{"pageNumber":"403","pageRowStart":"10050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16506,"records":[{"id":70019911,"text":"70019911 - 1997 - Quantifying macropore recharge: Examples from a semi-arid area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T06:57:00","indexId":"70019911","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying macropore recharge: Examples from a semi-arid area","docAbstract":"The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the significantly increased resolution of determining macropore recharge by combining physical, chemical, and isotopic methods of analysis. Techniques for quantifying macropore recharge were developed for both small-scale (1 to 10 km2) and regional-scale areas in and semi-arid areas. The Southern High Plains region of Texas and New Mexico was used as a representative field site to test these methods. Macropore recharge in small-scale areas is considered to be the difference between total recharge through floors of topographically dosed basins and interstitial recharge through the same area. On the regional scale, macropore recharge was considered to be the difference between regional average annual recharge and interstitial recharge measured in the unsaturated zone. Stable isotopic composition of ground water and precipitation was used us an independent estimate of macropore recharge on the regional scale. Results of this analysis suggest that in the Southern High Plains recharge flux through macropores is between 60 and 80 percent of the total 11 mm/y. Between 15 and 35 percent of the recharge occurs by interstitial recharge through the basin floors. Approximately 5 percent of the total recharge occurs as either interstitial or matrix recharge between the basin floors, representing approximately 95 percent of the area. The approach is applicable to other arid and semi-arid areas that focus rainfall into depressions or valleys.The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the significantly increased resolution of determining macropore recharge by combining physical, chemical, and isotopic methods of analysis. Techniques for quantifying macropore recharge were developed for both small-scale (1 to 10 km2) and regional-scale areas in arid and semi-arid areas. The Southern High Plains region of Texas and New Mexico was used as a representative field site to test these methods. Macropore recharge in small-scale areas is considered to be the difference between total recharge through floors of topographically closed basins and interstitial recharge through the same area. On the regional scale, macropore recharge was considered to be the difference between regional average annual recharge and interstitial recharge measured in the unsaturated zone. Stable isotopic composition of ground water and precipitation was used as an independent estimate of macropore recharge on the regional scale. Results of this analysis suggest that in the Southern High Plains recharge flux through macropores is between 60 and 80 percent of the total 11 mm/y. Between 15 and 35 percent of the recharge occurs by interstitial recharge through the basin floors. Approximately 5 percent of the total recharge occurs as either interstitial or matrix recharge between the basin floors, representing approximately 95 percent of the area. The approach is applicable to other arid and semi-arid areas that focus rainfall into depressions or valleys.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00182.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., Rainwater, K.A., and Thompson, D., 1997, Quantifying macropore recharge: Examples from a semi-arid area: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1097-1105, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00182.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1097","endPage":"1105","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91d2e4b0c8380cd804a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rainwater, Ken A.","contributorId":61188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rainwater","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, D.B.","contributorId":74418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019909,"text":"70019909 - 1997 - Pesticides in the San Joaquin River, California: Inputs from dormant sprayed orchards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T12:20:17.349714","indexId":"70019909","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in the San Joaquin River, California: Inputs from dormant sprayed orchards","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Rainfall-induced runoff mobilized pesticides to the San Joaquin River and its tributaries during a 3.8-cm rainstorm beginning the evening of 7 February and lasting through the morning of 8 Feb. 1993. Two distinct peaks of organophosphate pesticide concentrations were measured at the mouth of the San Joaquin River. These two peaks were attributed to contrasts between the soil texture, basin size, pesticide-use patterns, and hydrology of the eastern and western San Joaquin Valley. The fine soil texture and small size of the western tributary basins contributed to rapid runoff. In western valley streams, diazinon concentrations peaked within hours of the rainfall's end and then decreased because of a combination of dilution with pesticide-free runoff from the nearby Coast Ranges and decreasing concentrations in the agricultural runoff. Peak concentrations for the Merced River, a large tributary of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, occurred at least a day later than those of the western tributary streams. That delay may be due to the presence of well-drained soils in the eastern San Joaquin Valley, the larger size of the Merced River drainage basin, and the management of surface-water drainage networks. A subsequent storm on 18 and 19 February resulted in much lower concentrations of most organophosphate pesticides suggesting that the first storm had mobilized most of the pesticides that were available for rainfall-induced transport.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020017x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., Dubrovsky, N., and Kratzer, C., 1997, Pesticides in the San Joaquin River, California: Inputs from dormant sprayed orchards: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 2, p. 454-465, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600020017x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"454","endPage":"465","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228104,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f95e4b0c8380cd75b84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dubrovsky, N. M.","contributorId":48199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"N. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kratzer, C.R.","contributorId":25206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kratzer","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019894,"text":"70019894 - 1997 - Mixed-mode sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to sell: A mechanism for bound residue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T06:54:44","indexId":"70019894","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mixed-mode sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to sell: A mechanism for bound residue","docAbstract":"This study tested the hypothesis that sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products (HADPs: hydroxyatrazine, HA; deethylhydroxyatrazine, DEHA; and deisopropylhydroxyatrazine, DIHA) to soils occurs by mixed-mode binding resulting from two simultaneous mechanisms: (1) cation exchange and (2) hydrophobic interaction. The objective was to use liquid chromatography and soil extraction experiments to show that mixed-mode binding is the mechanism controlling HADP sorption to soils and is also a mechanism for bound residue. Overall, HADP binding to solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbents occurred in the order: cation exchange >> octadecyl (C18) >> cyanopropyl. Binding to cation exchange SPE and to a high-performance liquid chromatograph octyl (C8) column showed evidence for mixed-mode binding. Comparison of soil extracted by 0.5 M KH2P04, pH 7.5, or 25% aqueous CH3CN showed that, for HA and DIHA, cation exchange was a more important binding mechanism to soils than hydrophobic interaction. Based on differences between several extractants, the extent of HADP mixed-mode binding to soil occurred in the following order: HA > DIHA > DEHA. Mixed-mode extraction recovered 42.8% of bound atrazine residues from aged soil, and 88% of this fraction was identified as HADPs. Thus, a significant portion of bound atrazine residues in soils is sorbed by the mixed-mode binding mechanisms.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960811w","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Lerch, R., Thurman, E., and Kruger, E., 1997, Mixed-mode sorption of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products to sell: A mechanism for bound residue: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1539-1546, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960811w.