Riparian forests are important for maintaining vertebrate species richness in the southwestern United States, but they have become restricted in distribution due to both historical and current management practices. In order to counteract continued loss of this habitat, several mitigation programs were developed in the middle Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico. Three areas ranging from 50 to 140 ha were revegetated with native trees using pole planting and cattle exclosures, and changes in vegetation structure were quantified after 2, 3, and 5 years of growth. As expected, the older site contained the most heterogeneous mix of plant species and the greatest structural diversity. We compared year-round avian use of the revegetated sites with a mature cottonwood forest site of approximately 30 years of age. As the revegetated sites matured and salient habitat features changed, the population dynamics of individual avian species and patterns of guild structure varied. The older revegetated sites showed a greater similarity to the mature cottonwood site, suggesting that reclamation efforts established quality riparian habitats for birds in as little as 5 years. The revegetated sites appeared especially important for Neotropical-migrant birds. We suggest that a mosaic of riparian woodlands containing mixtures of native tree and shrub species of different size classes is necessary to maintain avian species richness in the middle Rio Grande drainage, and probably throughout the southwestern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08041098.x","usgsCitation":"Farley, G., Ellis, L.M., Stuart, J., and Scott, N., 1994, Avian species richness in different-aged stands of riparian forest along the middle Rio Grande, New Mexico: Conservation Biology, v. 8, no. 4, p. 1098-1108, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08041098.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1098","endPage":"1108","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133016,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.68129752376531,\n 31.884470578452763\n ],\n [\n -106.62702684875177,\n 31.859627449566702\n ],\n [\n -106.62234558538914,\n 31.99047377754924\n ],\n [\n -106.41678665537555,\n 31.99919482638458\n ],\n [\n -106.42735403698708,\n 32.1038273577724\n ],\n [\n -106.75864027467064,\n 32.65687540415961\n ],\n [\n -107.07652128029487,\n 32.815852824431204\n ],\n [\n -106.95444853738277,\n 33.32224303953862\n ],\n [\n -106.66724491730865,\n 33.77202431926415\n ],\n [\n -106.71912527942241,\n 34.26371707948776\n ],\n [\n -106.45242531386788,\n 35.23448142477494\n ],\n [\n -105.8806915677993,\n 35.799878641504336\n ],\n [\n -105.93089765801084,\n 36.06832557725011\n ],\n [\n -106.21708896155297,\n 36.328184490155024\n ],\n [\n -106.59629530459921,\n 36.5465412280783\n ],\n [\n -106.51895843705914,\n 36.684069284228\n ],\n [\n -106.38985175453216,\n 36.99400033143861\n ],\n [\n -106.55836903713808,\n 36.99482804625971\n ],\n [\n -106.61752957530933,\n 36.941065028692734\n ],\n [\n -106.6308916625406,\n 36.78665531813296\n ],\n [\n -106.89134318783906,\n 36.607310270477086\n ],\n [\n -106.77917583600164,\n 36.38718957349131\n ],\n [\n -106.57362265712948,\n 36.20246538624592\n ],\n [\n -106.24660644520355,\n 36.159999867743565\n ],\n [\n -106.12591207120414,\n 35.98323222171504\n ],\n [\n -106.29509356156811,\n 35.76338720923643\n ],\n [\n -106.55505535455934,\n 35.43457878277427\n ],\n [\n -106.69462941440858,\n 35.216249846072586\n ],\n [\n -106.89202514748222,\n 34.52096294065905\n ],\n [\n -107.07268581397535,\n 34.33295331833358\n ],\n [\n -106.96377782331425,\n 34.26266344181599\n ],\n [\n -106.92974407623247,\n 33.935750073940326\n ],\n [\n -107.30411529413036,\n 33.494122497136104\n ],\n [\n -107.3177285941915,\n 33.201292533194746\n ],\n [\n -107.38579608835461,\n 32.815999761127316\n ],\n [\n -107.09991261286885,\n 32.59262064058535\n ],\n [\n -106.68129752376531,\n 31.884470578452763\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ae8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farley, G.H.","contributorId":79067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farley","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, L. M.","contributorId":106449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellis","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stuart, J.N.","contributorId":97046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Scott, N.J.","contributorId":76255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"N.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":68385,"text":"ha727 - 1994 - Deuterium content of water from wells and perennial springs, southeastern California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17055,"text":"ofr91470 - 1992 - Deuterium content of water from wells and perennial springs, southeastern California","indexId":"ofr91470","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Deuterium content of water from wells and perennial springs, southeastern California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68385,"text":"ha727 - 1994 - Deuterium content of water from wells and perennial springs, southeastern California","indexId":"ha727","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Deuterium content of water from wells and perennial springs, southeastern California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:31:31","indexId":"ha727","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"727","title":"Deuterium content of water from wells and perennial springs, southeastern California","docAbstract":"The areal distribution of the concentrations of the stable isotopes deuterium and oxygen-18 in ground water in southeastern California is depicted and evaluated in this report. The deuterium content of about 300 ground-water samples and the oxygen-18 content of 