{"pageNumber":"4035","pageRowStart":"100850","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":70017655,"text":"70017655 - 1994 - Seismological aspects of the 1989-1990 eruptions at redoubt volcano, Alaska: the SSAM perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017655","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismological aspects of the 1989-1990 eruptions at redoubt volcano, Alaska: the SSAM perspective","docAbstract":"SSAM is a simple and inexpensive tool for continuous monitoring of average seismic amplitudes within selected frequency bands in near real-time on a PC-based data acquisition system. During the 1989-1990 eruption sequence at Redoubt Volcano, the potential of SSAM to aid in rapid identification of precursory Long-Period (LP) event swarms was realized, and since this time SSAM has been incorporated in routine monitoring efforts of the Alaska Volcano Observatory. In particular, an eruption that occurred on April 6 was successfully forecast primarily on the basis of recognizing the precursory LP activity on SSAM. Of twenty-two significant eruptions that occurred between December 14 and April 21, eleven had precursory swarms longer than one hour in duration that could be detected on SSAM. For individual swarms, the patterns of relative spectral amplitudes are distinct at each station and remain largely stationary through time, thus indicating that one source may have been preferentially and repeatedly activated throughout the swarm. Typically, a single spectral band dominates the signal at each seismic station: for the vigorous one-day swarm that preceded the first eruption on December 14, signals were sharply peaked in the 1.9-2.7 Hz band at the closest station, located 4 km from the vent, but were dominated by 1.3-1.9 Hz energy at three more distant stations located 7.5-22 km from the vent. The tendency for the signals from different swarms recorded at the same station to be peaked in the same frequency band suggests that all of the sources are characterized by a predominant length scale. Signals from the precursory LP swarms became weaker as the eruption sequence progressed, and swarms that occurred in March and April could only be detected at seismographs on the volcanic edifice. Onset times of precursory LP swarms prior to eruptions ranged from a few hours to about one week, but after the initial vent-clearing phase that ended December 19 these intervals tended to become progressively shorter for successive swarms. These trends in the relative onset times and intensities of successive precursory LP swarms are consistent with an overall depressurization of the magmatic system through time. In general, each of the swarms had an emergent onset, but the intensities did not always increase steadily until the eruptions. Instead, as the time of an eruption approached the intensity usually increased more rapidly before peaking and then declining prior to the eruption; for three of the swarms, two distinct peaks in intensity were apparent. The time intervals between final peaks in swarm intensity and ensuing eruptions ranged from about 2 hours to almost 2 days, but the peaks always occurred closer to the eruptions than to the swarm onsets. Both the onset of LP swarm activity and a decline in intensity prior to an eruption may represent critical points in the process of pressurization that drives the flow of fluids and gas in a sealed magmatic system. A notable exception to this pattern is the eruption of March 9 which lacked a detectable precursory LP swarm, but was followed by an unusually long period of strong LP seismicity that may have been stimulated by a depressurization of the magmatic system resulting from dome failure. On both December 14 and January 2, the spectra of early syn-eruptive signals have peaked signatures much like those of the spectra of precursory LP activity from shortly before the eruptions; these similarities may indicate that the source of precursory seismicity continued to be active during at least the early part of each eruption. In syn-eruptive signals from March and April recorded at stations on the volcanic edifice, the dominant spectral energy progressively shifts with time during the eruption to lower frequencies; at least part of the energy in these signals may have been generated by the debris flows associated with dome failures. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Stephens, C., Chouet, B., Page, R., Lahr, J., and Power, J., 1994, Seismological aspects of the 1989-1990 eruptions at redoubt volcano, Alaska: the SSAM perspective: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 153-182.","startPage":"153","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228941,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bcfe4b08c986b317acd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017548,"text":"70017548 - 1994 - Multicomponent-flow analyses by multimode method of characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:49:56.004158","indexId":"70017548","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multicomponent-flow analyses by multimode method of characteristics","docAbstract":"For unsteady open-channel flows having N interacting unknown variables, a system of N mutually independent, partial differential equations can be used to describe the flow-field. The system generally belongs to marching-type problems and permits transformation into characteristic equations that are associated with N distinct characteristics directions. Because characteristics can be considered 'wave' or 'disturbance' propagation, a fluvial system so described can be viewed as adequately definable using these N component waves. A numerical algorithm to solve the N families of characteristics can then be introduced for formulation of an N-component flow-simulation model. The multimode method of characteristics (MMOC), a new numerical scheme that has a combined capacity of several specified-time-interval (STI) schemes of the method of characteristics, makes numerical modeling of such N-component riverine flows feasible and attainable. Merging different STI schemes yields different kinds of MMOC schemes, for which two kinds are displayed herein. With the MMOC, each characteristics is dynamically treated by an appropriate numerical mode, which should lead to an effective and suitable global simulation, covering various types of unsteady flow. The scheme is always linearly stable and its numerical accuracy can be systematically analyzed. By increasing the N value, one can develop a progressively sophisticated model that addresses increasingly complex river-mechanics problems.","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:3(378)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Lai, C., 1994, Multicomponent-flow analyses by multimode method of characteristics: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 120, no. 3, p. 378-395, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1994)120:3(378).","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"378","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a601be4b0c8380cd712da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lai, Chintu","contributorId":16860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lai","given":"Chintu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017431,"text":"70017431 - 1994 - Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:29:02","indexId":"70017431","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco rivers","docAbstract":"The Amazon and Orinoco Rivers are massive transcontinental conveyance systems for suspended sediment. They derive about 90% of their sediment from the Andes that support their western headwaters, transport it for thousands of kilometers across the breadth of the continent and deposit it in the coastal zones of the Atlantic. At their points of maximum suspended-sediment discharge, the Amazon transports an average of 1100-1300 ?? 106 tons per year and the Orinoco transports about 150 ?? 106 tons per year. Relations of sediment discharge to water discharge are complicated by unusual patterns of seasonal storage and remobilization, increased storage and reduced transport of sediment in the middle Orinoco during periods of peak water discharge, and storage of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon during rising discharge and resuspension during falling discharge. Spatial distributions of suspended sediment in cross-sections of both rivers are typically heterogeneous, not only in the vertical sense but also in the lateral. The cross-channel mixing of tributary inputs into the mainstem waters is a slow process that requires several hundred kilometers of downriver transport to complete. Considerable fine-grained sediment is exchanged between rivers and floodplains by the combination of overbank deposition and bank erosion. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90019-1","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Meade, R., 1994, Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco rivers: Quaternary International, v. 21, no. C, p. 29-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90019-1.","startPage":"29","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270039,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90019-1"}],"volume":"21","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba309e4b08c986b31fb3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014778,"text":"1014778 - 1994 - Larval diet studies rearing of lake sturgeon for restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:27","indexId":"1014778","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2740,"text":"Midwest Tribal Aquaculture Network Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Larval diet studies rearing of lake sturgeon for restoration","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Midwest Tribal Aquaculture Network Newsletter","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"94-126/NF/TL","usgsCitation":"DiLauro, M.N., Krise, W.F., and Fynn-Aikins, K., 1994, Larval diet studies rearing of lake sturgeon for restoration: Midwest Tribal Aquaculture Network Newsletter, v. 7, p. 15-16.","productDescription":"p. 15-16","startPage":"15","endPage":"16","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8e0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiLauro, M. N.","contributorId":75475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLauro","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fynn-Aikins, K.","contributorId":34080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fynn-Aikins","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017590,"text":"70017590 - 1994 - McMurdo LTER: streamflow measurements in Taylor Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:18","indexId":"70017590","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":812,"text":"Antarctic Journal of the United States","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"McMurdo LTER: streamflow measurements in Taylor Valley","docAbstract":"Has established a stream gaging network for the three major lake basins in Taylor Valley. These data are critical for determining nutrient budgets for the lake ecosystems and for understanding physical factors controlling microbial mats in the streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Antarctic Journal of the United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00035335","usgsCitation":"McKnight, D., House, H., and Von Guerard, P., 1994, McMurdo LTER: streamflow measurements in Taylor Valley: Antarctic Journal of the United States, v. 29, no. 5, p. 230-232.","startPage":"230","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52b3e4b0c8380cd6c5fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKnight, D.","contributorId":48713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKnight","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"House, H.","contributorId":74529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Von Guerard, P.","contributorId":86129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Von Guerard","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018037,"text":"70018037 - 1994 - Late Mesozoic and possible early Tertiary accretion in western Washington State: The Helena-Haystack mélange and the Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:52:07.201679","indexId":"70018037","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Mesozoic and possible early Tertiary accretion in western Washington State: The Helena-Haystack mélange and the Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone","docAbstract":"

