Studies of Be distributions in subduction zone sediments will help to understand questions regarding the enrichments of cosmogenic Be-10 in arc volcanic rocks. Analyses of Be-10 and Be-9 in sediments of Ocean Drilling Program Site 808, Nankai Trough and Be-9 in porewaters of Site 808 and Sites 671 and 672, Barbados ridge complex, show significant decreases in solid phase Be-10 and large increases of porewater Be-9 at the location of the décollement zone and below or at potential flow conduits. These data imply the potential mobilization of Be during pore fluid expulsion upon sediment burial. Experiments involving reaction between a décollement sediment and a synthetic NaCl-CaCl2 solution at elevated pressure and temperatures were conducted in an attempt to mimic early subduction zone processes. The results demonstrate that Be is mobilized under elevated pressure and temperature with a strong pH dependence. The Be mobilization provides an explanation of Be-10 enrichment in arc volcanic rocks and supports the argument of the importance of the fluid processes in subduction zones at convergent margins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90219-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"You, C., Morris, J., Gieskes, J.M., Rosenbauer, R., Zheng, S., Xu, X., Ku, T., and Bischoff, J.L., 1994, Mobilization of beryllium in the sedimentary column at convergent margins: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 22, p. 4887-4897, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90219-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"4887","endPage":"4897","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228570,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","city":"Nankai Trough, Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 138.40023994467356,\n 34.87373039598319\n ],\n [\n 138.29632030480383,\n 34.43205733732219\n ],\n [\n 137.76806213546644,\n 34.1028473655295\n ],\n [\n 136.919385076531,\n 33.58498308131172\n ],\n [\n 136.295867237315,\n 33.22351400558233\n ],\n [\n 135.9667883777259,\n 33.07124927190341\n ],\n [\n 136.02740816765078,\n 32.66392124608808\n ],\n [\n 136.37380696721567,\n 32.547198727952576\n ],\n [\n 137.00598477642274,\n 32.67850086191207\n ],\n [\n 138.04518117511964,\n 33.26696964747737\n ],\n [\n 138.84189841411916,\n 34.016754794045355\n ],\n [\n 139.17097727370611,\n 34.48204141548949\n ],\n [\n 138.84189841411916,\n 34.574789564902844\n ],\n [\n 138.72931880426052,\n 34.759975657544246\n ],\n [\n 138.80725853416334,\n 35.086596695111396\n ],\n [\n 138.6080792244129,\n 35.10785287441719\n ],\n [\n 138.40023994467356,\n 34.87373039598319\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b97e4b0c8380cd6f673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"You, C.-F.","contributorId":107449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"You","given":"C.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, J.D.","contributorId":25707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gieskes, J. M.","contributorId":24507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gieskes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenbauer, R.","contributorId":10942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zheng, S.H.","contributorId":82473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Xu, X.","contributorId":55166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ku, T.-L.","contributorId":75712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ku","given":"T.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70017578,"text":"70017578 - 1994 - The feasibility of recharge rate determinations using the steady-state centrifuge method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:34:46","indexId":"70017578","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The feasibility of recharge rate determinations using the steady-state centrifuge method","docAbstract":"The establishment of steady unsaturated flow in a centrifuge permits accurate measurement of small values of hydraulic conductivity (K). This method can provide a recharge determination if it is applied to an unsaturated core sample from a depth at which gravity alone drives the flow. A K value determined at the in situ water content indicates the long-term average recharge rate at a point. Tests of this approach have been made at two sites. Unsaturated K values were measured easily for sandy core samples from a site in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The results indicate that a better knowledge of the matric pressure profiles is required before a recharge rate can be determined. Fine-textured cores from a site in southeastern Washington required new developments of apparatus and procedures, especially for making centrifuge measurements with minimal compaction of the samples. Measured K values led to preliminary recharge rate determinations that are reasonable considering the known hydrology and topography of the site.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010007x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., Stonestrom, D.A., and Akstin, K., 1994, The feasibility of recharge rate determinations using the steady-state centrifuge method: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 58, no. 1, p. 49-56, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010007x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"56","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228935,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babffe4b08c986b3231e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Akstin, K.C.","contributorId":105445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akstin","given":"K.