{"pageNumber":"403","pageRowStart":"10050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10447,"records":[{"id":70009924,"text":"70009924 - 1972 - Graphical methods for representing form and stability of aqueous metal ions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T21:25:30.006272","indexId":"70009924","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graphical methods for representing form and stability of aqueous metal ions","docAbstract":"

The equilibrium distributions of solute species of aluminum at 25°C and one atmosphere pressure are shown graphically in systems containing fluoride, as functions of the total dissolved aluminum and fluoride. The predominant form of complex and degree of complexing are also shown graphically as functions of pH and fluoride activity. The graphs are based on the simultaneous solution of the equations representing nine complexing equilibria and three stoichiometric summarizations, using a fixed value of ionic strength equal to 0.1. Solubility relationships for aluminum hydroxide and cryolite also are shown graphically, using the same coordinates and additional equilibria. By overlaying an appropriate species distribution graph with a solubility graph a relatively complete summary of chemical relationships in an aqueous aluminum system can be obtained. Although this type of model has important limitations, it can accommodate enough variables simultaneously to have practical value and similar procedures could be used for other elements and systems of interest in low-temperature aqueous geochemistry.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(72)90042-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., 1972, Graphical methods for representing form and stability of aqueous metal ions: Chemical Geology, v. 9, no. 1-4, p. 119-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(72)90042-3.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29d3e4b0c8380cd5ac8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000327,"text":"1000327 - 1972 - Seasonal population characteristics of the opossum shrimp, Mysis relicta, in southeastern Lake Michigan, 1970-71","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:33","indexId":"1000327","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3133,"text":"Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal population characteristics of the opossum shrimp, Mysis relicta, in southeastern Lake Michigan, 1970-71","docAbstract":"This study of depth distribution, abundance, growth, reproduction and standing crop of the opossum shrimp, Mysis relicta, in southeastern Lake Michigan was based on monthly samples collected from August 1970 through July 1971 (except February and March). Population density was usually low at 10-20 fathoms, moderate at 25-30 fathoms and relatively high at 35 fathoms and deeper. Abundance was highest in midsummer and lowest in December. Free-living mysids were 3-25 mm long. Average growth rate was 1 mm per month. At maximum lengths, females were longer than males. Weight increased as approximately the cube of the length. The population consisted mostly of juveniles during summer and autumn and subadults and adults in winter and spring. Sizable numbers of adults apparently moved to relatively shallow water (10-35 fathoms) in winter, where they bred and released their young. In deeper water (40 fathoms or more), some reproduction occurred throughout the year. Most recruitment was in April and May. Standing crop ranged as high as 50 kg per hectare. Mysis apparently has a one-year life cycle in southeastern Lake Michigan.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, J.B., and DeGraeve, G., 1972, Seasonal population characteristics of the opossum shrimp, Mysis relicta, in southeastern Lake Michigan, 1970-71: Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Great Lakes Research, v. 15, p. 117-131.","productDescription":"p. 117-131","startPage":"117","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc32a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, James B.","contributorId":82249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeGraeve, G.M.","contributorId":50102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGraeve","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185775,"text":"70185775 - 1972 - Some rates of geomorphological processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T09:06:35","indexId":"70185775","displayToPublicDate":"1972-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5345,"text":"Geographia Polonica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some rates of geomorphological processes","docAbstract":"

This brief report summarizes three sets of measurement data on certain processes.

The first concerns the rate of movement of soil on hillslopes, especially by mass movement or slow gravitational creep. The results are abstracted from an unpublished manuscript by the junior author who reports on the measurements which Leopold began 10 or more years ago and to which in more recent years Emmett has added new sites and has carried on the annual remeasurement. The results are those from \"mass-movement lines\", which consist of a series of pins or iron rods, 10 inches (25 cm) long driven vertically into the ground along a straight line-of-sight, secured at each end with stiff iron posts. The Survey consists of setting a theodolite over one of the end bench marks and orienting on the other. The distance of each individual pin from the line of sight is recorded. Resurveys are usually made annually.

","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Emmett, W.W., 1972, Some rates of geomorphological processes: Geographia Polonica, v. 23, p. 27-36.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.geographiapolonica.pl/article/item/8673.html"}],"volume":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc823e4b02ff32c685766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emmett, William W.","contributorId":68715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emmett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17580,"text":"ofr1640 - 1971 - Program design for San Francisco Bay Region environment and resources planning study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:52","indexId":"ofr1640","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T11:04:55","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1640","title":"Program design for San Francisco Bay Region environment and resources planning study","docAbstract":"The \"Program Design\" for the San Francisco Bay Region Environment and Resources Planning Study represents a refinement, elaboration, and extension of the plans which formed the basis for the cooperative program between the Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Research and Technology, formally recognized in the Letter of Agreement of October 24, 1969, and begun January 1, 1970. From the first, the study was recognized as an experimental pilot study, and new developments in the state-of-the-art in the earth sciences and in urban and regional planning were recognized as necessary. Indeed, the development of a suitable structure for such a program was considered one of the important parts of the experiment. Consequently, one of the stated goals of the Letter of Agreement was to produce a Program Design.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr1640","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1971, Program design for San Francisco Bay Region environment and resources planning study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 1640, 123 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr1640.","productDescription":"123 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","numberOfPages":"137","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":260294,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1640/report.pdf"},{"id":260295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1640/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8e38e4b0c8380cd7f09a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70001516,"text":"70001516 - 1971 - Primary distribution of silver and copper in native gold from six deposits in the Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T00:39:34.834039","indexId":"70001516","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:20","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Primary distribution of silver and copper in native gold from six deposits in the Western United States","docAbstract":"

