A subsidence research program began in 1985 to document the extent and magnitude of land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, an area of about 15 600 km2, using Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying. A brief description of GPS surveying is followed by a summary of each of four surveys between 1985 and 1989. In addition to periodic conventional spirit levelling, an examination was made of the changes in GPS-derived ellipsoidal height differences (summary differences) between pairs of adjacent bench marks in central Sacramento Valley from 1986 to 1989. The average rates of land subsidence in the southern Sacramento Valley for the past several decades were determined by comparing GPS-derived orthometric heights with historic published elevations. A maximum average rate of 0.053 m year−1 (0.90 m in 17 years) of subsidence has been measured.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626669409492765","usgsCitation":"Ikehara, M.E., 1994, Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 39, no. 5, p. 417-429, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669409492765.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a295ae4b0c8380cd5a8ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ikehara, M. E.","contributorId":40977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikehara","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017636,"text":"70017636 - 1994 - Profile development for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-21T15:06:03.1595","indexId":"70017636","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1192,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Profile development for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard","docAbstract":"The Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS), or Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 173, is designed to support all types of spatial data. Implementing all of the standard's options at one time is impractical. Therefore, implementation of the SDTS is being accomplished through the use of profiles. Profiles are clearly defined, limited subsets of the SDTS created for use with a specific type or model of data and designed with as few options as possible. When a profile is proposed, specific choices are made for encoding possibilities that were not addressed, left optional, or left with numerous choices within the SDTS. Profile development is coordinated by the U.S. Geological SUIVey's SDTS Task Force. When completed, profiles are submitted to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for approval as official amendments to the SDTS. The first profile, the Topological Vector Profile (TVP), has been completed. A Raster Profile has been tested and is being finalized for submission to the NIST. Other vector profiles, such as those for network and nontopological data, are also being considered as future implementation options for the SDTS.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304094782602908","usgsCitation":"Szemraj, J.A., Fegeas, R.G., and Tolar, B.R., 1994, Profile development for the Spatial Data Transfer Standard: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 21, no. 3, p. 150-154, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602908.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228522,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8dffe4b0c8380cd7ef61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szemraj, John A.","contributorId":42735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szemraj","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fegeas, Robin G.","contributorId":27033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fegeas","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tolar, Billy R.","contributorId":29974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tolar","given":"Billy","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017633,"text":"70017633 - 1994 - Clastic metasediments of the Early Proterozoic Broken Hill Group, New South Wales, Australia: Geochemistry, provenance, and metallogenic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T23:03:34.803491","indexId":"70017633","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clastic metasediments of the Early Proterozoic Broken Hill Group, New South Wales, Australia: Geochemistry, provenance, and metallogenic significance","docAbstract":"Whole-rock analyses of samples of pelite, psammite, and psammopelite from the Early Proterozoic Broken Hill Group (Willyama Supergroup) in the Broken Hill Block, New South Wales, Australia, reveal distinctive geochemical signatures. Major-element data show high Al2O3 and K2O, low MgO and Na2O, and relatively high
The geochemical data indicate derivation of the metasedimentary rocks of the Broken Hill Group by the erosion mainly of felsic igneous (or meta-igneous) rocks. High concentrations of HFSE, Y, and REEs in the metasediments suggest a provenance dominanted by anorogenic granites and(or) rhyolites, including those with A-type chemistry. Likely sources of the metasediments were the rhyolitic to rhyodacitic protoliths of local quartz + feldspar ± biotite ± garnet gneisses (e.g., Potosi-type gneiss) that occur within the lower part of the Willyama Supergroup, or chemically similar basement rocks in the region; alternative sources may have included Early Proterozoic anorogenic granites and(or) rhyolites in the Mount Isa and(or) Pine Creek Blocks of northern Australia, or in the Gawler craton of South Australia.
Metallogenic considerations suggest that the metasediments of the Broken Hill Block formed enriched source rocks during the generation of pegmatite-hosted deposits and concentrations of La, Ce, Nb, Ta, Th, and Sn in the region. Li, Be, B, W, and U in pegmatite minerals of the district may have been acquired during granulite-facies metamorphism of the local metasediments.
