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Strong ground motion severely damaged critical lifelines (freeway overpasses, bridges, and pipelines), caused severe damage to poorly constructed buildings, and induced a significant number of ground failures associated with liquefaction and landsliding. It also caused a significant proportion of the damage and loss of life at distances as far as 100 km from the epicenter. Consequently, understanding the characteristics of the strong ground motion associated with the earthquake is fundamental to understanding the earthquake's devastating impact on society. The papers assembled in this chapter address this problem. Damage to vulnerable structures from the earthquake varied substantially with the distance from the causative fault and the type of underlying geologic deposits. Most of the damage and loss of life occurred in areas underlain by 'soft soil'. Quantifying these effects is important for understanding the tragic concentrations of damage in such areas as Santa Cruz and the Marina and Embarcadero Districts of San Francisco, and the failures of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge and the Interstate Highway 880 overpass. Most importantly, understanding these effects is a necessary prerequisite for improving mitigation measures for larger earthquakes likely to occur much closer to densely urbanized areas in the San Francisco Bay region. The earthquake generated an especially important data set for understanding variations in the severity of strong ground motion. Instrumental strong-motion recordings were obtained at 131 sites located from about 6 to 175 km from the rupture zone. This set of recordings, the largest yet collected for an event of this size, was obtained from sites on various geologic deposits, including a unique set on 'soft soil' deposits (artificial fill and bay mud). These exceptional ground-motion data are used by the authors of the papers in this chapter to infer radiation characteristics of the earthquake source, identify dominant propagation characteristics of the Earth?s crust, quantify amplification characteristics of near-surface geologic deposits, develop general amplification factors for site-dependent building-code provisions, and revise earthquake-hazard assessments for the San Francisco Bay region. Interpretations of additional data recorded in well-instrumented buildings, dams, and freeway overpasses are provided in other chapters of this report.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1551A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., Brady, A.G., Shakal, A., Cormier, V., Su, W., Stevens, J.L., Day, S.M., Vidale, J.E., Bonamassa, O., Somerville, P.G., Smith, N.F., Graves, R., Glassmoyer, G., Rollins, K., Mchood, M.D., Hryciw, R.D., Homolka, M., Shewbridge, S.E., Carlisle, H., Sitar, N., Salgado, R., de Alba, P., Benoit, J., Pass, D.G., Carter, J., Youd, T.L., Field, E.H., Hough, S.E., Jacob, K., Friberg, P.A., Frankel, A.D., Busby, R., Williams, R., Cranswick, E., King, K.W., Lindley, G.T., Archuleta, R.J., Murphy, J.M., and Wesnousky, S.G., 1994, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Strong ground motion: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1551, 272 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1551A.","productDescription":"272 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1551_a.jpg"},{"id":3428,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1551/pp1551a/pp1551a.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":430223,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76944.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.27119428418347,\n              37.390877414308875\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.27119428418347,\n              36.812518411277196\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.51089270410897,\n              36.812518411277196\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.51089270410897,\n              37.390877414308875\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.27119428418347,\n              37.390877414308875\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5a50","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":904185,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brady, A. 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,{"id":38454,"text":"pp1409H - 1994 - Ground-water flow and simulated effects of development in Stagecoach Valley, a small, partly drained basin in Lyon and Storey counties, western Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:02","indexId":"pp1409H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1409","chapter":"H","title":"Ground-water flow and simulated effects of development in Stagecoach Valley, a small, partly drained basin in Lyon and Storey counties, western Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1409H","usgsCitation":"Harrill, J., and Preissler, A.M., 1994, Ground-water flow and simulated effects of development in Stagecoach Valley, a small, partly drained basin in Lyon and Storey counties, western Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409, p. H1-H74, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1409H.","productDescription":"p. H1-H74","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64947,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cdc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harrill, J. R.","contributorId":10417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Preissler, A. M.","contributorId":85230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preissler","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017897,"text":"70017897 - 1994 - Isolation, growth, and metabolism of an obligately anaerobic, selenate- respiring bacterium, strain SES-3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T15:31:36.142823","indexId":"70017897","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation, growth, and metabolism of an obligately anaerobic, selenate- respiring bacterium, strain SES-3","docAbstract":"<p><span>A gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, motile vibrio was isolated from a selenate-respiring enrichment culture. The isolate, designated strain SES-3, grew by coupling the oxidation of lactate to acetate plus CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;with the concomitant reduction of selenate to selenite or of nitrate to ammonium. No growth was observed on sulfate or selenite, but cell suspensions readily reduced selenite to elemental selenium (Se</span><sup>0</sup><span>). Hence, SES-3 can carry out a complete reduction of selenate to Se</span><sup>0</sup><span>. Washed cell suspensions of selenate-grown cells did not reduce nitrate, and nitrate-grown cells did not reduce selenate, indicating that these reductions are achieved by separate inducible enzyme systems. However, both nitrate-grown and selenate-grown cells have a constitutive ability to reduce selenite or nitrite. The oxidation of [</span><sup>14</sup><span>C]lactate to&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;coupled to the reduction of selenate or nitrate by cell suspensions was