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1539","endPage":"1546","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206009,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960811w"},{"id":227852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b82e4b0c8380cd6f5da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lerch, R.N.","contributorId":88504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerch","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kruger, E.L.","contributorId":61586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kruger","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019888,"text":"70019888 - 1997 - Binding of pyrene to aquatic and commercial humic substances: The role of molecular weight and aromaticity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:07:40","indexId":"70019888","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Binding of pyrene to aquatic and commercial humic substances: The role of molecular weight and aromaticity","docAbstract":"The binding of pyrene to a number of humic substances isolated from various aquatic sources and a commercial humic acid was measured using the solubility enhancement method. The humic materials used in this study were characterized by various spectroscopic and liquid chromatography methods. A strong correlation was observed between the pyrene binding coefficient, K(doc), and the molecular weights, molar absorptivities at 280 nm, and aromaticity of the aquatic humic substances. Binding of pyrene to the commercial humic acid, however, was significantly stronger and did not obey the relationships observed between K(doc) and the chemical properties of the aquatic humic substrates. These results suggest that the molecular weight and the aromatic content of the humic substrates exert influences on the binding of nonpolar and planar aromatic molecules and that the physicochemical properties of both humic materials and organic solutes are important in controlling the speciation of nonpolar organic contaminants in natural waters.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960404k","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chin, Y., Aiken, G., and Danielsen, K., 1997, Binding of pyrene to aquatic and commercial humic substances: The role of molecular weight and aromaticity: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 6, p. 1630-1635, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960404k.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1630","endPage":"1635","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205975,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960404k"}],"volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-05-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f135e4b0c8380cd4aacf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chin, Y.-P.","contributorId":84911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"Y.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danielsen, K.M.","contributorId":6208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danielsen","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019884,"text":"70019884 - 1997 - Results of a prototype surface water network design for pesticides developed for the San Joaquin River Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-13T16:36:13","indexId":"70019884","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of a prototype surface water network design for pesticides developed for the San Joaquin River Basin, California","docAbstract":"A nested surface water monitoring network was designed and tested to measure variability in pesticide concentrations in the San Joaquin River and selected tributaries during the irrigation season. The network design an d sampling frequency necessary for determining the variability and distribution in pesticide concentrations were tested in a prototype study. The San Joaquin River Basin, California, was sampled from April to August 1992, a period during the irrigation season where there was no rainfall. Orestimba Creek, which drains a part of the western San Joaquin Valley, was sampled three times per week for 6 weeks, followed by a once per week sampling for 6 weeks, and the three times per week sampling for 6 weeks. A site on the San Joaquin River near the mouth of the basin, and an irrigation drain of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, were sampled weekly during the entire sampling period. Pesticides were most often detected in samples collected from Orestimba Creek. This suggests that the western valley was the principal source of pesticides to the San Joaquin River during the irrigation season. Irrigation drainage water was the source of pesticides to Orestimba Creek. Pesticide concentrations of Orestimba Creek showed greater temporal variability when sampled three times per week than when sampled once a week, due to variations in field management and irrigation. The implication for the San Joaquin River basin (an irrigation-dominated agricultural setting) is that frequent sampling of tributary sites is necessary to describe the variability in pesticides transported to the San Joaquin River.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03124-1","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., 1997, Results of a prototype surface water network design for pesticides developed for the San Joaquin River Basin, California: Journal of Hydrology, v. 192, no. 1-4, p. 33-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03124-1.","startPage":"33","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205967,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03124-1"}],"volume":"192","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aab1de4b0c8380cd866a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019879,"text":"70019879 - 1997 - Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs; the passaic formation, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T06:45:46","indexId":"70019879","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs; the passaic formation, New Jersey","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The Passaic Formation consists of gradational sequences of mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone, and is a principal aquifer in central New Jersey. Ground‐water flow is primarily controlled by fractures interspersed throughout these sedimentary rocks and characterizing these fractures in terms of type, orientation, spatial distribution, frequency, and transmissivity is fundamental towards understanding local fluid‐transport processes. To obtain this information, a comprehensive suite of geophysical logs was collected in 10 wells roughly 46 m in depth and located within a .05 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>area in Hopewell Township, New Jersey. A seemingly complex, heterogeneous network of fractures identified with an acoustic televiewer was statistically reduced to two principal subsets corresponding to two distinct fracture types: (1) bedding‐plane partings and (2) high‐angle fractures. Bedding‐plane partings are the most numerous and have an average strike of N84°W and dip of 20° N. The high‐angle fractures are oriented subparallel to these features, with an average strike of N79° E and dip of 71° S, making the two fracture types roughly orthogonal. Their intersections form linear features that also retain this approximately east‐west strike. Inspection of fluid temperature and conductance logs in conjunction with flow meter measurements obtained during pumping allows the transmissive fractures to be distinguished from the general fracture population. These results show that, within the resolution capabilities of the logging tools, approximately 51 (or 18 percent) of the 280 total fractures are water producing. The bedding‐plane partings exhibit transmissivities that average roughly 5 m<sup>2</sup>/day and that generally diminish in magnitude and frequency with depth. The high‐angle fractures have average transmissivities that are about half those of the bedding‐plane partings and show no apparent dependence upon depth. The geophysical logging results allow us to infer a distinct hydrogeologic structure within this aquifer that is defined by fracture type and orientation. Fluid flow near the surface is controlled primarily by the highly transmissive, subhorizontal bedding‐plane partings. As depth increases, the high‐angle fractures apparently become more dominant hydrologically.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00090.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., Carleton, G., and Poirier, S., 1997, Fractured-aquifer hydrogeology from geophysical logs; the passaic formation, New Jersey: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 2, p. 328-338, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00090.