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017421,"text":"70017421 - 1994 - Transport of sludge-derived organic pollutants to deep-sea sediments at deep water dump site 106","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T09:18:00","indexId":"70017421","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of sludge-derived organic pollutants to deep-sea sediments at deep water dump site 106","docAbstract":"Linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), coprostanol and epi-coprostanol, were detected in sediment trap and bottom sediment samples at the Deep Water Dump Site 106 located 185 km off the coast of New Jersey, in water depths from 2400 to 2900 m. These findings clearly indicate that organic pollutants derived from dumped sludge are transported through the water column and have accumulated on the deep-sea floor. No significant difference in LABs isomeric composition was observed among sludge and samples, indicating little environmental biodegradation of these compounds. LABs and coprostanol have penetrated down to a depth of 6 cm in sediment, indicating the mixing of these compounds by biological and physical processes. Also, in artificially resuspended surface sediments, high concentrations of LABs and coprostanols were detected, implying that sewage-derived organic pollutants initially deposited on the deep-sea floor can be further dispersed by resuspension and transport processes. Small but significant amounts of coprostanol were detected in the sediment from a control site at which no LABs were detected. The coprostanol is probably derived from feces of marine mammals and sea birds and/or from microbial or geochemical transformations of cholesterol. Polcyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment trap samples from the dump site were largely from the sewage sludge and had a mixed petroleum and pyrogenic composition. In contrast, PAHs in sediments in the dump site were mainly pyrogenic; contributed either from sewage sludge or from atmospheric transport to the overlying waters. & 1994 American Chemical Society.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00055a015","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Takada, H., Farrington, J., Bothner, M., Johnson, C., and Tripp, B., 1994, Transport of sludge-derived organic pollutants to deep-sea sediments at deep water dump site 106: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1062-1072, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00055a015.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1062","endPage":"1072","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb756e4b08c986b3271dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takada, H.","contributorId":47094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takada","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrington, J.W.","contributorId":89160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrington","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, C.G.","contributorId":75996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tripp, B.W.","contributorId":56251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017553,"text":"70017553 - 1994 - Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T10:06:22","indexId":"70017553","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool","docAbstract":"During the eruption of Redoubt Volcano from December 1989 through April 1990, the Alaska Volcano Observatory issued advance warnings of several tephra eruptions based on changes in seismic activity related to the occurrence of precursory swarms of long-period (LP) seismic events (dominant period of about 0.5 s). The initial eruption on December 14 occurred after 23 years of quiescence and was heralded by a 23-hour swarm of LP events that ended abruptly with the eruption. After a series of vent-clearing explosions over the next few days, dome growth began on December 21. Another swarm, with LP events similar to those of the first, began on the 26th and ended in a major tephra eruption on January 2. Eruptions continued over the next two weeks and then ceased until February 15, when a large eruption initiated a long phase of repetitive dome-building and dome-destroying episodes that continued into April. Warnings were issued before the major events on December 14 and January 2, but as the eruptive sequence continued after January 2, the energy of the swarms decreased and forecasting became more difficult. A significant but less intense swarm preceded the February 15 eruption, which was not forecast. This eruption destroyed the only seismograph on the volcanic edifice and stymied forecasting until March 4, when the first of three new stations was installed within 3 km of the active vent. From March 4 to the end of the sequence on April 21, there were eight eruptions, six of which were preceded by detectable swarms of LP events. Although weak, these swarms provided the basis for warnings issued before the eruptions on March 23 and April 6. The initial swarm on December 13 had the following features: (1) short duration (23 hours); (2) a rapidly accelerating rate of seismic energy release over the first 18 hours of the swarm, followed by a decline of activity during the 5 hours preceding the eruption; (3) a magnitude range from −0.4 to 1.6; (4) nearly identical LP signatures with a dominant period near 0.5 s; (5) dilatational first motions everywhere; and (6) a stationary source location at a depth of 1.4 km beneath the crater. This occurrence of long-period events suggests a model involving the interaction of magma with groundwater in which magmatic gases, steam and water drive a fixed conduit at a stationary point throughout the swarm. The initiation of that sequence of events is analogous to the failure of a pressure-relief valve connecting a lower, supercharged magma-dominated reservoir to a shallow hydrothermal system. A three-dimensional model of a vibrating fluid-filled crack recently developed by Chouet is found to be compatible with the seismic data and yields the following parameters for the LP source: crack length, 280–380 m; crack width, 140–190 m; crack thickness, 0.05–0.20 m; crack stiffness, 100–200; sound speed of fluid, 0.8–1.3 km/s; compressional-wave speed of rock, 5.1 km/s; density ratio of fluid to rock, ≈0.4; and ratio of bulk modulus of fluid to rigidity of rock, 0.03–0.07. The fluid-filled crack is excited intermittently by an impulsive pressure drop that varies in magnitude within the range of 0.4 to 40 bar. Such disturbance appears to be consistent with a triggering mechanism associated with choked flow conditions in the crack.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90030-2","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., Page, R., Stephens, C., Lahr, J., and Power, J., 1994, Precursory swarms of long-period events at Redoubt Volcano (1989-1990), Alaska: Their origin and use as a forecasting tool: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 95-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90030-2.