The Helena-Haystack mélange (HH mélange) and coincident Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone (DDMFZ) in northwestern Washington separate two terranes, the Northwest Cascade System (NWCS) and the western and eastern mélange belts (WEMB). The two terranes of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks superficially resemble each other but record considerable differences in structural and metamorphic history. The HH mélange is a serpentinite-matrix mélange containing blocks of adjacent terranes but also exotic blocks of schistose metavolcanic rocks and Jurassic tonalite and associated amphibolite. The HH mélange must have formed between early Cretaceous and late middle Eocene time, because it contains tectonic clasts of early Cretaceous Shuksan Greenschist and is overlain by late middle Eocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Less certain constraints on its age are a tectonic clast of metarhyolite that yields 90 Ma metamorphic ages and the presumption that the mélange was emplaced before the outboard Olympic terrane arrived at about 50 Ma. The apparent continuity of the HH mélange and the Decatur terrane of the San Juan Islands suggests that the mélange is the strongly tectonized equivalent of the Fidalgo ophiolite. The out-crop pattern suggests that the HH mélange overlies rocks of the NWCS and it may have formed when the WEMB terranes were thrust over rocks of the NWCS.

Much of the exposed belt of the HH mélange is overlain by late middle Eocene feldspathic sandstone and volcanic rocks of the Barlow Pass Volcanics of Vance (1957a), which are cut by numerous faults of the DDMFZ paralleling the mélange. The Barlow Pass Volcanics appear to overlie the Straight Creek fault without large offset, but a displaced exotic block of amphibolite with attached early or early middle Eocene(?) sandstone in the mélange suggests that strike-slip movement along the DDMFZ was synchronous with movement on the Straight Creek fault, and stretched cobbles in the conglomerates of the Barlow Pass Volcanics suggest post-Straight Creek movement.

The possible continuation of the DDMFZ to the northwest as the San Juan and the West Coast faults on Vancouver Island suggests That the structure has had a major role in the emplacement of all the westernmost terranes in the Pacific Northwest. This major suture is strongly bowed to the northeast opposite the great oroclinal bend of the Olympic terrane, suggesting that the emplacement of that terrane may have deformed a once straighter strike-slip zone.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0217:LMAPET>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Tabor, R.W., 1994, Late Mesozoic and possible early Tertiary accretion in western Washington State: The Helena-Haystack mélange and the Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 2, p. 217-232, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0217:LMAPET>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"232","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228645,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44f3e4b0c8380cd66eea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tabor, R. W.","contributorId":16002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tabor","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017611,"text":"70017611 - 1994 - Contributions to a shallow aquifer study by reprocessed seismic sections from petroleum exploration surveys, eastern Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T16:27:41.216883","indexId":"70017611","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contributions to a shallow aquifer study by reprocessed seismic sections from petroleum exploration surveys, eastern Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","docAbstract":"

The US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Drilling Company of Abu Dhabi, is conducting a 4-year study of the fresh and slightly saline groundwater resources of the eastern Abu Dhabi Emirate. Most of this water occurs in a shallow aquifer, generally less than 150 m deep, in the Al Ain area. A critical part of the Al Ain area coincides with a former petroleum concession area where about 2780 km of vibroseis data were collected along 94 seismic lines during 1981–1983. Field methods, acquistion parameters, and section processing were originally designed to enhance reflections expected at depths ranging from 5000 to 6000 m, and subsurface features directly associated with the shallow aquifer system were deleted from the original seismic sections. The original field tapes from the vibroseis survey were reprocessed in an attempt to extract shallow subsurface information (depths less than 550 m) for investigating the shallow aquifer.