The solubility of sphalerite (ZnS) was measured in KCl-HCl-H2O solutions at 300–600°C and 0.5–2.0 kbar. The silicate assemblage K-feldspar-muscovite (or andalusite)-quartz was used to buffer the solution to acid conditions, resulting in the total solubility reaction 2K+ + KAl2AlSi3O10(OH)2 + 6SiO2 + ZnS + nCl− = ZnCln(2−n) + 3KAlSi3O8 + H2S. (muscovite) (quartz) (sphalerite) (K-feldspar) A computer retrieval technique was used to derive average chloride ligand numbers for chlorozinc species at 0.25–2.0 molal total chloride. This technique mathematically solves for the average ligand number using a series of pertinent chemical relations at P and T. Mono- and di-chlorozinc species were found to predominate throughout the pressure-temperature-composition range investigated. The logarithms of the first and second dissociation constants for ZnCl20 were evaluated over the P-T range; for example, at 1 kbar, the values −0.41 and −1.42 were computed for the logarithm of the first dissociation constant, while −7.62 and −10.57 were computed for the logarithm of the second dissociation constant, for 400 and 500°C, respectively. Results are compared to past studies conducted at subcritical conditions and differ in that we find no evidence for more highly coordinated chloro-zinc species except possibly for ZnCl3− at 600°C, 1 and 2 kbar. Our results are consistent with electrostatic theory, which favors lower charged to neutral molecules in low dielectric-constant media.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90215-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Cygan, G., Hemley, J., and d’Angelo, W.M., 1994, An experimental study of zinc chloride speciation from 300 to 600 °C and 0.5 to 2.0 kbar in buffered hydrothermal solutions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 22, p. 4841-4855, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90215-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"4841","endPage":"4855","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea67e4b0c8380cd48837","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cygan, G.L.","contributorId":56379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cygan","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemley, J.J.","contributorId":59556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemley","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"d’Angelo, W. M.","contributorId":55027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"d’Angelo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014778,"text":"1014778 - 1994 - Larval diet studies rearing of lake sturgeon for restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:27","indexId":"1014778","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2740,"text":"Midwest Tribal Aquaculture Network Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Larval diet studies rearing of lake sturgeon for restoration","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Midwest Tribal Aquaculture Network Newsletter","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"94-126/NF/TL","usgsCitation":"DiLauro, M.N., Krise, W.F., and Fynn-Aikins, K., 1994, Larval diet studies rearing of lake sturgeon for restoration: Midwest Tribal Aquaculture Network Newsletter, v. 7, p. 15-16.","productDescription":"p. 15-16","startPage":"15","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8e0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiLauro, M. N.","contributorId":75475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLauro","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fynn-Aikins, K.","contributorId":34080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fynn-Aikins","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":60570,"text":"mf2270 - 1994 - Maps showing platinum-group-element occurrences in the conterminous United States, updated as of 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:20","indexId":"mf2270","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2270","title":"Maps showing platinum-group-element occurrences in the conterminous United States, updated as of 1993","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2270","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J., 1994, Maps showing platinum-group-element occurrences in the conterminous United States, updated as of 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2270, 5 maps on 1 sheet ;46 x 81 cm. or smaller, sheet 117 x 187 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (55 p. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2270.","productDescription":"5 maps on 1 sheet ;46 x 81 cm. or smaller, sheet 117 x 187 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (55 p. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2270/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88821,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2270/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":88822,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1994/2270/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,24 ], [ -125,50 ], [ -66,50 ], [ -66,24 ], [ -125,24 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, J.A.","contributorId":76308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017940,"text":"70017940 - 1994 - Galileo Photometry of Asteroid 951 Gaspra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T11:27:56","indexId":"70017940","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Galileo Photometry of Asteroid 951 Gaspra","docAbstract":"Galileo images of Gaspra make it possible for the first time to determine a main-belt asteroid's photometric properties accurately by providing surface-resolved coverage over a wide range of incidence and emission angles and by extending the phase angle coverage to phases not observable from Earth. We combine Earth-based telescopic photometry over phase angles 2° ≤ α ≤ 25° with Galileo whole-disk and disk-resolved data at 33° ≤ α ≤ 51° to derive average global photometric properties in terms of Hapke's photometric model. The microscopic texture and particle phase-function behavior of Gaspra's surface are remarkably like those of other airless rocky bodies such as the Moon. The macroscopic surface roughness parameter, θ̄ = 29°, is slightly larger than that reported for typical lunar materials. The particle single scattering albedo, ώ0 = 0.36 ± 0.07, is significantly larger than for lunar materials, and the opposition surge amplitude, B0 = 1.63 ± 0.07, is correspondingly smaller. We determine a visual geometric albedo pv = 0.22 ± 0.06 for Gaspra, in close agreement with pv = 0.22 ± 0.03 estimated from