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"328","endPage":"338","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13b6e4b0c8380cd5475b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carleton, G.B.","contributorId":107729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carleton","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poirier, S.","contributorId":53109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poirier","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019878,"text":"70019878 - 1997 - Effects of solution mining of salt on wetland hydrology as inferred from tree rings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:35:43","indexId":"70019878","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of solution mining of salt on wetland hydrology as inferred from tree rings","docAbstract":"<p><span>Radial growth and concentrations of selected elements within rings were studied in white pine (</span><i>Pinus strobus</i><span>) trees from a wetland in central New York approximately 5 km north of a salt-solution mining field that operated from 1889 to 1988. Trees seemingly document three sequential episodes of mine-induced alterations of groundwater discharge irrigating the wetland during the 100-year period. The radial growth of trees established before the onset of mining declined abruptly in the early 1890s and remained suppressed until about 1960, as did growth of numerous other trees that became established after the onset of mining. Suppressed pre-1960 radial growth coincided with the interval that surface water was injected into the saltbeds, suggesting that losses of injected water to the bedrock and/or unconsolidated deposits increased groundwater flow into the wetland. An abrupt and sustained enhancement of radial growth beginning about 1960 indicates that the wetland became drier, and thus more conducive to tree growth, when injection practices were discontinued in the late 1950s despite the continued pumping of brine. Following the cessation of mining in the late 1980s, head pressures again increased in the upper valley, driving chloride-enriched flow northward along regional bedding-plane fractures and into the wetland. Large concentrations of chloride were detected within the most recently formed rings of some trees. As the result of chloride-enriched irrigation, the radial growth of some trees declined, and some trees died. Thus trees have preserved evidence of a century of hydrologic alterations, unobtainable by other means, where the effects of brine mining have not been documented previously.</span><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"true\"><strong></strong></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR03688","usgsCitation":"Yanosky, T.M., and Kappel, W.M., 1997, Effects of solution mining of salt on wetland hydrology as inferred from tree rings: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 3, p. 457-470, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR03688.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"470","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07d2e4b0c8380cd5185e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yanosky, Thomas M.","contributorId":40589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kappel, William M. 0000-0002-2382-9757 wkappel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2382-9757","contributorId":1074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"William","email":"wkappel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019861,"text":"70019861 - 1997 - Potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the New England/Mid-Atlantic Region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T23:00:35.804597","indexId":"70019861","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the New England/Mid-Atlantic Region","docAbstract":"<p>Numerous freshwater ecosystems, dense concentrations of humans along the eastern seaboard, extensive forests and a history of intensive land use distinguish the New England/Mid-Atlantic Region. Human population densities are forecast to increase in portions of the region at the same time that climate is expected to be changing. Consequently, the effects of humans and climatic change are likely to affect freshwater ecosystems within the region interactively. The general climate, at present, is humid continental, and the region receives abundant precipitation. Climatic projections for a 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>atmosphere, however, suggest warmer and drier conditions for much of this region. Annual temperature increases ranging from 3–5°C are projected, with the greatest increases occurring in autumn or winter. According to a water balance model, the projected increase in temperature will result in greater rates of evaporation and evapotranspiration. This could cause a 21 and 31% reduction in annual stream flow in the southern and northern sections of the region, respectively, with greatest reductions occurring in autumn and winter. The amount and duration of snow cover is also projected to decrease across the region, and summer convective thunderstorms are likely to decrease in frequency but increase in intensity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<925::AID-HYP512>3.0.CO;2-X","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Moore, M., Pace, M.L., Mather, J., Murdoch, P., Howarth, R.W., Folt, C., Chen, C., Hemond, H.F., Flebbe, P., and Driscoll, C.T., 1997, Potential effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the New England/Mid-Atlantic Region: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 8, p. 925-947, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<925::AID-HYP512>3.0.CO;2-X.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"925","endPage":"947","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ecde4b0c8380cd7a76d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, M.V.","contributorId":61187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pace, M. L.","contributorId":72542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pace","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mather, J.R.","contributorId":49127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mather","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howarth, R. W.","contributorId":48126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howarth","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":384195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Folt, C.L.","contributorId":34671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folt","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chen, C.-Y.","contributorId":41973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"C.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hemond, Harold F.","contributorId":34673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hemond","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":13299,"text":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":384192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Flebbe, P.A.","contributorId":18922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flebbe","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":70019852,"text":"70019852 - 1997 - Regional delineation of North America for the assessment of freshwater ecosystems and climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T23:05:15.699961","indexId":"70019852","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional delineation of North America for the assessment of freshwater ecosystems and climate change","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<819::AID-HYP508>3.0.CO;2-8","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Leavesley, G., Turner, K.L., D’Agnese, F.A., and McKnight, D., 1997, Regional delineation of North America for the assessment of freshwater ecosystems and climate change: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 8, p. 819-824, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<819::AID-HYP508>3.0.CO;2-8.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"819","endPage":"824","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227895,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a4bae4b0e8fec6cdbc30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Katie L.","contributorId":63552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"Katie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, D.","contributorId":48713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKnight","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019851,"text":"70019851 - 1997 - Temporal trends of selected agricultural chemicals in Iowa's groundwater, 1982-1995: Are things getting better?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-08T16:29:59","indexId":"70019851","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal trends of selected agricultural chemicals in Iowa's groundwater, 1982-1995: Are things getting better?