A unique sequence of reproccessing parameters was established after reviewing the results from many experimental tests. Many enhancements to the resolution of shallow seismic reflections resulted from: (1) application of a 20-Hz, low-cut filter; (2) recomputation of static corrections to a datum nearer the land surface; (3) intensive velocity analyses; and (4) near-trace muting analyses. The number, resolution, and lateral continuity of shallow reflections were greatly enhanced on the reprocessed sections, as was the delineation of shallow, major faults. Reflections on a synthetic seismogram, created from a borehole drilled to a depth of 786 m on seismic line IQS-11, matched precisely with shallow reflections on the reprocessed section. The 33 reprocessed sections were instrumental in preparing a map showing the major structural features that affect the shallow aquifer system. Analysis of the map provides a better understanding of the effect of these shallow features on the regional occurrence, movement, and quality of groundwater in the concession area. Results from this study demonstrate that original seismic field tapes collected for deep petroleum exploration can be reprocessed to explore for groundwater.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0926-9851(94)90062-0","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D., 1994, Contributions to a shallow aquifer study by reprocessed seismic sections from petroleum exploration surveys, eastern Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 31, no. 1-4, p. 271-289, https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90062-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"289","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228763,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa8fe4b0c8380cd4db89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D.","contributorId":36701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017988,"text":"70017988 - 1994 - The effect of a confining unit on the geochemical evolution of ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-22T11:15:18.274101","indexId":"70017988","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of a confining unit on the geochemical evolution of ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system","docAbstract":"
In west-central Florida, sections of the Upper Floridan aquifer system range in character from confined to leaky to unconfined. The confining unit is the Hawthorn Formation, a clay-rich sequence. The presence or absence of the Hawthorn Formation affects the geochemical evolution of the ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system. Mass-balance and mass-transfer models suggest that, in unconfined areas, the geochemical reactions are dolomite dissolution, ion exchange (Mg for Na, K), sulfate reduction, calcite dissolution, and CO2 exchange. In the areas in which the Hawthorn Formation is leaky, the evolution of the ground water is accounted for by ion exchange, sulfate reduction, calcite dissolution, and CO2 exchange. In the confined areas, no ion exchange and only limited sulfate reduction occur, and the chemical character of the ground water is consistent with dolomite and gypsum dissolution, calcite precipitation, and CO2 ingassing. The Hawthorn Formation acts both as a physical barrier to the transport of CO2 and organic matter and as a source of ion-exchange sites, but the carbonate-mineral reactions are largely unaffected by the extent of confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90189-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Wicks, C., and Herman, J., 1994, The effect of a confining unit on the geochemical evolution of ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer system: Journal of Hydrology, v. 153, no. 1-4, p. 139-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90189-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228739,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"153","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab12e4b08c986b322bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wicks, C.M.","contributorId":86132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, J.S.","contributorId":73345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017448,"text":"70017448 - 1994 - Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-19T12:52:00.858458","indexId":"70017448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection","docAbstract":"