Earth-based observations. Gaspra's phase integral is 0.47, and the bolometric Bond albedo is estimated to be 0.12 ± 0.03. An albedo map derived by correcting Galileo images with our average global photometric function reveals subdued albedo contrasts of ±10% or less over Gaspra's northern hemisphere. Several independent classification algorithms confirm the subtle spectral heterogeneity reported earlier (S. Mottola, M. DiMartino, M. Gonano-Beurer, H. Hoffman, and G. Neukum, 1993, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, pp. 421-424; M. J. S. Belton et al., 1992, Science 257, 1647-1652). Whole-disk colors (0.41 ≤ λ ≤ 0.99 μm) vary systematically with longitude by about ±5%, but color differences as large as 30% occur locally. Colors vary continuously between end-member materials whose areal distribution correlates with regional topography. Infrared: violet (0.99:0.41-μm) color ratios on Gaspra are strongly correlated with local elevation, being largest at lower elevations and smaller at higher elevations. No correlation was detected between elevation and the green:violet (0.56:0.41-μm) color ratio. Bright materials with a strong 1-μm absorption occur primarily in association with craters along ridges, while darker materials with 30% weaker 1-μm signatures occur downslope. The variations of color and albedo cannot be easily explained by grain-size effects alone or by differences in photometric geometry. The trends observed are consistent with those revealed by laboratory studies of the effects of comminution, glass formation, and segregation of metal from silicate components in chondritic meteorites and also in some silicate mixtures. The relative importance of these various processes on Gaspra remains to be determined.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1006/icar.1994.1005","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Helfenstein, P., Veverka, J., Thomas, P., Simonelli, D., Lee, P., Klaasen, K., Johnson, T.V., Breneman, H., Head, J., Murchie, S., Fanale, F., Robinson, M., Clark, B., Granahan, J., Garbeil, H., McEwen, A.S., Kirk, R.L., Davies, M., Neukum, G., Mottola, S., Wagner, R., Belton, M., Chapman, C., and Pilcher, C., 1994, Galileo Photometry of Asteroid 951 Gaspra: Icarus, v. 107, no. 1, p. 37-60, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1005.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480266,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1005","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gaspra","volume":"107","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14aae4b0c8380cd54ae4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helfenstein, P.","contributorId":69306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfenstein","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, P.C.","contributorId":32690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simonelli, D.P.","contributorId":42373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lee, P.","contributorId":47101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klaasen, K.","contributorId":101395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Breneman, H.","contributorId":59186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breneman","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Head, J.W.","contributorId":67982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Murchie, S.","contributorId":16584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Fanale, F.","contributorId":11340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanale","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Robinson, M.","contributorId":50272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Clark, B.","contributorId":30224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Granahan, J.","contributorId":82073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granahan","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Garbeil, H.","contributorId":103023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbeil","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Davies, M.","contributorId":54726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Neukum, G.","contributorId":105443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neukum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Mottola, S.","contributorId":18124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mottola","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Wagner, R.","contributorId":88859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Belton, M.","contributorId":21712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Chapman, C.","contributorId":16951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Pilcher, C.","contributorId":26452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilcher","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24}]}} ,{"id":70017651,"text":"70017651 - 1994 - Geochemistry and hydrology of a calcareous fen within the Savage Fen wetlands complex, Minnesota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T12:29:02","indexId":"70017651","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and hydrology of a calcareous fen within the Savage Fen wetlands complex, Minnesota, USA","docAbstract":"Savage Fen is a wetlands complex at the base of north-facing bluffs in the Minnesota River Valley. The complex includes 27.8 hectares of calcareous fen that host rare calciphile plants whose populations are declining in Minnesota. Water and sediment compositions in the calcareous fen were studied to gain a better understanding of the hydrologie System that sustains the rare vegetation. Groundwater in the fen is a calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type with circumneutral pH values. The groundwater composition is the resuit of interactions among water, dissolved and gaseous carbon species, carbonates, and ion exchangers. Shallow groundwater is distinguished from deep groundwater by smaller concentrations of chloride, sulfate, magnesium, and sodium, and larger concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonium. Magnesian calcite is the prevalent carbonate in unconsolidated sedimentary fill beneath the fen and is an important source and sink for dissolved calcium, magnesium, and