Electron-microprobe analyses and mineragraphic studies of native gold demonstrate considerable variations in the primary intergrain and intragrain distribution of silver. The gold grains have from 1–55 weight percent silver; copper is present in grains from only one locality and ranges from 0.1–0.6 weight percent. Some gold grains have strong zoning of silver whereas others have no detectable zoning. Gold grains from some deposits show remarkable intergrain homogeneity of silver and/or copper content, but others exhibit extreme heterogeneity. We believe that the inhomogeneities and variations in silver content recognized and emphasized here are features of primary deposition. We also recognize low-silver rims with sharp boundaries bordering many of the grains examined but believe these are developed in a relatively oxidizing, low-temperature environment and are not primary lode features. Opaque mineral inclusions of primary origin in gold grains are common in some deposits, scarce in many, and virtually absent from others. These inclusions may be of value in characterizing some gold deposits. For the majority of gold crystals from Copper Basin, Arizona, the lowest silver content observed was in the central portion of each grain and the highest silver content was in the rim. This is believed to be due an increase in the proportion of silver to gold in solution during growth of the crystals. Analysis of sized fractions of 331 gold grains from Pennsylvania Mountain, Colorado, shows no systematic correlation of grain size with silver content. Electron microprobe step-scanning of gold from Alder Gulch, Montana, suggests more than one mineralization event took place. Pyrite and acanthite inclusions less than 0.05 mm in the largest dimension, are present in some grains from this deposit. Inclusions of pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and an isotropic Co-As-S mineral are present in the low-silver, copper-bearing gold from Ninemile Creek, Montana. The presence of copper and the low silver content in this gold is not typical of the gold-quartz-pyrite association which is common in the Western United States.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00201890","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Desborough, G.A., Heidel, R.H., Raymond, W.H., and Tripp, J., 1971, Primary distribution of silver and copper in native gold from six deposits in the Western United States: Mineralium Deposita, v. 6, no. 4, p. 321-334, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00201890.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"334","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, Montana, South Dakota, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-112.538593,37.000674],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.050044,31.332502],[-111.074825,31.332239],[-114.813613,32.494277],[-114.791551,32.557023],[-114.810517,32.563828],[-114.799737,32.592178],[-114.809393,32.617119],[-114.764382,32.642666],[-114.705717,32.741581],[-114.618373,32.728245],[-114.539224,32.749812],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.528849,32.796307],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.462929,32.907944],[-114.48092,32.935252],[-114.467664,32.966861],[-114.494212,32.974262],[-114.511343,33.023455],[-114.571653,33.036624],[-114.618788,33.027202],[-114.64598,33.048903],[-114.659832,33.032665],[-114.688597,33.082869],[-114.706488,33.08816],[-114.678729,33.162948],[-114.674479,33.225504],[-114.689421,33.24525],[-114.674491,33.255597],[-114.731223,33.302434],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.725535,33.404056],[-114.635183,33.422726],[-114.591554,33.499443],[-114.524599,33.552231],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.524813,33.611351],[-114.530348,33.679245],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.52805,33.814963],[-114.528451,33.854929],[-114.505638,33.864276],[-114.517808,33.888167],[-114.50792,33.903807],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.434181,34.087379],[-114.415908,34.107636],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.163122,34.255187],[-114.134612,34.263518],[-114.138282,34.30323],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.226107,34.365916],[-114.335372,34.450038],[-114.386699,34.457911],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.429747,34.591734],[-114.424202,34.610453],[-114.47162,34.712966],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.586842,34.835672],[-114.634382,34.87289],[-114.636893,35.028367],[-114.603619,35.064226],[-114.646759,35.101872],[-114.578524,35.12875],[-114.569238,35.18348],[-114.604314,35.353584],[-114.677643,35.489742],[-114.677205,35.513491],[-114.658005,35.530491],[-114.666184,35.577576],[-114.653406,35.610789],[-114.689407,35.651412],[-114.680607,35.685488],[-114.705409,35.708287],[-114.695709,35.755986],[-114.71211,35.806185],[-114.679039,35.880046],[-114.729356,35.941413],[-114.743756,35.985095],[-114.729707,36.028166],[-114.755618,36.087166],[-114.631716,36.142306],[-114.616694,36.130101],[-114.572031,36.15161],[-114.511721,36.150956],[-114.502172,36.128796],[-114.463637,36.139695],[-114.448654,36.12641],[-114.405475,36.147371],[-114.372106,36.143114],[-114.30843,36.082443],[-114.315557,36.059494],[-114.252651,36.020193],[-114.148191,36.028013],[-114.114531,36.095217],[-114.123144,36.111576],[-114.046838,36.194069],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-112.538593,37.000674]]],[[[-106.190554,40.997607],[-102.051718,41.002377],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-106.190554,40.997607]]],[[[-105.038405,45.000345],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.131379,44.499925],[-111.143557,44.535732],[-111.23018,44.587025],[-111.224161,44.623402],[-111.276956,44.655626],[-111.26875,44.668279],[-111.29626,44.702271],[-111.385005,44.755128],[-111.414271,44.710741],[-111.438793,44.720546],[-111.490228,44.700221],[-111.468833,44.679335],[-111.473178,44.665479],[-111.525764,44.604883],[-111.519126,44.582916],[-111.467736,44.544521],[-111.585763,44.562843],[-111.614405,44.548991],[-111.704218,44.560205],[-111.715474,44.543543],[-111.821488,44.509286],[-111.870504,44.564033],[-111.947941,44.556776],[-111.980833,44.536682],[-112.032707,44.546642],[-112.036943,44.530323],[-112.069011,44.537104],[-112.101564,44.520847],[-112.136454,44.539911],[-112.221698,44.543519],[-112.242785,44.568091],[-112.286187,44.568472],[-112.315008,44.5419],[-112.35421,44.535638],[-112.358926,44.48628],[-112.387389,44.448058],[-112.473207,44.480027],[-112.50031,44.463051],[-112.541989,44.483971],[-112.660696,44.485756],[-112.71911,44.504344],[-112.781294,44.484888],[-112.836034,44.422653],[-112.81324,44.378103],[-112.855395,44.359975],[-112.886041,44.395874],[-113.003544,44.450814],[-113.019777,44.528505],[-113.083819,44.60222],[-113.049349,44.62938],[-113.06776,44.679474],[-113.098064,44.697477],[-113.102138,44.729027],[-113.134824,44.752763],[-113.131453,44.772837],[-113.247166,44.82295],[-113.341704,44.784853],[-113.377153,44.834858],[-113.455071,44.865424],[-113.498745,44.942314],[-113.443782,44.95989],[-113.437726,45.006967],[-113.45197,45.059247],[-113.485278,45.063519],[-113.520134,45.093033],[-113.513342,45.115225],[-113.554744,45.112901],[-113.57467,45.128411],[-113.599506,45.191114],[-113.684946,45.253706],[-113.689359,45.28355],[-113.735601,45.325265],[-113.734402,45.392353],[-113.765203,45.410601],[-113.783272,45.451839],[-113.759986,45.480735],[-113.766022,45.520621],[-113.834555,45.520729],[-113.806729,45.602146],[-113.861404,45.62366],[-113.904691,45.622007],[-113.898883,45.644167],[-113.93422,45.682232],[-113.986656,45.704564],[-114.015633,45.696127],[-114.018731,45.648616],[-114.067619,45.627706],[-114.086584,45.59118],[-114.122322,45.58426],[-114.135249,45.557465],[-114.192802,45.536596],[-114.248121,45.545877],[-114.270717,45.486116],[-114.333218,45.459316],[-114.415804,45.509753],[-114.460542,45.561283],[-114.559038,45.565706],[-114.538132,45.606834],[-114.563652,45.637412],[-114.507645,45.658949],[-114.495421,45.703321],[-114.566172,45.773864],[-114.509303,45.845531],[-114.409477,45.85164],[-114.388243,45.88234],[-114.431159,45.935737],[-114.403712,45.967049],[-114.470965,45.995742],[-114.493418,46.03717],[-114.460049,46.097104],[-114.5213,46.125287],[-114.527096,46.146218],[-114.514706,46.167726],[-114.478333,46.160876],[-114.445928,46.173933],[-114.449819,46.237119],[-114.470479,46.26732],[-114.427309,46.283624],[-114.433478,46.305502],[-114.410682,46.360673],[-114.422458,46.387097],[-114.384756,46.411784],[-114.376413,46.442983],[-114.403019,46.498675],[-114.342072,46.519679],[-114.32456,46.653579],[-114.360709,46.669059],[-114.424424,46.660648],[-114.466902,46.631695],[-114.547321,46.644485],[-114.593292,46.632848],[-114.642713,46.673145],[-114.620859,46.707415],[-114.649388,46.73289],[-114.696656,46.740572],[-114.710425,46.717704],[-114.76689,46.696901],[-114.787065,46.711255],[-114.765106,46.758153],[-114.79004,46.778729],[-114.829117,46.782503],[-114.861376,46.81196],[-114.888146,46.808573],[-114.920459,46.827697],[-114.928615,46.854815],[-114.947413,46.859324],[-114.931608,46.876799],[-114.929997,46.919625],[-115.00091,46.967703],[-115.047857,46.969533],[-115.087806,47.045519],[-115.120917,47.061237],[-115.140375,47.093013],[-115.200547,47.139154],[-115.243707,47.150347],[-115.261885,47.181742],[-115.300504,47.188139],[-115.294785,47.220914],[-115.326903,47.255912],[-115.51186,47.295219],[-115.578619,47.367007],[-115.639186,47.378605],[-115.657681,47.400651],[-115.728801,47.428925],[-115.718247,47.45316],[-115.663867,47.456936],[-115.653044,47.476035],[-115.686704,47.485596],[-115.71034,47.52951],[-115.747263,47.543197],[-115.689404,47.595402],[-115.694284,47.62346],[-115.73627,47.654762],[-115.72377,47.696671],[-115.77177,47.717412],[-115.797299,47.75752],[-115.831755,47.755785],[-115.852291,47.827991],[-115.881522,47.849672],[-115.906409,47.846261],[-116.048421,47.97682],[-116.049193,49.000912],[-104.048736,48.999877],[-104.045443,45.94531],[-96.56328,45.935238],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.832659,45.651716],[-96.856657,45.609041],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.454094,45.301546],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.598928,43.500457],[-96.580997,43.481384],[-96.60286,43.450907],[-96.521572,43.38564],[-96.530392,43.300034],[-96.580346,43.298204],[-96.58522,43.268878],[-96.553217,43.259141],[-96.568505,43.231554],[-96.476697,43.222014],[-96.466537,43.150281],[-96.436589,43.120842],[-96.460516,43.09494],[-96.458201,43.067554],[-96.518431,43.042068],[-96.49167,43.009707],[-96.516724,42.981458],[-96.500308,42.959391],[-96.541098,42.924496],[-96.526357,42.891852],[-96.549659,42.870281],[-96.552092,42.836057],[-96.579772,42.838093],[-96.595283,42.792982],[-96.632142,42.770863],[-96.619494,42.754792],[-96.638621,42.734921],[-96.629777,42.708852],[-96.516338,42.630435],[-96.529894,42.610432],[-96.509468,42.61273],[-96.486606,42.576062],[-96.498439,42.560876],[-96.476952,42.556079],[-96.490089,42.512441],[-96.474409,42.491895],[-96.443408,42.489495],[-96.501321,42.482749],[-96.548791,42.520547],[-96.611489,42.506088],[-96.643589,42.557604],[-96.706416,42.599413],[-96.691269,42.6562],[-96.793238,42.666024],[-96.806219,42.704149],[-96.906797,42.7338],[-96.961576,42.719841],[-96.982197,42.760554],[-97.131331,42.771929],[-97.150763,42.795566],[-97.210126,42.809296],[-97.217411,42.843519],[-97.237868,42.853139],[-97.404442,42.86775],[-97.439114,42.84711],[-97.611811,42.858367],[-97.686506,42.842435],[-97.84527,42.867734],[-97.875345,42.858724],[-97.888562,42.817251],[-97.932962,42.778203],[-98.035034,42.764205],[-98.146933,42.839823],[-98.189765,42.841628],[-98.42074,42.931924],[-98.444145,42.929242],[-98.49855,42.99856],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-105.038405,45.000345]]],[[[-122.519535,48.288314],[-122.618466,48.294159],[-122.623779,48.269431],[-122.652639,48.265081],[-122.668385,48.223967],[-122.63126,48.220686],[-122.588138,48.18594],[-122.54512,48.05255],[-122.516314,48.057181],[-122.525422,48.096537],[-122.513276,48.097538],[-122.431266,48.045001],[-122.376259,48.034457],[-122.349597,47.958796],[-122.380497,47.904023],[-122.431035,47.914732],[-122.446682,47.963155],[-122.47266,47.988449],[-122.546824,47.967215],[-122.541564,47.992998],[-122.607342,48.030992],[-122.593621,48.0472],[-122.614028,48.072788],[-122.598301,48.110616],[-122.609568,48.15186],[-122.633167,48.163281],[-122.677337,48.154587],[-122.693084,48.181509],[-122.770045,48.224395],[-122.673731,48.354683],[-122.664659,48.401508],[-122.60198,48.409907],[-122.585038,48.395166],[-122.585162,48.353304],[-122.506568,48.310041],[-122.519535,48.288314]]],[[[-122.474684,47.511068],[-122.452399,47.503471],[-122.460027,47.48686],[-122.433385,47.46643],[-122.437656,47.407424],[-122.373628,47.388718],[-122.437809,47.365606],[-122.453997,47.343337],[-122.51885,47.33332],[-122.526733,47.398581],[-122.474684,47.511068]]],[[[-122.695907,48.737273],[-122.618225,48.670721],[-122.609576,48.645018],[-122.673538,48.680809],[-122.691795,48.711498],[-122.718833,48.716818],[-122.715709,48.748672],[-122.695907,48.737273]]],[[[-123.035393,49.002154],[-123.028091,48.973943],[-123.083834,48.976139],[-123.090546,49.001976],[-123.035393,49.002154]]],[[[-122.800217,48.60169],[-122.801096,48.585425],[-122.771206,48.562426],[-122.788503,48.530393],[-122.779124,48.508911],[-122.816332,48.487841],[-122.81973,48.458843],[-122.802509,48.433098],[-122.874135,48.418196],[-122.893646,48.422655],[-122.889016,48.435947],[-122.928004,48.439966],[-122.91646,48.453263],[-122.926901,48.460874],[-123.039156,48.460003],[-123.119451,48.492576],[-123.163234,48.529544],[-123.173061,48.579086],[-123.203026,48.596178],[-123.178425,48.622115],[-123.107362,48.622451],[-123.101552,48.59782],[-123.048403,48.569216],[-122.987296,48.561895],[-123.034101,48.591767],[-123.048652,48.621002],[-122.941316,48.702904],[-122.894599,48.71503],[-122.743049,48.661991],[-122.809622,48.619035],[-122.800217,48.60169]]],[[[-123.197953,48.68466],[-123.14799,48.668001],[-123.106165,48.633473],[-123.237148,48.683466],[-123.197953,48.68466]]],[[[-123.025486,48.717966],[-123.009787,48.722291],[-123.005086,48.694342],[-123.021215,48.681416],[-123.042337,48.675663],[-123.047058,48.695772],[-123.070427,48.699971],[-123.025486,48.717966]]],[[[-122.649405,48.588457],[-122.578856,48.54813],[-122.572967,48.529028],[-122.649256,48.528769],[-122.649405,48.588457]]],[[[-122.714512,48.60878],[-122.670638,48.568812],[-122.68944,48.543903],[-122.717278,48.539739],[-122.73944,48.573893],[-122.714512,48.60878]]],[[[-122.699266,48.621115],[-122.674173,48.629944],[-122.657016,48.609891],[-122.699266,48.621115]]],[[[-122.418268,47.320614],[-122.324833,47.348521],[-122.328434,47.400621],[-122.355135,47.441921],[-122.383136,47.450521],[-122.361336,47.481421],[-122.396538,47.51522],[-122.398338,47.55012],[-122.421139,47.57602],[-122.387139,47.59572],[-122.370167,47.583087],[-122.339513,47.599113],[-122.429841,47.658919],[-122.37314,47.729219],[-122.394944,47.803318],[-122.33595,47.852306],[-122.307048,47.949117],[-122.230046,47.970917],[-122.224979,48.016626],[-122.343241,48.097631],[-122.363842,48.12393],[-122.362044,48.187568],[-122.395499,48.228551],[-122.449605,48.232598],[-122.441731,48.211776],[-122.479008,48.175703],[-122.358375,48.056133],[-122.4675,48.130353],[-122.486736,48.12095],[-122.512031,48.133931],[-122.53722,48.183745],[-122.530996,48.249821],[-122.480925,48.251706],[-122.466803,48.269604],[-122.406516,48.25183],[-122.371693,48.287839],[-122.408718,48.326413],[-122.533452,48.383409],[-122.554536,48.40604],[-122.557298,48.444438],[-122.649839,48.408526],[-122.678928,48.439466],[-122.654844,48.454087],[-122.657753,48.47294],[-122.689121,48.476849],[-122.710362,48.461584],[-122.712981,48.47879],[-122.684521,48.509123],[-122.606961,48.522152],[-122.568071,48.50821],[-122.537355,48.466749],[-122.471832,48.470724],[-122.498463,48.556206],[-122.534719,48.574246],[-122.495904,48.575927],[-122.482406,48.559653],[-122.44456,48.570115],[-122.425271,48.599522],[-122.500308,48.656163],[-122.519172,48.713095],[-122.490401,48.751128],[-122.535803,48.776128],[-122.596844,48.771492],[-122.637146,48.735708],[-122.612562,48.714932],[-122.615169,48.693839],[-122.673472,48.733082],[-122.645743,48.781538],[-122.693683,48.804475],[-122.709815,48.786205],[-122.717073,48.84719],[-122.793175,48.892927],[-122.751289,48.911239],[-122.746596,48.930731],[-122.822464,48.944911],[-122.75802,49.002357],[-117.032351,48.999188],[-117.034696,46.418318],[-117.062748,46.353624],[-117.027744,46.338751],[-117.020663,46.314793],[-116.98463,46.292705],[-116.987391,46.272865],[-116.955264,46.23088],[-116.965841,46.203417],[-116.921258,46.164795],[-116.955263,46.102237],[-116.981962,46.084915],[-116.942656,46.061],[-116.91868,45.999875],[-118.987129,45.999855],[-119.027056,45.969134],[-119.12612,45.932859],[-119.25715,45.939926],[-119.487829,45.906307],[-119.600549,45.919581],[-119.669877,45.856867],[-119.965744,45.824365],[-120.170453,45.761951],[-120.210754,45.725951],[-120.482362,45.694449],[-120.559465,45.738348],[-120.634968,45.745847],[-120.68937,45.715847],[-120.855674,45.671545],[-120.895575,45.642945],[-120.943977,45.656445],[-121.06437,45.652549],[-121.145534,45.607886],[-121.196556,45.616689],[-121.215779,45.671238],[-121.33777,45.704949],[-121.423592,45.69399],[-121.533106,45.726541],[-121.707358,45.694809],[-121.811304,45.706761],[-121.867167,45.693277],[-121.908267,45.654399],[-121.979797,45.624839],[-122.101675,45.583516],[-122.183695,45.577696],[-122.262625,45.544321],[-122.331502,45.548241],[-122.380302,45.575941],[-122.438674,45.563585],[-122.675008,45.618039],[-122.76381,45.657138],[-122.774511,45.680437],[-122.761451,45.759163],[-122.795605,45.81],[-122.785026,45.867699],[-122.81151,45.912725],[-122.813998,45.960984],[-122.878092,46.031281],[-122.904119,46.083734],[-123.004233,46.133823],[-123.115904,46.185268],[-123.166414,46.188973],[-123.280166,46.144843],[-123.371433,46.146372],[-123.430847,46.181827],[-123.427629,46.229348],[-123.474844,46.267831],[-123.669501,46.266832],[-123.680574,46.296025],[-123.700764,46.305278],[-123.766682,46.273499],[-123.806139,46.283588],[-123.875525,46.239787],[-123.919581,46.251217],[-124.001264,46.31326],[-124.020551,46.315737],[-124.044018,46.275925],[-124.080671,46.267239],[-124.057425,46.409315],[-124.069583,46.630651],[-124.048444,46.645827],[-124.035874,46.630822],[-124.052708,46.622796],[-124.023566,46.582559],[-124.026032,46.462978],[-123.990615,46.463019],[-123.988386,46.497008],[-123.97083,46.47537],[-123.943667,46.477197],[-123.894254,46.537028],[-123.955556,46.60357],[-123.960642,46.636364],[-123.921913,46.650262],[-123.923269,46.672708],[-123.851356,46.70256],[-123.84621,46.716795],[-123.898641,46.750205],[-123.916874,46.726739],[-123.974994,46.733391],[-123.966886,46.705184],[-124.003458,46.702337],[-124.092176,46.741624],[-124.108078,46.836388],[-124.138225,46.905534],[-124.093392,46.901168],[-124.089286,46.867716],[-124.073113,46.861493],[-124.049279,46.891253],[-123.985082,46.921916],[-123.86018,46.948556],[-123.898245,46.971927],[-124.012218,46.985176],[-124.005248,47.003915],[-124.026345,47.030187],[-124.122057,47.04165],[-124.151288,47.021112],[-124.124386,46.94387],[-124.180111,46.926357],[-124.169113,46.994508],[-124.182802,47.134041],[-124.236349,47.287287],[-124.319379,47.355559],[-124.355955,47.545698],[-124.425195,47.738434],[-124.47657,47.769671],[-124.489737,47.816988],[-124.625512,47.887963],[-124.672427,47.964414],[-124.696542,48.069274],[-124.687101,48.098657],[-124.731746,48.169997],[-124.696111,48.198599],[-124.690389,48.219745],[-124.705031,48.238774],[-124.684677,48.255228],[-124.65894,48.331057],[-124.730863,48.3762],[-124.716947,48.389776],[-124.599278,48.381035],[-124.395593,48.288772],[-124.272017,48.25441],[-124.238582,48.262471],[-124.101773,48.216883],[-124.107215,48.200082],[-124.050734,48.177747],[-123.981032,48.164761],[-123.672445,48.162715],[-123.628819,48.139279],[-123.590839,48.134949],[-123.551131,48.151382],[-123.507235,48.131807],[-123.440128,48.142014],[-123.441972,48.124259],[-123.424668,48.118065],[-123.332699,48.11297],[-123.239129,48.118217],[-123.133445,48.177276],[-123.143229,48.156633],[-123.06621,48.120469],[-123.038727,48.081138],[-122.929095,48.096244],[-122.917942,48.091535],[-122.927975,48.06665],[-122.877641,48.047025],[-122.849273,48.053808],[-122.878255,48.076072],[-122.876282,48.110877],[-122.833173,48.134406],[-122.760448,48.14324],[-122.748911,48.117026],[-122.801399,48.087561],[-122.770496,48.047897],[-122.74229,48.049324],[-122.733257,48.091232],[-122.68724,48.101662],[-122.669868,48.017217],[-122.723374,48.008095],[-122.718082,47.987739],[-122.6788,47.96793],[-122.681924,47.936415],[-122.651063,47.920985],[-122.646494,47.894771],[-122.610341,47.887343],[-122.650083,47.86386],[-122.69376,47.868002],[-122.683742,47.838773],[-122.748061,47.800546],[-122.758498,47.746036],[-122.811929,47.679861],[-122.832139,47.695511],[-122.790619,47.792597],[-122.820178,47.835904],[-122.815027,47.807493],[-122.845612,47.777474],[-122.896524,47.674838],[-122.97244,47.6149],[-123.106486,47.45817],[-123.15598,47.355745],[-123.140169,47.347496],[-123.111298,47.362619],[-123.120234,47.39149],[-122.967284,47.585685],[-122.856611,47.649615],[-122.754186,47.671612],[-122.740159,47.736228],[-122.714801,47.768176],[-122.608105,47.856728],[-122.573672,47.857582],[-122.588235,47.912923],[-122.620316,47.931553],[-122.603861,47.940478],[-122.592184,47.922519],[-122.527593,47.905882],[-122.506122,47.831745],[-122.482529,47.815511],[-122.495458,47.786692],[-122.470333,47.757109],[-122.488491,47.743605],[-122.554454,47.745704],[-122.543161,47.710941],[-122.504604,47.699136],[-122.518277,47.65132],[-122.493205,47.635122],[-122.49824,47.598242],[-122.479089,47.583654],[-122.543118,47.556326],[-122.547207,47.528257],[-122.494882,47.510265],[-122.530514,47.469041],[-122.551136,47.394456],[-122.537044,47.375896],[-122.573739,47.318419],[-122.547521,47.285344],[-122.611464,47.2181],[-122.697378,47.283969],[-122.671256,47.343774],[-122.632463,47.376394],[-122.725738,47.33047],[-122.749621,47.276408],[-122.644182,47.209177],[-122.711997,47.127681],[-122.771619,47.167109],[-122.832799,47.243412],[-122.799025,47.289306],[-122.796646,47.341654],[-122.821868,47.363069],[-122.822344,47.319763],[-122.863732,47.270221],[-122.838298,47.208353],[-122.858735,47.167955],[-122.814238,47.179482],[-122.775056,47.123114],[-122.67813,47.103866],[-122.590829,47.178107],[-122.527586,47.291531],[-122.547747,47.316403],[-122.4442,47.266723],[-122.409199,47.288556],[-122.444635,47.300421],[-122.418268,47.320614]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Arizona\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668c87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Desborough, G. A.","contributorId":34527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Desborough","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heidel, Robert H.","contributorId":77647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heidel","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raymond, W. H.","contributorId":83919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raymond","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tripp, J.","contributorId":37872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":31533,"text":"ofr70362 - 1971 - Effects of irrigation on streamflow in the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-13T11:54:02","indexId":"ofr70362","displayToPublicDate":"2002-04-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"70-362","title":"Effects of irrigation on streamflow in the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

Development of ground water for irrigation affects streamflow and water levels in the sand-plain area of central Wisconsin. Additional irrigation development may reduce opportunities for water-based recreation by degrading the streams as trout habitat and by lowering lake levels. This study was made to inventory present development of irrigation in the sand-plain area, assess potential future development, and estimate the effects of irrigation on streamflow and ground-water levels. The suitability of land and the availability of ground water for irrigation are dependent, to a large extent, upon the geology of the area. Rocks making up the ground-water reservoir include outwash, morainal deposits, and glacial lake deposits. These deposits are underlain by crystalline rocks and by sandstone, which act as the floor of the ground-water reservoir. Outwash, the main aquifer, supplies water to about 300 irrigation wells and maintains relatively stable flow in the streams draining the area. The saturated thickness of these deposits is more than 100 feet over much of the area and is as much as 180 feet in bedrock valleys. The saturated thickness of the outwash generally is great enough to provide sufficient water for large-scale irrigation in all but two areas --one near the town of Wisconsin Rapids and one near Dorro Couche Mound. Aquifer tests indicate that the permeability of the outwash is quite high, ranging from about 1,000 gpd per square foot to about 3,800 gpd per square foot, Specific capacities of irrigation wells in the area range from 14 to 157 gpm per foot of drawdown. Water use in the sand-plain area is mainly for irrigation and waterbased recreation. Irrigation development began in the area in the late 1940's, and by 1967 about 19,500 acre-feet of water were pumped to irrigate 34,000 acres of potatoes, snap beans, corn, cucumbers, and other crops. About 70 percent of the applied water was lost to evapotranspiration, and about 30 percent was returned to the ground-water reservoir. Irrigation development should continue in the sand plain; future development probably will include improved artificial drainage and land clearing. The hydrology of the sand-plain area was studied from water budgets for seven basins and from water balances for eight types of vegetative cover or land use. During the study period about 16-20 inches of the 28- to 30-inch average annual precipitation were lost to evapotranspiration from different basins in the area, Evapotranspiration from different types of vegetative cover or land use ranged from about 14 inches per year for bare ground to about 25 inches per year from land covered by phreatophytes. Evapotranspiration is about 19 inches from forested land, about 16 inches from grassland and unirrigated row crops, about 19 inches from irrigated beans, and about 22 inches from irrigated potatoes. Variations in evapotranspiration from the different types of vegetative cover result mainly from differences in soil moisture available to the plants. Available soil moisture ranges from about 1 inch for shallow-rooted grasses and row crops to about 3 inches for forest. Most of the precipitation not used by plants or to replenish soil moisture seeps to the water table, and ground-water recharge in the area averages about 12-14 inches per year. However, computed recharge ranged from about 3 inches to about 22 inches during the 1948-67 period, depending upon the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation. Of the average 12-14 inches of recharge, about lo-13 inches are discharged to the streams draining the area, and about l-2 inches are used by phreatophytes or by irrigated crops. Annual streamflow in the area averages about 11-12 inches per year, and because it is sustained mainly by ground water, its seasonal distribution is fairly uniform, However, streamflow varies seasonally, being highest in the spring, low in the summer, higher

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr70362","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Weeks, E., and Stangland, H., 1971, Effects of irrigation on streamflow in the Central Sand Plain of Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 70-362, Report: 113 p.; 4 Plates: 17 x 21 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr70362.","productDescription":"Report: 113 p.; 4 Plates: 17 x 21 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"116","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2720,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/OFR-sandplain/index.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59800,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59801,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59802,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59803,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59804,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1970/0362/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Adams, Portage, Waushara, Wood","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 44.78086028131498\n ],\n [\n -89.22821044921875,\n 44.78086028131498\n ],\n [\n -89.22821044921875,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n -89.84619140625,\n 44.11914151643737\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625104","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, E.P.","contributorId":38514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stangland, H.G.","contributorId":28286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stangland","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207469,"text":"70207469 - 1971 - Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T17:23:27","indexId":"70207469","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-31T17:19:02","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1997,"text":"Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7","docAbstract":"

The sediments cored on Leg 7 are predominantly deep sea biogenic oozes and chalks; only rarely were significant quantities of pelagic clays and volcanic detritus encountered. The biogenic sections include both siliceous and calcareous deposits. At three sites the drilling terminated in basalt, one of which (Site 62) is interpreted as being intrusive on the basis of intense alteration of the overlying sediment. With the exception of Ca++ and Sr , compositional changes in the pore waters are characteristically small relative to those reported previously for rapidly deposited, non-biogenic sediments. Ca++ and Sr + , however, exhibit concentrations of up to three times and ten times, respectively, those found in sea water. In several instances, constant concentration gradients as a function of depth have been found.