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Since 1982, the Iowa Groundwater Monitoring (IGWM) Program has been used to sample untreated groundwater from Iowa municipal wells for selected agricultural chemicals. This long-term database was used to determine if concentrations of select agricultural chemicals in groundwater have changed with time. Nitrate, alachlor [2-chloro-2&prime;-6&prime;-diethyl-</span><i>N</i><span>-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide], atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-</span><i>s</i><span>-triazine), cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile)], and metolachlor [2-chloro-</span><i>N</i><span>-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-</span><i>N</i><span>-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] were selected for this temporal analysis of the data. Conclusive temporal changes in frequency of detection and median chemical concentrations were found only for atrazine (decrease) and metolachlor (increase). The greatest temporal chemical changes occurred in the shallowest wells and in alluvial aquifers&mdash;both relating to groups of wells generally having the youngest groundwater age. The temporal patterns found for atrazine and metolachlor are consistent with their patterns of chemical use and/or application rates and are suggestive of a causal relation. Only continued data collection, however, will indicate if the trends in chemical concentrations described here represent long-term temporal patterns or only short-term changes in groundwater. No definitive answers could be made in regards to the question of overall improvements in groundwater quality with respect to agricultural chemical contamination and time, due to the inherent problems with the simplistic measurement of overall severity (summation of alachlor + atrazine + cyanazine + metolachlor concentrations) examined for this study. To adequately determine if there is an actual decreasing trend in the overall severity of contamination (improving groundwater quality), the collection of additional water-chemistry data and the investigation of other measures of severity are needed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040012x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Sneck-Fahrer, D., Hallberg, G., and Libra, R., 1997, Temporal trends of selected agricultural chemicals in Iowa's groundwater, 1982-1995: Are things getting better?: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 4, p. 1007-1017, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040012x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1007","endPage":"1017","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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R.D.","contributorId":54353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libra","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019839,"text":"70019839 - 1997 - Assessing aquifer contamination risk using immunoassay: Trace analysis of atrazine in unsaturated zone sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T09:34:45","indexId":"70019839","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing aquifer contamination risk using immunoassay: Trace analysis of atrazine in unsaturated zone sediments","docAbstract":"The vulnerability of a shallow aquifer in south-central Kansas to contamination by atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamines-triazine) was assessed by analyzing unsaturated zone soil and sediment samples from about 60 dryland and irrigated sites using an ultrasensitive immunoassay (detection level of 0.02 µg/kg) with verification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Samples were collected at depths of 0 to 1.2 m (i.e., the root zone), 1.2 to 1.8 m, and 1.8 to 3.0 m during two time periods-prior to planting and after harvest of crops. About 75% of the samples contained detectable concentrations of parent atrazine. At the shallow sampling depth, atrazine concentrations ranged from 0.5 to approximately 12 µg/kg. Atrazine concentrations at the intermediate (1.2-1.8 m) depth generally were <1.0 µg/kg, with most of the concentrations <0.10 µg/kg, which suggests substantial degradation of parent atrazine in the root zone. Likewise, atrazine concentrations front the deepest (1.8-3.0 m) depth ranged from <0.02 to 0.33 µg/kg. The metabolite deethylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6- isopropylamine-s-triazine) was detected by GC/MS only in 2 of 60 samples with concentrations of 1.4 and 1.5 µg/kg. The reconnaissance survey shows that, in spite of atrazine use ranging from 1 to 5 or more years, there does not appear to he a significant buildup of parent compound below the root zone. Therefore, the unsaturated zone does not appear to be a major storage compartment of atrazine contamination for the underlying shallow aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040020x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Thurman, E., 1997, Assessing aquifer contamination risk using immunoassay: Trace analysis of atrazine in unsaturated zone sediments: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 26, no. 4, p. 1080-1089, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040020x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1080","endPage":"1089","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edcae4b0c8380cd499e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, K. E. 0000-0002-2102-8980","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":44570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019832,"text":"70019832 - 1997 - Climatic/Hydrologic Oscillations since 155,000 yr B.P. at Owens Lake, California, Reflected in Abundance and Stable Isotope Composition of Sediment Carbonate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T11:36:04","indexId":"70019832","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climatic/Hydrologic Oscillations since 155,000 yr B.P. at Owens Lake, California, Reflected in Abundance and Stable Isotope Composition of Sediment Carbonate","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sediment grain size, carbonate content, and stable isotopes in 70-cm-long (∼1500-yr) channel samples from Owens Lake core OL-92 record many oscillations representing climate change in the eastern Sierra Nevada region since 155,000 yr B.P. To first order, the records match well the marine δ</span><span class=\"sup\">18</span><span>O record. At Owens Lake, however, the last interglaciation appears to span the entire period from 120,000 to 50,000 yr B.P., according to our chronology, and was punctuated by numerous short periods of wetter conditions during an otherwise dry climate. Sediment proxies reveal that the apparent timing of glacial–interglacial transitions, notably the penultimate one, is proxy-dependent. In the grain-size and carbonate-content records this transition is abrupt and occurs at ∼120,000 yr B.P. In contrast, in the isotopic records the transition is gradual and occurs between 145,000 and 120,000 yr B.P. Differences in timing of the transition are attributed to variable responses by proxies to climate change.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1006/qres.1997.1898","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Menking, K., Bischoff, J.L., Fitzpatrick, J., Burdette, J., and Rye, R.O., 1997, Climatic/Hydrologic Oscillations since 155,000 yr B.P. at Owens Lake, California, Reflected in Abundance and Stable Isotope Composition of Sediment Carbonate: Quaternary Research, v. 48, no. 1, p. 58-68, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1898.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"58","endPage":"68","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":266465,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1898"},{"id":228256,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f66be4b0c8380cd4c75c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Menking, K.M.","contributorId":45845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menking","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J.A.","contributorId":52205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burdette, J.W.","contributorId":55983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burdette","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rye, R. O.","contributorId":66208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019820,"text":"70019820 - 1997 - Hydrological processes - Letters: Topographic controls on subsurface storm flow at the hillslope scale for Two hydrologically distinct small catchments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T23:07:38.929072","indexId":"70019820","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrological processes - Letters: Topographic controls on subsurface storm flow at the hillslope scale for Two hydrologically distinct small catchments","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199707)11:9<1347::AID-HYP592>3.0.CO;2-R","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Freer, J., McDonnell, J., Beven, K., Brammer, D., Burns, D., Hooper, R.P., and Kendal, C., 1997, Hydrological processes - Letters: Topographic controls on subsurface storm flow at the hillslope scale for Two hydrologically distinct small catchments: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 9, p. 1347-1352, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199707)11:9<1347::AID-HYP592>3.0.CO;2-R.