101 of these samples are presented. Thirty-two of the samples were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1977–78 as part of a study to determine the mineral and brine potential of playa lakes in selected basins in southeastern California. Most of the remaining samples were collected during the winters and springs of 1981 and 1982 as part of the Climate Change Program of the Geological Survey. Selected additional samples were collected through 1986. Stable-isotope data from three previous studies also have been included. These data are for 19 samples from the Coso thermal area east of the southern Sierra Nevada (Fournier and Thompson, 1980, tables 1,2), 5 samples from areas in Nevada just east of Death Valley (Winograd and Friedman, 1972, table 1), and 9 samples from the Imperial Valley (Coplen, 1971, table 1). Also presented for comparison are weighted averages of deuterium content of recent precipitation collected for this report at 32 stations over the 7-year period from April 1982 to April 1989 (Irving Friedman and G.I. Smith, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1989).
","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ha727","usgsCitation":"Gleason, J., Veronda, G., Smith, G., Friedman, I., and Martin, P.M., 1994, Deuterium content of water from wells and perennial springs, southeastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 727, 1 map :col. ;65 x 49 cm. on sheet 122 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha727.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;65 x 49 cm. on sheet 122 x 89 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89885,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/727/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119,33 ], [ -119,37 ], [ -11.833333333333334,37 ], [ -11.833333333333334,33 ], [ -119,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667332","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gleason, J.D.","contributorId":27072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gleason","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veronda, Guida","contributorId":55429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veronda","given":"Guida","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, P. M.","contributorId":39003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":19422,"text":"ofr9464 - 1994 - Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system and proposed withdrawals in the northern part of Vekol Valley, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:20:20","indexId":"ofr9464","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-64","title":"Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system and proposed withdrawals in the northern part of Vekol Valley, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9464","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Hollett, K., 1994, Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system and proposed withdrawals in the northern part of Vekol Valley, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-64, 8 p. ;1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9464.","productDescription":"8 p. ;1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48896,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277756,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0064/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63617f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollett, K.J.","contributorId":23570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1008135,"text":"1008135 - 1994 - Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:51:16.837102","indexId":"1008135","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of bank erosion on the Merced River, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California, USA","docAbstract":"Channel changes from 1919 to 1989 were documented in two study reaches of the Merced River in Yosemite National Park through a review of historical photographs and documents and a comparison of survey data. Bank erosion was prevalent and channel width increased an average of 27% in the upstream reach, where human use was concentrated. Here, trampling of the banks and riparian vegetation was common, and banks eroded on straight stretches as frequently as on meander bends. Six bridges in the upper reach constrict the channel by an average of 38% of the original width, causing severe erosion. In the downstream control reach, where human use was minimal, channel widths both decreased and increased, with a mean increase of only 4% since 1919. Bank erosion in the control reach occurred primarily on meander bends. The control reach also had denser stands of riparian vegetation and a higher frequency of large woody debris in channels. There is only one bridge in the lower reach, located at the downstream end. Since 1919, bank erosion in the impacted upstream reach contributed a significant amount of sediment (74,800 tonnes, equivalent to 2.0 t/km2/yr) to the river. An analysis of 75 years of precipitation and hydrologic records showed no trends responsible for bank erosion in the upper reach. Sediment input to the upper reach has not changed significantly during the study period. Floodplain soils are sandy, with low cohesion and are easily detached by lateral erosion. The degree of channel widening was positively correlated with the percentage of bare ground on the streambanks and low bank stability ratings. Low bank stability ratings were, in turn, strongly associated with high human use areas. Channel widening and bank erosion in the upper reach were due primarily to destruction of riparian vegetation by human trampling and the effect of bridge constrictions on high flow, and secondarily to poorly installed channel revetments. Several specific recommendations for river restoration were provided to park management.