inorganic carbon. Calcite concentrations just below the water table are small because aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of organic matter increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), decrease pH, and cause calcite to dissolve. Thick calcite accumulations just above the water table, in the root zone of calciphile plants, result from water table fluctuations and attendant changes in PCO2. Groundwater beneath Savage Fen recharges in lakes and ponds south of the fen and upwells to the surface within the fen. Water at the water table is a mixture of upwelling groundwater and water near the surface that flows downslope from higher elevations in the fen. Changes in oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of shallow groundwater indicate that the proportion of upwelling groundwater in shallow groundwater decreases downgradient in the calcareous fen. Encroachment of reed grasses into the calcareous fen may reflect human-caused disturbances in the recharge area.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geochemical Society","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90091-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Komor, S., 1994, Geochemistry and hydrology of a calcareous fen within the Savage Fen wetlands complex, Minnesota, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 16, p. 3353-3367, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90091-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3353","endPage":"3367","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Savage Fen wetlands complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.376389,\n 44.773611\n ],\n [\n -93.376389,\n 44.765278\n ],\n [\n -93.358333,\n 44.765278\n ],\n [\n -93.358333,\n 44.773611\n ],\n [\n -93.376389,\n 44.773611\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16d5e4b0c8380cd55299","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Komor, S.C.","contributorId":21182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Komor","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014780,"text":"1014780 - 1994 - Short-term cold storage of Atlantic sturgeon sperm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:51:04.494492","indexId":"1014780","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short-term cold storage of Atlantic sturgeon sperm","docAbstract":"Short‐term cold storage of fish sperm with oxygen, an established fisheries technique, was successfully used to preserve milt from Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus). All milt samples stored for 5 d on ice and replenished daily with oxygen retained at least 80% motility and at least 99% viability. One sample exhibited 40% motility after 17 d. For management personnel involved in restoration of this rare fish, this technique offers an alternative to dependence on the simultaneous capture of ripe males and females from severely depleted stocks. It may also be used during transport prior to fertilization or cryopreservation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1994)056%3C0143:TNSTCS%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"DiLauro, M.N., Krise, W.F., Hendrix, M.A., and Baker, S., 1994, Short-term cold storage of Atlantic sturgeon sperm: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 56, p. 143-144, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1994)056%3C0143:TNSTCS%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131953,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b1a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiLauro, M. N.","contributorId":75475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLauro","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hendrix, M. A.","contributorId":61376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendrix","given":"M.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baker, S.E.","contributorId":68259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017676,"text":"70017676 - 1994 - Displacement of soil pore water by trichloroethylene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T06:26:17","indexId":"70017676","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Displacement of soil pore water by trichloroethylene","docAbstract":"Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLS) are important pollutants because of their widespread use as chemical and industrial solvents. An example of the pollution caused by the discharge of DNAPLs is found at the Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, where trichloroethylene (TCE) has been discharged directly into the unsaturated zone. This discharge has resulted in the formation of a plume of TCE-contaminated water in the aquifer downgradient of the discharge. A zone of dark-colored groundwater containing a high dissolved organic C content has been found near the point of discharge of the TCE. The colored-water plume extends from the point of discharge at least 30 m (100 feet) downgradient. Fulvic acids isolated from the colored-waters plume, from water from a background well that has not been affected by the discharge of chlorinated solvents, and from soil pore water collected in a lysimeter installed at an uncontaminated site upgradient of the study area have been compared. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the fulvic acids from the colored waters and from the lysimeter are very similar, but are markedly different from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the fulvic acid from the background well. The three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and the DOC fractionation profile of the colored groundwater and the soil pore water are very similar to each other, but quite different from those of the background water. It is proposed from these observations that this colored water is soil pore water that has been displaced by a separate DNAPL liquid phase downward to the saturated zone.