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228517,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook inlet, Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 59\n ],\n [\n -149,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -154,\n 59\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a814de4b0c8380cd7b470","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017035,"text":"70017035 - 1994 - Zinc, copper, and lead in mid-ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T11:31:02.549445","indexId":"70017035","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zinc, copper, and lead in mid-ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits","docAbstract":"The contents of Zn, Cu, and Pb in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and the MORB source-rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits are examined. The values of Zn, Cu, and Pb for submarine mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) are, respectively (in ppm): average MORB—75, 75, and 0.7; West Valley, Juan de Fuca Ridge (JFR)—87, 64, and 0.5; southern JFR—120 and 0.5; and 21°N, East Pacific Rise (EPR)—73, 78, and 0.5. Values of Zn/Pb range from about 100–240 and Cu/ Pb from 100–156. In this study, Zn is found to correlate positively with TiO2 + FeO (mean square of weighted deviates, MSWD, of 1.6 for JFR basalt), and inversely with Mg number (MSWD of 3.5). Therefore, contrary to statements in the literature that Zn should be compatible in MORB, Zn is a mildly incompatible element and must be enriched in the glass phase relative to olivine as Zn does not fit into the other major phenocryst phase, plagioclase. In the source of MORB, Zn likely is most enriched in oxides: spinel, magnetite, and titanomagnetite.
Copper generally does not correlate well with other elements in most MORB data examined. When differentiation is dominated by olivine, Cu has a tendency to behave incompatibly (e.g., at Mg numbers > 70), but, overall, Cu shows some tendency towards being a compatible element, particularly along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a behavior presumably due to separation of sulfides in which Cu (but not Zn) is markedly enriched. Copper thus may be in dispersed sulfides in the source of MORB.
Ocean ridges provide important data on source-rock controls for sulfide deposits because, in sediment-starved ridges, much is known about the possible source rocks and mineralization is presently occurring. In contrast to Zn/Pb ~5 in continental hot Cl-rich brines, Zn/Pb in the hottest sediment-starved ridge black smoker hydrothermal fluids at 21 °N, EPR is about 110, similar to local MORB (145), but Cu/Pb is closer to 30, possibly due to subsurface deposition of Cu. At the JFR, the best value of Zn/Pb in the hydrothermal fluids is about 175, again similar to local MORB (240), but Cu is very low in the fluids that are at temperatures less than 300°C. The large MORB-like Zn/Pb in the hottest black-smoker fluids suggests a source-rock control for the metals that prohibits significant galena in the black-smoker deposits of sediment-starved ridges. In contrast, exhalative deposits on sediment-swamped ridges have significant galena; its presence is suggestive of Pb derivation from sediments, an origin supported by Pb isotope studies of LeHuray and colleagues in 1988.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90006-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Doe, B.R., 1994, Zinc, copper, and lead in mid-ocean ridge basalts and the source rock control on Zn/Pb in ocean-ridge hydrothermal deposits: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 10, p. 2215-2223, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90006-X.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2215","endPage":"2223","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225046,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd281e4b08c986b32f84f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17470,"text":"ofr9424 - 1994 - Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 7, Mid-Continent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T19:44:24","indexId":"ofr9424","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-24","title":"Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 7, Mid-Continent","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9424","usgsCitation":"1994, Petroleum exploration plays and resource estimates, 1989, onshore United States; Region 7, Mid-Continent: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-24, iii, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9424.","productDescription":"iii, 97 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":46624,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":150926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0024/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f09","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Powers, R.B.","contributorId":34160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749329,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17305,"text":"ofr9412 - 1994 - Lithologic description of sediment cores from Buck Lake, Klamath County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:27","indexId":"ofr9412","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-12","title":"Lithologic description of sediment cores from Buck Lake, Klamath County, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9412","usgsCitation":"Adam, D., Rieck, H.J., McGann, M., Schiller, K., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A., 1994, Lithologic description of sediment cores from Buck Lake, Klamath County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-12, 48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9412.","productDescription":"48 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150739,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0012/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46440,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0012/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc40a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adam, D.P.","contributorId":14815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rieck, Hugh J.","contributorId":44560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieck","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGann, M.L.","contributorId":57876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGann","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schiller, K.H.","contributorId":77549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiller","given":"K.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":72594,"text":"fs04694 - 1994 - Great Salt Lake basins study unit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T11:39:54","indexId":"fs04694","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"046-94","title":"Great Salt Lake basins study unit","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began implementing a full-scale National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program.