We determined polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in emergent mayflies (hexagenia bilineata) from a 1250-km reach of the upper mississippi river (UMR). Total pcb concentrations (sum of 125 congeners) ranged from 0.21 To 4.1 Mu g/g of dry weight (1.2-29 mu g/g of lipid weight). Concentrations were highest in pools near the twin cities and the quad cities metropolitan areas. Longitudinal movement of pcbs was extensive downstream from the twin cities (175-320 km) but was not apparent downstream from the quad cities. The pcb composition of mayflies was relatively homogeneous throughout most of the river. However, the congener composition in mayflies from two distant locations differed markedly from the other samples and contained a greater abundance of lower molecular weight congeners. Recent pcb discharges from point and nonpoint sources may account for these differences. Emergent mayflies seem to be a useful indicator of pcb contamination of the UMR.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es00053a027","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Steingraeber, M., Schwartz, T., Wiener, J., and Lebo, J., 1994, Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in emergent mayflies from the upper Mississippi River: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 707-714, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00053a027.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"707","endPage":"714","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68468c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steingraeber, M.T.","contributorId":106192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steingraeber","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, T.R.","contributorId":97451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lebo, J.A.","contributorId":65533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017019,"text":"70017019 - 1994 - Discussion of the paper 'Hydrates offshore Brazil'","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T17:04:10","indexId":"70017019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":801,"text":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of the paper 'Hydrates offshore Brazil'","docAbstract":"The paper “Hydrates Offshore Brazil” by Rogerio L. Fontana and Alexandre Mussumeci presents some important information that strongly indicates the presence of gas hydrates on the southern Brazilian continental margin. However, the acoustic compressional wave velocity structure reported for the Brazilian margin sediments is highly unusual and quite puzzling. We will discuss a possible explanation related to the presence of gas hydrate and free gas in the sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38828.x","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., 1994, Discussion of the paper 'Hydrates offshore Brazil': Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 715, p. 114-118, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38828.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"114","endPage":"118","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224768,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"715","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0200e4b0c8380cd4fe3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017022,"text":"70017022 - 1994 - A rock-magnetic record from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Evidence for Late Quaternary climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:05:26","indexId":"70017022","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A rock-magnetic record from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Evidence for Late Quaternary climate change","docAbstract":"Rock-magnetic measurements of sediment cores from the Academician Ridge region of Lake Baikal, Siberia show variations related to Late Quaternary climate change. Based upon the well-dated last glacial-interglacial transition, variations in magnetic concentration and mineralogy are related to glacial-interglacial cycles using a conceptual model. Interglacial intervals are characterized by low magnetic concentrations and a composition that is dominated by low coercivity minerals. Glacial intervals are characterized by high magnetic concentrations and increased amounts of high coercivity minerals. The variation in magnetic concentration is consistent with dilution by diatom opal during the more productive interglacial periods. We also infer an increased contribution of eolian sediment during the colder, windier, and more arid glacial conditions when extensive loess deposits were formed throughout Europe and Asia. Eolian transport is inferred to deliver increased amounts of high coercivity minerals as staining on eolian grains during the glacial intervals. Variations in magnetic concentration and mineralogy of Lake Baikal sediment correlate to the SPECMAP marine oxygen-isotope record. The high degree of correlation between Baikal magnetic concentration/mineralogy and the SPECMAP oxygen-isotope record indicates that Lake Baikal sediment preserves a history of climate change in central Asia for the last 250 ka. This correlation provides a method of estimating the age of sediment beyond the range of the radiocarbon method. Future work must include providing better age control and additional climate proxy data, thereby strengthening the correlation of continental and marine climate records. ?? 1994.