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300040025x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Aiken, G., Imbrigiotta, T., and Goldberg, M.C., 1994, Displacement of soil pore water by trichloroethylene: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 23, no. 4, p. 792-798, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300040025x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"792","endPage":"798","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0220e4b0c8380cd4fecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Imbrigiotta, T.E. 0000-0003-1716-4768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":86355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"T.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldberg, M. C.","contributorId":89220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017652,"text":"70017652 - 1994 - Seismic structure of the uppermost mantle beneath the Kenya rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T15:54:58.254372","indexId":"70017652","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic structure of the uppermost mantle beneath the Kenya rift","docAbstract":"A major goal of the Kenya Rift International Seismic Project (KRISP) 1990 experiment was the determination of deep lithospheric structure. In the refraction/wide-angle reflection part of the KRISP effort, the experiment was designed to obtain arrivals to distances in excess of 400 km. Phases from interfaces within the mantle were recorded from many shotpoints, and by design, the best data were obtained along the axial profile. Reflected arrivals from two thin (< 10 km), high-velocity layers were observed along this profile and a refracted arrival was observed from the upper high-velocity layer. These mantle phases were observed on record sections from four axial profile shotpoints so overlapping and reversed coverage was obtained. Both high-velocity layers are deepest beneath Lake Turkana and become more shallow southward as the apex of the Kenya dome is approached. The first layer has a velocity of 8.05-8.15 km/s, is at a depth of about 45 km beneath Lake Turkana, and is observed at depths of about 40 km to the south before it disappears near the base of the crust. The deeper layer has velocities ranging from 7.7 to 7.8 km/s in the south to about 8.3 km/s in the north, has a similar dip as the upper one, and is found at depths of 60-65 km. Mantle arrivals outside the rift valley appear to correlate with this layer. The large amounts of extrusive volcanics associated with the rift suggest compositional anomalies as an explanation for the observed velocity structure. However, the effects of the large heat anomaly associated with the rift indicate that composition alone cannot explain the high-velocity layers observed. These layers require some anisotropy probably due to the preferred orientation of olivine crystals. The seismic model is consistent with hot mantle material rising beneath the Kenya dome in the southern Kenya rift and north-dipping shearing along the rift axis near the base of the lithosphere beneath the northern Kenya rift. This implies lithosphere thickening towards the north and is consistent with a thermal thinning of the lithosphere from below in the south changing to thinning of the lithosphere due to stretching in the north.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90177-5","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Keller, G.R., Mechie, J., Braile, L., Mooney, W.D., and Prodehl, C., 1994, Seismic structure of the uppermost mantle beneath the Kenya rift: Tectonophysics, v. 236, no. 1-4, p. 201-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90177-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"216","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228853,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[37.7669,-3.67712],[37.69869,-3.09699],[34.07262,-1.05982],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"236","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b69e4b08c986b3177ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mechie, J.","contributorId":37902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mechie","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Braile, L.W.","contributorId":85332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braile","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Prodehl, C.","contributorId":100376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodehl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017673,"text":"70017673 - 1994 - Crustal structure beneath the Kenya Rift from axial profile data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-06T12:48:37.984529","indexId":"70017673","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure beneath the Kenya Rift from axial profile data","docAbstract":"Modelling of the KRISP 90 axial line data shows that major crustal thinning occurs along the axis of the Kenya Rift from Moho depths of 35 km in the south beneath the Kenya Dome in the vicinity of Lake Naivasha to 20 km in the north beneath Lake Turkana. Low Pn velocities of 7.5–7.7 km/s are found beneath the whole of the axial line. The results indicate that crustal extension increases to the north and that the low Pn velocities are probably caused by magma (partial melt) rising from below and being trapped in the uppermost kilometres of the mantle.
Along the axial line, the rift infill consisting of volcanics and a minor amount of sediments varies in thickness from zero where Precambrian crystalline basement highs occur to 5–6 km beneath the lakes Turkana and Naivasha. Analysis of the Pg phase shows that the upper crystalline crust has velocities of 6.1–6.3 km/s. Bearing in mind the Cainozoic volcanism associated with the rift, these velocities most probably represent Precambrian basement intruded by small amounts of igneous material. The boundary between the upper and lower crusts occurs at about 10 km depth beneath the northern part of the rift and 15 km depth beneath the southern part of the rift. The upper part of the lower crust has velocities of 6.4–6.5 km/s. The basal crustal layer which varies in thickness from a maximum of 2 km in the north to around 9 km in the south has a velocity of about 6.8 km/s.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90176-7","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Mechie, J., Keller, G.R., Prodehl, C., Gaciri, S., Braile, L., Mooney, W.D., Gajewski, D., and Sandmeier, K., 1994, Crustal structure beneath the Kenya Rift from axial profile data: Tectonophysics, v. 236, no. 1-4, p. 179-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90176-7.