inhibited by CCCP (carbonyl cyanide&nbsp;</span><i>m</i><span>-chlorophenylhydrazone), cyanide, and azide. High concentrations of selenite (5 mM) were readily reduced to Se</span><sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;by selenate-grown cells, but selenite appeared to block the synthesis of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Tracer experiments with [</span><sup>75</sup><span>Se]selenite indicated that cell suspensions could achieve a rapid and quantitative reduction of selenite to Se</span><sup>0</sup><span>. This reduction was totally inhibited by sulfite, partially inhibited by selenate or nitrite, but unaffected by sulfate or nitrate. Cell suspensions could reduce thiosulfate, but not sulfite, to sulfide. These results suggest that reduction of selenite to Se</span><sup>0</sup><span>&nbsp;may proceed, in part, by some of the components of a dissimilatory system for sulfur oxyanions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.60.8.3011-3019.1994","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R.S., Blum, J.S., Culbertson, C.W., Visscher, P., Miller, L., Dowdle, P., and Strohmaier, F., 1994, Isolation, growth, and metabolism of an obligately anaerobic, selenate- respiring bacterium, strain SES-3: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 60, no. 8, p. 3011-3019, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.8.3011-3019.1994.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3011","endPage":"3019","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479356,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.8.3011-3019.1994","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228957,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Stillwater Wildlife Management Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.56042480324014,\n              39.458473264222704\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.49588012550593,\n              39.458473264222704\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.45605468605277,\n              39.50193190352539\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.40661620949037,\n              39.5527758014471\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.3846435532401,\n              39.57289122514109\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.3667907700372,\n              39.601466263262466\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.34069824074027,\n              39.676551781231865\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.33795165870914,\n              39.72726762966127\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.56179809425603,\n              39.72726762966127\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.5631713852716,\n              39.81487581546577\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.68539428566221,\n              39.81487581546577\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.68676757667777,\n              39.6913477537712\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.55630493019348,\n              39.6913477537712\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.56042480324014,\n              39.458473264222704\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f58e4b0c8380cd64472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - 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,{"id":38341,"text":"pp1550F - 1994 - The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Tectonic processes and models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T20:46:02.524571","indexId":"pp1550F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1550","chapter":"F","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Tectonic processes and models","docAbstract":"If there is a single theme that unifies the diverse papers in this chapter, it is the attempt to understand the role of the Loma Prieta earthquake in the context of the earthquake 'machine' in northern California: as the latest event in a long history of shocks in the San Francisco Bay region, as an incremental contributor to the regional deformation pattern, and as a possible harbinger of future large earthquakes.\r\n\r\nOne of the surprises generated by the earthquake was the rather large amount of uplift that occurred as a result of the reverse component of slip on the southwest-dipping fault plane. Preearthquake conventional wisdom had been that large earthquakes in the region would probably be caused by horizontal, right-lateral, strike-slip motion on vertical fault planes.\r\n\r\nIn retrospect, the high topography of the Santa Cruz Mountains and the elevated marine terraces along the coast should have provided some clues. With the observed ocean retreat and the obvious uplift of the coast near Santa Cruz that accompanied the earthquake, Mother Nature was finally caught in the act. Several investigators quickly saw the connection between the earthquake uplift and the long-term evolution of the Santa Cruz Mountains and realized that important insights were to be gained by attempting to quantify the process of crustal deformation in terms of Loma Prieta-type increments of northward transport and fault-normal shortening.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1550F","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Simpson, R.W., Shaw, J.H., Bischke, R.E., Suppe, J., Valensise, G., Schwartz, S.Y., Orange, D.L., Anderson, R.S., Reasenberg, P.A., Bodin, P., Bilham, R.G., Furlong, K.P., and Verdonck, D., 1994, The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Tectonic processes and models: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1550, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1550F.","productDescription":"131 p.","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430609,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76943.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3427,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/pp1550f/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123195,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1550_f.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              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0000-0002-2674-5110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-5110","contributorId":19576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Furlong","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Verdonck, David","contributorId":339822,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Verdonck","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":905267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":54429,"text":"wdrCA933 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1993. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-23T01:01:39","indexId":"wdrCA933","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-93-3","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1993. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1993 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 3 contains discharge records for 175 streamflow-gaging stations, 3 crest-stage partial-record streamflow stations and 79 miscellaneous measurement stations; stage and contents records for 45 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 52 streamflow-gaging stations and 7 partial-record stations; and precipitation records for one gaging station. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and with other agencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA933","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Mullen, J., Anderson, S., and Hayes, P., 1994, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1993. Volume 3. Southern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Walker River to Truckee River (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-93-3, xvii, 583 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA933.","productDescription":"xvii, 583 p.","temporalStart":"1992-10-01","temporalEnd":"1993-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":631,"text":"Water Resources Division-California District","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":257721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_93_3.jpg"},{"id":174280,"rank":0,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ca-93/WDR-1993-vol3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern Central Valley Basins;Great Basin;Walker River;Truckee River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,32.5 ], [ -124.4,42 ], [ -114.13333333333334,42 ], [ -114.13333333333334,32.5 ], [ -124.4,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc1a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullen, J.R.","contributorId":92683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, P.D.","contributorId":52644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":18467,"text":"ofr94570 - 1994 - Connecting to the Internet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:39","indexId":"ofr94570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-570","title":"Connecting to the Internet","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94570","usgsCitation":"Christian, E., 1994, Connecting to the Internet: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-570, 1 videocassette (45 min.) :sd., col. ;1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94570.","productDescription":"1 videocassette (45 min.) :sd., col. ;1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152224,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69840f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christian, E.J.","contributorId":57877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018002,"text":"70018002 - 1994 - Origin and evolution of the Seattle Fault and Seattle Basin, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:51:22.835249","indexId":"70018002","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin and evolution of the Seattle Fault and Seattle Basin, Washington","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15575816\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Analysis of seismic reflection data reveals that the Seattle basin (Washington) is markedly asymmetric and consists of ∼9-10 km of Eocene and younger deposits. The basin began as a discrete geologic element in the late Eocene (∼40 Ma), the result of a reorganization in regional fault geometry and kinematics. In this reorganization, dextral offset on the Puget fault south- east of Seattle stepped eastward, and the Seattle fault began as a restraining transfer zone. North-vergent reverse or thrust faulting on the Seattle fault forced flexural subsidence in the Seattle basin to the north. Offset on the Seattle fault and subsidence of the Seattle basin have continued to the present.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0071:OAEOTS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Potter, C., and Armentrout, J., 1994, Origin and evolution of the Seattle Fault and Seattle Basin, Washington: Geology, v. 22, no. 1, p. 71-74, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0071:OAEOTS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228962,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70b2e4b0c8380cd761a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, C. J. 0000-0002-2300-6670","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":89925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":378161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armentrout, J.M.","contributorId":16176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armentrout","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39847,"text":"b2071 - 1994 - Isotopic ages and stratigraphy of Cenozoic rocks of the Marysvale volcanic field and adjacent areas, west-central Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"b2071","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2071","title":"Isotopic ages and stratigraphy of Cenozoic rocks of the Marysvale volcanic field and adjacent areas, west-central Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ; U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/b2071","usgsCitation":"Rowley, P.D., Mehnert, H.H., Naeser, C.W., Snee, L., Cunningham, C.G., Steven, T.A., Anderson, J.J., Sable, E., and Anderson, R., 1994, Isotopic ages and stratigraphy of Cenozoic rocks of the Marysvale volcanic field and adjacent areas, west-central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2071, iii, 35 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2071.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2071/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67715,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2071/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66706a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rowley, Peter D.","contributorId":27435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowley","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mehnert, H. H.","contributorId":16382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steven, T. A.","contributorId":42575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"T.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, J. J.","contributorId":85620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sable, E.G.","contributorId":67076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sable","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Anderson, R.E.","contributorId":91479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70018015,"text":"70018015 - 1994 - Bioconcentration of 5,5′,6 -trichlorobiphenyl and pentachlorophenol in the midge, Chironomus riparius, as measured by a pharmacokinetic model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-05T17:20:28.794932","indexId":"70018015","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Bioconcentration of 5,5′,6 -trichlorobiphenyl and pentachlorophenol in the midge, <i>Chironomus riparius</i>, as measured by a pharmacokinetic model","title":"Bioconcentration of 5,5′,6 -trichlorobiphenyl and pentachlorophenol in the midge, Chironomus riparius, as measured by a pharmacokinetic model","docAbstract":"<p><span>A two compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed which describes the uptake and elimination of 5,5′,6-trichlorobiphenyl (TCB) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the midge,&nbsp;</span><i>Chironomus riparius. C. riparius</i><span>&nbsp;were exposed to nominal TCB (2 μg L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) and PCP (9 μg L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) concentrations during a 16 h static uptake phase. Depuration was determined over approximately 45 h using a flowthrough system without feeding. The uptake clearance (P) was 330±61 ml g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;midge h</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;for TCB and 55±4 ml g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;midge h</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;for PCP, while measured bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 35,900 and 458 for TCB and PCP, respectively. Overall, the clearance-volume-based pharmacokinetic model predicted BCF values that were consistent with published values as well as with BCF values obtained from the octanol-water partition coefficient (K</span><sub>OW</sub><span>).