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1347","endPage":"1352","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a36aee4b0c8380cd608f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freer, J.","contributorId":61975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonnell, J.","contributorId":61587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonnell","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beven, K.J.","contributorId":62759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beven","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brammer, D.","contributorId":63973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brammer","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burns, D.","contributorId":91260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kendal, C.","contributorId":94055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendal","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70019819,"text":"70019819 - 1997 - Occurrence of selected herbicides and herbicide degradation products in Iowa's Ground Water, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-08T16:31:44","indexId":"70019819","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence of selected herbicides and herbicide degradation products in Iowa's Ground Water, 1995","docAbstract":"<p>Herbicide compounds were prevalent in ground water across Iowa, being detected in 70% of the 106 municipal wells sampled during the summer of 1995. Herbicide degradation products were three of the four most frequently detected compounds for this study. The degradation product alachlor ethanesulfonic acid was the most frequently detected compound (65.1%), followed by atrazine (40.6%), and the degradation products deethylatrazine (34.9%), and cyanazine amide (19.8%). The corn herbicide acetochlor, first registered for widespread use in the United States in March 1994, was detected in a single water sample. No reported herbicide compound concentrations for this study exceeded currem U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels for drinking water, although the herbicide degradation products examined have yet to have such levels established.</p>\n<p>The occurrence of herbicide compounds had a significant, inverse relation to well depth and a significant, positive relation to dissolved-oxygen concentration. It is felt that both well depth and dissolved oxygen are acting as rough surrogates to ground-water age, with younger ground water being more likely to contain herbicide compounds. The occurrence of herbicide compounds was substantially different among the major aquifer types across Iowa, being detected in 82.5% of the alluvial, 81.8% of the bedrock/ karst region, 40.0% of the glacial-drift, and 25.0% of the bedrock/nonkarst region aquifers. The observed distribution was partially attributed to variations in general ground-water age among these aquifer types. A significant, inverse relation was determined between total herbicide compound concentrations in ground water and the average soil slope within a 2-km radius of sampled wells. Steeper soil slopes may increase the likelihood of surface runoff occurring rather than ground-water infiltration&ndash;decreasing the transport of herbicide compounds to ground water. As expected, a significant positive relation was determined between intensity of herbicide use and herbicide concentrations in ground water.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00134.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Kalkhoff, S., Goolsby, D.A., Sneck-Fahrer, D.A., and Thurman, E., 1997, Occurrence of selected herbicides and herbicide degradation products in Iowa's Ground Water, 1995: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 4, p. 679-688, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00134.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"679","endPage":"688","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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J.","contributorId":28967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sneck-Fahrer, D. A.","contributorId":58328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sneck-Fahrer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019813,"text":"70019813 - 1997 - Nitrogen fluxes in a high elevation Colorado Rocky Mountain basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T23:09:51.655255","indexId":"70019813","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen fluxes in a high elevation Colorado Rocky Mountain basin","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Measured, calculated and simulated values were combined to develop an annual nitrogen budget for Loch Vale Watershed (LVWS) in the Colorado Front Range. Nine-year average wet nitrogen deposition values were 1·6 (<i>s</i>=0·36) kg NO<sub>3</sub>-N ha<sup>−1</sup>, and 1·0 (<i>s</i>=0·3) kg NH<sub>4</sub>-N ha<sup>−1</sup>. Assuming dry nitrogen deposition to be half that of measured wet deposition, this high elevation watershed receives 3·9 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup>. Although deposition values fluctuated with precipitation, measured stream nitrogen outputs were less variable. Of the total N input to the watershed (3·9 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>wet plus dry deposition), 49% of the total N input was immobilized. Stream losses were 2·0 kg N ha<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(1125 kg measured dissolved inorganic N in 1992, 1–2 kg calculated dissolved organic N, plus an average of 203 kg algal N from the entire 660 ha watershed). Tundra and aquatic algae were the largest reservoirs for incoming N, at approximately 18% and 15% of the total 2574 kg N deposition, respectively. Rocky areas and forest stored the remaining 11% and 5%, respectively. Fully 80% of N losses from the watershed came from the 68% of LVWS that is alpine. © 1997 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<783::AID-HYP519>3.0.CO;2-U","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., and Campbell, K., 1997, Nitrogen fluxes in a high elevation Colorado Rocky Mountain basin: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 7, p. 783-799, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<783::AID-HYP519>3.0.CO;2-U.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"783","endPage":"799","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66dae4b0c8380cd7301a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019811,"text":"70019811 - 1997 - Modeling structural influences on soil water retention","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T05:42:47","indexId":"70019811","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling structural influences on soil water retention","docAbstract":"A new model quantities the effect of soil structure, considered as the arrangement of particles in the soil, on soil water retention. The model partitions the pore space into texture-related and structure-related components, the textural component being what can be deduced to exist if the arrangement of the particles were random, and the structural component being the remainder. An existing model, based on particle-size distributions, represents the textural component, and a new model, based on aggregate-size distributions, represents the structural component. This new model makes use of generalized properties that vary little from one medium to another, thereby eliminating any need for empirically tilted parameters. It postulates a particular character of the structural pore space that in same ways resembles texture-related pore space, but with pore shape related to the breadth of the aggregate-size distribution. To predict a soil water retention curve, this model requires the soil's porosity and particle- and aggregate-size distributions. Tested with measurements for 17 samples from two sources, it fits the data much better than does a model based on texture alone. Goodness of fit indicated by correlation coefficients ranged from 0.908 to 0.998 for the new model, compared with a range of 0.686 in 0.955 for the texture-based model.