The ionic tracers lithium, sodium, chloride and bromide were used to measure flow loss in a small stream (≈︁ 10 ls−1). An injectate containing all four tracers was added continuously at five sites along a 507 m study reach of St Kevin Gulch, Lake County, Colorado to determine which sections of the stream were losing water to the stream bed and to ascertain how well the four tracers performed. The acidity of the stream (pH 3.6) made it possible for lithium and sodium, which are normally adsorbed by ion exchange with stream bed sediment, to be used as conservative tracers. Net flow losses as low as 0.8 ls−1, or 8% of flow, were calculated between measuring sites. By comparing the results of simultaneous injection it was determined whether subsections of the study reach were influent or effluent. Evaluation of tracer concentrations along 116 m of stream indicated that all four tracers behaved conservatively. Discharges measured by Parshall flumes were 4–18% greater than discharges measured by tracer dilution.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.3360080206","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Zellweger, G.W., 1994, Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection: Hydrological Processes, v. 8, no. 2, p. 155-165, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360080206.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"St. Kevin Gulch","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.710205078125,\n 38.762650338334154\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 38.762650338334154\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -106.710205078125,\n 39.690280594818034\n ],\n [\n -106.710205078125,\n 38.762650338334154\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bee4b08c986b320c48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zellweger, G. W.","contributorId":55445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zellweger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017518,"text":"70017518 - 1994 - Isotopic Approach to Soil Carbonate Dynamics and Implications for Paleoclimatic Interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70017518","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic Approach to Soil Carbonate Dynamics and Implications for Paleoclimatic Interpretations","docAbstract":"The radiocarbon content and stable isotope composition of soil carbonate are best described by a dynamic system in which isotopic reequilibration occurs as a result of recurrent dissolution and reprecipitation. Depth of water penetration into the soil profile, as well as soil age, determines the degree of carbonate isotope reequilibration. We measured ??13C, ??18O and radiocarbon content of gravel rinds and fine (<2 mm) carbonate in soils of 3 .different ages (1000, 3800, and 6300 14 C yr B.P.) to assess the degree to which they record and preserve a climatic signal. In soils developing in deposits independently dated at 3800 and 6300 radiocarbon yr B.P., carbonate radiocarbon content above 40 cm depth suggests continual dissolution and reprecipitation, presumably due to frequent wetting events. Between 40 and 90 cm depth, fine carbonate is dissolved and precipitated as rinds that are not redissolved subsequently. Below 90 cm depth in these soils, radiocarbon content indicates that inherited, fine carbonate undergoes little dissolution and reprecipitation. In the 3800- and 6300-yr-old soils, ??13C in rind and fine carbonate follows a decreasing trend with depth, apparently in equilibrium with modern soil gas, as predicted by a diffusive model for soil CO2. ??18O also decreases with depth due to greater evaporative enrichment above 50 cm depth. In contrast, carbonate isotopes in a 1000-yr-old deposit do not reflect modern conditions even in surficial horizons; this soil has not undergone significant pedogenesis. There appears to be a lag of at least 1000 but less than 3800 yr before carbonate inherited with parent material is modified by ambient climatic conditions. Although small amounts of carbonate are inherited with the parent material, the rate of pedogenic carbonate accumulation indicates that Ca is derived primarily from eolian and rainfall sources. A model describing carbonate input and radiocarbon decay suggests that fine carbonate below 90 cm is mostly detrital (inherited) and that carbonate rinds have been forming pedogenically at a constant rate since alluvial fans were deposited.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1994.1054","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Pendall, E., Harden, J., Trumbore, S., and Chadwick, O., 1994, Isotopic Approach to Soil Carbonate Dynamics and Implications for Paleoclimatic Interpretations: Quaternary Research, v. 42, no. 1, p. 60-71, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1054.","startPage":"60","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480253,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8b42z95n","text":"External Repository"},{"id":206144,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1054"},{"id":228707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f8fe4b0c8380cd645f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pendall, E. G.","contributorId":60669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendall","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trumbore, S.E.","contributorId":57879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trumbore","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chadwick, O.A.","contributorId":15219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"O.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017475,"text":"70017475 - 1994 - Design and operation of a system to monitor sediment deposition for protection of an endangered mussel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70017475","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Design and operation of a system to monitor sediment deposition for protection of an endangered mussel","docAbstract":"The USGS, in cooperation with the COE, has designed and installed a system to continuously monitor changes in elevation of the river bed over the mussel bed located downstream of the Olmsted Locks and Dam project. The installed system utilizes a multi-transducer acoustic ranging system to provide river bed elevation measurements accurate to plus or minus 1 cm. The system is currently collecting data to assess the baseline sediment deposition and erosion characteristics of the mussel bed.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400369","usgsCitation":"Griffin, M.S., and Mueller, D.S., 1994, Design and operation of a system to monitor sediment deposition for protection of an endangered mussel, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 472-481.","startPage":"472","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff38e4b0c8380cd4f09e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Michael S. mgriffin@usgs.gov","contributorId":4381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Michael","email":"mgriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, David S. dmueller@usgs.gov","contributorId":1499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"David","email":"dmueller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017089,"text":"70017089 - 1994 - Hydrothermal alteration and mass exchange in the hornblende latite porphyry, Rico, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017089","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal alteration and mass exchange in the hornblende latite porphyry, Rico, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Rico paleothermal anomaly, southwestern Colorado, records the effects of a large hydrothermal system that was active at 4 Ma. This hydrothermal system produced the deep Silver Creek stockwork Mo deposit, which formed above the anomaly's heat source, and shallower base and precious-metal vein and replacement deposits. A 65 Ma hornblende latite porphyry is present as widespread sills throughout the area and provided a homogenous material that recorded the effects of the hydrothermal system up to 8 km from the center. Hydrothermal alteration in the latite can be divided into a proximal facies which consists of two assemblages, quartz-illite-calcite and chlorite-epidote, and a distal facies which consists of a distinct propylitic assemblage. Temperatures were gradational vertically and laterally in the anomaly, and decreased away from the centra heat source. A convective hydrothermal plume, 3 km wide and at least 2 km high, was present above the stock-work molybdenum deposit and consisted of upwelling, high-temperature fluids that produced the proximal alteration facies. Distal facies alteration was produced by shallower cooler fluids. The most important shallow base and precious-metal vein deposits in the Rico district are at or close to the boundary of the thermal plume. Latite within the plume had a large loss of Na2O, large addition of CaO, and variable SiO2 exchante. Distal propylitized latite samples lost small amounts of Na2O and CaO and exchanged minor variable amounts of SiO2. The edge of the plume is marked by steep Na2O exchange gradients. Na2O exchange throughout the paleothermal anomaly was controlled by the reaction of the albite components in primary plagioclase and alkali feldspars. Initial feldspar alteration in the distal facies was dominated by reaction of the plagioclase, and the initial molar ratio of reactants (alkali feldspar albite component to plagioclase albite component) was 0.35. This ratio of the moles of plagioclase to alkali feldspar albite components that reacted evolved to 0.92 as the reaction progressed. Much of the alkali feldspar albite component in the proximal facies reacted while the, primary plagioclase was still unreacted, but the ratio for these assemblages increased to 1.51 when the plagioclase entered the reaction paragenesis. Plagioclase reaction during distal propylitic alteration resulted in pseudomorphic albite mixed with illite and a loss of Na2O. CaO is lost in the distal facies as hornblende reacts to chlorite, although some calcium may be fixed in calcite. CaO is added to the proximal facies as the quantity of chlorite replacing hornblende increases and epidote and calcite are produced. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00310700","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Larson, P., Cunningham, C.G., and Naeser, C.W., 1994, Hydrothermal alteration and mass exchange in the hornblende latite porphyry, Rico, Colorado: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 116, no. 1-2, p. 199-215, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310700.","startPage":"199","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480251,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1232421","text":"External Repository"},{"id":224528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205500,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310700"}],"volume":"116","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3792e4b0c8380cd60fa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, P.B.","contributorId":88729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017625,"text":"70017625 - 1994 - Sensitivity of northern Sierra Nevada streamflow to climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:53:42","indexId":"70017625","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of northern Sierra Nevada streamflow to climate change","docAbstract":"The sensitivity of streamflow to climate change was investigated in the American, Carson, and Truckee River Basins, California and Nevada. Nine gaging stations were used to represent streamflow in the basins. Annual models were developed by regressing 1961-1991 streamflow data on temperature and precipitation. Climate-change scenarios were used as inputs to the models to determine streamflow sensitivities. Climate-change scenarios were generated from historical time series by modifying mean temperatures by a range of +4??C to -4??C and total precipitation by a range of +25 percent to -25 percent. Results show that streamflow on the warmer, lower west side of the Sierra Nevada generally is more sensitive to temperature and percipitation changes than is streamflow on the colder, higher east side. A 2??C rise in temperature and a 25-percent decrease in precipitation results in streamflow decreases of 56 percent on the American River and 25 percent on the Carson River. A 2??C decline in temperature and a 25-percent increase in precipitation results in streamflow increases of 102 percent on the American River and 22 percent on the Carson River.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03333.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Duell, L., 1994, Sensitivity of northern Sierra Nevada streamflow to climate change: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 30, no. 5, p. 841-859, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03333.x.","startPage":"841","endPage":"859","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267684,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03333.x"},{"id":228336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d33e4b08c986b3182cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duell, L.F.W.","contributorId":11765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L.F.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017449,"text":"70017449 - 1994 - Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T13:28:27","indexId":"70017449","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin","docAbstract":"The deglacial history of the Lake Michigan basin, including discharge and routing of meltwater, is complex because of the interaction among (1) glacial retreats and re-advances in the basin (2) the timing of occupation and the isostatic adjustment of lake outlets and (3) the depositional and erosional processes that left evidence of past lake levels. In the southern part of the basin, a restricted area little affected by differential isostasy, new studies of onshore and offshore areas allow refinement of a lake-level history that has evolved over 100 years. Important new data include the recognition of two periods of influx of meltwater from Lake Agassiz into the basin and details of the highstands gleaned from sedimentological evidence. Major disagreements still persist concerning the exact timing and lake-level changes associated with the Algonquin phase, approximately 11,000 BP. A wide variety of independent data suggests that the Lake Michigan Lobe was thin, unstable, and subject to rapid advances and retreats. Consequently, lake-level changes were commonly abrupt and stable shorelines were short-lived. The long-held beliefs that the southern part of the basin was stable and separated from deformed northern areas by a hinge-line discontinuity are becoming difficult to maintain. Numerical modeling of the ice-earth system and empirical modeling of shoreline deformation are both consistent with observed shoreline tilting in the north and with the amount and pattern of modern deformation shown by lake-level gauges. New studies of subaerial lacustrine features suggest the presence of deformed shorelines higher than those originally ascribed to the supposed horizontal Glenwood level. Finally, the Lake Michigan region as a whole appears to behave in a similar manner to other areas, both local (other Great Lakes) and regional (U.S. east coast), that have experienced major isostatic changes. Detailed sedimentological and dating studies of field sites and additional development of geophysical models offer hope for reconciling the field data with our understanding of earth rheology. ?? 1995.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(94)90007-8","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Clark, J., Clayton, L., Hansel, A., and Larsen, C., 1994, Deglaciation, lake levels, and meltwater discharge in the Lake Michigan basin: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 13, no. 9-10, p. 879-890, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(94)90007-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"879","endPage":"890","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science 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41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 41.68932225997044\n ],\n [\n -87.33032226562499,\n 41.582579601430346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe53e4b0c8380cd4ec8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, J.A.","contributorId":73759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clayton, L.","contributorId":55145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hansel, A.K.","contributorId":89280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansel","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larsen, C.E.","contributorId":84518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017473,"text":"70017473 - 1994 - Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T14:47:52","indexId":"70017473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides","docAbstract":"