The sampling, storage and analytical procedures employed have been briefly described in an earlier report (Sayles et al, 1970) and are detailed in a manuscript in preparation (Manheim and Chan). Sodium has been calculated as the difference between the summation of the anions and the summation of the major cations exclusive of sodium; to date, this method has proven more accurate than direct analytical methods. Agreement between the two types of silica determination used (emission spectrometric and colorimetric) is poor; the values obtained by emission spectrometry are characteristically higher. The colorimetric technique measures only \"reactive\" silica (monomeric and possibly dimeric) while the emission spectrometric technique will determine all of the silica in solution and in suspension. The silica content of most of the solutions is high (60 ppm) and polymerization is likely. We are currently investigating this discrepancy. The pH and water content data reported were obtained aboard the Glomar Challenger immediately after sampling

","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","doi":"10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.112.1971","usgsCitation":"Sayles, F., and Manheim, F.T., 1971, Interstitial water studies on small core samples, deep sea drilling Project, leg 7: Initial reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 7, p. 871-881, https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.112.1971.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"871","endPage":"881","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.7.112.1971","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sayles, F.L.","contributorId":77657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayles","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207545,"text":"70207545 - 1971 - Origin of the differentiated and hybrid lavas of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T15:51:26.883042","indexId":"70207545","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-23T11:33:47","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of the differentiated and hybrid lavas of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Kilauea Volcano has erupted lava from its summit caldera and from two rift zones that extend from the summit towards the east and south-west. Lavas erupted from the summit of the volcano differ from each other principally in their content of olivine and define lines of ‘olivine control’ on magnesia variation diagrams. Lavas erupted on the rift zones may be similar in composition to the summit lavas or may be differentiated by processes that involve minerals other than olivine. All of the differentiated lavas have less than 6·8 per cent MgO and plot off the extension of olivine control lines for the summit lavas. Prehistoric vents (before A.D. 1750) from which differentiated lavas have been erupted are found on the east rift zone and in the western Koae fault zone adjacent to the south-west rift zone; historic vents for differentiated lavas are confined to the east rift zone. Twenty-one new analyses are presented for several of the east rift differentiates and for the newly discovered differentiates adjacent to the south-west rift zone. The differentiates have MgO as low as 3·9 per cent and SiO2 as high as 56 per cent; both extremes are found in the prehistoric lavas adjacent to the south-west rift.

Detailed petrochemical studies suggest the following conclusions:

  1. The chemical composition of magma erupted at Kilauea summit varies with the date of eruption. Lavas erupted before 1750, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and in the twentieth century form groups that can be distinguished chemically. On a lesser scale, each Kilauea summit eruption in the twentieth century has a chemistry that is distinctive with respect to the chemistry of every other summit eruption.

  2. During late prehistoric time pockets of differentiated magma were formed within the rift zones by separation of the liquid remaining after partial crystallization of bodies of summit magma. This process presumably is still going on within the east rift zone, but the more recently separated liquids have not yet been erupted to the surface. The relative time at which these differentiated magmas were produced can be estimated from calculations based on their chemical compositions, which show that the differentiates could lie on the liquid line of descent for Kilauea summit magma of prehistoric composition but not on any liquid line of descent for younger summit magmas.

  3. Lava from some eruptions, notably the early part of the 1955 eruption on the lower east rift, has the composition of the liquid fraction as it is generated within the rift. Lava compositions of other eruptions, including those of the later lavas of 1955, are best explained by mixing of magma supplied from a central reservoir beneath Kilauea summit with the differentiated liquid in the rift. Lava from each summit eruption is unique chemically, so it is possible to recognize its presence or absence as components of mixing in such mixed lavas. It appears that summit magma of composition characteristic of the 1952 and 1961 Halemaumau eruptions contributed to the composition of the mixed lavas produced in the latter part of the 1955 eruption. Summit magma of 1961 composition is alone sufficient to explain the composition of mixed lavas erupted in 1960 and 1961. In rift lavas erupted from 1962 to 1965, the composition of lava erupted in Halemaumau in 1967, in addition to the 1961 composition, is a component of mixing, and it is the dominant summit component in the composition of the two 1965 eruptions. The proportion of summit magma to differentiated magma needed to explain the composition of lavas erupted on the upper east rift increases from 1961 to 1965; this increase indicates that the differentiated magma was being diluted and used up by repeated flooding of this part of the rift zone by magma supplied from the central reservoir.

  4. The fact that components of ‘summit composition’ appear in rift eruptions before they appear undiluted in Halemaumau suggests that the central reservoir is vertically zoned. Rift eruptions are fed from lower levels where younger magma is available, and summit eruptions are fed from the relatively older magma above. The chemical distinction between lava of successive summit eruptions implies that significant convective mixing of magma does not take place throughout the central reservoir.

  5. The unique and uniform composition of lava of each successive summit eruption also suggests that summit eruptions end when all of the magma of one composition has been erupted. The magma erupted from the upper levels of the reservoir during one cycle is continually replaced from below by younger magma of different composition. In order for eruption to be renewed in Halemaumau, new magma from the mantle must be held in storage at intermediate levels before it attains an ‘eruptive state’.

  6. The hypothesis presented in 2–4 above permits qualitative predictions concerning future lava compositions. The composition of the next lava to be erupted in Halemaumau is expected to be distinct from that of the 1967 eruption, and this composition will presumably be identified in rift eruptions occurring between 1967 and the time of its appearance in Halemaumau.

  7. Differentiates of prehistoric age also were apparently formed in the same way as those of historic age, but the mixing cannot be described quantitatively because of poor control on the stratigraphy and the compositions of erupted lavas. One lava in the Koae group, that from Yellow Cone, appears to be a mixture of a picritic magma (12 per cent MgO) with a differentiated liquid with less than 2·5 per cent MgO and nearly 60 per cent SiO2.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford","doi":"10.1093/petrology/12.1.1","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., and Fiske, R.S., 1971, Origin of the differentiated and hybrid lavas of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 1-65, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/12.1.1.","productDescription":"65 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"65","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370645,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.36659240722656,\n 19.276146935787732\n ],\n [\n -155.1372528076172,\n 19.276146935787732\n ],\n [\n -155.1372528076172,\n 19.475655495911568\n ],\n [\n -155.36659240722656,\n 19.475655495911568\n ],\n [\n -155.36659240722656,\n 19.276146935787732\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fiske, Richard S.","contributorId":17984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227341,"text":"70227341 - 1971 - Status of engineering geologic and environmental geologic mapping in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T19:55:40.719686","indexId":"70227341","displayToPublicDate":"1971-12-01T13:22:40","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1128,"text":"Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Status of engineering geologic and environmental geologic mapping in the United States","docAbstract":"

1. Engineering geologic maps in the United States may be one map prepared as part of a larger study of environmental geology, individual areal geologic maps containing additional engineering geologic data, or engineering geologic maps of single construction sites.

2. No systematic methodology for engineering geologic or environmental geologic maps has been developed.

3. Environmental geology studies combine the efforts of workers in a number of geologic fields to produce many maps of basic data, as well as various interpretative maps, only one of which may be an engineering geologic or foundation conditions map. Maps of many scales may be prepared for a single study, depending upon the geologic conditions, the main problems of the area, and the principal needs.

4. New technology, including computers and various types of aerial photography, is constantly being developed, and its use is being encouraged to increase the speed and efficiency of map preparation.

5. The use of engineering geologic and environmental geologic maps in the United States is constantly growing; such maps will continue to be made in increasing numbers.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02635376","usgsCitation":"Radbruch, D.H., 1971, Status of engineering geologic and environmental geologic mapping in the United States: Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, v. 4, p. 4-14, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02635376.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-66.59993,17.98182],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-156.02368,19.81422],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.91907,20.17395],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.78505,20.2487],[-155.40214,20.07975],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-155.06226,19.8591],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-154.83147,19.45328],[-155.22217,19.23972],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.58673,20.783],[-156.70167,20.8643],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.78933,21.06873],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-157.70703,21.26442],[-157.7786,21.27729],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.2538,21.53919],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.94161,21.65272],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.74877,22.1382],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-94.81758,49.38905],[-94.64,48.84],[-94.32914,48.67074],[-93.63087,48.60926],[-92.61,48.45],[-91.64,48.14],[-90.83,48.27],[-89.6,48.01],[-89.27292,48.01981],[-88.37811,48.30292],[-87.43979,47.94],[-86.46199,47.55334],[-85.65236,47.22022],[-84.87608,46.90008],[-84.77924,46.6371],[-84.54375,46.53868],[-84.6049,46.4396],[-84.3367,46.40877],[-84.14212,46.51223],[-84.09185,46.27542],[-83.89077,46.11693],[-83.61613,46.11693],[-83.46955,45.99469],[-83.59285,45.81689],[-82.55092,45.34752],[-82.33776,44.44],[-82.13764,43.57109],[-82.43,42.98],[-82.9,42.43],[-83.12,42.08],[-83.142,41.97568],[-83.02981,41.8328],[-82.69009,41.67511],[-82.43928,41.67511],[-81.27775,42.20903],[-80.24745,42.3662],[-78.93936,42.86361],[-78.92,42.965],[-79.01,43.27],[-79.17167,43.46634],[-78.72028,43.62509],[-77.73789,43.62906],[-76.82003,43.62878],[-76.5,44.01846],[-76.375,44.09631],[-75.31821,44.81645],[-74.867,45.00048],[-73.34783,45.00738],[-71.50506,45.0082],[-71.405,45.255],[-71.08482,45.30524],[-70.66,45.46],[-70.305,45.915],[-69.99997,46.69307],[-69.23722,47.44778],[-68.905,47.185],[-68.23444,47.35486],[-67.79046,47.06636],[-67.79134,45.70281],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-69.06,43.98],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-70.64,41.475],[-71.12039,41.49445],[-71.86,41.32],[-72.295,41.27],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.20002,39.24845],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.37747,38.01551],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.86804,36.55125],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.08801,26.20576],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.24,26.73],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.28784,29.68612],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.53,25.84],[-98.24,26.06],[-99.02,26.37],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.52,27.54],[-100.11,28.11],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-102.48,29.76],[-103.11,28.97],[-103.94,29.27],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-108.24,31.75485],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-109.035,31.34194],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-114.815,32.52528],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-122.95319,38.11371],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-124.02053,44.6159],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.39567,47.72017],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-120,49],[-117.03121,49],[-116.04818,49],[-113,49],[-110.05,49],[-107.05,49],[-104.04826,48.99986],[-100.65,49],[-97.22872,49.0007],[-95.15907,49],[-95.15609,49.38425],[-94.81758,49.38905]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.76278,57.81657],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-166.84834,59.94141],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.29056,63.19444],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]],[[[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-145.68999,70.12001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-142.07251,69.85194],[-140.98599,69.712],[-140.9925,66.00003],[-140.99777,60.3064],[-140.013,60.27684],[-139.039,60.00001],[-138.34089,59.56211],[-137.4525,58.905],[-136.47972,59.46389],[-135.47583,59.78778],[-134.945,59.27056],[-134.27111,58.86111],[-133.35555,58.41029],[-132.73042,57.69289],[-131.70781,56.55212],[-130.00778,55.91583],[-129.97999,55.285],[-130.53611,54.80275],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-135.03821,58.18771],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-140.82527,59.72752],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-148.57082,59.91417],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-155.30749,57.72779],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-161.22305,55.36473],[-162.23777,55.02419],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-163.84834,55.03943],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-158.4611,57.21692],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-164.66222,60.26748],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-161.39193,64.77724],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-166.70527,66.08832],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"United States\"}}]}","volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Radbruch, Dorothy H.","contributorId":65874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radbruch","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227400,"text":"70227400 - 1971 - Third International Seminar for Hydrology Professors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T23:30:38.905719","indexId":"70227400","displayToPublicDate":"1971-10-01T17:25:01","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Third International Seminar for Hydrology Professors","docAbstract":"

The Third International Seminar for Hydrology Professors was held at Purdue University in Lafayette, Indiana. There were 72 U.S. participants from 25 States and 19 participants from 15 other countries as follows: three from Canada; two each from Costa Rica and Peru; and one each from The Republic of China, Colombia, El Salvador, France, India, Republic of Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal, Romania, Turkey, and the United Arab Republic. Seventy-eight of the participants were college or university professors and 13 represented various state and national research and technical agencies.

","conferenceTitle":"Third International Seminar for Hydrology Professors","conferenceDate":"July 18-30, 1971","conferenceLocation":"Lafayette, Indiana, United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/EO052i010p00723-01","usgsCitation":"Shown, L.M., 1971, Third International Seminar for Hydrology Professors: Eos Science News, v. 52, no. 10, p. 723-723, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO052i010p00723-01.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"723","endPage":"723","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394297,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Lafayette","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.98356628417969,\n 40.34235741658335\n ],\n [\n -86.78031921386719,\n 40.34235741658335\n ],\n [\n -86.78031921386719,\n 40.52528265385008\n ],\n [\n -86.98356628417969,\n 40.52528265385008\n ],\n [\n -86.98356628417969,\n 40.34235741658335\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shown, Lynn M.","contributorId":7326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shown","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206432,"text":"70206432 - 1971 - The problem of groundwater discharge into the seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-03T16:48:57","indexId":"70206432","displayToPublicDate":"1971-10-01T16:34:10","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The problem of groundwater discharge into the seas","title":"The problem of groundwater discharge into the seas","docAbstract":"

Introductory Note: The dynamic equilibrium of the various factors involved in the world water balance or budget is the central scientific problem of the International Hydrological Decade. One of the potentially vital elements of the balance is groundwater discharge to the oceans. To paraphrase the authors of the following Russian publication, the world water budget can't be properly balanced, statically or dynamically, until there are improved values for the amount of groundwater that is discharged directly to oceans, seas, and enclosed lakes. The following report, with its bibliography, presents some Russian approaches to the problem and provides a few bits of numerical information. The report was translated by Frank W. Trainer of the U.S. Geological Survey. The text has been slightly reduced in the interests of saving space but the bibliography is given in full and has been transcribed into more or less standard U.S. Geological Survey bibliographical style. ©1971. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

","language":"English ","doi":"10.1029/EO052i010p00717","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Kudelin, B., Zekster, I., Meskheteli, A., Brusilovsky, S., and Trainer, F., 1971, The problem of groundwater discharge into the seas: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 52, no. 10, p. 717-722, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO052i010p00717.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"722","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368910,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kudelin, B.I.","contributorId":220224,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kudelin","given":"B.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zekster, I.S.","contributorId":220225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zekster","given":"I.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meskheteli, A.V.","contributorId":220226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meskheteli","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brusilovsky, S.A.","contributorId":220227,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brusilovsky","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trainer, F.W.","contributorId":26007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trainer","given":"F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":774527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70227462,"text":"70227462 - 1971 - Investigation of magnetization and density of a north Atlantic seamount using Poisson's theorem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-18T17:59:30.431472","indexId":"70227462","displayToPublicDate":"1971-10-01T10:51:21","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigation of magnetization and density of a north Atlantic seamount using Poisson's theorem","docAbstract":"

The relationship between the gravitational and magnetic potentials caused by a uniform distribution of mass and magnetization may be used to obtain independent information about these physical properties. The general relationship in the frequency domain between the Fourier transforms of the gravity and magnetic anomaly fields is established through the Poisson theorem. The discrete Fourier transforms of the sampled continuous functions are used in an analysis which leads to a system of linear equations involving terms in density, magnetization, and calculated finite Fourier-series coefficients. A least squares solution of the system yields the three components of the total magnetization vector divided by the density. From these results, the direction of total magnetization and the minimum of the Koenigsberger ratio Q can be determined uniquely. The remanent magnetization direction and certain other information can be derived for special cases in which the value of one or more of the physical property terms can be assigned. Accurate results were obtained in the analysis of data from a theoretical model. Analysis of gravity and magnetic data from the North Atlantic Gilliss seamount indicates the presence of a significant component of remanent magnetization and leads to derived physical properties which are in fairly close agreement with dredged sample data. The calculated direction of remanent magnetization indicates a paleomagnetic pole position in eastern Siberia, in general agreement with the predicted position for a Cretaceous source in the North Atlantic. The seamount example illustrates certain contingent problems to be considered in practical application of the method.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1440224","usgsCitation":"Cordell, L., and Taylor, P., 1971, Investigation of magnetization and density of a north Atlantic seamount using Poisson's theorem: Geophysics, v. 36, no. 5, p. 919-937, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440224.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"919","endPage":"937","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394452,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bermuda","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Ocean, Gilliss seamount","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -63.182373046875,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -54.349365234375,\n 35.782170703266075\n ],\n [\n -54.349365234375,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -63.182373046875,\n 41.244772343082076\n ],\n [\n -63.182373046875,\n 35.782170703266075\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cordell, Lindrith","contributorId":40573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cordell","given":"Lindrith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Patrick","contributorId":172618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":831038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205599,"text":"70205599 - 1971 - Ground water in the Aden sector of Southern Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-26T15:30:10","indexId":"70205599","displayToPublicDate":"1971-09-26T15:28:04","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground water in the Aden sector of Southern Arabia","docAbstract":"

A reconnaissance of parts of the former West Aden Protectorate enables a characterization of the dominant hydrologic elements to be made. In this desert environment intermittent streams from the east‐west range of mountains provide considerable water for flood irrigation and groundwater recharge of alluvial fans along the Gulf of Aden. High yield wells are developed in the coastal area and in at least one alluvial area on the back slope facing the Empty Quarter. Ground water in the interior is generally restricted to areas where wadi flow provides occasional recharge. Relatively few rock wells have been drilled in the area. Many wells in the alluvium yield silty water leading to clogging of the wells and undue pump wear.