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[37.7669,-3.67712],[37.69869,-3.09699],[34.07262,-1.05982],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"236","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce7e4b0c8380cd4e4d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mechie, J.","contributorId":37902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mechie","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prodehl, C.","contributorId":100376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodehl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gaciri, S.","contributorId":65231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaciri","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Braile, L.W.","contributorId":85332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braile","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gajewski, D.","contributorId":24097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gajewski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sandmeier, K.-J.","contributorId":79256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandmeier","given":"K.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70017447,"text":"70017447 - 1994 - Isotopic tracers of gold deposition in Paleozoic limestones, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:17","indexId":"70017447","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Isotopic tracers of gold deposition in Paleozoic limestones, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"Strontium isotopic analyses of barren and mineralized Paleozoic carbonate rocks show that hydrothermal fluids added radiogenic strontium (87Sr) to the mineralized zones. At Bare Mountain, samples collected from mineralized areas have ??87Srt values (per mil deviation from primary marine values) ranging from +3.0 to +23.0 (mean of this log-normal distribution is +7.0), whereas unmineralized carbonate rocks have ??87Srt values of -0.6 to +2.9 (mean of +1.07??1.03). In other ranges (Striped Hills, Spring Mountains, and ranges in the vicinity of Indian Springs Valley), ??87Srt values of the unmineralized carbonate rocks are even lower and virtually indistinguishable from primary marine values. This correlation of elevated ??87Srt values with mineralized zones provided a useful technique for assessing the mineral potential of the Paleozoic basement beneath Yucca Mountain, and may find broader use in mineral exploration in the Basin and Range province as a whole.","largerWorkTitle":"High Level Radioactive Waste Management - Proceedings of the Annual International Conference","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Conference on High Level Radioactive Waste Management. Part 3 (of 4)","conferenceDate":"22 May 1994 through 26 May 1994","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","usgsCitation":"Peterman, Z.E., Widmann, B., Marshall, B., Aleinikoff, J.N., Futa, K., and Mahan, S., 1994, Isotopic tracers of gold deposition in Paleozoic limestones, southern Nevada, in High Level Radioactive Waste Management - Proceedings of the Annual International Conference, v. 3, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 22 May 1994 through 26 May 1994, p. 1316-1323.","startPage":"1316","endPage":"1323","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3fbde4b0c8380cd64799","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterman, Z. E.","contributorId":63781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Widmann, B.L.","contributorId":105068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widmann","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marshall, B.D.","contributorId":19581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Futa, K.","contributorId":26435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mahan, S. A. 0000-0001-5214-7774","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":94333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70017963,"text":"70017963 - 1994 - The influence of ice on southern Lake Michigan coastal erosion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T22:24:22.683993","indexId":"70017963","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The influence of ice on southern Lake Michigan coastal erosion","docAbstract":"Coastal ice does not protect the coast but enhances erosion by displacing severe winter wave energy from the beach to the shoreface and by entraining and transporting sediment alongshore and offshore. Three aspects of winter ice in Lake Michigan were studied over a 3-year period and found to have an important influence on coastal sediment dynamics and the coastal sediment budget: (1) the influence of coastal ice on shoreface morphology, (2) the transport of littoral sediments by ice, and (3) the formation of anchor and underwater ice as a frequent and important event entraining and transporting sediment. Coastal lake ice includes a belt of mobile brash (ice blocks) and slush and a dynamic nearshore ice complex consisting of an icefoot, a lakeward sequence of wave-generated ice ridges, and intervening ice lagoons. Our studies indicate that the nearshore ice complex contains a sediment load (0.2 - 1.2 t/m of coast) that is roughly equivalent to the average amount of sand eroded from the coastal bluffs and to the amount sand ice-rafted offshore to the deep lake basin each year. Up to 0.28 t/m of coast can be entrained by ice in a single anchor-ice event, and separate events occurred on 15 days in January 1991. The brash/slush belt is the most important system component responsible for ice-induced sediment transport. Estimates of longshore ice drift, ice volume, and ice-borne sediment load suggest that 0.36 to 4.14 × 103 t/d are transported alongshore.