The loss of the preemergent herbicide atrazine in surface runoff from experimental field plots growing corn (Zea mays L.) was significantly reduced using a starchencapsulated formulation versus a conventional powdered formulation. Field edge losses of starch-encapsulated atrazine were described as following a Rayleigh distribution totaling 1.8% of applied herbicide compared to exponential powdered atrazine losses of 2.9% applied - a 40% decrease. This has important implications for the reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water by agricultural chemicals. Unsaturated zone release of starchencapsulated atrazine was gradual, but comparable weed control was maintained. Deethylatrazine was a major dealkylated metabolite from each formulation, and deisopropylatrazine was a minor metabolite. The determination of soil partition coefficients for deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine (0.4 and 0.3, respectively), aqueous solubilities (3200 and 670 mg/L, respectively), and melting points (133 and 177 C, respectively) confirmed that the dealkylated metabolites should move more rapidly through the soil profile to groundwater than atrazine.

","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00050a011","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.S., and Thurman, E., 1994, Reduction of nonpoint source contamination of surface water and groundwater by starch encapsulation of herbicides: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 1, p. 73-79, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00050a011.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"79","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3e2e4b0e8fec6cdb9f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, M. S.","contributorId":96279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017676,"text":"70017676 - 1994 - Displacement of soil pore water by trichloroethylene","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T06:26:17","indexId":"70017676","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Displacement of soil pore water by trichloroethylene","docAbstract":"Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLS) are important pollutants because of their widespread use as chemical and industrial solvents. An example of the pollution caused by the discharge of DNAPLs is found at the Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, where trichloroethylene (TCE) has been discharged directly into the unsaturated zone. This discharge has resulted in the formation of a plume of TCE-contaminated water in the aquifer downgradient of the discharge. A zone of dark-colored groundwater containing a high dissolved organic C content has been found near the point of discharge of the TCE. The colored-water plume extends from the point of discharge at least 30 m (100 feet) downgradient. Fulvic acids isolated from the colored-waters plume, from water from a background well that has not been affected by the discharge of chlorinated solvents, and from soil pore water collected in a lysimeter installed at an uncontaminated site upgradient of the study area have been compared. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the fulvic acids from the colored waters and from the lysimeter are very similar, but are markedly different from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the fulvic acid from the background well. The three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and the DOC fractionation profile of the colored groundwater and the soil pore water are very similar to each other, but quite different from those of the background water. It is proposed from these observations that this colored water is soil pore water that has been displaced by a separate DNAPL liquid phase downward to the saturated zone.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300040025x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Aiken, G., Imbrigiotta, T., and Goldberg, M.C., 1994, Displacement of soil pore water by trichloroethylene: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 23, no. 4, p. 792-798, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300040025x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"792","endPage":"798","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0220e4b0c8380cd4fecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Imbrigiotta, T.E. 0000-0003-1716-4768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4768","contributorId":86355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrigiotta","given":"T.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldberg, M. C.","contributorId":89220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldberg","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017658,"text":"70017658 - 1994 - An experiment to detect and locate lightning associated with eruptions of Redoubt Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-05T14:37:17","indexId":"70017658","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experiment to detect and locate lightning associated with eruptions of Redoubt Volcano","docAbstract":"