","language":"English","publisher":"NGWA","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03542.x","usgsCitation":"Cedarstrom, D., 1971, Ground water in the Aden sector of Southern Arabia: Ground Water, v. 9, no. 2, p. 29-34, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1971.tb03542.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"34","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":367742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cedarstrom, D.J.","contributorId":102127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cedarstrom","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010321,"text":"70010321 - 1971 - Lunar Apennine-Hadley region: Geological implications of earth-based radar and infrared measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-26T17:03:29.874993","indexId":"70010321","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lunar Apennine-Hadley region: Geological implications of earth-based radar and infrared measurements","docAbstract":"

Recently completed high-resolution radar maps of the moon contain information on the decimeter-scale structure of the surface. When this information is combined with eclipse thermal-enhancement data and with high-resolution Lunar Orbiter photography, the surface morphology is revealed in some detail. A geological history for certain features and subareas can be developed, which provides one possible framework for the interpretation of the findings from the Apollo 15 landing. Frequency of decimeter- and meter-size blocks in and around lunar craters, given by the remote-sensed data, supports a multilayer structure in the Palus Putredinis mare region, as well as a great age for the bordering Apennine Mountains scarp.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.173.3999.808","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Zisk, S., Carr, M.H., Masursky, H., Shorthill, R., and Thompson, T., 1971, Lunar Apennine-Hadley region: Geological implications of earth-based radar and infrared measurements: Science, v. 173, no. 3999, p. 808-812, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3999.808.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"808","endPage":"812","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"173","issue":"3999","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a89e4b0c8380cd68e44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zisk, S.H.","contributorId":35311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zisk","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":358639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masursky, H.","contributorId":33823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masursky","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shorthill, R.W.","contributorId":20321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorthill","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, T.W.","contributorId":78736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70206914,"text":"70206914 - 1971 - A lower paleozoic paleoaquifer; the Kingsport Formation and Mascot dolomite of Tennessee and southwest Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T14:21:23.414628","indexId":"70206914","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T16:57:21","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A lower paleozoic paleoaquifer; the Kingsport Formation and Mascot dolomite of Tennessee and southwest Virginia","docAbstract":"

The Kingsport Formation (Lower Ordovician) in one section may be composed of two dominant rock types--limestone and medium to coarsely crystalline dolomite--whereas in an adjacent section, most of the formation may be largely composed of breccia. The breccia bodies, which are interpreted to be solution-collapse features, range in width from 30 feet to several hundred feet, in thickness from a few feet to more than 200 feet, and are hundreds of feet long. Many of the complexities of the Kingsport can be directly related to the development of an unconformity at the top of the overlying Mascot Dolomite. Erosion associated with the unconformity produced a widespread karst topography with an attendant paleoaquifer system. Ground water, apparently reacting to differences in solubility between limestone of the Kingsport and dense dolomite of the Mascot, is thought to be a major contributing factor in regional dolomitization and localization of solution-thinning and collapse features at the contact of the Kingsport and Mascot. Later mineralizing solutions invaded the paleoaquifer, locally depositing commercial quantities of zinc ore.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.735","usgsCitation":"Harris, L.D., 1971, A lower paleozoic paleoaquifer; the Kingsport Formation and Mascot dolomite of Tennessee and southwest Virginia: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 735-743, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.735.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"743","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369686,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia, Tennessee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.63450348970652,\n 36.08170648115049\n ],\n [\n -81.33440316723224,\n 36.80238438565193\n ],\n [\n -81.14867454973582,\n 37.0207690912394\n ],\n [\n -82.0663924244235,\n 37.38624564587076\n ],\n [\n -84.27328540879175,\n 36.19640637022552\n ],\n [\n -82.63450348970652,\n 36.08170648115049\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, Leonard D.","contributorId":25567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207070,"text":"70207070 - 1971 - A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-06T07:15:36","indexId":"70207070","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T10:47:17","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water","docAbstract":"