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100030002x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., 1997, Modeling structural influences on soil water retention: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 61, no. 3, p. 712-719, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100030002x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"712","endPage":"719","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c32e4b0c8380cd6facc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019810,"text":"70019810 - 1997 - Herbicides and their metabolites in rainfall: Origin, transport, and deposition patterns across the midwestern and northeastern United States, 1990-1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:55:43","indexId":"70019810","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Herbicides and their metabolites in rainfall: Origin, transport, and deposition patterns across the midwestern and northeastern United States, 1990-1991","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div id=\"abstractBox\"><p class=\"articleBody_abstractText\">Herbicides were detected in rainfall throughout the midwestern and northeastern United States during late spring and summer of 1990 and 1991. Herbicide concentrations exhibited distinct geographic and seasonal patterns. The highest concentrations occurred in midwestern cornbelt states following herbicide application to cropland. Volume-weighted concentrations of 0.2−0.4 μg/L for atrazine and alachlor were typical in this area during mid-April through mid-July, and weighted concentrations as large as 0.6−0.9 μg/L occurred at several sites. Concentrations of 1−3 μg/L were measured in a few individual samples. Atrazine was detected most often followed by alachlor, deethylatrazine, metolachlor, cyanazine, and deisopropylatrazine. The high ratio (∼0.5) of deethylatrazine to atrazine in rainfall suggests atmospheric degradation of atrazine. Mass deposition of herbicides was greatest in areas where herbicide use was high and decreased with distance from the cornbelt. Estimated deposition rates for both atrazine and alachlor ranged from more than 240 μg m<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>yr<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for some areas in the midwestern states to less than 10 μg m<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>yr<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for the New England states. The estimated annual deposition of atrazine on the Great Lakes ranged from about 12 to 63 μg m<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>yr<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>. The total amounts of atrazine and alachlor deposited annually in rainfall in the study area represent about 0.6% of the atrazine and 0.4% of the alachlor applied annually to crops in the study area.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960847o","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Goolsby, D.A., Thurman, E., Pomes, M., Meyer, M.T., and Battaglin, W., 1997, Herbicides and their metabolites in rainfall: Origin, transport, and deposition patterns across the midwestern and northeastern United States, 1990-1991: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1325-1333, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960847o.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1325","endPage":"1333","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206018,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960847o"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-04-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a306ce4b0c8380cd5d627","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pomes, M.L.","contributorId":84393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomes","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019807,"text":"70019807 - 1997 - Relationships between salt marsh loss and dredged canals in three Louisiana Estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:17","indexId":"70019807","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relationships between salt marsh loss and dredged canals in three Louisiana Estuaries","docAbstract":"Coastal land loss rates were quantified for 27 salt marshes in three estuaries of the Louisiana Mississippi Deltaic plain: Barataria, Terrebonne and St. Bernard. The sites ranged from 23 ha to 908 ha and the total area of all sites was 6,367 ha. Two methods were used to calculate open water and canal density in each of five years: (1) a Geographic Information System for 1956 and 1978, and, (2) a point grid method for 1974, 1988, and 1990. A General Linear Model explained 79% of the variance (R2 = 0.79; P ??? 0.95) among basins for all years and provided an estimate of the impacts of canals in each basin. The land loss rates, virtually all occurring as wetland to open water conversions, were different in each basin. The 'background' land loss rates from 1956 to 1990 (exclusive of the direct or indirect effects of canals; %/yr; ?? + 1 Std. Dev.) for each basin were estimated to be: Barataria: 0.71 ?? 0.12, Terrebonne 0.47 ?? 0.09, and St. Bernard 0.08 ?? 0.14. Canals were equally and directly correlated with landloss in each basin. There was 2.85 ha of open water formed with each ha of canal dredged (inclusive of the canal area) and an additional 1 ha wetland converted to spoil bank vegetation. Additional losses may occur if loss rates continue for periods longer than the mapping intervals. There are documented causal mechanisms involving wetland hydrologic changes that can explain these wetland losses.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Bass, A., and Turner, R., 1997, Relationships between salt marsh loss and dredged canals in three Louisiana Estuaries: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 13, no. 3, p. 895-903.","startPage":"895","endPage":"903","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa650e4b0c8380cd84db7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bass, A.S.","contributorId":82078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bass","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, R.E.","contributorId":39749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16756,"text":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019800,"text":"70019800 - 1997 - From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi river suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T09:10:28","indexId":"70019800","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi river suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment was isolated from water samples collected from the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL, eight times over a 5-year period from May 1988 through September 1993 in order to evaluate the transport of lipophilic halogenated organic compounds associated with the suspended sediment. Two hydrologic extremes were included-the 1988 drought and the 1993 flood. Halogenated organic compounds included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, DCPA (dacthal), trifluralin, aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane components. Sediment transport of most of these organic compounds was substantially higher during the 1993 flood then at other sampling times. The extreme transports during the flood were due to unusually high concentrations of some contaminants on the suspended sediment, low to average concentrations of suspended sediment being transported, and unusually high water discharges.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960513z","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C., 1997, From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi river suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1308-1312, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960513z.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1308","endPage":"1312","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205974,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960513z"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois ","county":"Alexander 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C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019785,"text":"70019785 - 1997 - Use of geochemical mass balance modelling to evaluate the role of weathering in determining stream chemistry in five mid-Atlantic watersheds on different lithologies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:41:13","indexId":"70019785","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of geochemical mass balance modelling to evaluate the role of weathering in determining stream chemistry in five mid-Atlantic watersheds on different lithologies","docAbstract":"<p>The importance of mineral weathering was assessed and compared for five mid-Atlantic watersheds receiving similar atmospheric inputs but underlain by differing bedrock. Annual solute mass balances and volume-weighted mean solute concentrations were calculated for each watershed for each year of record. In addition, primary and secondary mineralogy were determined for each of the watersheds through analysis of soil samples and thin sections using petrographic, scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe and X-ray diffraction techniques. Mineralogical data were also compiled from the literature. These data were input to NETPATH, a geochemical program that calculates the masses of minerals that react with precipitation to produce stream water chemistry. The feasibilities of the weathering scenarios calculated by NETPATH were evaluated based on relative abundances and reactivities of minerals in the watershed. In watersheds underlain by reactive bedrocks, weathering reactions explained the stream base cation loading. In the acid-sensitive watersheds on unreactive bedrock, calculated weathering scenarios were not consistent with the abundance of reactive minerals in the underlying bedrock, and alternative sources of base cations are discussed.