A commercially-available lightning-detection system was temporarily deployed near Cook Inlet, Alaska in an attempt to remotely monitor volcanogenic lightning associated with eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. The system became operational on February 14, 1990; lightning was detected in 11 and located in 9 of the 13 subsequent eruptions. The lightning was generated by ash clouds rising from pyroclastic density currents produced by collapse of a lava dome emplaced near Redoubt's summit. Lightning discharge (flash) location was controlled by topography, which channeled the density currents, and by wind direction. In individual eruptions, early flashes tended to have a negative polarity (negative charge is lowered to ground) while late flashes tended to have a positive polarity (positive charge is lowered to ground), perhaps because the charge-separation process caused coarse, rapid-settling particles to be negatively charged and fine, slow-settling particles to be positively charged. Results indicate that lightning detection and location is a useful adjunct to seismic volcano monitoring, particularly when poor weather or darkness prevents visual observation. The simultaneity of seismicity and lightning near a volcano provides the virtual certainty that an ash cloud is present. This information is crucial for aircraft safety and to warn threatened communities of impending tephra falls. The Alaska Volcano Observatory has now deployed a permanent lightning-detection network around Cook Inlet.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90049-3","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Hoblitt, R., 1994, An experiment to detect and locate lightning associated with eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 499-517, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90049-3.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"499","endPage":"517","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea62e4b0c8380cd4881b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":89536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017673,"text":"70017673 - 1994 - Crustal structure beneath the Kenya Rift from axial profile data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-06T12:48:37.984529","indexId":"70017673","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure beneath the Kenya Rift from axial profile data","docAbstract":"

Modelling of the KRISP 90 axial line data shows that major crustal thinning occurs along the axis of the Kenya Rift from Moho depths of 35 km in the south beneath the Kenya Dome in the vicinity of Lake Naivasha to 20 km in the north beneath Lake Turkana. Low Pn velocities of 7.5–7.7 km/s are found beneath the whole of the axial line. The results indicate that crustal extension increases to the north and that the low Pn velocities are probably caused by magma (partial melt) rising from below and being trapped in the uppermost kilometres of the mantle.

Along the axial line, the rift infill consisting of volcanics and a minor amount of sediments varies in thickness from zero where Precambrian crystalline basement highs occur to 5–6 km beneath the lakes Turkana and Naivasha. Analysis of the Pg phase shows that the upper crystalline crust has velocities of 6.1–6.3 km/s. Bearing in mind the Cainozoic volcanism associated with the rift, these velocities most probably represent Precambrian basement intruded by small amounts of igneous material. The boundary between the upper and lower crusts occurs at about 10 km depth beneath the northern part of the rift and 15 km depth beneath the southern part of the rift. The upper part of the lower crust has velocities of 6.4–6.5 km/s. The basal crustal layer which varies in thickness from a maximum of 2 km in the north to around 9 km in the south has a velocity of about 6.8 km/s.

","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90176-7","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Mechie, J., Keller, G.R., Prodehl, C., Gaciri, S., Braile, L., Mooney, W.D., Gajewski, D., and Sandmeier, K., 1994, Crustal structure beneath the Kenya Rift from axial profile data: Tectonophysics, v. 236, no. 1-4, p. 179-200, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90176-7.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228618,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[37.7669,-3.67712],[37.69869,-3.09699],[34.07262,-1.05982],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"236","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce7e4b0c8380cd4e4d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mechie, J.","contributorId":37902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mechie","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prodehl, C.","contributorId":100376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prodehl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gaciri, S.","contributorId":65231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaciri","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Braile, L.W.","contributorId":85332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Braile","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gajewski, D.","contributorId":24097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gajewski","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sandmeier, K.-J.","contributorId":79256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandmeier","given":"K.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70017035,"text":"70017035 - 1994 - Zinc, copper, and lead in mid-ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T11:31:02.549445","indexId":"70017035","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zinc, copper, and lead in mid-ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits","docAbstract":"

The contents of Zn, Cu, and Pb in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and the MORB source-rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits are examined. The values of Zn, Cu, and Pb for submarine mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) are, respectively (in ppm): average MORB—75, 75, and 0.7; West Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge (JFR)—87, 64, and 0.5; southern JFR—120 and 0.5; and 21°N, East Pacific Rise (EPR)—73, 78, and 0.5. Values of Zn/Pb range from about 100–240 and Cu/ Pb from 100–156. In this study, Zn is found to correlate positively with TiO2 + FeO (mean square of weighted deviates, MSWD, of 1.6 for JFR basalt), and inversely with Mg number (MSWD of 3.5). Therefore, contrary to statements in the literature that Zn should be compatible in MORB, Zn is a mildly incompatible element and must be enriched in the glass phase relative to olivine as Zn does not fit into the other major phenocryst phase, plagioclase. In the source of MORB, Zn likely is most enriched in oxides: spinel, magnetite, and titanomagnetite.