The long-term goals of the NAWQA Program are to describe the status and trends in the quality of a large, representative part of the Nation’s surface- and ground-water resources and to provide a sound, scientific understanding of the primary natural and human factors that affect the quality of these resources. In meeting these goals, the program will produce a wealth of water-quality information that will be useful to policy makers and managers at Federal, State, and local levels.
A major design feature of the NAWQA Program will enable water-quality information at different areal scales to be integrated. A major component of the program is study-unit investigations, which ae the principal building blocks of the program upon which national-level assessment activities will be based. The 60 study-unit investigations that make up the program are hydrologic systems that include principal river basins and aquifer systems throughout the Nation. These study units cover areas from less than 1.000 to greater than 60,000 mi2 and incorporate from about 60 to 70 percent of the Nation’s water use and population served by public water supply. In 1993, assessment activities began in the Great Salt Lake Basins NAWQA study unit.
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A.","contributorId":89934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druse","given":"S.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glass, W. R.","contributorId":97535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritz, G.F.","contributorId":69581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smalley, M.L.","contributorId":87585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalley","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017577,"text":"70017577 - 1994 - Titanium, vanadium, and niobium mineralization and alkali metasomatism from the Magnet Cove complex, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:30:20.166906","indexId":"70017577","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Titanium, vanadium, and niobium mineralization and alkali metasomatism from the Magnet Cove complex, Arkansas","docAbstract":"The Christy Ti-V-Nb deposit is hosted by the Arkansas Novaculite, adjacent to the carbonatite-alkaline Magnet Cove Complex. Mineralized rock contains up to 8 wt percent Ti, 2.68 wt percent V, and 0.124 wt percent Nb. Minor amounts of Li and Mo are present, and there is evidence for the preferential concentration of the middle to heavy rare earth elements (REE) in altered clay-rich dikes. Mineralized rock consists of (1) thermally recrystallized novaculite that is partly replaced by actinolite, sodic amphibole, taeniolite (KLiMg 2 Si 4 O 10 F 2 ), pyrite,and siderite, (2) brookite-bearing amphibole- and taeniolite-rich rock that contains siderite and pyrite, (3) quartz-brookite aggregates, and (4) goethite-rich rocks that form the oxidized zone of the deposit. Unaltered rock is scarce at the Christy deposit. Comparison of mineralized lithologies from the Christy deposit with those from two other areas of mineralization associated with the Magnet Cove Complex, the Magnet Cove Titanium Corporation deposit (\"Rutile deposit\") and the Hardy-Walsh prospect, provides mineralogical and chemical evidence for the source of the mineralizing fluids at the Christy deposit.Massive clay-rich (kaolinite + or - smectite) dikes are in contact with the mineralized zones of the Christy deposit. The presence of relict K feldspar and pyrite in the least altered dikes and certain characteristic trace elements (e.g., Ba, Rb) suggest that the Christy dikes are related to less pervasively altered rutile-mineralized, pyrite-bearing carbonate-feldspar dikes fromthe Rutile deposit. The feldspar-carbonate dikes from the Rutile deposit may be the products of intense alkali metasomatism of alkaline igneous silicate rocks that were emplaced prior to the intrusion of the Magnet Cove carbonatite.The Christy deposit formed through a series of complex processes. The initial phase of mineralization is directly related to the infiltration of novaculite by alkali-rich fluids that were probably derived from carbonatite magma. Introduction of