Most modern disordered dolomite has been found in dynamic environments. However, solutions associated with modern dolomite formation do not have a common Mg/Ca ratio; the ratio ranges from about 3 to 100. Ground-water circulation may have a significant role in formation of regional dolomites; one of the primary requirements for regional dolomite formation is a large supply of magnesium ions. An X-ray study of well cuttings from the Tertiary limestone aquifer of central Florida indicates that it is composed primarily of calcite and dolomite with minor amounts of quartz and apatite. The magnesium content of the calcite is slightly lower (0-2 percent MgC03) in the recharge areas than in the deeper confined parts of the aquifer system (2-4 percent MgC03). Our data support other recent work and indicate an equilibrium constant for dolomite of 2 X 10-17. Inasmuch as this value is exactly the square of the calcite equilibrium constant (10~8-35), the Mg/Ca ratio must be unity for the three-phase equilibrium, calcite-dolomite-water. The Mg/Ca ratio in water from the aquifer is as low as 0.05 in the recharge area where the water is also undersaturated with respect to both calcite and dolomite. With time and length of travel path in the system, the water increases systematically in Mg/Ca ratio, which approaches unity; saturation with respect to the two carbonates also increases downgradient until the solution apparently becomes over-saturated with respect to both carbonates. In Tertiary limestones of the Yucatan Peninsula, the Mg/Ca range in water is similar to that for Florida. The small amount of magnesium available from the solution of magnesium calcites and dolomite in the potable zone of active circulation is insufficient to provide the amount required for extensive dolomitization unless enormous quantities of rock are available for dissolution. However, dolomite may be forming in the zones of brackish water that underlie the Florida and Yucatan Peninsulas. The required magnesium may be derived from the readily available ocean water or reflux brines as the hydrologic regimen is changed because of relative fluctuations of sea level.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710","issn":" 03610128","usgsCitation":"Hanshaw, B., Back, W., and Deike, R., 1971, A geochemical hypothesis for dolomitization by ground water: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 710-724, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.710.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"710","endPage":"724","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369989,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States ","state":"Florida ","otherGeospatial":"Yucatan ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-82.821585,27.964443],[-82.829801,27.968469],[-82.823063,28.044758],[-82.836326,28.073193],[-82.830525,28.085293],[-82.826125,28.083793],[-82.813435,28.03716],[-82.815168,28.012547],[-82.821755,28.002494],[-82.815168,27.973721],[-82.821585,27.964443]]],[[[-81.582923,24.658732],[-81.562917,24.692912],[-81.535323,24.67954],[-81.51898,24.687818],[-81.5124,24.703737],[-81.476642,24.711244],[-81.469275,24.704286],[-81.459043,24.707355],[-81.451881,24.714518],[-81.456588,24.740097],[-81.451267,24.747464],[-81.432032,24.722908],[-81.421595,24.737641],[-81.430599,24.747259],[-81.425483,24.752989],[-81.392947,24.743371],[-81.38558,24.726182],[-81.36041,24.708788],[-81.319282,24.701238],[-81.309664,24.665017],[-81.298028,24.656774],[-81.332831,24.639528],[-81.395096,24.621062],[-81.401946,24.623564],[-81.403319,24.640294],[-81.414187,24.647167],[-81.448623,24.640172],[-81.470411,24.641985],[-81.480951,24.645121],[-81.47641,24.653197],[-81.480504,24.659757],[-81.49858,24.66498],[-81.505585,24.654609],[-81.511165,24.625135],[-81.54645,24.614895],[-81.602998,24.586444],[-81.664209,24.573143],[-81.685278,24.558739],[-81.81289,24.546468],[-81.814446,24.56358],[-81.811386,24.56975],[-81.800676,24.570989],[-81.794057,24.586],[-81.739241,24.589973],[-81.730473,24.58196],[-81.705364,24.597647],[-81.687017,24.592534],[-81.655735,24.616295],[-81.637087,24.621408],[-81.614829,24.642764],[-81.614529,24.650584],[-81.582923,24.658732]]],[[[-82.15068,24.576331],[-82.143075,24.593395],[-82.125268,24.597426],[-82.104187,24.588256],[-82.099417,24.572522],[-82.116787,24.549144],[-82.159439,24.548212],[-82.165206,24.552159],[-82.164426,24.563375],[-82.15068,24.576331]]],[[[-81.249799,24.673357],[-81.243232,24.673998],[-81.244761,24.669202],[-81.281778,24.65375],[-81.260006,24.674848],[-81.249799,24.673357]]],[[[-80.909954,24.781154],[-80.906288,24.769867],[-80.912042,24.76505],[-80.938543,24.767535],[-81.015933,24.719881],[-81.023794,24.716901],[-81.032447,24.727323],[-81.064554,24.715453],[-81.075855,24.704266],[-81.078439,24.692382],[-81.108041,24.688592],[-81.125371,24.708291],[-81.066816,24.723926],[-81.041797,24.742965],[-81.016918,24.734676],[-80.960129,24.764226],[-80.909954,24.781154]]],[[[-81.317673,24.75729],[-81.305468,24.756612],[-81.290801,24.736862],[-81.288259,24.720881],[-81.302984,24.714199],[-81.310744,24.727068],[-81.326844,24.728375],[-81.357417,24.756834],[-81.342695,24.75625],[-81.324637,24.76721],[-81.317673,24.75729]]],[[[-80.89054,24.791678],[-80.884572,24.791561],[-80.906874,24.783744],[-80.89054,24.791678]]],[[[-80.788263,24.824218],[-80.796053,24.81194],[-80.822342,24.812629],[-80.850338,24.8026],[-80.79278,24.843918],[-80.780564,24.84052],[-80.788263,24.824218]]],[[[-80.729275,24.865361],[-80.719977,24.864644],[-80.691762,24.885759],[-80.690354,24.881539],[-80.71185,24.863323],[-80.766966,24.836158],[-80.729275,24.865361]]],[[[-84.777208,29.707398],[-84.729836,29.738881],[-84.696726,29.76993],[-84.694939,29.761844],[-84.713747,29.74139],[-84.776954,29.692191],[-84.884632,29.652248],[-84.957779,29.612635],[-85.051033,29.586928],[-85.097082,29.625215],[-85.023501,29.597073],[-85.017205,29.604379],[-84.968314,29.617238],[-84.920333,29.648638],[-84.813352,29.687028],[-84.777208,29.707398]]],[[[-85.156415,29.679628],[-85.114268,29.688658],[-85.093902,29.684838],[-85.077237,29.670862],[-85.097218,29.633004],[-85.124913,29.628433],[-85.18453,29.663987],[-85.222546,29.678039],[-85.184776,29.68271],[-85.156415,29.679628]]],[[[-82.255777,26.703437],[-82.255159,26.70816],[-82.246535,26.706435],[-82.24251,26.694361],[-82.246535,26.683437],[-82.218342,26.626407],[-82.214337,26.602944],[-82.177541,26.502328],[-82.166042,26.489679],[-82.149368,26.477605],[-82.120046,26.473581],[-82.088423,26.455182],[-82.076924,26.466106],[-82.062551,26.470131],[-82.038403,26.456907],[-82.013913,26.452058],[-82.063114,26.425459],[-82.082915,26.422059],[-82.126671,26.436279],[-82.177017,26.471558],[-82.186441,26.489221],[-82.205523,26.566536],[-82.222131,26.590402],[-82.238872,26.636433],[-82.268007,26.682791],[-82.264351,26.698496],[-82.255777,26.703437]]],[[[-80.250581,25.34193],[-80.351399,25.190615],[-80.349855,25.168825],[-80.377084,25.130487],[-80.399767,25.108536],[-80.428318,25.095547],[-80.443375,25.076084],[-80.47387,25.060253],[-80.493881,25.038502],[-80.48912,25.031301],[-80.494781,25.023019],[-80.537995,24.990244],[-80.565831,24.958155],[-80.611693,24.93842],[-80.635571,24.913003],[-80.659395,24.897433],[-80.660198,24.90498],[-80.641306,24.914311],[-80.623866,24.931236],[-80.621658,24.944265],[-80.581131,24.964738],[-80.570813,24.962215],[-80.558785,24.971505],[-80.54411,24.999916],[-80.545971,25.01477],[-80.524498,25.016945],[-80.509136,25.028317],[-80.495569,25.047497],[-80.460652,25.078904],[-80.465496,25.086609],[-80.494715,25.102269],[-80.484188,25.10943],[-80.47748,25.107407],[-80.476174,25.099454],[-80.450399,25.088751],[-80.433575,25.106317],[-80.446473,25.151287],[-80.41326,25.137053],[-80.395467,25.150694],[-80.387164,25.170859],[-80.391909,25.19221],[-80.369965,25.206444],[-80.3498,25.210595],[-80.337345,25.231353],[-80.336159,25.261601],[-80.368186,25.282359],[-80.339421,25.290069],[-80.328746,25.28651],[-80.292567,25.314385],[-80.275961,25.344039],[-80.256982,25.361239],[-80.246307,25.398603],[-80.21428,25.416988],[-80.192336,25.473331],[-80.188778,25.50773],[-80.174544,25.518406],[-80.173951,25.482821],[-80.184033,25.468587],[-80.204198,25.412244],[-80.221991,25.397417],[-80.240376,25.347005],[-80.250581,25.34193]]],[[[-83.309455,30.634417],[-82.214839,30.568591],[-82.231916,30.55627],[-82.23582,30.537187],[-82.226933,30.510281],[-82.201416,30.485164],[-82.210291,30.42459],[-82.19294,30.378779],[-82.165192,30.358035],[-82.104834,30.368319],[-82.094687,30.360781],[-82.068533,30.359184],[-82.050069,30.362338],[-82.036825,30.377884],[-82.04199,30.403266],[-82.034005,30.422357],[-82.037209,30.434518],[-82.017779,30.475081],[-82.018361,30.531184],[-82.005477,30.563495],[-82.015708,30.601704],[-82.026941,30.606153],[-82.028499,30.621829],[-82.049507,30.655548],[-82.050432,30.676266],[-82.036426,30.706585],[-82.043795,30.729641],[-82.039634,30.747727],[-82.01266,30.761289],[-82.024035,30.783156],[-82.017051,30.791657],[-82.007865,30.792937],[-81.981273,30.776767],[-81.973856,30.778487],[-81.962534,30.796526],[-81.962175,30.818001],[-81.949787,30.827493],[-81.910926,30.815889],[-81.89572,30.821098],[-81.868608,30.792754],[-81.852626,30.794439],[-81.842058,30.78712],[-81.808529,30.790014],[-81.792769,30.784432],[-81.782653,30.769937],[-81.763372,30.77382],[-81.719927,30.744634],[-81.694778,30.748414],[-81.688925,30.741434],[-81.672824,30.738935],[-81.664598,30.746599],[-81.652123,30.742435],[-81.65177,30.732284],[-81.646137,30.727591],[-81.625098,30.733017],[-81.617663,30.722046],[-81.609495,30.720705],[-81.601206,30.728141],[-81.542675,30.713593],[-81.530531,30.722858],[-81.489537,30.7261],[-81.472597,30.713312],[-81.444124,30.709714],[-81.42742,30.69802],[-81.443099,30.600938],[-81.442564,30.555189],[-81.434064,30.522569],[-81.447087,30.503679],[-81.440108,30.497678],[-81.42601,30.496739],[-81.410809,30.482039],[-81.407008,30.42204],[-81.397422,30.400626],[-81.396407,30.34004],[-81.385505,30.273841],[-81.308978,29.96944],[-81.295268,29.928614],[-81.270442,29.883106],[-81.256711,29.784693],[-81.240924,29.739218],[-81.163581,29.55529],[-80.966176,29.14796],[-80.709725,28.756692],[-80.574868,28.585166],[-80.560973,28.530736],[-80.525094,28.459454],[-80.526732,28.451705],[-80.562877,28.437779],[-80.587813,28.410856],[-80.606874,28.336484],[-80.604214,28.257733],[-80.589975,28.17799],[-80.566432,28.09563],[-80.508871,27.970477],[-80.383695,27.740045],[-80.350553,27.628361],[-80.330956,27.597541],[-80.311757,27.524625],[-80.30117,27.500314],[-80.293171,27.500314],[-80.253665,27.37979],[-80.16147,27.192814],[-80.153375,27.169308],[-80.159554,27.163325],[-80.093909,27.018587],[-80.031362,26.796339],[-80.03212,26.77153],[-80.037462,26.76634],[-80.032862,26.700842],[-80.038863,26.569347],[-80.060564,26.444652],[-80.079865,26.264358],[-80.089365,26.231859],[-80.108995,26.088372],[-80.117778,25.986369],[-80.119684,25.841043],[-80.127987,25.772245],[-80.144,25.740812],[-80.154972,25.66549],[-80.160903,25.664897],[-80.176916,25.685062],[-80.166241,25.72895],[-80.184626,25.745557],[-80.197674,25.74437],[-80.240376,25.724206],[-80.267065,25.651849],[-80.296719,25.622195],[-80.305615,25.593134],[-80.302057,25.567632],[-80.313918,25.539164],[-80.328746,25.53264],[-80.339421,25.499427],[-80.337049,25.465621],[-80.328152,25.443084],[-80.320442,25.437153],[-80.326373,25.422919],[-80.32578,25.39801],[-80.306801,25.384369],[-80.31036,25.3731],[-80.335269,25.338701],[-80.374116,25.31735],[-80.418872,25.235532],[-80.495341,25.199463],[-80.569124,25.190117],[-80.669236,25.137837],[-80.777499,25.135047],[-80.82653,25.160478],[-80.838227,25.174791],[-80.858167,25.176576],[-80.899459,25.162337],[-80.900559,25.139755],[-80.970727,25.134084],[-80.999176,25.124222],[-81.049308,25.128322],[-81.079859,25.118797],[-81.141024,25.163868],[-81.146737,25.193139],[-81.171265,25.221609],[-81.16207,25.289833],[-81.148915,25.318067],[-81.151916,25.324766],[-81.140099,25.341117],[-81.12141,25.33875],[-81.117265,25.354953],[-81.128492,25.380511],[-81.150508,25.387255],[-81.146765,25.407577],[-81.168652,25.463848],[-81.208201,25.504937],[-81.204389,25.538908],[-81.209321,25.548611],[-81.225557,25.55847],[-81.240519,25.599041],[-81.240677,25.613629],[-81.253951,25.638181],[-81.290328,25.687506],[-81.328935,25.717233],[-81.346078,25.721473],[-81.343984,25.747668],[-81.361875,25.772715],[-81.340406,25.786631],[-81.352731,25.822015],[-81.386127,25.839906],[-81.394476,25.851834],[-81.417536,25.864954],[-81.441391,25.863761],[-81.458487,25.868929],[-81.473992,25.888411],[-81.508979,25.884037],[-81.511762,25.89676],[-81.527665,25.901531],[-81.584519,25.888808],[-81.644553,25.897953],[-81.663821,25.885605],[-81.678287,25.845301],[-81.68954,25.85271],[-81.713172,25.897568],[-81.727086,25.907207],[-81.73195,25.931506],[-81.749724,25.960463],[-81.747834,25.994273],[-81.762439,26.00607],[-81.801663,26.088227],[-81.820675,26.236735],[-81.833142,26.294518],[-81.868983,26.378648],[-81.91171,26.427158],[-81.964212,26.457957],[-81.969509,26.476505],[-82.008961,26.484052],[-82.01368,26.490829],[-82.00908,26.505203],[-82.024604,26.512677],[-82.043577,26.519577],[-82.06715,26.513252],[-82.07175,26.492554],[-82.105672,26.48393],[-82.111996,26.54085],[-82.137869,26.637441],[-82.181565,26.681712],[-82.17984,26.696661],[-82.173516,26.701836],[-82.139019,26.702986],[-82.125795,26.699536],[-82.106247,26.667339],[-82.099922,26.662739],[-82.093023,26.665614],[-82.084974,26.702411],[-82.066575,26.742657],[-82.061401,26.789228],[-82.055076,26.802452],[-82.059101,26.876621],[-82.090723,26.888694],[-82.093023,26.906518],[-82.090148,26.923191],[-82.061976,26.931241],[-82.063126,26.950214],[-82.076349,26.958263],[-82.107972,26.957688],[-82.117171,26.954239],[-82.137294,26.926066],[-82.162017,26.925491],[-82.175241,26.916867],[-82.156267,26.851898],[-82.147068,26.789803],[-82.151093,26.783479],[-82.172941,26.778879],[-82.17869,26.772555],[-82.221812,26.77198],[-82.232193,26.78288],[-82.251134,26.755881],[-82.259867,26.717398],[-82.269499,26.784674],[-82.289086,26.827784],[-82.351649,26.908384],[-82.445718,27.060634],[-82.477019,27.141231],[-82.539719,27.254326],[-82.569754,27.279452],[-82.569248,27.298588],[-82.597629,27.335754],[-82.642821,27.38972],[-82.691821,27.437218],[-82.714521,27.500415],[-82.745748,27.538834],[-82.708121,27.523514],[-82.710621,27.501715],[-82.706821,27.498415],[-82.686421,27.497215],[-82.683621,27.513115],[-82.674621,27.519614],[-82.65072,27.523115],[-82.632053,27.551908],[-82.612019,27.571231],[-82.611717,27.585283],[-82.584629,27.596021],[-82.570607,27.608882],[-82.558538,27.638678],[-82.514265,27.705588],[-82.494891,27.718963],[-82.477638,27.723004],[-82.482305,27.742649],[-82.434635,27.764355],[-82.418401,27.803187],[-82.402857,27.812671],[-82.393383,27.837519],[-82.402615,27.882602],[-82.413915,27.901401],[-82.451591,27.907506],[-82.460016,27.9116],[-82.462078,27.920066],[-82.478063,27.92768],[-82.491117,27.9145],[-82.488057,27.863566],[-82.46884,27.843295],[-82.47244,27.822559],[-82.511193,27.828015],[-82.553946,27.848462],[-82.552918,27.862702],[-82.538618,27.864901],[-82.529918,27.877501],[-82.542818,27.890601],[-82.531318,27.9039],[-82.533718,27.932999],[-82.553918,27.966998],[-82.576003,27.969424],[-82.62959,27.998474],[-82.678606,27.993715],[-82.684793,27.971824],[-82.720522,27.955798],[-82.724122,27.948098],[-82.720395,27.937199],[-82.710022,27.928299],[-82.691621,27.924899],[-82.685121,27.916299],[-82.628063,27.910397],[-82.63422,27.9037],[-82.63212,27.8911],[-82.61002,27.873501],[-82.567919,27.883701],[-82.566819,27.858002],[-82.598443,27.857582],[-82.586519,27.816703],[-82.622723,27.779868],[-82.63052,27.753905],[-82.62572,27.727006],[-82.63362,27.710607],[-82.652521,27.700307],[-82.677321,27.706207],[-82.679019,27.696054],[-82.713629,27.698661],[-82.718822,27.692007],[-82.721622,27.663908],[-82.712555,27.646647],[-82.698091,27.638858],[-82.705017,27.62531],[-82.733076,27.612972],[-82.739122,27.636909],[-82.738022,27.706807],[-82.746223,27.731306],[-82.760923,27.745205],[-82.783124,27.783804],[-82.828561,27.822254],[-82.846526,27.854301],[-82.851126,27.8863],[-82.840882,27.937162],[-82.831388,27.962117],[-82.824875,27.960201],[-82.821975,27.956868],[-82.838484,27.909111],[-82.832155,27.909242],[-82.805462,27.960201],[-82.792635,28.01116],[-82.792635,28.032307],[-82.782724,28.055894],[-82.781324,28.127591],[-82.790724,28.15249],[-82.808474,28.154803],[-82.805097,28.172181],[-82.797762,28.187789],[-82.762643,28.219013],[-82.764103,28.244345],[-82.759072,28.25402],[-82.746188,28.261192],[-82.732792,28.291933],[-82.73146,28.325075],[-82.706112,28.368057],[-82.706322,28.401325],[-82.697433,28.420166],[-82.684137,28.428019],[-82.674787,28.441956],[-82.680396,28.457194],[-82.665055,28.484434],[-82.669416,28.519879],[-82.656694,28.544814],[-82.66165,28.554143],[-82.654138,28.590837],[-82.664055,28.606584],[-82.674665,28.647588],[-82.668889,28.694302],[-82.712373,28.720921],[-82.698281,28.75701],[-82.730245,28.850155],[-82.688864,28.905609],[-82.702618,28.932955],[-82.723861,28.953506],[-82.735754,28.973709],[-82.737872,28.995703],[-82.758906,28.993277],[-82.764055,28.999707],[-82.753513,29.026496],[-82.759704,29.054192],[-82.783328,29.064619],[-82.780558,29.07358],[-82.816925,29.076215],[-82.823659,29.098902],[-82.801166,29.105103],[-82.799117,29.110647],[-82.805703,29.129848],[-82.804736,29.146624],[-82.827073,29.158425],[-82.974676,29.17091],[-82.991653,29.180664],[-83.018212,29.151417],[-83.019071,29.141324],[-83.030453,29.134023],[-83.053207,29.130839],[-83.056867,29.146263],[-83.068249,29.153135],[-83.061162,29.176113],[-83.087839,29.21642],[-83.074734,29.247975],[-83.077265,29.255331],[-83.089013,29.266502],[-83.107477,29.268889],[-83.128027,29.282733],[-83.169576,29.290355],[-83.17826,29.327916],[-83.175518,29.34469],[-83.200702,29.373855],[-83.202446,29.394422],[-83.218075,29.420492],[-83.240509,29.433178],[-83.272019,29.432256],[-83.294747,29.437923],[-83.311546,29.475666],[-83.33113,29.475594],[-83.356722,29.499901],[-83.370288,29.499901],[-83.379254,29.503558],[-83.383973,29.512995],[-83.400252,29.517242],[-83.405256,29.578319],[-83.39948,29.612956],[-83.414701,29.670536],[-83.436259,29.677389],[-83.455356,29.676444],[-83.483143,29.690478],[-83.483567,29.698542],[-83.493728,29.708388],[-83.537645,29.72306],[-83.566018,29.761434],[-83.584716,29.77608],[-83.585899,29.811754],[-83.595493,29.827984],[-83.618568,29.842336],[-83.63798,29.886073],[-83.679219,29.918513],[-83.788729,29.976982],[-83.82869,29.983187],[-83.845427,29.998068],[-83.93151,30.039068],[-83.931879,30.044175],[-83.991607,30.08392],[-84.000716,30.096209],[-84.024274,30.103271],[-84.06299,30.101378],[-84.083057,30.092286],[-84.10273,30.093611],[-84.11384,30.085478],[-84.124889,30.090601],[-84.167881,30.071422],[-84.179149,30.073187],[-84.19853,30.087937],[-84.237014,30.08556],[-84.247491,30.10114],[-84.256439,30.103791],[-84.272511,30.092358],[-84.270792,30.068094],[-84.277168,30.060263],[-84.297836,30.057451],[-84.315344,30.069492],[-84.358923,30.058224],[-84.365882,30.024588],[-84.361962,29.987739],[-84.3477,29.984123],[-84.343041,29.9751],[-84.333746,29.923721],[-84.343389,29.899539],[-84.349066,29.896812],[-84.378937,29.893112],[-84.423834,29.902996],[-84.443652,29.913785],[-84.451705,29.929085],[-84.494562,29.913957],[-84.511996,29.916574],[-84.535873,29.910092],[-84.603303,29.876117],[-84.647958,29.847104],[-84.65645,29.834277],[-84.692053,29.829059],[-84.755595,29.78854],[-84.868271,29.742454],[-84.881777,29.733882],[-84.888031,29.722406],[-84.901781,29.735723],[-84.877111,29.772888],[-84.893992,29.785176],[-84.90413,29.786279],[-84.91511,29.783303],[-84.93837,29.750211],[-84.964007,29.742422],[-84.968841,29.72708],[-84.993264,29.714961],[-85.037212,29.711074],[-85.072123,29.719027],[-85.121473,29.715854],[-85.177284,29.700193],[-85.22745,29.693633],[-85.259719,29.681296],[-85.319215,29.681494],[-85.343619,29.672004],[-85.347711,29.66719],[-85.344768,29.654793],[-85.380303,29.698485],[-85.397871,29.740498],[-85.413983,29.799865],[-85.417971,29.828855],[-85.413575,29.85294],[-85.405815,29.865817],[-85.392469,29.870914],[-85.405011,29.830151],[-85.405907,29.80193],[-85.37796,29.709621],[-85.353885,29.684765],[-85.317661,29.691286],[-85.31139,29.697557],[-85.302591,29.808094],[-85.31142,29.814373],[-85.317464,29.838894],[-85.336654,29.849295],[-85.363731,29.898915],[-85.405052,29.938487],[-85.425956,29.949888],[-85.487764,29.961227],[-85.509148,29.971466],[-85.571907,30.02644],[-85.588242,30.055543],[-85.601178,30.056342],[-85.69681,30.09689],[-85.775405,30.15629],[-85.9226,30.238024],[-86.089963,30.303569],[-86.222561,30.343585],[-86.2987,30.363049],[-86.412076,30.380346],[-86.50615,30.3823],[-86.632953,30.396299],[-86.750906,30.391881],[-86.909679,30.372423],[-87.206254,30.320943],[-87.267827,30.31548],[-87.295422,30.323503],[-87.518324,30.280435],[-87.452378,30.300201],[-87.450078,30.3111],[-87.50278,30.307301],[-87.504701,30.324039],[-87.49998,30.328957],[-87.459978,30.3363],[-87.452278,30.344099],[-87.451878,30.364999],[-87.438678,30.380798],[-87.440678,30.391498],[-87.429578,30.406498],[-87.403477,30.410198],[-87.366591,30.436648],[-87.370768,30.446865],[-87.399877,30.450997],[-87.425078,30.465596],[-87.434678,30.479196],[-87.431178,30.495795],[-87.447702,30.510458],[-87.446586,30.527068],[-87.43544,30.54914],[-87.418647,30.561837],[-87.406558,30.599928],[-87.397308,30.608728],[-87.393588,30.63088],[-87.397262,30.654351],[-87.406958,30.675165],[-87.449362,30.698913],[-87.466338,30.700835],[-87.481225,30.716508],[-87.502317,30.72159],[-87.511729,30.733535],[-87.532607,30.743489],[-87.545044,30.778666],[-87.581869,30.812403],[-87.600486,30.820627],[-87.605776,30.831304],[-87.615923,30.834693],[-87.634938,30.865886],[-87.592055,30.951492],[-87.589187,30.964464],[-87.599172,30.995722],[-87.571281,30.99787],[-85.998643,30.99287],[-85.002368,31.000682],[-85.004026,30.973468],[-84.980127,30.961286],[-84.983627,30.936986],[-84.971026,30.928187],[-84.936828,30.884683],[-84.935256,30.854328],[-84.928335,30.844263],[-84.936042,30.820671],[-84.928323,30.79309],[-84.918023,30.77809],[-84.920123,30.76599],[-84.914322,30.753591],[-84.896122,30.750591],[-84.864693,30.711542],[-83.309455,30.634417]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Florida\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Back, W.","contributorId":33839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deike, R.G.","contributorId":63953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deike","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70227157,"text":"70227157 - 1971 - Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T14:55:54.524899","indexId":"70227157","displayToPublicDate":"1971-08-01T08:37:22","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley","docAbstract":"

Approximately 1,330 fluid inclusions were studied in samples of ore and gangue minerals from both massive ore and late-stage vugs from a series of Appalachian deposits and five active mines in the East Tennessee zinc districts. Most primary inclusions in sphalerite, fluorite, dolomite, and quartz from East Tennessee homogenized at 82 degrees -149 degrees C. Most primary inclusions in fluorite, barite, and sphalerite from the Central Kentucky, Central Tennessee, and Sweetwater barite districts, ranged from 72 degrees -132 degrees C. Pressure corrections to be added are probably less than 10 degrees C.Freezing data were obtained as a crude measure of the salinity of the inclusion fluids. With few exceptions, all primary inclusions contained very strongly saline brines (mostly >20 weight percent salts), with appreciable amounts of at least some salts other than NaCl, and some contained immiscible globules of oil. The exceptions include several quartz, fluorite, calcite, and barite samples that contained only moderately saline brines (12-16 percent), and some inclusions containing essentially fresh water, in vug calcite. Secondary inclusions had lower salinities than adjacent primaries. Eight primary inclusions in the differently colored outer millimeter of one Central Kentucky fluorite had low salinity (4-6 percent).The data indicate that all these deposits formed from hot, saline brines, with sphalerite forming from slightly hotter and more saline fluids than later gangue minerals. This places severe restrictions on possible modes of origin and makes deeply circulating connate brines the most probable ore fluids. The data give no information on the cause or direction of fluid circulation, which would be controlled by topography, salinity, and temperature during ore deposition, and they permit wide latitude in the construction of possible models. Other observations, on \"colloform\" textures, seem to indicate the admixture of at least small amounts of surface waters with the brines.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1971, Fluid-inclusion evidence on the environment of formation of mineral deposits of the southern Appalachian valley: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 5, p. 777-791, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.5.777.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"791","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.90312194824217,\n 38.501967316378895\n ],\n [\n -78.68682861328125,\n 38.501967316378895\n ],\n [\n -78.68682861328125,\n 38.66031390899418\n ],\n [\n -78.90312194824217,\n 38.66031390899418\n ],\n [\n -78.90312194824217,\n 38.501967316378895\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -84.30908203125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -84.26513671875,\n 35.25459097465022\n ],\n [\n -84.1552734375,\n 35.21869749632885\n ],\n [\n -84.04541015625,\n 35.27253175660236\n ],\n [\n -83.990478515625,\n 35.44277092585766\n ],\n [\n -83.638916015625,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -83.46313476562499,\n 35.51434313431818\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 35.755428369259626\n ],\n [\n -82.94677734375,\n 35.755428369259626\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 35.88014896488361\n ],\n [\n -82.63916015625,\n 35.99578538642032\n ],\n [\n -82.55126953124999,\n 35.93354064249312\n ],\n [\n -82.298583984375,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -82.06787109374999,\n 36.06686213257888\n ],\n [\n -81.8701171875,\n 36.33282808737917\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 36.33282808737917\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 36.58024660149866\n ],\n [\n -83.70483398437499,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -83.155517578125,\n 36.74768773190056\n ],\n [\n -83.03466796874999,\n 36.8708321556463\n ],\n [\n -82.880859375,\n 36.88840804313823\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -82.72705078125,\n 37.03763967977139\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n -82.342529296875,\n 37.26530995561875\n ],\n [\n -81.97998046875,\n 37.52715361723378\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 38.151837403006766\n ],\n [\n -82.59521484375,\n 38.39333888832238\n ],\n [\n -82.913818359375,\n 38.788345355085625\n ],\n [\n -83.34228515625,\n 38.65119833229951\n ],\n [\n -83.616943359375,\n 38.71123253895224\n ],\n [\n -83.682861328125,\n 38.64261790634527\n ],\n [\n -83.8037109375,\n 38.659777730712534\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 38.79690830348427\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -84.407958984375,\n 39.07037913108751\n ],\n [\n -84.803466796875,\n 39.11301365149975\n ],\n [\n -84.91333007812499,\n 39.06184913429154\n ],\n [\n -84.8583984375,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -84.83642578125,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -85.198974609375,\n 38.70265930723801\n ],\n [\n -85.45166015624999,\n 38.7283759182398\n ],\n [\n -88.187255859375,\n 35.0120020431607\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, Edwin","contributorId":25571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227418,"text":"70227418 - 1971 - Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado part II: Isotopic age of emplacement and morphology of zircon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-13T21:59:29.249676","indexId":"70227418","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T15:55:28","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado part II: Isotopic age of emplacement and morphology of zircon","docAbstract":"