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(94)90062-0","usgsCitation":"Peck, J., King, J., Colman, S.M., and Kravchinsky, V., 1994, A rock-magnetic record from Lake Baikal, Siberia: Evidence for Late Quaternary climate change: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 122, no. 1-2, p. 221-238, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)90062-0.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"238","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488762,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1761","text":"External Repository"},{"id":224813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 100.45898437499999,\n 49.724479188712984\n ],\n [\n 113.203125,\n 49.724479188712984\n ],\n [\n 113.203125,\n 57.040729838360875\n ],\n [\n 100.45898437499999,\n 57.040729838360875\n ],\n [\n 100.45898437499999,\n 49.724479188712984\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"122","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e565e4b0c8380cd46d2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, J.A.","contributorId":26398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kravchinsky, V.A.","contributorId":90475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kravchinsky","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017021,"text":"70017021 - 1994 - Identification of marine hydrates in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T17:02:09","indexId":"70017021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":801,"text":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of marine hydrates in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of the United States","docAbstract":"Natural gas hydrates, mostly methane hydrates, occur within seafloor sediments almost everywhere in the world’s oceans where water depths exceed 300 to 500 m, and hydrates in this setting probably contain very large quantities of methane.’ Gas hydrates have been identified in marine sediments by coring and by the response that they create in seismic reflection profiles. Our research has endeavored to refine the criteria used to recognize hydrates in seismic reflection data and to use such data to map hydrates on the United States Atlantic continential rise.
Gas hydrates in ocean floor sediments occur within a layer just below the sea floor, controlled by the pressure and temperature conditions. Actually, hydrates would be stable in deep ocean water (at depths greater than 300-500 m), but probably do not exist there due to lack of gas saturation. Furthermore, if they did form in the water the hydrates would float upward and melt at the lower pressure and higher temperature conditions found at shallower depths. However, gas is present in the sediments either as biogenic gas produced by bacteria or as thermogenic gas rising from deeper strata, and when hydrate forms in sediments it is trapped in the sedimentary matrix. Temperature increases downward through the sediments, and, although pressure also increases (which tends to make hydrate more stable), the temperature ultimately becomes too great for hydrate to exist at ambient pressure. Because the thermal gradient is fairly constant within a restricted geographic region, this stability limit will be reached at approximately the same subbottom depth everywhere in the region. The result is a zone of hydrate-cemented sediment that extends down from the sea floor; this zone can have a thickness of as much as 1000 m.
","language":"English","publisher":" John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38850.x","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., Lee, M.W., and Coleman, D., 1994, Identification of marine hydrates in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of the United States: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 715, p. 364-380, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38850.x.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"364","endPage":"380","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.8515625,\n 44.77793589631623\n ],\n [\n -70.83984375,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -71.982421875,\n 40.78054143186033\n ],\n [\n -75.5859375,\n 37.92686760148135\n ],\n [\n -75.849609375,\n 35.17380831799959\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 34.016241889667015\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -79.716796875,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 28.304380682962783\n ],\n [\n -79.365234375,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -79.189453125,\n 31.87755764334002\n ],\n [\n -76.9921875,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -73.828125,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -73.388671875,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -73.47656249999999,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -71.806640625,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n -71.015625,\n 39.977120098439634\n ],\n [\n -69.873046875,\n 41.376808565702355\n ],\n [\n -68.64257812499999,\n 43.197167282501276\n ],\n [\n -67.8515625,\n 44.77793589631623\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"715","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3831e4b0c8380cd6149e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Myung W. mlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"mlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":375169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, Dwight F.","contributorId":81827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Dwight F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17443,"text":"ofr94427 - 1994 - Oil and gas resources of U.S. Naval Oil Shale Reserves 1 and 3, Colorado, and Reserve 2, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr94427","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-427","title":"Oil