the metasomatic fluids preceded emplacement of massive feldspar- and pyrite-bearing dikes that were subsequently altered to the clay-rich masses Titanium, V, Nb, and Li were introduced by the alkali-rich fluids at temperatures that were, as indicated by fluid inclusion data (Willis et al., 1991), as high as 600 degrees C. During the initial stage of mineralization, V was concentrated in aegirine and sodic amphibole, Li was concentrated in taeniolite, minor amounts of Ti were concentrated in aegirine, and pyrite formed. The replacement of novaculite by the aforementioned minerals yielded excess silica, which precipitated as quartz in veins and as clear overgrowths on recrystallized, inclusion-rich (partly replaced) quartz. Niobium- and V-bearing brookite precipitated with the quartz. Minerals formed during the first stage reacted with a second fluid at temperatures of 100 degrees to 300 degrees C, as indicated by fluid inclusion data (Willis et al., 1991), and V was then concentrated in smectite and goethite. The isotopic composition of siderite [delta 18 O SMOW = 23.8-25.0ppm, delta 13 C PDB = -7.1 to -8.9ppm suggests that the second fluid was a mixture of low-temperature metasomatic fluid and ground water. Vanadium was further concentrated in clay minerals (Breit et al., 1992), in goethite, and in vug minerals as low-temperature alteration proceeded. Brookite is not totally resistant to weathering and it is at least partly replaced by other oxides in the oxidized zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.1.105","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Flohr, M., 1994, Titanium, vanadium, and niobium mineralization and alkali metasomatism from the Magnet Cove complex, Arkansas: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 1, p. 105-130, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.1.105.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228934,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb426e4b08c986b3261f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flohr, M.J.K.","contributorId":73753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flohr","given":"M.J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017679,"text":"70017679 - 1994 - Welded tuff porosity characterization using mercury intrusion, nitrogen and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether sorption and epifluorescence microscopy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:45:21","indexId":"70017679","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Welded tuff porosity characterization using mercury intrusion, nitrogen and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether sorption and epifluorescence microscopy","docAbstract":"Porosity of welded tuff from Snowshoe Mountain, Colorado, was characterized by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), nitrogen sorption porosimetry, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) gas phase sorption and epifluorescence optical microscopy. Crushed tuff of two particle-size fractions (1-0.3 mm and less than 0.212 mm), sawed sections of whole rock and crushed tuff that had been reacted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid were examined. Average MIP pore diameter values were in the range of 0.01–0.02μm. Intrusion volume was greatest for tuff reacted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and least for sawed tuff. Cut rock had the smallest porosity (4.72%) and crushed tuff reacted in hydrochloric acid had the largest porosity (6.56%). Mean pore diameters from nitrogen sorption measurements were 0.0075–0.0187 μm. Nitrogen adsorption pore volumes (from 0.005 to 0.013 cm3/g) and porosity values (from 1.34 to 3.21%) were less than the corresponding values obtained by MIP. More than half of the total tuff pore volume was associated with pore diameters < 0.05μm. Vapor sorption of EGME demonstrated that tuff pores contain a clay-like material. Epifluorescence microscopy indicated that connected porosity is heterogeneously distributed within the tuff matix; mineral grains had little porosity. Tuff porosity may have important consequences for contaminant disposal in this host rock.