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00224812","usgsCitation":"Lydy, M., Hayton, W.L., Staubus, A., and Fisher, S., 1994, Bioconcentration of 5,5′,6 -trichlorobiphenyl and pentachlorophenol in the midge, Chironomus riparius, as measured by a pharmacokinetic model: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 26, no. 2, p. 251-256, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224812.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"251","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228360,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f144e4b0c8380cd4ab3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lydy, M.J.","contributorId":77920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lydy","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayton, W. L.","contributorId":100325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayton","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Staubus, A.E.","contributorId":88105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staubus","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, S.W.","contributorId":14079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":44360,"text":"ofr9414A - 1994 - Principal facts for gravity data in the Bethel and Russian Mission 1 degree x 3 degrees quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-15T16:57:52.224709","indexId":"ofr9414A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-14","chapter":"A","title":"Principal facts for gravity data in the Bethel and Russian Mission 1 degree x 3 degrees quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Bethel and Russian Mission 1° x 3° quadrangles are located in southwestern Alaska near the mouth of the Kuskokwim River. The Russian Mission quadrangle now has about 266 gravity stations and the Bethel quadrangle has about 485 gravity stations.</p><p>Riverboat traverses along the Yukon River in the northern part of the Russian Mission quadrangle in 1967 were used to collect the first U.S. Geological Survey (TJSGS) gravity stations in the area of these quadrangles. A float-plane flight through the southeast corner of the Russian Mission quadrangle during the same time period added four stations. In 1969 a float-plane flight added one station to the east central Bethel quadrangle. In 1973 sciff work along the Kuskokwim and some of its sloughs and tributaries was utilized to add many gravity stations to the central part of the Russian Mission quadrangle and some gravity stations near the northern edge of the Bethel quadrangle. Float-plane work that year added about 35 gravity stations throughout the eastern two thirds of the Russian Mission quadrangle. Boat work on the Tikchic Lakes was utilized to establish six gravity stations to the southeast corner of the Bethel quadrangle in 1973. The Alaska Mineral Resource Appraisal Program (AMRAP) of the TJSGS for the Goodnews quadrangle, south of the Bethel quadrangle included the southern 15 minutes of the Bethel quadrangle. About 14 gravity stations were collected in this area during 1975 and 1976 with the use of a helicopter. Several float-plane flights in 1976 added six stations to the Bethel quadrangle. Ski-plane flights added 14 stations in the southwestern corner of the Bethel quadrangle and 12 stations in the southern corner of the Russian Mission quadrangle and the northwestern corner of the Bethel quadrangle in 1977. A total of 16 gravity stations were collected in the eastern Bethel and Russian Mission quadrangles in 1982. About 400 gravity stations were collected as part of the Bethel AMRAP program in the Bethel and Russian Mission quadrangles during 1987, 1988, and 1989. Most of these data were collected with a helicopter, but some were collected by using watercraft</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr9414A","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.L., 1994, Principal facts for gravity data in the Bethel and Russian Mission 1 degree x 3 degrees quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-14, Report: ii, 6 p.; 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9414A.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 6 p.; 1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":81660,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":277702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014a/application.zip"},{"id":432788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014-a/ofr9414A,B.zip","text":"CD-ROM ofr91414A,B","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -129.7635812346696,\n              72.81739131372794\n            ],\n            [\n              -181.46886449635872,\n              72.81739131372794\n            ],\n            [\n              -181.46886449635872,\n              51.45431066869793\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.7635812346696,\n              51.45431066869793\n            ],\n            [\n              -129.7635812346696,\n              72.81739131372794\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Robert L.","contributorId":82671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018036,"text":"70018036 - 1994 - CASERTZ aeromagnetic data reveal late Cenozoic flood basalts (?) in the West Antarctic rift system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:49:51.179876","indexId":"70018036","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"CASERTZ aeromagnetic data reveal late Cenozoic flood basalts (?) in the West Antarctic rift system","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15576124\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The late Cenozoic volcanic and tectonic activity of the enigmatic West Antarctic rift system, the least understood of the great active continental rifts, has been suggested to be plume driven. In 1991-1992, as part of the CASERTZ (Corridor Aerogeophysics of the Southeast Ross Transect Zone) program, an ∼25000 km aeromagnetic survey over the ice-covered Byrd subglacial basin shows magnetic \"texture\" critical to interpretations of the underlying extended volcanic terrane. The