and gas resources of U.S. Naval Oil Shale Reserves 1 and 3, Colorado, and Reserve 2, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94427","usgsCitation":"Fouch, T.D., Wandrey, C., Taylor, D.J., Butler, W.C., Miller, J.J., Prensky, S.E., Boone, L., Schmoker, J., Corvelli, R., and Beeman, W.R., 1994, Oil and gas resources of U.S. Naval Oil Shale Reserves 1 and 3, Colorado, and Reserve 2, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-427, 158 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94427.","productDescription":"158 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0427/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46584,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0427/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691d3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fouch, Thomas D.","contributorId":97092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouch","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wandrey, C. J.","contributorId":99578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandrey","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, D. J.","contributorId":50849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Butler, W. C.","contributorId":75158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Prensky, S. E.","contributorId":13642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prensky","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Boone, L.E.","contributorId":73458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schmoker, J. W.","contributorId":69964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmoker","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Corvelli, R.A.","contributorId":74239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corvelli","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Beeman, W. R.","contributorId":16427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70017607,"text":"70017607 - 1994 - Hydrochemistry of the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer, East-Central Illinois: Indicators of recharge and ground-water flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T00:04:53.837608","indexId":"70017607","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrochemistry of the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer, East-Central Illinois: Indicators of recharge and ground-water flow","docAbstract":"A conceptual model of the ground-water flow and recharge to the Mahomet Bedrock Valley Aquifer (MVA), east-central Illinois, was developed using major ion chemistry and isotope geochemistry. The MVA is a “basal” fill in the east-west trending buried bedrock valley composed of clean, permeable sand and gravel to thicknesses of up to 61 m. It is covered by a thick sequence of glacial till containing thinner bodies of interbedded sand and gravel. Ground water from the MVA was found to be characterized by clearly defined geochemical regions with three distinct ground-water types. A fourth ground-water type was found at the confluence of the MVA and the Mackinaw Bedrock Valley Aquifer (MAK) to the west.
Ground water in the Onarga Valley, a northeastern tributary of the MVA, is of two types, a mixed cation-SO42- type and a mixed cation-HCO3 type. The ground water is enriched in Na+ Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42- which appears to be the result of an upward hydraulic gradient and interaction of deeper ground water with oxidized pyritic coals and shale. We suggest that recharge to the Onarga Valley and overlying aquifers is 100% from bedrock (leakage) and lateral flow from the MVA to the south.
The central MVA (south of the Onarga Valley) is composed of relatively dilute ground water of a mixed cation-HC03 type, with low total dissolved solids, and very low concentrations of Cl- and SO42-. Stratigraphie relationships of overlying aquifers and ground-water chemistry of these and the MVA suggest recharge to this region of the MVA (predominantly in Champaign County) is relatively rapid and primarily from the surface.
Midway along the westerly flow path of the MVA (western MVA), ground water is a mixed cation-HCO3- type with relatively high Cl-, where Cl- increases abruptly by one to two orders of magnitude. Data suggest that the increase in Cl- is the result of leakage of saline ground water from bedrock into the MVA. Mass-balance calculations indicate that approximately 9.5% of recharge in this area is from bedrock. Concentrations of Na+, HCO3-, As, and TDS also increase in the western MVA.
Ground water in the MAK is of a Ca2+-HCO32- type. Mass-balance calculations, using Cl- as a natural, conservative tracer, indicate that approximately 17% of the ground water flowing from the confluence area is derived from the MVA.
Results of accelerated erosion on certain constructed surfaces in southeastern Arizona appear similar to those described by Bryan (1940) as gully gravure. Twenty cross-section excavations in eight rills incised into silt-rich lacustrine and fluvial deposits reveal partial filling of the rills by debris derived from overlying fluvial sand, gravel, and cobbles. Interstices of the coarse material gradually fill with fine-grained erosion products, decreasing permeability of the fill and deflecting subsequent runoff to the margins of the fill. Rills and rill fillings thus increase in width with time, and complete veneering of the surface by coarse debris ultimately may occur. Through incision, filling, lateral planation, and armoring, channels of the dissected surface heal and the new hillslope approaches an equilibrium condition.