Shallow seismic reflection has been successfully applied to environmental problems in a variety of geologic settings. Increased dynamic range of recording equipment and decreased cost of processing hardware and software have made seismic reflection a cost-effective means of imaging shallow geologic targets. Seismic data possess sufficient resolution in many areas to detect faulting with displacement of less than 3 m and beds as thin as 1 m. We have detected reflections from depths as shallow as 2 m. Subsurface voids associated with abandoned coal mines at depths of less than 20 m can be detected and mapped. Seismic reflection has been successful in mapping disturbed subsurface associated with dissolution mining of salt. A graben detected and traced by seismic reflection was shown to be a preferential pathway for leachate leaking from a chemical storage pond. As shown by these case histories, shallow high-resolution seismic reflection has the potential to significantly enhance the economics and efficiency of preventing and/or solving many environmental problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0926-9851(94)90047-7","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Miller, R., and Steeples, D., 1994, Applications of shallow high-resolution seismic reflection to various environmental problems: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 31, no. 1-4, p. 65-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90047-7.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccae4b0c8380cd494b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":92693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steeples, D.W.","contributorId":45057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeples","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017678,"text":"70017678 - 1994 - Community structure of a microbial mat: The phylogenetic dimension","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017678","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Community structure of a microbial mat: The phylogenetic dimension","docAbstract":"Traditional studies of microbial communities are incomplete because of the inability to identify and quantify all contributing populations. In the present study, we directly determine the abundance and distribution of sulfate-reducing bacterial populations in a microbial mat community by using hybridization probes complementary to the 16S-like rRNAs of major phylogenetic groups. Most of the major groups were found in this single community, distributed for the most part in nonoverlapping depth intervals of the mat. The reflection of the phylogenetic structure in the community structure suggests that those species making up the major phylogenetic groups perform specific interrelated metabolic functions in the community. Comparison of population profiles to previously observed rates of sulfate reduction suggests there are additional populations of sulfate-reducing bacteria both within the photooxic zone and deeper in the mat.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.91.21.10173","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Risatti, J., Capman, W., and Stahl, D., 1994, Community structure of a microbial mat: The phylogenetic dimension: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 91, no. 21, p. 10173-10177, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.21.10173.","startPage":"10173","endPage":"10177","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479372,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":206141,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.21.10173"},{"id":228669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f80ae4b0c8380cd4ce46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risatti, J.B.","contributorId":33454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risatti","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capman, W.C.","contributorId":90057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capman","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stahl, D.A.","contributorId":47931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stahl","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4882,"text":"ds23 - 1994 - Photoglossary of Marine and Continental Ichnofossils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-28T13:28:51","indexId":"ds23","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"23","title":"Photoglossary of Marine and Continental Ichnofossils","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds23","issn":"1088-1018","collaboration":"The USGS does not provide technical support for the software associated with this publication.","usgsCitation":"Hasiotis, S.T., Bown, T.M., and Abston, C., 1994, Photoglossary of Marine and Continental Ichnofossils: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 23, Available as CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds23.","productDescription":"Available as CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282963,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/023/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6353b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hasiotis, Stephen T.","contributorId":77923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hasiotis","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bown, Thomas M.","contributorId":67081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bown","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abston, C. C.","contributorId":30617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abston","given":"C. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44360,"text":"ofr9414A - 1994 - Principal facts for gravity data in the Bethel and Russian Mission 1 degree x 3 degrees quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-15T16:57:52.224709","indexId":"ofr9414A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-14","chapter":"A","title":"Principal facts for gravity data in the Bethel and Russian Mission 1 degree x 3 degrees quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"Bethel and Russian Mission 1° x 3° quadrangles are located in southwestern Alaska near the mouth of the Kuskokwim River. The Russian Mission quadrangle now has about 266 gravity stations and the Bethel quadrangle has about 485 gravity stations.
