","contributorId":20605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":54376,"text":"wdrAL931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Alabama, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-25T19:24:36.22313","indexId":"wdrAL931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"AL-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Alabama, water year 1993","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State and Federal agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Alabama each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled \"Water Resources Data - Alabama.\"
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearman, J. L.","contributorId":76353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearman","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sedberry, F.C.","contributorId":8922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedberry","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stricklin, V.E.","contributorId":106146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricklin","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cole, P.W.","contributorId":98795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2965,"text":"wsp2410 - 1994 - Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21358,"text":"ofr91513 - 1992 - Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","indexId":"ofr91513","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2965,"text":"wsp2410 - 1994 - Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","indexId":"wsp2410","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:41","indexId":"wsp2410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2410","title":"Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification","docAbstract":"Humification, the process whereby biomass consisting of dead plant and animal remains is converted into soil organic matter (humus), is one of the basic processes of the carbon cycle. The organic compounds that make up plant and animal tissue are thermodynamically unstable in the oxidizing atmosphere at the surface of the Earth. After the organisms in which they are incorporated die, the compounds are converted back to carbon dioxide and water by degradation reactions catalyzed by enzymes secreted by micro-organisms. However, not all the organic compounds in the dead biomass are immediately converted; some of the material is only partially oxidized. The residue left after partial oxidative degradation of the dead biomass is the source of the organic compounds that accumulate in soils and sediments as humus. \r\n\r\nPreviously, humification was thought to involve a conversion of degradation products by a series of polymerization reactions into new types of polymeric species that are different from the precursor molecular species in the original biomass. However, it is proposed here that the depolymerization and oxidation reactions that take place during the enzymatic degradation of biopolymers produce amphiphiles--molecules that have a polar (hydrophilic) part and a nonpolar (hydrophobic) part. These amphiphiles that result from the partial oxidative degradation of dead biomass assemble spontaneously into ordered aggregates in which the hydrophobic parts of the molecules form the interiors and the hydrophilic parts of the molecules make up the exterior surfaces of the aggregates. These ordered aggregates constitute the humus in soils and sediments. Humus ordered aggregates most likely exist as bilayer membranes coating mineral grains and as micelles in solution.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2410","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R.L., 1994, Membrane-micelle model for humus in soils and sediments and its relation to humification: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2410, iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2410.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29694,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, Robert L. rwershaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":4856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"Robert","email":"rwershaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":146058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6866,"text":"fs01294 - 1994 - National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-08T10:07:17","indexId":"fs01294","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"012-94","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began its National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA ) program to (1) document the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation's water resources; (2) define water-quality trends; and (3) identify major factors that affect water quality. In addressing these goals, the program will produce information that will be useful to water policy makers and managers at National, State, and local levels.
Studies of 60 hydrologic systems that include parts of most major river and aquifer systems form the building blocks of the NAWQA program. Study units range in size from about 1,000 mi ² (square miles) to more than 60,000 mi² and represent 60 to 70 percent of the Nation's water use and population served by public water supply. The first 20 studies were begun in 1991; 20 more were begun in 1994, and the remaining 20 are to begin in 1997.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01294","usgsCitation":"Stackelberg, P.E., and Ayers, M.A., 1994, National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Unit: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 012-94, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01294.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":898,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0012","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_012_94.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -72,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
609–771–3900
http://nj.usgs.gov
Equations for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods at ungaged sites on streams in Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada were developed using multipleregression analyses of basin climatic and physical characteristics and peak-flow statistics from 260 gaged locations in Alaska and 72 gaged locations in Canada. Methods are presented for estimating flood magnitude and frequency at sites on gaged streams. Flood-frequency data based on observed peaks and basin physical and climatic characteristics are given for 332 gaged locations on streams with natural flow. The State of Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada were divided into five flood-frequency areas having similar flood characteristics on the basis of statistical cluster analyses and regional regression analyses. Generalized skew coefficients were determined for each of the five flood-frequency areas using at-site unbiased skew coefficients computed for 82 stations in Alaska having 22 or more annual peaks through the 1987 water year and 31 stations in Canada having 22 or more annual peaks through the 1984 calendar year. A set of equations for estimating peak discharge having recurrence intervals of 2,5,10,25, 50,100, 200, and 500 years was developed for each flood-frequency area. Significant basin characteristics in the equations are drainage area, mean annual precipitation, percentage of lakes and ponds, mean minimum January temperature, mean basin elevation, and percentage of forest. Drainage basin sizes range from 1.02 to 321,000 square miles. Average standard errors of prediction for the equations range from 26 to 77 percent.