Copper generally does not correlate well with other elements in most MORB data examined. When differentiation is dominated by olivine, Cu has a tendency to behave incompatibly (e.g., at Mg numbers > 70), but, overall, Cu shows some tendency towards being a compatible element, particularly along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a behavior presumably due to separation of sulfides in which Cu (but not Zn) is markedly enriched. Copper thus may be in dispersed sulfides in the source of MORB.

Ocean ridges provide important data on source-rock controls for sulfide deposits because, in sediment-starved ridges, much is known about the possible source rocks and mineralization is presently occurring. In contrast to Zn/Pb ~5 in continental hot Cl-rich brines, Zn/Pb in the hottest sediment-starved ridge black smoker hydrothermal fluids at 21 °N, EPR is about 110, similar to local MORB (145), but Cu/Pb is closer to 30, possibly due to subsurface deposition of Cu. At the JFR, the best value of Zn/Pb in the hydrothermal fluids is about 175, again similar to local MORB (240), but Cu is very low in the fluids that are at temperatures less than 300°C. The large MORB-like Zn/Pb in the hottest black-smoker fluids suggests a source-rock control for the metals that prohibits significant galena in the black-smoker deposits of sediment-starved ridges. In contrast, exhalative deposits on sediment-swamped ridges have significant galena; its presence is suggestive of Pb derivation from sediments, an origin supported by Pb isotope studies of LeHuray and colleagues in 1988.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90006-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Doe, B.R., 1994, Zinc, copper, and lead in mid-ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 10, p. 2215-2223, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90006-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2215","endPage":"2223","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd281e4b08c986b32f84f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014722,"text":"1014722 - 1994 - Population structure of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) inhabiting the Laguna Madre, Texas, and adjacent bay systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:11","indexId":"1014722","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population structure of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) inhabiting the Laguna Madre, Texas, and adjacent bay systems","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"95-082/PY95/AE","usgsCitation":"King, T., Ward, R., and Zimmerman, E., 1994, Population structure of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) inhabiting the Laguna Madre, Texas, and adjacent bay systems: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 51, p. 215-222.","productDescription":"p. 215-222","startPage":"215","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683e01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, T.L.","contributorId":93416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, R.","contributorId":19111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zimmerman, E.G.","contributorId":46042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014571,"text":"1014571 - 1994 - Effect of subatmospheric pressure on the performance of an automated packed-column nitrogen desorption system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T15:32:24.417056","indexId":"1014571","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":852,"text":"Aquacultural Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of subatmospheric pressure on the performance of an automated packed-column nitrogen desorption system","docAbstract":"

A portable vacuum degasser was developed to satisfy seasonal hatchery pretreatment needs. Dissolved-gas pressures in water exiting a packed column were regulated automatically with a unique feedback control loop incorporating a gasometer, pressure transducer, electronic (PID) controller and an electrically actuated pump discharge valve. The flow capacity of the system was 160 l/min with a total power requirement of 0·81 kW. Following controller tuning, field tests demonstrated the ability of the feedback loop to set appropriate column vacuum levels quickly in response to varying inlet dissolved-gas pressures or changes in selected controller set points. The degasser's ability to reduce dissolved nitrogen (DN) and increase dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations was also assessed at four or five pure-oxygen feed rates under each of four column vacuum levels (−4·5, −9·0, −14·6 and −20·0 cm Hg). Performance was then compared with that predicted with a multicomponent gas transfer model. Relative error of model projections averaged just 7·7% for DO and 2·3% for DN (n = 19). Effluent DN ranged between 60·6 and 96·4% of saturation concentrations at 8·8°C with the influent DN at 135% of saturation. The high DN desorption rates achieved allow side-stream pretreatment with blending.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0144-8609(94)90024-8","usgsCitation":"Watten, B.J., Ridge, W.J., and Mudrak, V.A., 1994, Effect of subatmospheric pressure on the performance of an automated packed-column nitrogen desorption system: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 13, no. 1, p. 41-58, https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8609(94)90024-8.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129808,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62551d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watten, Barnaby J. 0000-0002-2227-8623 bwatten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":2002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"Barnaby","email":"bwatten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":320634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ridge, W. J.","contributorId":24724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridge","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mudrak, Vincent A.","contributorId":192707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mudrak","given":"Vincent","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18263,"text":"ofr94448 - 1994 - Data report for piggyback wide-angle recordings of the 1993 San Francisco Bay area, California, seismic refraction experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:22","indexId":"ofr94448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-448","title":"Data report for piggyback wide-angle recordings of the 1993 San Francisco Bay area, California, seismic refraction experiment","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94448","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T., 1994, Data report for piggyback wide-angle recordings of the 1993 San Francisco Bay area, California, seismic refraction experiment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-448, 19 p. :chiefly ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94448.","productDescription":"19 p. :chiefly ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0448/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47617,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0448/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679e2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017647,"text":"70017647 - 1994 - Degradation of trifluoroacetate in oxic and anoxic sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:59:31","indexId":"70017647","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degradation of trifluoroacetate in oxic and anoxic sediments","docAbstract":"THE deleterious effect of chlorofluorocarbons on stratospheric ozone has led to international cooperation to end their use. The search for acceptable alternatives has focused on hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) which are attractive because they have relatively short atmospheric residence times. HFCs and HCFCs are attacked by tropospheric hydroxyl radicals, leading to the formation of trifluoroacetate (TFA). Most of the atmospheric TFA is deposited at the Earth's surface, where it is thought to be highly resistant to bacterial attack. Therefore, use of HCFCs and HFCs may lead to accumulation of TFA in soils, where it could prove toxic or inhibitory to plants and soil microbial communities. Although little is known about the toxicity of TFA, monofluoroacetate, which occurs at low levels in some plants and which is susceptible to slow attack by aerobic soil microbes, is known to be acutely toxic. Here we report that TFA can be rapidly degraded microbially under anoxic and oxic conditions. These results imply that significant microbial sinks exist in nature for the elimination of TFA from the environment. We also show that oxic degradation of TFA leads to the formation of fluoroform, a potential ozone-depleting compound with a much longer atmospheric lifetime than the parent compounds.The deleterious effect of chlorofluorcarbons on stratospheric ozone has led to international cooperation to end their use. The search for acceptable alternatives has focused on hydroflnorocarbons (HFCs) or hydrochloroflnorcarbons (HCFs) which are attractive because they have relatively short atmospheric residence times. HFCs and HCFs are attacked by tropospheric hydroxyl radicals, leading to the formation of trifluoroacetate (TFA). Most of the atmospheric TFA is deposited at the Earth's surface, where it is thought to be highly resistant to bacterial attack. Therefore, use of HCFs and HCFs may lead to accummulation of TFA in soils, where it could prove toxic or inhibitory to plants and soil microbial communities. Although little is known about the toxicity of TFA, monofluoracetate, which occurs at low levels in some plants and which is susceptible to slow attack by aerobic soil microbes, is known to be acutely toxic. Here we report that TFA can be rapidly degraded microbially under anoxic and oxic conditions. These results imply that significant microbial sinks exist in nature for the elimination of TFA from the environment. We also show that oxic degradation of TFA leads to the formation of fluoroform, a potential ozone-depleting compound with a much longer atmospheric lifetime than the parent compounds.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/369729a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Visscher, P., Culbertson, C., and Oremland, R., 1994, Degradation of trifluoroacetate in oxic and anoxic sediments: Nature, v. 369, no. 6483, p. 729-731, https://doi.org/10.1038/369729a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"731","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206146,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369729a0"}],"volume":"369","issue":"6483","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe58e4b0c8380cd4ecb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Visscher, P.T.","contributorId":21568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Visscher","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Culbertson, C.W.","contributorId":40326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014780,"text":"1014780 - 1994 - Short-term cold storage of Atlantic sturgeon sperm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:51:04.494492","indexId":"1014780","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Short-term cold storage of Atlantic sturgeon sperm","docAbstract":"