aeromagnetic data reveal numerous semicircular anomalies ∼100-1100 nT in amplitude, interpreted as having volcanic sources at the base of the ice sheet; they are concentrated along north-trending magnetic lineations interpreted as rift fabric. Models constrained by coincident radar ice soundings indicate highly magnetic sources, with a probable high remanent magnetization in the present field direction, strongly suggesting a late Cenozoic age. Magnetic anomalies over exposed late Cenozoic volcanic rocks along part of the rift shoulder and in coastal Marie Byrd Land are similar in form and amplitude. The CASERTZ aeromagnetic results, combined with &gt;100 000 km of widely spaced aeromagnetic profiles, indicate at least 10<sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>km<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of probable late Cenozoic volcanic rock (flood basalt?) in the West Antarctic rift beneath the ice sheet and Ross Ice Shelf. Comparison with other plumes in active rift areas (e.g., Yellowstone and East Africa) indicates that this volume estimate lies in the range of magma generation found in these other low-extension continental rifts.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0527:CADRLC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., 1994, CASERTZ aeromagnetic data reveal late Cenozoic flood basalts (?) in the West Antarctic rift system: Geology, v. 22, no. 6, p. 527-530, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0527:CADRLC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228644,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2c6e4b0c8380cd4b36a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":378253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018013,"text":"70018013 - 1994 - Composition and origin of hydrothermal ironstones from central Pacific seamounts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T00:36:46.774119","indexId":"70018013","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition and origin of hydrothermal ironstones from central Pacific seamounts","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ironstones recovered from five Late Cretaceous seamounts in the central Pacific region probably formed during late-stage edifice-building volcanism. Ironstones are dense and compact with the appearance of brown chert. The ironstones are characterized by a goethite mineralogy with FeOOH contents up to 88%, extreme fractionation of Fe and Mn, low trace-element and rare earth element abundances, low&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Co</mtext><mtext>Zn</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">CoZn</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;ratios, and isotopic equilibration temperatures of about 20–45 °C. These characteristics indicate that the ironstones formed from hydrothermal fluids. Ironstones probably formed below the seawater-seafloor interface, as indicated by their occurrence as a proximal hydrothermal deposit, presence of primary goethite cement, pervasive replacement of rocks by goethite, and absence of interbedded pyro-clastic beds.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90455-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hein, J., Hsueh-Wen, Y., Gunn, S., Gibbs, A.E., and Chung-ho, W., 1994, Composition and origin of hydrothermal ironstones from central Pacific seamounts: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 1, p. 179-189, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90455-3.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229056,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Johnston Island, Kingman-Palmyra Island, Republic of the Marshall Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -169.58357513361733,\n              16.775541034494992\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.58357513361733,\n              16.698295583840775\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.47058353962836,\n              16.698295583840775\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.47058353962836,\n              16.775541034494992\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.58357513361733,\n              16.775541034494992\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162.14422715515408,\n              5.933370831499985\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.14422715515408,\n              5.8380694721066675\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.01711764311727,\n              5.8380694721066675\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.01711764311727,\n              5.933370831499985\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.14422715515408,\n              5.933370831499985\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              164.9135358697888,\n              10.404975388174933\n            ],\n            [\n              164.9135358697888,\n              4.814695831632861\n            ],\n            [\n              172.90438754399622,\n              4.814695831632861\n            ],\n            [\n              172.90438754399622,\n              10.404975388174933\n            ],\n            [\n              164.9135358697888,\n              10.404975388174933\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f91fe4b0c8380cd4d448","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsueh-Wen, Y.","contributorId":31138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsueh-Wen","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gunn, S.H.","contributorId":65236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunn","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gibbs, A. E.","contributorId":54229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chung-ho, W.","contributorId":107868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chung-ho","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":54858,"text":"wdrNY932 - 1994 - Water resources data, New York, water year 1993. Volume 2. Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-20T20:03:07.313392","indexId":"wdrNY932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-93-2","title":"Water resources data, New York, water year 1993. Volume 2. Long Island","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY932","usgsCitation":"Spinello, A.G., Nakao, J., Busciolano, R., Winowitch, R., and Eagen, V.K., 1994, Water resources data, New York, water year 1993. Volume 2. Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-93-2, vii, 240 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY932.","productDescription":"vii, 240 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ny-93-2/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":380656,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ny-93-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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,{"id":70017793,"text":"70017793 - 1994 - The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids derived from the degradation of petroleum contaminants in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T10:21:00","indexId":"70017793","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids derived from the degradation of petroleum contaminants in groundwater","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids in groundwater downgradient from a crude-oil spill near Bemidji, Minnesota, was studied over a five year period (1986–1990). The organic acids are metabolic intermediates of the degradation of components of the crude oil and are structurally related to hydrocarbon precursors. The concentrations of organic acids, particularly aliphatic acids, increase as the microbial alteration of hydrocarbons progresses. The organic-acid pool changes in composition and concentration over time and in space as the degradation processes shift from Fe(III) reduction to methanogenesis. Over time, the aquifer system evolves into one in which the groundwater contains more oxidized products of hydrocarbon degradation and the reduced forms of iron, manganese, and nitrogen. Laboratory microcosm experiments with aquifer material support the hypothesis that organic acids observed in the groundwater originate from the microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons under anoxic conditions.</p><p>The geochemistry of two other shallow aquifers in coastal plain sediments, one contaminated with creosote waste and the other with gasoline, were compared to the Bemidji site. The geochemical evolution of the low-molecular-weight organic acid pool in these systems is controlled, in part, by the presence of electron acceptors available for microbially mediated electron-transfer reactions. The depletion of electron acceptors in aquifers leads to the accumulation of aliphatic organic acids in anoxic groundwater.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90511-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I., Baedecker, M., Eganhouse, R., and Goerlitz, D., 1994, The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids derived from the degradation of petroleum contaminants in groundwater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 2, p. 863-877, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90511-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"863","endPage":"877","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac47e4b08c986b3233b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, I.M. 0000-0002-5123-1007","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":22343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"I.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baedecker, M.J.","contributorId":42702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eganhouse, R.P.","contributorId":67555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goerlitz, D.F.","contributorId":8445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goerlitz","given":"D.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":21270,"text":"ofr9473 - 1994 - Water resources professional's outreach notebook; ground water, grade level 6-8","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-16T12:25:01","indexId":"ofr9473","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-73","title":"Water resources professional's outreach notebook; ground water, grade level 6-8","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9473","usgsCitation":"Vandas, S., 1994, Water resources professional's outreach notebook; ground water, grade level 6-8: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-73, 104 p.  :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9473.","productDescription":"104 p.  :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276681,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr9473.JPG"},{"id":276684,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0073/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f01fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vandas, S.J.","contributorId":89919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vandas","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017741,"text":"70017741 - 1994 - Floodflow effects on riparian vegetation in Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017741","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Floodflow effects on riparian vegetation in Arizona","docAbstract":"A relation for estimating changes in the condition of riparian vegetation as a function of stream power was developed for stream channels in central Arizona. Flood and vegetation data were collected from 13 flows at 11 sites. Stream power was computed at cross sections and plotted against the average height of vegetation for each flow. The effect of the flow - no effect, little effect, laid over, or removed - on the riparian vegetation is related to stream power and vegetation height. As vegetation height increases, the magnitude of stream power needed to affect the vegetation also increases. Stream power of about 72 Newton-meters per second per meter squared is needed to lay over 1-meter-high vegetation, and stream power of about 580 Newton-meters per second per meter squared is needed to lay over 5.5-meter-high vegetation. This relation can be used to estimate vegetation conditions at the time of peak floodflow.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Phillips, J.V., and Hjalmarson, H., 1994, Floodflow effects on riparian vegetation in Arizona, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 707-711.","startPage":"707","endPage":"711","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a117fe4b0c8380cd53ff2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, J. V.","contributorId":40244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hjalmarson, H. W.","contributorId":95872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hjalmarson","given":"H. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017717,"text":"70017717 - 1994 - Discovery of Grooves on Gaspra","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017717","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discovery of Grooves on Gaspra","docAbstract":"We report the discovery of grooves in Galileo high-resolution images of Gaspra. These features, previously seen only on Mars' satellite Phobos, are most likely related to severe impacts. Grooves on Gaspra occur as linear and pitted depressions, typically 100-200 m wide, 0.8 to 2.5 km long, and 10-20 m deep. Most occur in two major groups, one of which trends approximately parallel to the asteroid's long axis, but is offset by some 15??; the other is approximately perpendicular to this trend. The first of these directions falls along a family of planes which parallel three extensive flat facets identified by Thomas et al., Icarus 107. The occurrence of grooves on Gaspra is consistent with other indications (irregular shape, cratering record) that this asteroid has evolved through a violent collisional history. The bodywide congruence of major groove directions and other structural elements suggests that present-day Gaspra is a globally coherent body. ?? 1994 Academic Press. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1994.1007","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Veverka, J., Thomas, P., Simonelli, D., Belton, M.J., Carr, M., Chapman, C., Davies, M.E., Greeley, R., Greenberg, R., Head, J., Klaasen, K., Johnson, T.V., Morrison, D., and Neukum, G., 1994, Discovery of Grooves on Gaspra: Icarus, v. 107, no. 1, p. 72-83, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1007.","startPage":"72","endPage":"83","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480254,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1007","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":206138,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1994.1007"},{"id":228621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01eee4b0c8380cd4fdc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, P.","contributorId":59185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simonelli, D.","contributorId":40737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Belton, M. J. S.","contributorId":79223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carr, M.","contributorId":105845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chapman, C.","contributorId":16951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davies, M. E.","contributorId":26050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Greenberg, R.","contributorId":26778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenberg","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Head, J.","contributorId":6595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Head","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Klaasen, K.","contributorId":101395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Morrison, D.","contributorId":98015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Neukum, G.","contributorId":105443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neukum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70017729,"text":"70017729 - 1994 - Late Quaternary normal faulting of the Hat Creek basalt, northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-26T12:58:18.585023","indexId":"70017729","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary normal faulting of the Hat Creek basalt, northern California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15008211\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The Hat Creek fault is a major, young, north-striking, normal fault along the western boundary of extensional Basin and Range deformation in the Lessen region of northeastern California. Volcanic rocks of Quaternary and late Pliocene age are displaced a total of &gt;500 m down to the west along west-facing,<span>&nbsp;</span><strong><i>en echelon</i></strong><span>&nbsp;</span>scarps now retreated to ∼35° slopes. Fresh, young scarps as much as 30 m high cut the Hat Creek Basalt (erupted between 15 and ∼40 ka) a few tens of meters west of the retreated scarps. Prior to the late 1980s, these young scarps were interpreted as lava slump scarps formed as the Hat Creek Basalt ponded against the older fault scarps and then drained away to the northwest. Numerous pieces of geologic evidence, however, show that the young scarps formed after the Hat Creek Basalt solidified and cooled and are true fault features formed by the youngest displacements of the Hat Creek fault. Structural details are remarkably well preserved along the series of left-stepping scarps cutting the Hat Creek Basalt. Near the central parts of individual segments, the fault is displayed as a single, vertical scarp. Near the ends of the segments, the scarp decreases in height and becomes a monodinal flexure on which the recent dip separation has been taken up by small-scale offset along columnar cooling joints in the basalt These monodinal flexures commonly rotate into east-west monoclines that join adjacent north-south segments. Displacement of outwash gravel overlying the Hat Creek Basalt shows that vertical separation on the Hat Creek fault has averaged ∼1.3 mm yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for the past 15,000 yr. The Hat Creek fault thus represents a potential earthquake hazard, despite the low level and diffuse nature of modern seismidty in the region.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0195:LQNFOT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Muffler, L., Clynne, M., and Champion, D., 1994, Late Quaternary normal faulting of the Hat Creek basalt, northern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, no. 2, p. 195-200, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0195:LQNFOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"200","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228813,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4531e4b0c8380cd670e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muffler, L.I.P.","contributorId":99719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.I.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54886,"text":"wdrOH931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1993. Volume 1. Ohio River basin excluding project data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-17T13:37:11.371254","indexId":"wdrOH931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OH-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1993. Volume 1. Ohio River basin excluding project data","docAbstract":"<p>Water-resources data for the 1993 water year for Ohio consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report, in two volumes, contains records for water discharge at 121 gaging stations, 335 wells, and 8 partial-record sites; and water levels at 365 observation wells. Also included are data from miscellaneous sites. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Ohio. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrOH931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Ohio and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Shindel, H., Mangus, J., and Trimble, L., 1994, Water resources data, Ohio, water year 1993. Volume 1. Ohio River basin excluding project data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OH-93-1, xiii, 300 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOH931.","productDescription":"xiii, 300 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":483391,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/oh-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/oh-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faed3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shindel, H.L.","contributorId":17652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shindel","given":"H.