Gas hydrates are stable at relatively low temperature and high pressure conditions; thus large amounts of hydrates can exist in sediments within the upper several hundred meters below the sea floor. The existence of gas hydrates has been recognized and mapped mostly on the basis of high amplitude Bottom Simulating Reflections (BSRs) which indicate only that an acoustic contrast exists at the lower boundary of the region of gas hydrate stability. Other factors such as amplitude blanking and change in reflection characteristics in sediments where a BSR would be expected, which have not been investigated in detail, are also associated with hydrated sediments and potentially disclose more information about the nature of hydratecemented sediments and the amount of hydrate present. Our research effort has focused on a detailed analysis of multichannel seismic profiles in terms of reflection character, inferred distribution of free gas underneath the BSR, estimation of elastic parameters, and spatial variation of blanking. This study indicates that continuous-looking BSRs in seismic profiles are highly segmented in detail and that the free gas underneath the hydrated sediment probably occurs as patches of gas-filled sediment having variable thickness. We also present an elastic model for various types of sediments based on seismic inversion results. The BSR from sediments of high ratio of shear to compressional velocity, estimated as about 0.52, encased in sediments whose ratios are less than 0.35 is consistent with the interpretation of gasfilled sediments underneath hydrated sediments. This model contrasts with recent results in which the BSR is explained by increased concentrations of hydrate near the base of the hydrate stability field and no underlying free gas is required.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geophysical Researches","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF01237512","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., Hutchinson, D.R., Agena, W., Dillon, W.P., Miller, J.J., and Swift, B., 1994, Seismic character of gas hydrates on the Southeastern U.S. continental margin: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 16, no. 3, p. 163-184, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01237512.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"184","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8af7e4b08c986b3174db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Agena, Warren F.","contributorId":67079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swift, B.A.","contributorId":32937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"B.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70016963,"text":"70016963 - 1994 - Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California, and Their Implications for Snowline Reconstructions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:53","indexId":"70016963","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California, and Their Implications for Snowline Reconstructions","docAbstract":"Ice-walled melt ponds on the surfaces of active valley-floor rock glaciers and Matthes (Little Ice Age) moraines in the southern Sierra Nevada indicate that most of these landforms consist of glacier ice under thin (ca. 1 - 10 m) but continuous covers of rock-fall-generated debris. These debris blankets effectively insulate the underlying ice and greatly reduce rates of ablation relative to that of uncovered ice. Such insulation explains the observations that ice-cored rock glaciers in the Sierra, actually debris-covered glaciers, are apparently less sensitive to climatic warming and commonly advance to lower altitudes than do adjacent bare-ice glaciers. Accumulation-area ratios and toe-to-headwall-altitude ratios used to estimate equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) of former glaciers may therefore yield incorrect results for cirque glaciers subject to abundant rockfall. Inadvertent lumping of deposits from former debris-covered and bare-ice glaciers partially explains an apparently anomalous regional ELA gradient reported for the pre-Matthes Recess Peak Neoglacial advance. Distinguishing such deposits may be important to studies that rely on paleo-ELA estimates. Moreover, Matthes and Recess Peak ELA gradients along the crest evidently depend strongly on local orographic effects rather than latitudinal climatic trends, indicating that simple linear projections and regional climatic interpretations of ELA gradients of small glaciers may be unreliable.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1994.1016","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Clark, D., Clark, M.M., and Gillespie, A., 1994, Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Sierra Nevada, California, and Their Implications for Snowline Reconstructions: Quaternary Research, v. 41, no. 2, p. 139-153, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1016.","startPage":"139","endPage":"153","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205510,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1016"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdf4e4b0c8380cd4ea26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D.H.","contributorId":10162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, M. M.","contributorId":41877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gillespie, A.R.","contributorId":69575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":374982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017439,"text":"70017439 - 1994 - Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70017439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1795,"text":"Geologische Rundschau","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program","docAbstract":"An active oceanic spreading ridge is being subducted beneath the South American continent at the Chile Triple Junction. This process has played a major part in the evolution of most of the continental margins that border the Pacific Ocean basin. A combination of high resolution swath bathymetric maps, seismic reflection profiles and drillhole and core data from five sites drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 141 provide important data that define the tectonic, structural and stratigraphic effects of this modern example of spreading ridge subduction. A change from subduction accretion to subduction erosion occurs along-strike of the South American forearc. This change is prominently expressed by normal faulting, forearc subsidence, oversteepening of topographic slopes and intensive sedimentary mass wasting, overprinted on older signatures of sediment accretion, overthrusting and uplift