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<719::AID-HYP522>3.0.CO;2-2","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, A.K., Rice, K.C., Bricker, O.P., Kennedy, M.M., and Anderson, R.T., 1997, Use of geochemical mass balance modelling to evaluate the role of weathering in determining stream chemistry in five mid-Atlantic watersheds on different lithologies: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 7, p. 719-744, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199706)11:7<719::AID-HYP522>3.0.CO;2-2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"744","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"11","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf17e4b08c986b329957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, Anne K.","contributorId":52955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":383905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kennedy, Margaret M.","contributorId":178170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, R. Todd","contributorId":178195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019769,"text":"70019769 - 1997 - Effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the neversink river watershed, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T23:12:11.469772","indexId":"70019769","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the neversink river watershed, New York","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time were examined for a part of the Neversink River watershed in southern New York State. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), the sum of base cation concentrations (SBC), pH and concentrations of total aluminum (Al), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and silicon (Si) were measured during low stream flow at the outlets of nested basins ranging in size from 0·2 to 166·3 km<sup>2</sup>. ANC, SBC, pH, Al and DOC showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0·2 to 3 km<sup>2</sup>, but relatively small variations were observed as basin size increased beyond 3 km<sup>2</sup>. An index of subsurface contact time computed from basin topography and soil hydraulic conductivity also showed pronounced changes as basin size increased from 0·2 to 3 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and smaller changes as basin size increased beyond 3 km<sup>2</sup>. These results suggest that basin size affects low-flow stream chemistry because of the effects of basin size on subsurface contact time.&nbsp;</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199707)11:9<1273::AID-HYP557>3.0.CO;2-S","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D., Fan, J., and Lawrence, G., 1997, Effects of basin size on low-flow stream chemistry and subsurface contact time in the neversink river watershed, New York: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 9, p. 1273-1286, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199707)11:9<1273::AID-HYP557>3.0.CO;2-S.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1286","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0695e4b0c8380cd51301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fan, J.","contributorId":40744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lawrence, G.B. 0000-0002-8035-2350","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":76347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1002450,"text":"1002450 - 1997 - Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:48","indexId":"1002450","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2657,"text":"Mangroves and Salt Marshes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Simultaneous measurements of vertical accretion from artificial soil marker horizons and soil elevation change from sedimentation-erosion table (SET) plots were used to evaluate the processes related to soil building in range, basin, and overwash mangrove forests located in a low-energy lagoon which recieves minor inputs of terregenous sediments. Vertical accretion measures reflect the contribution of surficial sedimentation (sediment deposition and surface root growth). Measures of elevation change reflect not only the contributions of vertical accretion but also those of subsurface processes such as compaction, decomposition and shrink-swell. The two measures were used to calculate amounts of shallow subsidence (accretion minus elevation change) in each mangrove forest. The three forest types represent different accretionary envrionments. The basin forest was located behind a natural berm. Hydroperiod here was controlled primarily by rainfall rather than tidal exchange, although the basin flooded during extreme tidal events. Soil accretion here occurred primarily by autochthonous organic matter inputs, and elevation was controlled by accretion and shrink-swell of the substrate apparently related to cycles of flooding-drying and/or root growth-decomposition. This hydrologically-restricted forest did not experience an accretion or elevation deficit relative to sea-level rise. The tidally dominated fringe and overwash island forests accreted through mineral sediment inputs bound in place by plant roots. Filamentous turf algae played an important role in stabilizing loose muds in the fringe forest where erosion was prevalent. Elevation in these high-energy environments was controlled not only by accretion but also by erosion and/or shallow subsidence. The rate of shallow subsidence was consistently 3-4 mm y-1 in the fringe and overwash island forests but was negligible in the basin forest. Hence, the vertical development of mangrove soils was influenced by both surface and subsurface processes and the procces controlling soil elevation differed among forest types. The mangrove ecosystem at Rookery Bay has remained stable as sea level has risen during the past 70 years. Yet, lead-210 accretion data suggest a substantial accretion deficit has occurred in the past century (accretion was 10-20 cm < sea-level rise from 1930 to 1990) in the fringe and island forests at Rookery Bay. In contrast, our measures of elevation change mostly equalled the estimates of sea-level rise and shallow subsidence. These data suggest that (1) vertical accretion in this system is driven by local sea-level rise and shallow subsidence, and (2) the mangrove forests are mostly keeping pace with sea-level rise. Thus, the vulnerability of this mangrove ecosystem to sea-level rise is best described in terms of an elevation deficit (elevation change minus sea-level rise) based on annual measures rather than an accretion deficit (accretion minus sea-level rise) based on decadal measures.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mangroves and Salt Marshes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1009904816246","usgsCitation":"Cahoon, D.R., and Lynch, J., 1997, Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida, U.S.A: Mangroves and Salt Marshes, v. 1, no. 3, p. 173-186, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009904816246.","productDescription":"p. 173-186","startPage":"173","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15420,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009904816246","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7005.000000000000000"},{"id":133945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4930e4b07f02db58172f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cahoon, Donald R. 0000-0002-2591-5667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2591-5667","contributorId":65424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahoon","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":312095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lynch, J.C.","contributorId":25104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019768,"text":"70019768 - 1997 - Experimental design for estimating parameters of rate-limited mass transfer: Analysis of stream tracer studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:46:05","indexId":"70019768","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental design for estimating parameters of rate-limited mass transfer: Analysis of stream tracer studies","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tracer experiments are valuable tools for analyzing the transport characteristics of streams and their interactions with shallow groundwater. The focus of this work is the design of