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangus, J.P.","contributorId":28301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangus","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trimble, L.E.","contributorId":101732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":33121,"text":"b1926 - 1994 - Airborne remote sensing for geology and the environment; present and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T10:48:41","indexId":"b1926","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1926","title":"Airborne remote sensing for geology and the environment; present and future","docAbstract":"<p>In 1988, a group of leading experts from government, academia, and industry attended a workshop on airborne remote sensing sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and hosted by the Branch of Geophysics. The purpose of the workshop was to examine the scientific rationale for airborne remote sensing in support of government earth science in the next decade. This report has arranged the six resulting working-group reports under two main headings: (1) Geologic Remote Sensing, for the reports on geologic mapping, mineral resources, and fossil fuels and geothermal resources; and (2) Environmental Remote Sensing, for the reports on environmental geology, geologic hazards, and water resources. The intent of the workshop was to provide an evaluation of demonstrated capabilities, their direct extensions, and possible future applications, and this was the organizational format used for the geologic remote sensing reports. The working groups in environmental remote sensing chose to present their reports in a somewhat modified version of this format. A final section examines future advances and limitations in the field. </p><p>There is a large, complex, and often bewildering array of remote sensing data available. Early remote sensing studies were based on data collected from airborne platforms. Much of that technology was later extended to satellites. The original 80-m-resolution Landsat Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) has now been largely superseded by the 30-m-resolution Thematic Mapper (TM) system that has additional spectral channels. The French satellite SPOT provides higher spatial resolution for channels equivalent to MSS. Low-resolution (1 km) data are available from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration's AVHRR system, which acquires reflectance and day and night thermal data daily. Several experimental satellites have acquired limited data, and there are extensive plans for future satellites including those of Japan (JERS), Europe (ESA), Canada (Radarsat), and the United States (EOS). </p><p>There are currently two national airborne remote sensing programs (photography, radar) with data archived at the USGS' EROS Data Center. Airborne broadband multispectral data (comparable to Landsat MSS and TM but involving several more channels) for limited geographic areas also are available for digital processing and analysis. Narrow-band imaging spectrometer data are available for some NASA experiment sites and can be acquired for other locations commercially. </p><p>Remote sensing data and derivative images, because of the uniform spatial coverage, availability at different resolutions, and digital format, are becoming important data sets for geographic information system (GIS) analyses. Examples range from overlaying digitized geologic maps on remote sensing images and draping these over topography, to maps of mineral distribution and inferred abundance. </p><p>A large variety of remote sensing data sets are available, with costs ranging from a few dollars per square mile for satellite digital data to a few hundred dollars per square mile for airborne imaging spectrometry. Computer processing and analysis costs routinely surpass these expenses because of the equipment and expertise necessary for information extraction and interpretation. Effective use requires both an understanding of the current methodology and an appreciation of the most cost-effective solution.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1926","usgsCitation":"1994, Airborne remote sensing for geology and the environment; present and future: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1926, xiii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1926.","productDescription":"xiii, 43 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":330815,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1926/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f78","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Watson, Ken","contributorId":90317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":652814,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knepper, Daniel H. dknepper@usgs.gov","contributorId":1242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knepper","given":"Daniel","email":"dknepper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":652815,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44359,"text":"ofr946B - 1994 - Principal facts and field data for gravity data in and adjacent to the Reno 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:18:55","indexId":"ofr946B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-6","chapter":"B","title":"Principal facts and field data for gravity data in and adjacent to the Reno 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Nevada and California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr946B","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Plouff, D., 1994, Principal facts and field data for gravity data in and adjacent to the Reno 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-6, 1 computer disk ; 3 1/2 in. + 1 text (i, 16 p. : map ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr946B.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ; 3 1/2 in. + 1 text (i, 16 p. : map ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":277703,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0006b/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668df5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plouff, Donald","contributorId":94657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plouff","given":"Donald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54514,"text":"wdrFL933A - 1994 - Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993; Volume 3A. Southwest Florida surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-27T21:41:02.862215","indexId":"wdrFL933A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"FL-93-3A","title":"Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993; Volume 3A. Southwest Florida surface water","docAbstract":"<p>The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Florida each water year. These data, accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State. To make these data readily available to interested parties outside the Geological Survey, the data are published annually in this report series entitled \"Water Resources Data - Florida.\"</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrFL933A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Florida and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Coffin, J., and Fletcher, W., 1994, Water resources data, Florida, water year 1993; Volume 3A. Southwest Florida surface water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report FL-93-3A, xvi, 245 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrFL933A.","productDescription":"xvi, 245 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412420,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/fl-93-3-a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174459,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/fl-93-3-a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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