A regionalized mean annual precipitation map for the climatic normal period of 1951-80 was developed for Alaska west of longitude 141° and modified from published maps for southeastern Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada. Maximum known floods at 722 sites in Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada are tabulated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Alaska, Department of Transportation and Public Facilities and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Jones, S.H., and Fahl, C.B., 1994, Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alaska and conterminous basins of Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4179, Report: v, 122 p.; 2 Plates: 47.47 x 34.36 inches and 47.62 x 34.08 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934179.","productDescription":"Report: v, 122 p.; 2 Plates: 47.47 x 34.36 inches and 47.62 x 34.08 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":350411,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4179/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350412,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4179/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56747,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Polyconic projection","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.296875,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -129.7265625,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -129.7265625,\n 71.32895017791999\n ],\n [\n -179.296875,\n 71.32895017791999\n ],\n [\n -179.296875,\n 49.439556958940855\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64953a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Stanley H.","contributorId":98729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fahl, Charles B.","contributorId":201462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahl","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54630,"text":"wdrKY931 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, Kentucky, Water Year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:36","indexId":"wdrKY931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"KY-93-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Kentucky, Water Year 1993","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrKY931","usgsCitation":"McClain, D., Byrd, F., and Brown, A., 1994, Water Resources Data, Kentucky, Water Year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report KY-93-1, 341 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrKY931.","productDescription":"341 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb7d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McClain, D.L.","contributorId":72402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McClain","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byrd, F.D.","contributorId":25227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, A.C.","contributorId":30276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54673,"text":"wdrME931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Maine, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T14:28:53.163624","indexId":"wdrME931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ME-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Maine, water year 1993","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with State, Federal, and other local governmental agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Maine each year. These data, accumulated during the many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State.
Water-resources data for the 1993 water year for Maine consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; water levels of ground-water wells; and precipitation amounts at selected sites. This report contains discharge records for 47 gaging stations, stage records for 1 lake; month-end contents for 17 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality data for 12 gaging stations; water levels for 30 ground-water wells; and daily precipitation totals at 1 site. Additional water data were collected at other sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrME931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Maine and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J., Higgins, W., and Lippert, R.G., 1994, Water resources data, Maine, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ME-93-1, xiv, 233 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrME931.","productDescription":"xiv, 233 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/me-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":495326,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/me-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Research and management techniques for wildlife","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Koeln, G., Cowardin, L., and Strong, L., 1994, Geographic information systems, chap. of Research and management techniques for wildlife, p. 540-566.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"540","endPage":"566","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1de4b07f02db6a991f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bookhout, Theodore A.","contributorId":112449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bookhout","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504466,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Koeln, G.T.","contributorId":46893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koeln","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strong, L.L.","contributorId":51235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strong","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187633,"text":"70187633 - 1994 - The 1 km resolution global data set: needs of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T13:28:24","indexId":"70187633","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1 km resolution global data set: needs of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme","docAbstract":"Examination of the scientific priorities for the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) reveals a requirement for global land data sets in several of its Core Projects. These data sets need to be at several space and time scales. Requirements are demonstrated for the regular acquisition of data at spatial resolutions of 1 km and finer and at high temporal frequencies. Global daily data at a resolution of approximately 1 km are sensed by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), but they have not been available in a single archive. It is proposed, that a global data set of the land surface is created from remotely sensed data from the AVHRR to support a number of IGBP's projects. This data set should have a spatial resolution of 1 km and should be generated at least once every 10 days for the entire globe. The minimum length of record should be a year, and ideally a system should be put in place which leads to the continuous acquisition of 1 km data to provide a base line data set prior to the Earth Observing System (EOS) towards the end of the decade. Because of the high cloud cover in many parts of the world, it is necessary to plan for the collection of data from every orbit. Substantial effort will be required in the preprocessing of the data set involving radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction, geometric correction and temporal compositing, to make it suitable for the extraction of information.