Zircon separated from six rocks whose compositions spanned the range of differentiation in the Boulder Creek batholith yielded a “discordia” age of emplacement of 1725 m.y., close to the average PB207/Pb206 age 1720 m.y.) and indicating that the constituent rocks are cogenetic within approximately ± 20 m.y. Statistical studies show that from 20 to 80 percent of the zircon in any one sample (1) is no-neuhedral, (2) has lower (length/width) ratios than the associated euhedral zircon, and (3) in direct contrast to the euhedral, increases markedly interior of the batholith toward contacts with the older metasediments and internal zones of contamination; it is inferred to have been “inherited” via assimilation. Unlike the noneuhedral fraction the euhedral zircon shows a linear decrease in length/width ratio with an increase in SiO2 content of the containing rocks; it is inferred to be magmatic in origin. Regardless of the relative abundance of inherited versus magmatic zircon, all samples closely fit a single discordia chord, indicating that both zircon fractions formed at about the same time. This conclusion is compatible with field relationships that indicate the emplacement of the syntectonic Boulder Creek rocks took place during a period of metamorphism notable for the widespread development of new minerals in the country rocks.

(1) Zircon from a Silver Plume Granite dike intruding the Boulder Creek batholith, (2) zircon from Silver Plume correlatives immediately to the north (Tilton and co-workers), and (3) uraninite from a probable Silver Plume correlative in the Central City district, together yield a sharply defined discordia age of emplacement of 1415 m.y.

The separate “discordia” chords for the Boulder Creek and Silver Plume zirconconverge close to their lower intercepts with “concordia” indicative of a one-step lead loss during the Laramide disturbance. The Silver Plume “thermal event” left no age imprint on the Boulder Creek zircon, presumably because insufficient time had elapsed to produce significant metamictization.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1615:BCBCPI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stern, T.W., Phair, G., and Newell, M.F., 1971, Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado part II: Isotopic age of emplacement and morphology of zircon: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 6, p. 1615-1633, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1615:BCBCPI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1615","endPage":"1633","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek batholith","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.96450805664062,\n 39.536880650643056\n ],\n [\n -104.98672485351562,\n 39.536880650643056\n ],\n [\n -104.98672485351562,\n 40.263808598903566\n ],\n [\n -105.96450805664062,\n 40.263808598903566\n ],\n [\n -105.96450805664062,\n 39.536880650643056\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stern, Thomas W.","contributorId":271088,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stern","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phair, George","contributorId":91512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phair","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newell, Marcia F.","contributorId":47238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newell","given":"Marcia","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70227394,"text":"70227394 - 1971 - An aeromagnetic and aeroradioactivity survey of Liberia, West Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T20:48:42.633416","indexId":"70227394","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T14:31:26","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An aeromagnetic and aeroradioactivity survey of Liberia, West Africa","docAbstract":"

A 140,000 km aeromagnetic and total-count gamma radiometric survey was made over Liberia in 1967-68 along north-south lines spaced 0.8 km over land and 4 km over the continental shelf. The data approximately delineate the boundary between the Liberian (ca. 2700 m.y.) age province in the northwestern two-thirds of the country, and the Pan-African (ca. 550 m.y.) age province in the coastal area of the northwestern two-thirds of the country, as well as a boundary marking the northwest extent of the isoclinally folded paragneisses and migmatites deformed within the Eburnean (ca. 2000 m.y.) age province in the southeast one-third. A zone of diabase dikes about 90 km inland can be traced, parallel to the coast from Sierra Leone to Ivory Coast on the basis of the magnetic data. Another zone of diabase dikes about 185 m.y. old is located along the coastal area and beneath the continental shelf parallel to the coast northwest of Greenville. Intrusion of these dikes probably coincides with the separation of Africa from North and South America. The magnetic data suggest basins of sedimentary rocks possibly 5 km thick on the continental shelf. The map indicates high-amplitude magnetic anomalies greater than 600 gammas; some reach amplitudes as great as 18,000 gammas over iron formation and about 1800 gammas over mafic and ultramafic intrusive bodies.

The radioactivity data have a background level less than 100 counts per second (cps) over mafic granulite-facies rocks and unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks in the coastal area. Granitic rocks have the greatest variation. The central area of the country has the highest background radiation level with large areas above 250 cps; the level in the eastern one-third of the country is low. These data are proving quite useful in reconnaissance geologic mapping. All anomalies over 500 cps are shown; some reach amplitudes over 750 cps. Total-count radiation levels have a significant correlation with percent K2O in bedrock analyses, but anomalous amounts of Th and U must be present to account for the highest amplitude anomalies. A few specific anomalies have been correlated with concentrations of monazite and zircon in bedrock as well as in beach deposits.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1440194","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., and Wotorson, C.S., 1971, An aeromagnetic and aeroradioactivity survey of Liberia, West Africa: Geophysics, v. 36, no. 3, p. 590-604, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440194.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"590","endPage":"604","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Liberia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -11.5081787109375,\n 6.920973741554155\n ],\n [\n -11.40380859375,\n 6.800989567885457\n ],\n [\n -11.40380859375,\n 6.730075707109153\n ],\n [\n -11.0247802734375,\n 6.5391025879031535\n ],\n [\n -10.832519531249998,\n 6.39718947487974\n ],\n [\n -10.8489990234375,\n 6.32075833898686\n ],\n [\n -10.755615234375,\n 6.244315907853541\n ],\n [\n -10.39306640625,\n 6.096859818887948\n ],\n [\n -10.2557373046875,\n 6.0476987312836785\n ],\n [\n -10.2117919921875,\n 5.976680390439319\n ],\n [\n -10.0799560546875,\n 5.8619390317028275\n ],\n [\n -9.849243164062498,\n 5.665184914439158\n ],\n [\n -9.635009765625,\n 5.446490692533117\n ],\n [\n -9.51416015625,\n 5.364459662948655\n ],\n [\n -9.2999267578125,\n 5.123772299948803\n ],\n [\n -9.0692138671875,\n 4.965087599019953\n ],\n [\n -8.931884765625,\n 4.943197029768433\n ],\n [\n -8.72314453125,\n 4.789942967844043\n ],\n [\n -8.459472656249998,\n 4.6695049047309665\n ],\n [\n -8.2562255859375,\n 4.554521998417129\n ],\n [\n -8.020019531249998,\n 4.5161902548267125\n ],\n [\n -7.855224609374999,\n 4.461427111442065\n ],\n [\n -7.8167724609375,\n 4.390228926463396\n ],\n [\n -7.6629638671875,\n 4.351888621540644\n ],\n [\n -7.536621093749999,\n 4.3464112753331925\n ],\n [\n -7.536621093749999,\n 4.390228926463396\n ],\n [\n -7.553100585937499,\n 4.6695049047309665\n ],\n [\n -7.569580078124999,\n 4.811838534173914\n ],\n [\n -7.580566406250001,\n 4.89941372427718\n ],\n [\n -7.525634765624999,\n 4.937724274302492\n ],\n [\n -7.536621093749999,\n 5.085472657670731\n ],\n [\n -7.4871826171875,\n 5.118301062622347\n ],\n [\n -7.448730468749999,\n 5.276947744869894\n ],\n [\n -7.437744140625,\n 5.233187143028971\n ],\n [\n -7.355346679687499,\n 5.331644153439766\n ],\n [\n -7.388305664062499,\n 5.375397774474748\n ],\n [\n -7.415771484374999,\n 5.430085376999325\n ],\n [\n -7.349853515625,\n 5.605052121404785\n ],\n [\n -7.4267578125,\n 5.725311447610156\n ],\n [\n -7.4212646484375,\n 5.840080845546446\n ],\n [\n -7.459716796875001,\n 5.883796361755717\n ],\n [\n -7.4871826171875,\n 5.840080845546446\n ],\n [\n -7.66845703125,\n 5.965753671065536\n ],\n [\n -7.690429687499999,\n 5.922044619883305\n ],\n [\n -7.80029296875,\n 5.971217057997224\n ],\n [\n -7.778320312499999,\n 6.0476987312836785\n ],\n [\n -7.80029296875,\n 6.10232188451477\n ],\n [\n -7.84423828125,\n 6.096859818887948\n ],\n [\n -7.811279296874999,\n 6.206090498573885\n ],\n [\n -7.899169921874999,\n 6.304378764325824\n ],\n [\n -8.0145263671875,\n 6.337137394988546\n ],\n [\n -8.1573486328125,\n 6.298918791076363\n ],\n [\n -8.3441162109375,\n 6.386271437817992\n ],\n [\n -8.399047851562498,\n 6.36989394572583\n ],\n [\n -8.399047851562498,\n 6.440859286647739\n ],\n [\n -8.4539794921875,\n 6.49544126493054\n ],\n [\n -8.470458984375,\n 6.468151012664214\n ],\n [\n -8.59130859375,\n 6.517272401536648\n ],\n [\n -8.3935546875,\n 6.71370949505121\n ],\n [\n -8.3056640625,\n 6.850077654785543\n ],\n [\n -8.3111572265625,\n 6.926426847059551\n ],\n [\n -8.32763671875,\n 6.975501953620171\n ],\n [\n -8.272705078125,\n 7.0027636819827475\n ],\n [\n -8.3056640625,\n 7.084539283445068\n ],\n [\n -8.294677734375,\n 7.171750602122852\n ],\n [\n -8.3660888671875,\n 7.280741242677959\n ],\n [\n -8.3935546875,\n 7.313433288513169\n ],\n [\n -8.399047851562498,\n 7.476857400769439\n ],\n [\n -8.519897460937498,\n 7.542209995927096\n ],\n [\n -8.492431640625,\n 7.58577291559387\n ],\n [\n -8.54736328125,\n 7.629331424712835\n ],\n [\n -8.54736328125,\n 7.710991655433217\n ],\n [\n -8.690185546875,\n 7.710991655433217\n ],\n [\n -8.712158203125,\n 7.672885498557826\n ],\n [\n -8.7396240234375,\n 7.580327791330129\n ],\n [\n -8.72314453125,\n 7.525872769006524\n ],\n [\n -8.8604736328125,\n 7.367914706747756\n ],\n [\n -8.843994140625,\n 7.280741242677959\n ],\n [\n -8.887939453125,\n 7.280741242677959\n ],\n [\n -9.0252685546875,\n 7.258945220710147\n ],\n [\n -9.0802001953125,\n 7.226249208399038\n ],\n [\n -9.140625,\n 7.280741242677959\n ],\n [\n -9.20654296875,\n 7.340674831854912\n ],\n [\n -9.2120361328125,\n 7.395152907137248\n ],\n [\n -9.283447265625,\n 7.395152907137248\n ],\n [\n -9.3328857421875,\n 7.438730529686968\n ],\n [\n -9.404296875,\n 7.422389426970818\n ],\n [\n -9.4757080078125,\n 7.378810188182938\n ],\n [\n -9.426269531249998,\n 7.460517719883785\n ],\n [\n -9.3603515625,\n 7.612997502224103\n ],\n [\n -9.365844726562498,\n 7.651109017589451\n ],\n [\n -9.3438720703125,\n 7.738208239129663\n ],\n [\n -9.371337890625,\n 7.819847426192575\n ],\n [\n -9.404296875,\n 7.819847426192575\n ],\n [\n -9.4482421875,\n 7.955877163205325\n ],\n [\n -9.4097900390625,\n 8.021155456563914\n ],\n [\n -9.404296875,\n 8.070107304439103\n ],\n [\n -9.4482421875,\n 8.064668502396389\n ],\n [\n -9.4647216796875,\n 8.178867909130346\n ],\n [\n -9.51416015625,\n 8.184305163861643\n ],\n [\n -9.4976806640625,\n 8.265855052877221\n ],\n [\n -9.525146484375,\n 8.331082833500314\n ],\n [\n -9.4757080078125,\n 8.35282301503959\n ],\n [\n -9.591064453125,\n 8.418036280774361\n ],\n [\n -9.6624755859375,\n 8.418036280774361\n ],\n [\n -9.6405029296875,\n 8.494104537551882\n ],\n [\n -9.73388671875,\n 8.466939027264113\n ],\n [\n -9.7723388671875,\n 8.570157714682582\n ],\n [\n -9.876708984375,\n 8.477805461808199\n ],\n [\n -9.920654296875,\n 8.510402920862324\n ],\n [\n -10.0634765625,\n 8.445205238179888\n ],\n [\n -10.052490234375,\n 8.510402920862324\n ],\n [\n -10.1568603515625,\n 8.532133019262726\n ],\n [\n -10.2227783203125,\n 8.499537408989404\n ],\n [\n -10.2777099609375,\n 8.499537408989404\n ],\n [\n -10.3216552734375,\n 8.28216301279551\n ],\n [\n -10.2996826171875,\n 8.216927132177412\n ],\n [\n -10.360107421875,\n 8.162555700160631\n ],\n [\n -10.4205322265625,\n 8.167993177231883\n ],\n [\n -10.530395507812498,\n 8.140805052181381\n ],\n [\n -10.5853271484375,\n 8.053790678898539\n ],\n [\n -10.61279296875,\n 8.048351657539454\n ],\n [\n -10.6292724609375,\n 7.76542306617221\n ],\n [\n -10.711669921874998,\n 7.76542306617221\n ],\n [\n -10.832519531249998,\n 7.591217970942776\n ],\n [\n -10.9149169921875,\n 7.498642690451352\n ],\n [\n -10.9478759765625,\n 7.53131857976111\n ],\n [\n -11.0467529296875,\n 7.438730529686968\n ],\n [\n -11.162109375,\n 7.373362480979634\n ],\n [\n -11.2005615234375,\n 7.25349605006954\n ],\n [\n -11.2664794921875,\n 7.242597510949338\n ],\n [\n -11.315917968749998,\n 7.220799642710931\n ],\n [\n -11.3653564453125,\n 7.144498849647335\n ],\n [\n -11.3543701171875,\n 7.079088026071719\n ],\n [\n -11.44775390625,\n 6.986406835762544\n ],\n [\n -11.436767578124998,\n 6.953691427897033\n ],\n [\n -11.5081787109375,\n 6.920973741554155\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":830733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wotorson, Cletus S.","contributorId":106854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wotorson","given":"Cletus","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227162,"text":"70227162 - 1971 - Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-31T15:48:46.538897","indexId":"70227162","displayToPublicDate":"1971-06-01T09:43:33","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"

The alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain is a partially serpentinized harzburgite-dunite body approximately 2 km in diameter. It lies in a chaotic mélange derived from the Franciscan Formation (Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous) of the southern Coast Ranges of California. The peridotite is bounded on the east by a vertical fault in the Nacimiento fault zone that brings sedimentary rocks of Taliaferro's (1943b) Asuncion Group (Upper Cretaceous) into contact with the peridotite. The peridotite appears to be one of a number of tectonic lenses, having a wide range in size, that make up the mélange. These lenses include metagraywacke, metachert, greenstone, amphibolite, and blueschist, as well as ultramafic rocks, and represent a wide range of pressure-temperature environments.

The outer shell of the peridotite is a sheared serpentinite zone 10–15 m thick. The peridotite was tectonically emplaced at its present level as a cold solid mass and had little effect on the mineral assemblages of the Franciscan Formation. Local development of lawsonite and aragonite in shear zones may be related to the peridotite emplacement.

Foliated harzburgite forms approximately 60 per cent of the peridotite. It is a lithologically uniform rock that has an olivine: orthopyroxene ratio of approximately 75:25. Accessory clinopyroxene and chromian spinel generally make up less than 5 per cent of the harzburgite. Dunite, composed of olivine, accessory chromian spinel (< 5 per cent), and trace amounts of pyroxene, makes up approximately 40 per cent of the peridotite and occurs as dikes, sills, and irregular bodies in the harzburgite.