tracer studies in high-gradient stream systems subject to advection, dispersion, groundwater inflow, and exchange between the active channel and zones in surface or subsurface water where flow is stagnant or slow moving. We present a methodology for (1) evaluating and comparing alternative stream tracer experiment designs and (2) identifying those combinations of stream transport properties that pose limitations to parameter estimation and therefore a challenge to tracer test design. The methodology uses the concept of global parameter uncertainty analysis, which couples solute transport simulation with parameter uncertainty analysis in a Monte Carlo framework. Two general conclusions resulted from this work. First, the solute injection and sampling strategy has an important effect on the reliability of transport parameter estimates. We found that constant injection with sampling through concentration rise, plateau, and fall provided considerably more reliable parameter estimates than a pulse injection across the spectrum of transport scenarios likely encountered in high-gradient streams. Second, for a given tracer test design, the uncertainties in mass transfer and storage-zone parameter estimates are strongly dependent on the experimental Damkohler number,&nbsp;</span><i>DaI</i><span>, which is a dimensionless combination of the rates of exchange between the stream and storage zones, the stream-water velocity, and the stream reach length of the experiment. Parameter uncertainties are lowest at<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>DaI</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>values on the order of 1.0. When<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>DaI</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>values are much less than 1.0 (owing to high velocity, long exchange timescale, and/or short reach length), parameter uncertainties are high because only a small amount of tracer interacts with storage zones in the reach. For the opposite conditions (</span><i>DaI</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>≫ 1.0), solute exchange rates are fast relative to stream-water velocity and all solute is exchanged with the storage zone over the experimental reach. As<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>DaI</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>increases, tracer dispersion caused by hyporheic exchange eventually reaches an equilibrium condition and storage-zone exchange parameters become essentially nonidentifiable.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01067","usgsCitation":"Wagner, B.J., and Harvey, J.W., 1997, Experimental design for estimating parameters of rate-limited mass transfer: Analysis of stream tracer studies: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 7, p. 1731-1741, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01067.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1731","endPage":"1741","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479977,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01067","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dc5e4b0c8380cd531ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, Brian J. bjwagner@usgs.gov","contributorId":427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"Brian","email":"bjwagner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":383847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, Judson W. 0000-0002-2654-9873 jwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2654-9873","contributorId":1796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Judson","email":"jwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019757,"text":"70019757 - 1997 - Complex response of a midcontinent north America drainage system to late Wisconsinan sedimentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T11:15:34.989843","indexId":"70019757","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complex response of a midcontinent north America drainage system to late Wisconsinan sedimentation","docAbstract":"<div><div id=\"12461418\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The geomorphic evolution of Mud Creek basin in eastern Iowa, U.S.A. serves to illustrate how geomorphic influences such as sediment supply, valley gradient, climate, and vegetation are recorded in the alluvial stratigraphic record. Sediment supply to the fluvial system increased significantly during the late Wisconsinan through a combination of periglacial erosion and loess accumulation. Subsequent evolution of the Holocene alluvial stratigraphic record reflects long-term routing of the late Wisconsinan sediment through the drainage basin in a series of cut-and-fill cycles whose timing was influenced by hydrologic response to change in climate and vegetation. When viewed in a regional context, the alluvial stratigraphic record appears to reflect a long-term complex response of the fluvial system to increased sediment supply during the late Wisconsinan. Hydrologic and sediment-supply changes accompanying the spread of Euroamerican agriculture to the basin in the 1800s dramatically upset trends in sedimentation and channel behavior established during the Holocene.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/D426862B-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"1073130X","usgsCitation":"Bettis, E., and Autin, W., 1997, Complex response of a midcontinent north America drainage system to late Wisconsinan sedimentation: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 67, no. 4, p. 740-748, https://doi.org/10.1306/D426862B-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"740","endPage":"748","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227686,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f910e4b0c8380cd4d3ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bettis, E. Arthur III","contributorId":72822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettis","given":"E. Arthur","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Autin, W.J.","contributorId":7436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Autin","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019749,"text":"70019749 - 1997 - Assessment of climate change and freshwater ecosystems of the Rocky Mountains, USA and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-26T23:14:08.080506","indexId":"70019749","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of climate change and freshwater ecosystems of the Rocky Mountains, USA and Canada","docAbstract":"<p>The Rocky Mountains in the USA and Canada encompass the interior cordillera of western North America, from the southern Yukon to northern New Mexico. Annual weather patterns are cold in winter and mild in summer. Precipitation has high seasonal and interannual variation and may differ by an order of magnitude between geographically close locales, depending on slope, aspect and local climatic and orographic conditions. The region's hydrology is characterized by the accumulation of winter snow, spring snowmelt and autumnal baseflows. During the 2–3-month ‘spring runoff’ period, rivers frequently discharge &gt; 70% of their annual water budget and have instantaneous discharges 10–100 times mean low flow.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<903::AID-HYP511>3.0.CO;2-7","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Hauer, F.R., Baron, J., Campbell, K., Fausch, K., Hostetler, S.W., Leavesley, G., Leavitt, P., McKnight, D.M., and Stanford, J.A., 1997, Assessment of climate change and freshwater ecosystems of the Rocky Mountains, USA and Canada: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 8, p. 903-924, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<903::AID-HYP511>3.0.CO;2-7.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"903","endPage":"924","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee26e4b0c8380cd49bbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hauer, F. Richard","contributorId":76892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hauer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Campbell, K.","contributorId":63351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Campbell","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":47665,"text":"St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fausch, K.D. 0000-0001-5825-7560","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5825-7560","contributorId":84097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fausch","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Leavesley, G.H.","contributorId":93895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leavitt, P.R.","contributorId":55982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavitt","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Stanford, J. A.","contributorId":79643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanford","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
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