Short‐term cold storage of fish sperm with oxygen, an established fisheries technique, was successfully used to preserve milt from Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus oxyrhynchus). All milt samples stored for 5 d on ice and replenished daily with oxygen retained at least 80% motility and at least 99% viability. One sample exhibited 40% motility after 17 d. For management personnel involved in restoration of this rare fish, this technique offers an alternative to dependence on the simultaneous capture of ripe males and females from severely depleted stocks. It may also be used during transport prior to fertilization or cryopreservation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1994)056%3C0143:TNSTCS%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"DiLauro, M.N., Krise, W.F., Hendrix, M.A., and Baker, S., 1994, Short-term cold storage of Atlantic sturgeon sperm: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 56, p. 143-144, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1994)056%3C0143:TNSTCS%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131953,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b1a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiLauro, M. N.","contributorId":75475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiLauro","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hendrix, M. A.","contributorId":61376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendrix","given":"M.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baker, S.E.","contributorId":68259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017609,"text":"70017609 - 1994 - Evolution of volcanic and tectonic features in caldera settings and their importance in the localization of ore deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:18:57.919767","indexId":"70017609","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of volcanic and tectonic features in caldera settings and their importance in the localization of ore deposits","docAbstract":"

Many calderas are located along regionally important fault zones that are intermittently active before and after the caldera cycle. In mineralized calderas, the ore deposits are controlled by structures developed during caldera formation and by regional faults which intersect and reactivate the caldera-related structures. In the earliest phase of the caldera cycle, tumescence occurs over the shallowly emplaced magma chamber and normal faults develop within the structural dome above the magma chamber. This early phase of faulting is disrupted by caldera formation but some of the faults are preserved outside the caldera margin and may become important ore-controlling structures such as the Ruja mercury deposit in the McDermitt caldera complex, Nevada, and the precious metal deposits in the Atlanta district, Nevada, outside the Indian Peak caldera. Caldera-related structures such as ring fracture faults are commonly the most important in controlling the emplacement of resurgent magma, as well as postcollapse intrusions and associated ore deposits. During the resurgence phase of the caldera, faults related to an apical graben, and radial and ring faults and fractures form and may extend outside the collapse structure. Radial and ring faults and fractures provided the structural control for gold alunite-type deposits in the Rodalquilar caldera complex, Spain.At the end of the caldera cycle, the area over the batholith related to the caldera-forming magma chambers is uplifted as isostatic compensation occurs, or subsides if the volcanic field is developed within a rapidly subsiding graben. Volume change resulting from crystallization will also contribute to subsidence. Regional subsidence of the Lake Owyhee volcanic field in southeastern Oregon at the end of the caldera cycle is reflected by arkosic sedimentation in the caldera basins and throughout the eastern part of the volcanic field. Crystallization of the underlying batholith permits the reestablishment of brittle deformation along the regional faults which initially may have controlled magma emplacement. This tectonic activity may reactivate caldera structures and these typically become important for localization of hydrothermal activity. Hot spring-type gold deposits in the Lake Owyhee volcanic field formed when a regional northwest-trending structure reactivated the caldera ring fracture fault zone of the Three Fingers caldera. The formation of hydrothermal ore deposits at the end of the caldera cycle is often related to tectonic reactivation of caldera structures by regional faults and emplacement of small volumes of magma as stocks and vent complexes along these structures.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1687","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Rytuba, J.J., 1994, Evolution of volcanic and tectonic features in caldera settings and their importance in the localization of ore deposits: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 8, p. 1687-1696, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.8.1687.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1687","endPage":"1696","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228714,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d8ee4b0c8380cd530aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rytuba, J. J.","contributorId":83082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rytuba","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}