Olivine and pyroxene show small but significant compositional variations and chromian spinel shows a large range in the cation ratio Cr/(Cr+Al+ Fe3+). The compositional variations in these minerals are related to original differences in bulk chemical composition. The following compositional ranges were determined for minerals in the harzburgite: olivine, Fo91.1−Fo91.4; orthopyroxene, En89.8−En91.1; clinopyroxene, Ca47.0Mg50.0Fe3.0−Ca48.7Mg48.2Fe3.1; chromian spinel, Cr/(Cr+Al+Fe3+) 0.37−0.55. The pyroxenes have a range in A12O3 content of 1.3−3.0 wt per cent. Olivine from dunite ranges from Fo91 to Fo92 7 and the chromian spinel has a range in the Cr/(Cr+Al+Fe3+) ratio of 0.30−0.75. Although all the dunites are lithologically similar, three distinct types are recognized on the basis of composition of coexisting olivine and chromian spinel. Structural relations between the three types of dunite suggest three periods of emplacement (possibly overlapping) of dunite into harzburgite. The evidence indicates that the dunite, and probably also the harzburgite crystallized from an ultramafic magma, probably in the upper mantle.

After the magmatic episode and crystallization, the peridotite was subjected to a deep-seated plastic deformation and recrystallization. The first phase of the deformation produced a pervasive, planar structural element (S1) that crosscuts many harzburgite-dunite contacts. It is probable that some of the dunite sills were emplaced during this deformation. The foliation, S1, is defined by layers of different orthopyroxene content in harzburgite, and by discontinuous layers of chromian spinel in dunite. Flow or slip along S1 produced slip folds in harzburgite—dunite contacts with axial planes parallel to S1. At a later stage, isoclinal folds developed in S1, and the present olivine microfabric was probably formed by recrystallization in the stress field that produced the isoclinal folding. In the olivine microfabric, X tends to be perpendicular to the axial planes (S2) of the isoclinal folds and Y and Z tend to form double maxima in S2 approximately 90° apart. Mg−Fe2+ distribution between coexisting mineral pairs yields a calculated temperature of formation of approximately 1200 °C. Although this temperature is only a nominal value, it indicates that the mineral pairs equilibrated at a significantly high temperature. In view of the deformation and recrystallization, the calculated temperature possibly represents subsolidus re-equilibration of the minerals during this event. The deformation and recrystallization probably occurred shortly after crystallization while the peridotite was still at a high temperature.

A later deep-seated deformation produced small scattered kink folds in S1 that tend to disrupt the major olivine microfabric. The kink folding was accompanied or followed by the development of kink bands in olivine that reflect intragranular gliding on the system T = [Okl], t = [100]. The kink bands probably formed at a minimum temperature of 1000 °C.

Following the deep-seated deformation, which probably took place in the mantle, the peridotite mass was tectonically detached and moved upward to its present level in the crust. Cleavages, joints, and faults provided channels for water to pervade the peridotite and allow alteration of the primary minerals.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/12.2.245","usgsCitation":"Loney, R.A., Himmelberg, G.R., and Coleman, R.G., 1971, Structure and petrology of the alpine-type peridotite at Burro Mountain, California, U.S.A.: Economic Geology, v. 12, no. 2, p. 245-309, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/12.2.245.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"309","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393721,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Burro Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.27309799194335,\n 35.855178783203776\n ],\n [\n -121.26039505004883,\n 35.86387402899189\n ],\n [\n -121.25739097595213,\n 35.86554340703446\n ],\n [\n -121.25335693359374,\n 35.863178444429494\n ],\n [\n -121.24717712402344,\n 35.86463916495963\n ],\n [\n -121.24168395996095,\n 35.86672586187277\n ],\n [\n -121.25730514526366,\n 35.87222056756162\n ],\n [\n -121.26640319824219,\n 35.87708897573244\n ],\n [\n -121.2776470184326,\n 35.87966215633466\n ],\n [\n -121.28597259521484,\n 35.8764630542986\n ],\n [\n -121.28906250000001,\n 35.87333337294745\n ],\n [\n -121.28957748413085,\n 35.86554340703446\n ],\n [\n -121.28442764282228,\n 35.859561306299426\n ],\n [\n -121.27309799194335,\n 35.855178783203776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loney, R. A.","contributorId":90757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Himmelberg, G. R.","contributorId":27106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, R. G.","contributorId":75170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70227441,"text":"70227441 - 1971 - Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T19:33:22.305326","indexId":"70227441","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T13:27:16","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis","docAbstract":"

Mathematical proof establishes identity of hypsometric integral and elevation-relief ratio, two quantitative topographic descriptors developed independently of one another for entirely different purposes. Operationally, values of both measures are in excellent agreement for arbitrarily bounded topographic samples, as well as for low-order fluvial watersheds. By using a point-sampling technique rather than planimetry, elevation-relief ratio (defined as mean elevation minus minimum elevation divided by relief) is calculated manually in about a third of the time required for the hypsometric integral.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1079:ERHIAG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pike, R.J., and Wilson, S.E., 1971, Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 4, p. 1079-1083, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1079:ERHIAG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1079","endPage":"1083","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pike, Richard J. rpike@usgs.gov","contributorId":5753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pike","given":"Richard","email":"rpike@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":830915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Stephen E.","contributorId":271122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227388,"text":"70227388 - 1971 - Basin and range structure: A system of horsts and grabens produced by deep-seated extension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T19:15:48.778462","indexId":"70227388","displayToPublicDate":"1971-04-01T13:08:17","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basin and range structure: A system of horsts and grabens produced by deep-seated extension","docAbstract":"

Basin and Range structure can be interpreted as a system of horsts and grabens produced by the fragmentation of a crustal slab above a plastically extending substratum. According to this view, the extension of the substratum causes the basal part of the slab to be pulled apart along narrow, systematically spaced zones which in turn cause the downdropping of complex horizontal prisms (grabens) in the brittle upper crust. The grabens form valleys at the surface; the intervening areas are horsts, or tilted horsts.

Not all geologists have agreed, however, that Basin and Range structure consists of a system of horsts and grabens. Instead, the structure is commonly considered to consist of tilted blocks in which the upslope part of an individual block forms a mountain and the downslope part a valley. Recent detailed studies, including geophysical work, suggest that the horst and graben model may be more generally applicable. Many of the valleys in the Great Basin are bounded on both sides by faults that drop the valley block down; these faults are exposed at the surface or can be inferred from steep gravity gradients indicative of steep faulted subsurface bedrock slopes. Some areas that were thought to represent a typical series of tilted blocks may be a series of highly asymmetrical grabens in which one side of a valley is marked by a master fault and the other side by valleyward tilt. With present knowledge, most, or perhaps all, of the major valleys in the Great Basin can plausibly be considered to be grabens, and most or all of the mountains can be considered to be horsts or tilted horsts.

The grabens, and the underlying inferred deep zones of extension that cause them, are systematically distributed in the Great Basin. They are generally north-trending features spaced 15 to 20 mi apart. Locally, the pattern is more complex, and individual grabens divide and trend away from each other at acute or high angles. In a few places, the pattern may even be roughly polygonal. The distribution pattern of the grabens and the related deep zones of extension resemble crack patterns in small-scale tensional systems, and both patterns may be mechanically related. By analogy with the small-scale systems, the areas of generally north-trending and parallel grabens require east-west extension, whereas the areas with a possible polygonal pattern of grabens must extend radially.

The geometry of block faulting related to Basin and Range structure requires sizable east-west extension, estimated at about 1.5 mi on the average for each major valley and at about 30 to 60 mi across the entire Great Basin. Most of this extension has taken place in the last 17 m.y., or perhaps even in the last 7 to 11 m.y., indicating a rate of extension in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 cm/yr.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1019:BARSAS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stewart, J., 1971, Basin and range structure: A system of horsts and grabens produced by deep-seated extension: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 82, no. 4, p. 1019-1043, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1019:BARSAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"1019","endPage":"1043","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394255,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.69580078125001,\n 38.90813299596705\n ],\n [\n -117.92724609375,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 34.903952965590065\n ],\n [\n -114.169921875,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -111.90673828125,\n 38.976492485539396\n ],\n [\n -112.0166015625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -112.69775390625,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n -117.04833984375001,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -120.65185546875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -120.69580078125001,\n 38.90813299596705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, John H.","contributorId":14383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227397,"text":"70227397 - 1971 - Isotope fractionation during gas chromatographic separations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T22:54:34.030031","indexId":"70227397","displayToPublicDate":"1971-03-01T16:48:09","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2212,"text":"Journal of Chromatographic Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotope fractionation during gas chromatographic separations","docAbstract":"

Physical interaction between the sample and stationary phase during GC separations may result in severe isotopic fractionation of the effluent, making it essential to collect it totally in order to obtain quantitative results. When carbon dioxide was eluted through a Porapak column the front portions of the elution peak was enriched in 13C. When methane was eluted through molecular sieve, both the heavier species were eluted faster than the lighter ones. However, when the carbon dioxide was eluted through silica gel the first CO2 eluted was enriched in 13C and the last CO2 eluted was enriched in 18O. This behavior of the isotopes probably indicates the presence of two different interaction mechanisms.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/chromsci/9.3.191","usgsCitation":"Gunter, B.D., and Gleason, J.D., 1971, Isotope fractionation during gas chromatographic separations: Journal of Chromatographic Science, v. 9, no. 3, p. 191-192, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/9.3.191.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"192","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394293,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gunter, B. D.","contributorId":271079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gunter","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gleason, Jim D.","contributorId":82322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70227276,"text":"70227276 - 1971 - Coronadite — Modes of occurrence and origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T20:17:58.416727","indexId":"70227276","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T13:32:04","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coronadite — Modes of occurrence and origin","docAbstract":"

The lead manganate, \"coronadite,\" was first recognized at the Coronado mine in the Morenci district, Arizona, by Lindgren in 1903. Several years later, the identity of the mineral was questioned and it was not until 1932 that Orcel recognized it in material from Morocco. Since 1955, the mineral has been recognized at numerous places; in the USSR, east of the Ural Mountains, in several districts in Morocco, England, Australia, and India. In recent years, coronadite had been identified at numerous localities in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California by the writer and others. At this time, it has been identified at 22 localities, and in the opinion of this writer, it will be found at many more places if it is sought for carefully.