Riverboat traverses along the Yukon River in the northern part of the Russian Mission quadrangle in 1967 were used to collect the first U.S. Geological Survey (TJSGS) gravity stations in the area of these quadrangles. A float-plane flight through the southeast corner of the Russian Mission quadrangle during the same time period added four stations. In 1969 a float-plane flight added one station to the east central Bethel quadrangle. In 1973 sciff work along the Kuskokwim and some of its sloughs and tributaries was utilized to add many gravity stations to the central part of the Russian Mission quadrangle and some gravity stations near the northern edge of the Bethel quadrangle. Float-plane work that year added about 35 gravity stations throughout the eastern two thirds of the Russian Mission quadrangle. Boat work on the Tikchic Lakes was utilized to establish six gravity stations to the southeast corner of the Bethel quadrangle in 1973. The Alaska Mineral Resource Appraisal Program (AMRAP) of the TJSGS for the Goodnews quadrangle, south of the Bethel quadrangle included the southern 15 minutes of the Bethel quadrangle. About 14 gravity stations were collected in this area during 1975 and 1976 with the use of a helicopter. Several float-plane flights in 1976 added six stations to the Bethel quadrangle. Ski-plane flights added 14 stations in the southwestern corner of the Bethel quadrangle and 12 stations in the southern corner of the Russian Mission quadrangle and the northwestern corner of the Bethel quadrangle in 1977. A total of 16 gravity stations were collected in the eastern Bethel and Russian Mission quadrangles in 1982. About 400 gravity stations were collected as part of the Bethel AMRAP program in the Bethel and Russian Mission quadrangles during 1987, 1988, and 1989. Most of these data were collected with a helicopter, but some were collected by using watercraft
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr9414A","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.L., 1994, Principal facts for gravity data in the Bethel and Russian Mission 1 degree x 3 degrees quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-14, Report: ii, 6 p.; 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9414A.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 6 p.; 1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":81660,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":277702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014a/application.zip"},{"id":432788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014-a/ofr9414A,B.zip","text":"CD-ROM ofr91414A,B","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -129.7635812346696,\n 72.81739131372794\n ],\n [\n -181.46886449635872,\n 72.81739131372794\n ],\n [\n -181.46886449635872,\n 51.45431066869793\n ],\n [\n -129.7635812346696,\n 51.45431066869793\n ],\n [\n -129.7635812346696,\n 72.81739131372794\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Robert L.","contributorId":82671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18467,"text":"ofr94570 - 1994 - Connecting to the Internet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-570","title":"Connecting to the Internet","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94570","usgsCitation":"Christian, E., 1994, Connecting to the Internet: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-570, 1 videocassette (45 min.) :sd., col. ;1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94570.","productDescription":"1 videocassette (45 min.) :sd., col. ;1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69840f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christian, E.J.","contributorId":57877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21475,"text":"ofr94401 - 1994 - Creating urban data using AVHRR thermal-infrared data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr94401","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-401","title":"Creating urban data using AVHRR thermal-infrared data","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94401","usgsCitation":"Wright, B.E., 1994, Creating urban data using AVHRR thermal-infrared data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-401, 13 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94401.","productDescription":"13 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0401/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51038,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0401/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6836b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, B. E.","contributorId":41845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21029,"text":"ofr94237 - 1994 - Analytical results from a greenhouse study of sagebrush grown in soils containing Carlin ore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr94237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-237","title":"Analytical results from a greenhouse study of sagebrush grown in soils containing Carlin ore","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94237","usgsCitation":"Stewart, K.C., McKown, D.M., and Fey, D., 1994, Analytical results from a greenhouse study of sagebrush grown in soils containing Carlin ore: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-237, 14 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94237.","productDescription":"14 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50620,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, K. C.","contributorId":46519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKown, D. M.","contributorId":71973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKown","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180711,"text":"70180711 - 1994 - Phenotypic divergence of secondary sexual traits among sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-12T21:23:32","indexId":"70180711","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phenotypic divergence of secondary sexual traits among sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, populations","docAbstract":"Sage grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, in an isolated montane basin near Gunnison, Colorado differ in several morphological and behavioural traits from conspecifics studied in other areas of the species' range. Both sexes in Gunnison are smaller than sage grouse elsewhere, and males possess differences in feather morphology as well. The mating behaviour of male sage grouse in three populations was examined to determine whether male strut displays of Gunnison sage grouse were behaviourally distinct. Behavioural analyses revealed Gunnison males perform strut displays at a slower rate than males in the two other sage grouse populations sampled. In addition, Gunnison males' strut displays contain unique visual and acoustical aspects. The most distinguishing attributes of Gunnison sage grouse were male secondary sexual characteristics including traits that correlate with mating success in other populations. Thus, phenotypic differences observed in the Gunnison population represent a divergence in expression of traits that are likely to be influenced by sexual selection. Recent models of speciation suggest that species characterized by intense sexual selection, such as those with lek mating systems, have the potential for rapid inter-populational divergence in male traits and female preferences leading to speciation.
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