processes in the forearc. Data from drill sites north of the triple junction (Sites 859-861) show that after an important phase of forearc building in the early to late Pliocene, subduction accretion had ceased in the late Pliocene. Since that time sediment on the downgoing oceanic Nazca plate has been subducted. Site 863 was drilled into the forearc in the immediate vicinity of the triple junction above the subducted spreading ridge axis. Here, thick and intensely folded and faulted trench slope sediments of Pleistocene age are currently involved in the frontal deformation of the forearc. Early faults with thrust and reverse kinematics are overprinted by later normal faults. The Chile Triple Junction is also the site of apparent ophiolite emplacement into the South American forearc. Drilling at Site 862 on the Taitao Ridge revealed an offshore volcanic sequence of Plio-Pleistocene age associated with the Taitao Fracture Zone, adjacent to exposures of the Pliocene-aged Taitao ophiolite onshore. Despite the large-scale loss of material from the forearc at the triple junction, ophiolite emplacement produces a large topographic promontory in the forearc immediately after ridge subduction, and represents the first stage of forearc rebuilding. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologische Rundschau","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00251080","issn":"00167835","usgsCitation":"Behrmann, J., Lewis, S., and Cande, S., 1994, Tectonics and geology of spreading ridge subduction at the Chile Triple Junction: a synthesis of results from Leg 141 of the Ocean Drilling Program: Geologische Rundschau, v. 83, no. 4, p. 832-852, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00251080.","startPage":"832","endPage":"852","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206168,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00251080"},{"id":228923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba484e4b08c986b3203dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrmann, J.H.","contributorId":48822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrmann","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, S.D.","contributorId":11618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cande, S.C.","contributorId":59300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cande","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017653,"text":"70017653 - 1994 - The travel-time ellipse: An approximate zone of transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T11:32:29","indexId":"70017653","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The travel-time ellipse: An approximate zone of transport","docAbstract":"A zone of transport for a well is defined as the area in the horizontal plane bounded by a contour of equal ground-water travel time to the well. For short distances and ground-water travel times near a well, the potentiometric surface may be simulated analytically as that for a fully penetrating well in a uniform flow field. The zone of transport for this configuration is nearly elliptical. A simple method is derived to calculate a travel-time ellipse that approximates the zone of transport for a well in a uniform flow field. The travel-time ellipse was nearly congruent with the exact solution for the theoretical zone of transport for ground-water travel times of at least 10 years and for aquifer property values appropriate for southeastern Minnesota. For distances and travel times approaching infinity, however, the ellipse becomes slightly wider at its midpoint and narrower near its upgradient boundary than the theoretical zone of transport. The travel-time ellipse also may be used to simulate the plume area surrounding an injection well. However, the travel-time ellipse is an approximation that does not account for the effect of dispersion in enlarging the true area of an injection plume or zone of transport; hence, caution is advised in the use and interpretation of this simple construction.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"European Geophysical Society","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90135-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Almendinger, J., 1994, The travel-time ellipse: An approximate zone of transport: Journal of Hydrology, v. 161, no. 1-4, p. 365-373, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90135-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"365","endPage":"373","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"161","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb13ce4b08c986b32528b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Almendinger, J.E.","contributorId":82357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendinger","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017487,"text":"70017487 - 1994 - Modeling and analysis of the 1949 Narrows landslide, Tacoma, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T00:21:16.527567","indexId":"70017487","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1115,"text":"Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and analysis of the 1949 Narrows landslide, Tacoma, Washington","docAbstract":"A large landslide failed catastrophically along steep, 90-m (300-ft) high bluffs overlooking the waters of Puget Sound at Tacoma, Washington, in April of 1949, three days after the region was struck by a magnitude 7.1 earthquake. The area of failure was investigated to estimate the static and seismic stability of the pre-earthquake slope and to identify factors that contributed to the failure. Results of static analyses suggest that the slope was marginally stable and that high ground-water conditions would have significantly reduced slope stability. The Newmark analysis of dynamic (seismic) slope stability was used to calculate predicted inertial displacements for the landslide for a range of possible material property and ground-water conditions. Comparison of predicted displacements with a reported displacement suggests that the ground motion could have initiated the large-scale failure. Results of the study provide a basis for discussion and comparison of similar bluffs in the Puget Sound region that may be susceptible to catastrophic, earthquake-induced slope failure.