Author's review of the known occurrences of coronadite and interpretation of the modes of geologic environment show that the mineral is found in veins and hot spring aprons, where it seems to have been deposited by hydrothermal waters from depth and that it is one of the manganese oxide minerals deposited as sediments. Probably it is more widely found in assemblages of minerals of supergene origin.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.164","usgsCitation":"Hewett, D.F., 1971, Coronadite — Modes of occurrence and origin: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 164-177, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.164.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"164","endPage":"177","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393976,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia, Bulgaria, England, France, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Morocco, Russia, Spain, Sweden, United States, Uzbekistan","state":"Arizona, Asturias, California, Chihuahua, Durango, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, New South Wales, Savoy","county":"Cumberland County","otherGeospatial":"Transbaikalia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.44272637767212\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 40.863679665481676\n ],\n [\n -124.56298828125001,\n 40.53050177574321\n ],\n [\n -124.51904296875,\n 40.22921818870117\n ],\n [\n -123.94775390625,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -123.94775390625,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -123.06884765625,\n 38.20365531807149\n ],\n [\n -123.11279296875001,\n 37.87485339352928\n ],\n [\n -122.62939453125001,\n 37.77071473849609\n ],\n [\n -122.49755859375,\n 37.16031654673677\n ],\n [\n -122.01416015625,\n 36.27970720524017\n ],\n [\n -120.78369140624999,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -120.87158203125,\n 34.542762387234845\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -119.59716796875,\n 34.288991865037524\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -118.67431640625,\n 33.96158628979907\n ],\n [\n -118.5205078125,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -117.68554687499999,\n 33.30298618122413\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 32.52828936482526\n ],\n [\n -114.80712890625,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -114.89501953124999,\n 32.509761735919426\n ],\n [\n -111.1376953125,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -108.80859375,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -108.91845703124999,\n 31.203404950917395\n ],\n [\n -108.91845703124999,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -109.09423828125,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -108.74267578125,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n -108.8525390625,\n 29.286398892934763\n ],\n [\n -108.80859375,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -108.5888671875,\n 28.478348692223165\n ],\n [\n -109.27001953125,\n 28.304380682962783\n ],\n [\n -108.720703125,\n 27.352252938063845\n ],\n [\n -108.7646484375,\n 27.235094607795503\n ],\n [\n -108.61083984375,\n 26.902476886279832\n ],\n [\n -108.12744140625,\n 26.80446076654616\n ],\n [\n -108.17138671875,\n 26.60817437403311\n ],\n [\n -107.86376953125,\n 26.09625490696853\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -107.11669921875,\n 25.720735134412106\n ],\n [\n -107.2705078125,\n 25.562265014427492\n ],\n [\n -107.24853515625,\n 25.085598897064752\n ],\n [\n -106.63330078125,\n 24.387127324604496\n ],\n [\n -106.2158203125,\n 24.246964554300924\n ],\n [\n -105.71044921875,\n 23.160563309048314\n ],\n [\n -105.380859375,\n 22.87744046489713\n ],\n [\n -105.05126953124999,\n 22.87744046489713\n ],\n [\n -105.18310546875,\n 22.715390019335942\n ],\n [\n -105.0732421875,\n 22.411028521558706\n ],\n [\n -104.80957031249999,\n 22.51255695405145\n ],\n [\n -104.52392578125,\n 22.30942584120019\n ],\n [\n -104.34814453125,\n 22.350075806124867\n ],\n [\n -104.0625,\n 22.715390019335942\n ],\n [\n -103.99658203125,\n 23.40276490540795\n ],\n [\n -103.7548828125,\n 23.563987128451217\n ],\n [\n -103.6669921875,\n 24.00632619875113\n ],\n [\n -103.35937499999999,\n 24.367113562651262\n ],\n [\n -103.095703125,\n 24.387127324604496\n ],\n [\n -102.4365234375,\n 24.307053283225915\n ],\n [\n -102.37060546875,\n 24.56710835257599\n ],\n [\n -102.6123046875,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -102.87597656249999,\n 24.86650252692691\n ],\n [\n -103.38134765625,\n 25.284437746983055\n ],\n [\n -103.24951171875,\n 25.3241665257384\n ],\n [\n -103.24951171875,\n 25.70093788144426\n ],\n [\n -103.24951171875,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -103.1396484375,\n 26.509904531413927\n ],\n [\n -103.623046875,\n 26.82407078047018\n ],\n [\n -103.88671875,\n 28.14950321154457\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 29.11377539511439\n ],\n [\n -104.67773437499999,\n 30.031055426540206\n ],\n [\n -104.765625,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -106.3916015625,\n 31.914867503276223\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 31.952162238024975\n ],\n [\n -102.9638671875,\n 37.09023980307208\n ],\n [\n -113.99414062499999,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.05957031249999,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -116.12548828124999,\n 47.97521412341618\n ],\n [\n -115.83984375,\n 47.56170075451973\n ],\n [\n -115.97167968750001,\n 47.39834920035926\n ],\n [\n -114.7412109375,\n 46.604167162931844\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 46.5739667965278\n ],\n [\n -114.7412109375,\n 45.598665689820635\n ],\n [\n -114.43359375,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -113.97216796875,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -113.57666015625,\n 44.91813929958515\n ],\n [\n -113.15917968749999,\n 44.5435052132082\n ],\n [\n -112.8515625,\n 44.32384807250689\n ],\n [\n -112.2802734375,\n 44.449467536006935\n ],\n [\n -111.4453125,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -111.4013671875,\n 44.62175409623324\n ],\n [\n -111.0498046875,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -104.04052734375,\n 44.94924926661153\n ],\n [\n -104.0185546875,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -116.05957031249999,\n 48.99463598353405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -6.976318359375,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -7.250976562499999,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -7.00927734375,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -6.921386718749999,\n 42.88401467044253\n ],\n [\n -6.712646484375,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -6.2841796875,\n 42.98053954751642\n ],\n [\n -6.0205078125,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -5.80078125,\n 42.91620643817353\n ],\n [\n -5.6689453125,\n 43.01268088642034\n ],\n [\n -5.44921875,\n 43.01268088642034\n ],\n [\n -5.2294921875,\n 43.04480541304369\n ],\n [\n -4.9658203125,\n 43.18915769654922\n ],\n [\n -4.8779296875,\n 43.20917969039356\n ],\n [\n -4.8614501953125,\n 43.16912913272099\n ],\n [\n -4.7186279296875,\n 43.16912913272099\n ],\n [\n -4.7076416015625,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -4.515380859375,\n 43.257205668363206\n ],\n [\n -4.5098876953125,\n 43.393073720674415\n ],\n [\n -4.89990234375,\n 43.48481212891603\n ],\n [\n -5.3009033203125,\n 43.55252937447483\n ],\n [\n -5.44921875,\n 43.59630591596548\n ],\n [\n -5.6634521484375,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -5.817260742187499,\n 43.691707903073805\n ],\n [\n -5.899658203125,\n 43.667871610117494\n ],\n [\n -6.119384765624999,\n 43.59232754538541\n ],\n [\n -6.2347412109375,\n 43.632099415557754\n ],\n [\n -6.976318359375,\n 43.61221676817573\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 5.943603515625,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n 7.22900390625,\n 44.99588261816546\n ],\n [\n 7.22900390625,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n 5.943603515625,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n 5.943603515625,\n 44.99588261816546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -4.735107421875,\n 50.18393346184497\n ],\n [\n -3.4606933593749996,\n 50.18393346184497\n ],\n [\n -3.4606933593749996,\n 51.248163159055906\n ],\n [\n -4.735107421875,\n 51.248163159055906\n ],\n [\n -4.735107421875,\n 50.18393346184497\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 13.6669921875,\n 63.41119772365924\n ],\n [\n 23.90625,\n 63.41119772365924\n ],\n [\n 23.90625,\n 68.98992503056704\n ],\n [\n 13.6669921875,\n 68.98992503056704\n ],\n [\n 13.6669921875,\n 63.41119772365924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 22.763671875,\n 41.376808565702355\n ],\n [\n 24.345703125,\n 41.343824581185686\n ],\n [\n 24.873046874999996,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n 26.2353515625,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n 26.323242187499996,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n 27.0703125,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n 27.6416015625,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n 28.256835937499996,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n 28.037109375,\n 42.52069952914966\n ],\n [\n 28.125,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n 28.652343749999996,\n 43.229195113965005\n ],\n [\n 28.696289062499996,\n 43.77109381775651\n ],\n [\n 27.509765625,\n 44.24519901522129\n ],\n [\n 26.323242187499996,\n 44.213709909702054\n ],\n [\n 25.444335937499996,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n 24.2578125,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n 23.3349609375,\n 44.11914151643737\n ],\n [\n 22.4560546875,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n 22.148437499999996,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n 22.631835937499996,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n 22.2802734375,\n 42.90816007196054\n ],\n [\n 22.060546874999996,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n 22.67578125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n 22.763671875,\n 41.376808565702355\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -13.447265624999998,\n 27.605670826465445\n ],\n [\n -8.5693359375,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -8.61328125,\n 28.613459424004414\n ],\n [\n -7.207031249999999,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -5.361328125,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -4.7021484375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -3.515625,\n 30.524413269923986\n ],\n [\n -3.427734375,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n -3.5595703125,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -1.23046875,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -0.9667968749999999,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -1.40625,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -1.8017578124999998,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -2.900390625,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -4.130859375,\n 35.38904996691167\n ],\n [\n -4.921875,\n 35.460669951495305\n ],\n [\n -5.185546875,\n 36.03133177633187\n ],\n [\n -6.1962890625,\n 36.03133177633187\n ],\n [\n -6.240234374999999,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -7.0751953125,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -8.876953125,\n 33.394759218577995\n ],\n [\n -9.7998046875,\n 31.952162238024975\n ],\n [\n -10.1513671875,\n 30.751277776257812\n ],\n [\n -9.7998046875,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -11.7333984375,\n 28.536274512989916\n ],\n [\n -13.447265624999998,\n 27.605670826465445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 52.119140625,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n 54.140625,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n 55.1513671875,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n 57.39257812499999,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n 57.3486328125,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n 58.75488281249999,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n 59.765625,\n 41.672911819602085\n ],\n [\n 60.16113281250001,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n 61.65527343749999,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n 62.05078125,\n 40.04443758460856\n ],\n [\n 65.7861328125,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n 66.3134765625,\n 37.579412513438385\n ],\n [\n 67.763671875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n 68.5107421875,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n 68.2470703125,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n 67.7197265625,\n 39.436192999314095\n ],\n [\n 68.818359375,\n 39.36827914916014\n ],\n [\n 69.3896484375,\n 40.413496049701955\n ],\n [\n 70.4443359375,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n 69.2578125,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n 72.2021484375,\n 40.17887331434696\n ],\n [\n 73.3447265625,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n 70.48828125,\n 41.57436130598913\n ],\n [\n 71.3671875,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n 71.455078125,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n 73.564453125,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n 73.65234375,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n 75.673828125,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n 76.0693359375,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n 78.9697265625,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n 80.4638671875,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n 80.5078125,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n 81.0791015625,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n 80.4638671875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n 81.6064453125,\n 45.1510532655634\n ],\n [\n 82.705078125,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n 82.5732421875,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n 83.1005859375,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n 84.72656249999999,\n 46.73986059969267\n ],\n [\n 85.8251953125,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n 85.78125,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n 85.9130859375,\n 48.28319289548349\n ],\n [\n 86.8798828125,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n 87.099609375,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n 87.3193359375,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n 86.7041015625,\n 50.00773901463687\n ],\n [\n 86.17675781249999,\n 49.66762782262194\n ],\n [\n 85.25390625,\n 49.83798245308484\n ],\n [\n 85.166015625,\n 50.20503326494332\n ],\n [\n 84.55078125,\n 50.3734961443035\n ],\n [\n 83.7158203125,\n 51.12421275782688\n ],\n [\n 83.056640625,\n 51.23440735163459\n ],\n [\n 82.30957031249999,\n 50.98609893339354\n ],\n [\n 81.6064453125,\n 50.958426723359935\n ],\n [\n 81.123046875,\n 51.45400691005982\n ],\n [\n 80.4638671875,\n 51.42661449707482\n ],\n [\n 80.0244140625,\n 50.93073802371819\n ],\n [\n 77.9150390625,\n 53.409531853086435\n ],\n [\n 76.7724609375,\n 54.00776876193478\n ],\n [\n 77.16796875,\n 54.59752785211386\n ],\n [\n 76.1572265625,\n 54.44449176335762\n ],\n [\n 74.2236328125,\n 53.85252660044951\n ],\n [\n 73.65234375,\n 53.67068019347264\n ],\n [\n 73.95996093749999,\n 54.23955053156177\n ],\n [\n 73.3447265625,\n 54.213861000644926\n ],\n [\n 71.89453125,\n 54.59752785211386\n ],\n [\n 71.455078125,\n 54.36775852406841\n ],\n [\n 71.5869140625,\n 54.7246201949245\n ],\n [\n 70.927734375,\n 55.47885346331034\n ],\n [\n 70.224609375,\n 55.35413531021057\n ],\n [\n 68.8623046875,\n 55.62799595426723\n ],\n [\n 68.115234375,\n 55.15376626853556\n ],\n [\n 65.1708984375,\n 54.6992335284814\n ],\n [\n 61.04003906249999,\n 54.213861000644926\n ],\n [\n 60.732421875,\n 53.64463782485651\n ],\n [\n 60.9521484375,\n 53.199451902831555\n ],\n [\n 61.8310546875,\n 53.067626642387374\n ],\n [\n 60.8203125,\n 53.067626642387374\n ],\n [\n 60.3369140625,\n 52.77618568896171\n ],\n [\n 60.77636718749999,\n 52.32191088594773\n ],\n [\n 59.67773437500001,\n 51.998410382390325\n ],\n [\n 60.20507812499999,\n 51.6180165487737\n ],\n [\n 61.34765625,\n 51.26191485308451\n ],\n [\n 61.17187499999999,\n 50.90303283111257\n ],\n [\n 60.029296875,\n 51.01375465718821\n ],\n [\n 59.67773437500001,\n 50.792047064406866\n ],\n [\n 58.447265625,\n 51.37178037591737\n ],\n [\n 56.4697265625,\n 51.34433866059924\n ],\n [\n 55.72265625,\n 50.819818262156545\n ],\n [\n 54.84375,\n 51.28940590271679\n ],\n [\n 53.4814453125,\n 51.67255514839674\n ],\n [\n 52.0751953125,\n 51.944264879028765\n ],\n [\n 50.71289062499999,\n 51.91716758909015\n ],\n [\n 49.2626953125,\n 51.26191485308451\n ],\n [\n 48.3837890625,\n 50.819818262156545\n ],\n [\n 48.603515625,\n 50.035973672195496\n ],\n [\n 47.50488281249999,\n 50.62507306341435\n ],\n [\n 47.0654296875,\n 50.20503326494332\n ],\n [\n 46.4501953125,\n 49.410973199695846\n ],\n [\n 46.494140625,\n 49.26780455063753\n ],\n [\n 46.142578125,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n 46.845703125,\n 48.1367666796927\n ],\n [\n 46.8896484375,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n 47.98828124999999,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n 49.130859375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n 50.9326171875,\n 47.07012182383309\n ],\n [\n 51.8115234375,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n 52.5146484375,\n 46.9502622421856\n ],\n [\n 53.0419921875,\n 46.437856895024204\n ],\n [\n 52.734375,\n 45.79816953017265\n ],\n [\n 51.2841796875,\n 45.521743896993634\n ],\n [\n 49.92187499999999,\n 44.465151013519616\n ],\n [\n 50.88867187499999,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n 50.9765625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n 52.33886718749999,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n 52.119140625,\n 41.64007838467894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 97.03125,\n 51.069016659603896\n ],\n [\n 112.412109375,\n 51.069016659603896\n ],\n [\n 112.412109375,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n 97.03125,\n 59.88893689676585\n ],\n [\n 97.03125,\n 51.069016659603896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 77.255859375,\n 7.798078531355303\n ],\n [\n 79.1455078125,\n 8.971897294083014\n ],\n [\n 79.98046875,\n 10.055402736564236\n ],\n [\n 80.5078125,\n 11.049038346537106\n ],\n [\n 80.6396484375,\n 12.85464890558895\n ],\n [\n 80.2880859375,\n 14.349547837185362\n ],\n [\n 80.5517578125,\n 15.580710739162123\n ],\n [\n 81.0791015625,\n 15.496032414238634\n ],\n [\n 81.298828125,\n 16.130262012034756\n ],\n [\n 82.4853515625,\n 16.3833911236084\n ],\n [\n 82.4853515625,\n 16.97274101999902\n ],\n [\n 83.4521484375,\n 17.476432197195518\n ],\n [\n 85.25390625,\n 19.352610894378625\n ],\n [\n 87.0556640625,\n 20.427012814257385\n ],\n [\n 87.0556640625,\n 21.12549763660628\n ],\n [\n 87.62695312499999,\n 21.53484700204879\n ],\n [\n 88.2861328125,\n 21.4121622297254\n ],\n [\n 91.0986328125,\n 21.90227796666864\n ],\n [\n 91.40625,\n 22.268764039073968\n ],\n [\n 91.669921875,\n 21.4121622297254\n ],\n [\n 92.28515625,\n 20.427012814257385\n ],\n [\n 93.251953125,\n 21.861498734372567\n ],\n [\n 93.4716796875,\n 22.836945920943855\n ],\n [\n 93.603515625,\n 23.805449612314625\n ],\n [\n 94.1748046875,\n 23.725011735951796\n ],\n [\n 95.1416015625,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n 95.185546875,\n 26.43122806450644\n ],\n [\n 96.50390625,\n 27.059125784374068\n ],\n [\n 97.3828125,\n 27.059125784374068\n ],\n [\n 97.55859375,\n 28.188243641850313\n ],\n [\n 96.3720703125,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n 94.3505859375,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n 91.40625,\n 27.994401411046148\n ],\n [\n 92.0654296875,\n 27.137368359795584\n ],\n [\n 88.9892578125,\n 27.059125784374068\n ],\n [\n 89.12109375,\n 28.07198030177986\n ],\n [\n 87.978515625,\n 28.188243641850313\n ],\n [\n 88.0224609375,\n 26.588527147308614\n ],\n [\n 86.8359375,\n 26.82407078047018\n ],\n [\n 84.462890625,\n 27.761329874505233\n ],\n [\n 83.232421875,\n 27.800209937418252\n ],\n [\n 80.33203125,\n 28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n 81.123046875,\n 30.44867367928756\n ],\n [\n 79.0576171875,\n 31.57853542647338\n ],\n [\n 78.9697265625,\n 32.175612478499325\n ],\n [\n 79.6728515625,\n 32.65787573695528\n ],\n [\n 78.9697265625,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n 79.27734374999999,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n 79.98046875,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n 80.7275390625,\n 35.53222622770337\n ],\n [\n 79.40917968749999,\n 36.31512514748051\n ],\n [\n 77.6513671875,\n 35.71083783530009\n ],\n [\n 75.146484375,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n 73.7841796875,\n 37.125286284966805\n ],\n [\n 72.24609375,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n 73.916015625,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n 73.1689453125,\n 34.70549341022544\n ],\n [\n 73.4326171875,\n 33.137551192346145\n ],\n [\n 74.92675781249999,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n 73.30078125,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n 71.806640625,\n 28.304380682962783\n ],\n [\n 70.8837890625,\n 27.994401411046148\n ],\n [\n 70.048828125,\n 28.265682390146477\n ],\n [\n 69.0380859375,\n 26.902476886279832\n ],\n [\n 70.7080078125,\n 24.56710835257599\n ],\n [\n 70.0048828125,\n 24.327076540018634\n ],\n [\n 69.3017578125,\n 24.5271348225978\n ],\n [\n 68.02734375,\n 23.96617587126503\n ],\n [\n 68.64257812499999,\n 22.228090416784486\n ],\n [\n 70.400390625,\n 20.3034175184893\n ],\n [\n 72.0703125,\n 20.96143961409684\n ],\n [\n 72.333984375,\n 21.69826549685252\n ],\n [\n 72.5537109375,\n 20.673905264672843\n ],\n [\n 72.24609375,\n 19.72534224805787\n ],\n [\n 73.125,\n 16.172472808397515\n ],\n [\n 74.7509765625,\n 12.297068292853817\n ],\n [\n 76.201171875,\n 9.015302333420598\n ],\n [\n 77.255859375,\n 7.798078531355303\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 140.888671875,\n -33.9433599465788\n ],\n [\n 142.8662109375,\n -35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n 144.6240234375,\n -36.35052700542763\n ],\n [\n 145.1513671875,\n -36.06686213257887\n ],\n [\n 146.95312499999997,\n -36.42128244364948\n ],\n [\n 147.6123046875,\n -36.10237644873643\n ],\n [\n 147.9638671875,\n -36.80928470205938\n ],\n [\n 150.1171875,\n -37.71859032558814\n ],\n [\n 150.0732421875,\n -37.0551771066608\n ],\n [\n 150.7763671875,\n -35.6037187406973\n ],\n [\n 151.611328125,\n -33.97980872872456\n ],\n [\n 152.4462890625,\n -32.8795871730663\n ],\n [\n 153.0615234375,\n -31.653381399663985\n ],\n [\n 153.8525390625,\n -29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n 153.7646484375,\n -27.955591004642528\n ],\n [\n 152.0068359375,\n -28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n 151.8310546875,\n -28.613459424004414\n ],\n [\n 151.435546875,\n -28.84467368077178\n ],\n [\n 151.083984375,\n -28.420391085674304\n ],\n [\n 149.326171875,\n -28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n 148.974609375,\n -28.76765910569124\n ],\n [\n 140.888671875,\n -28.92163128242129\n ],\n [\n 140.888671875,\n -33.9433599465788\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hewett, D. F.","contributorId":19927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hewett","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227305,"text":"70227305 - 1971 - Sulfur isotope study of the \"B\" limestone and Galena fissure ore deposits of the U.S. mine, Bingham mining district, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T18:12:53.5581","indexId":"70227305","displayToPublicDate":"1971-02-01T11:57:32","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur isotope study of the \"B\" limestone and Galena fissure ore deposits of the U.S. mine, Bingham mining district, Utah","docAbstract":"

The delta S 34 values for 261 sulfide concentrates from the \"B\" limestone replacement and Galena fissure deposits of the U. S. mine range from +3.8 to --8.0 permil; the mean is +0.56 permil. The data indicate that (1) sulfides of the \"B\" limestone ore deposits are depleted in S 34 by 0.4 to 0.7 permil relative to those of the Galena fissure ore deposits; (2) sulfides of both deposits exhibit a primary fractionation trend characterized by increasing S 34 depletion in the sequence pyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, and galena; (3) delta values for coexisting sulfide pairs of the \"B\" limestone deposit increase with increasing altitude; (4) sulfides of both deposits are increasingly depleted in S 34 with increasing altitude; (5) the paragenetic order of sulfide deposition is accompanied by an apparent depletion of S 34 that is independent of mineral species; and (6) pyrite disseminated in wall rocks is depleted in S 34 relative to pyrite from adjacent ore deposits.

The similarity of delta S 34 values and isotopic trends to those of the central porphyry-type deposit at Bingham (Field, 1966) suggests that the hydrothermal deposits of the district were formed by fluids that originated from a common source during one episode of sequential mineralization. Gross isotopic differences between the deposits, consistent differences between coexisting sulfides, and systematic variations of delta values are attributed to temperature effects imposed upon sulfide exchange equilibria; isotopic temperatures suggest a lateral gradient between the \"B\" limestone and adjacent Galena fissure deposits and a possible vertical gradient within the \"B\" limestone deposit. The vertical zonation of delta S 34 values and trends related to pyrite physical occurrence and sulfide paragenesis are provisionally attributed to a pH-Eh control. Although the apparent trends are imperfectly resolved because of textural complexities, the marked depletion of S 34 in pyrite disseminated in country rocks warrants additional study as a potential exploration method.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.48","usgsCitation":"Field, C.W., and Moore, W., 1971, Sulfur isotope study of the \"B\" limestone and Galena fissure ore deposits of the U.S. mine, Bingham mining district, Utah: Economic Geology, v. 66, no. 1, p. 48-62, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.66.1.48.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"48","endPage":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Bingham mining district, U.S. mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.22190856933594,\n 40.47071851668331\n ],\n [\n -112.11479187011717,\n 40.47071851668331\n ],\n [\n -112.11479187011717,\n 40.57302246320223\n ],\n [\n -112.22190856933594,\n 40.57302246320223\n ],\n [\n -112.22190856933594,\n 40.47071851668331\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1971-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Field, Cyrus W.","contributorId":271010,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Field","given":"Cyrus","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":830381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, William J.","contributorId":30983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"William J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":830382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}