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431169408954338","usgsCitation":"Townshend, J., Justice, C., Skole, D., Malingreau, J., Cihlar, J., Teillet, P., Sadowski, F., and Ruttenberg, S., 1994, The 1 km resolution global data set: needs of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 15, no. 17, p. 3417-3441, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169408954338.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"3417","endPage":"3441","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341117,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59156eace4b01a342e691414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Townshend, J.R.G.","contributorId":15321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townshend","given":"J.R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Justice, C.O.","contributorId":36450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Justice","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skole, D.","contributorId":191948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skole","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malingreau, J.-P.","contributorId":191949,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malingreau","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cihlar, J.","contributorId":191950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cihlar","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Teillet, P.","contributorId":191143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Teillet","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sadowski, F.","contributorId":191951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sadowski","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ruttenberg, S.","contributorId":191952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruttenberg","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":87345,"text":"87345 - 1994 - Sampling with Artificial Cover","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:57","indexId":"87345","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2705,"text":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling with Artificial Cover","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution Press","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., and Drost, C.A., 1994, Sampling with Artificial Cover: Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: Standard methods for amphibians, p. 146-150.","productDescription":"p. 146-150","startPage":"146","endPage":"150","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6864bc","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Heyer, W. 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In this chapter, we describe the data sets and provide examples\r\nof how they can be used in the model to generate acute loss estimates. We also examine the assumptions required for the model and provide suggestions for\r\nimproving and applying the model. 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In replicated \"small-pool\" populations (experiment I), 1018 sampled individuals at six time periods revealed an initial flush of hybridization, followed by a rapid decline in frequencies of G. affinis nuclear and mitochondrial alleles over 64 wk. Decay of gametic and cytonuclear disequilibria differed from expectations under random mating as well as under a model of assortative mating involving empirically estimated mating propensities. In two replicate \"large-pond\" populations (experiment II), 841 sampled individuals across four reproductive cohorts revealed lower initial frequencies of F1 hybrids than in experiment I, but again G. holbrooki alleles achieved high frequencies over four generations (72 wk). Thus, evolution within experimental Gambusia hybrid populations can be extremely rapid, resulting in consistent loss of G. affinis nuclear and cytoplasmic alleles. Concordance in results between experiments and across genetic markers suggests strong directional selection favoring G. holbrooki genotypes. Results are interpreted in light of previous reports of genotype-specific differences in life-history traits, reproductive ecology, patterns of recruitment, and size-specific mortality, and in the context of patterns of introgression previously studied indirectly from spatial observations on cytonuclear genotypes in natural Gambusia populations.
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A large and diversified group of earth scientists and accompanying family members participated in this 3 1/2-day field trip that focused on water/rock interactions over widely ranging temperatures and pressures in the Yellowstone/Grand Teton region. Emphasis was placed on the geochemical and hydrologic characteristics of the thermal waters in the major \"geyser basins\" of Yellowstone National Park. Information specific to the WRI-7 trip about logistics, lodging, and meals has been deleted from the present guide. The scientific content remains mostly unchanged, except for the addition of a glossary, two illustrations, all photographs, and some text previously presented to the field-trip participants in supplementary materials (see appendix A). Most of the geyser basins in Yellowstone National Park are on a high volcanic plateau at elevations of 2,000 to 2,200 m and are surrounded by much higher mountain ranges. In the middle of summer there generally are cool evenings and early mornings and warm afternoons. Visits to the localities described require short walks, mostly on boardwalks, but some are on what may be wet ground. No long, strenuous climbs are required. Expect brief afternoon thunder showers, particularly at Old Faithful. Please remember that the collecting of any kind of sample in a national park is prohibited except by those who have specific sampling permits issued by the National Park Service. Field-trip participants are asked to leave geologic picks and hammers at home or in their luggage while in Yellowstone National Park.
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