Natural hillslopes in the area with similar geologic conditions have inclinations of 16°-22°, have generally unbroken veneers of coarse debris, and appear subject to the same erosional processes identified at constructed hillslopes. Field measurements and the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) were used to estimate soil loss on natural and constructed hillslopes. Results suggest that erosion may be almost three orders of magnitude greater on steep, non-veneered, nonvegetated constructed surfaces than on natural hillslopes. Attributes of stable natural hillslopes provide criteria for the design of stable constructed hillslopes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1233:THODHB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Toy, T., 1994, The healing of disturbed hillslopes by gully gravure: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, no. 10, p. 1233-1241, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1233:THODHB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1233","endPage":"1241","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228377,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacafe4b08c986b323679","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toy, T.J.","contributorId":36626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toy","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017543,"text":"70017543 - 1994 - Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:13:14.098155","indexId":"70017543","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA","docAbstract":"A subsidence research program began in 1985 to document the extent and magnitude of land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, an area of about 15 600 km2, using Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying. A brief description of GPS surveying is followed by a summary of each of four surveys between 1985 and 1989. In addition to periodic conventional spirit levelling, an examination was made of the changes in GPS-derived ellipsoidal height differences (summary differences) between pairs of adjacent bench marks in central Sacramento Valley from 1986 to 1989. The average rates of land subsidence in the southern Sacramento Valley for the past several decades were determined by comparing GPS-derived orthometric heights with historic published elevations. A maximum average rate of 0.053 m year−1 (0.90 m in 17 years) of subsidence has been measured.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626669409492765","usgsCitation":"Ikehara, M.E., 1994, Global Positioning System surveying to monitor land subsidence in Sacramento Valley, California, USA: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 39, no. 5, p. 417-429, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669409492765.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"417","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228330,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a295ae4b0c8380cd5a8ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ikehara, M. E.","contributorId":40977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikehara","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017571,"text":"70017571 - 1994 - The geochemical cycling of trace elements in a biogenic meromictic lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T09:50:51","indexId":"70017571","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geochemical cycling of trace elements in a biogenic meromictic lake","docAbstract":"The geochemical processes affecting the behavior and speciation of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in Hall Lake, Washington, USA, are assessed by examining dissolved and acid soluble particulate profiles of the elements and utilizing results from thermodynamic calculations. The water column of this meromictic lake is highly stratified and contains distinctive oxic, suboxic, and anoxic layers. Changes in the redox state of the water column with depth affect the distribution of all the elements studied. Most noticeable are increases in dissolved Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations across the oxic-suboxic boundary, increases in dissolved As, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, and V concentrations with depth in the anoxic layer, significant decreases in dissolved Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the anoxic region below the sulfide maximum, and large increases in acid soluble particulate concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in the anoxic zone below the sulfide maximum. Thermodynamic calculations for the anoxic region indicate that all redox sensitive elements exist in their reduced forms, the primary dissolved forms of Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn are metal sulfide solution complexes, and solid sulfide phases of Cu, Fe, Mo, and Pb are supersaturated. Calculations using a vertical diffusion and reaction model indicate that the oxidation rate constant for Mn(II) in Hall Lake is estimated to be 0.006 d-1 and is at the lower end of the range of microbial oxidation rates observed in other natural systems. The main geochemical processes influencing the distribution and speciation of trace elements in Hall Lake appear to be transformations of dissolved elements between their oxidation states (As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, V), cocycling of trace elements with Mn and Fe (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn), formation of soluble metal sulfide complexes (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn), sorption (As, Co, Cr, Ni, V), and precipitation (Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Zn).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90262-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Balistrieri, L.S., Murray, J., and Paul, B., 1994, The geochemical cycling of trace elements in a biogenic meromictic lake: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 19, p. 3993-4008, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90262-3.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3993","endPage":"4008","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac46e4b08c986b3233af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, J.W.","contributorId":53540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paul, B.","contributorId":72950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017540,"text":"70017540 - 1994 - Increased pressure from rising bubbles as a mechanism for remotely triggered seismicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T13:04:44","indexId":"70017540","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased pressure from rising bubbles as a mechanism for remotely triggered seismicity","docAbstract":"Aftershocks of large earthquakes tend to occur close to the main rupture zone, and can be used to constrain its dimensions. But following the 1992 Landers earthquake (magnitude M(w) = 7.3) in southern California, many aftershocks were reported in areas remote from the mainshock. Intriguingly, this remote seismicity occurred in small clusters near active volcanic and geothermal systems. For one of these clusters (Long Valley, about 400 km from the Landers earthquake), crustal deformation associated with the seismic activity was also monitored. Here we argue that advective overpressure provides a viable mechanism for remote seismicity triggered by the Landers earthquake. Both the deformation and seismicity data are consistent with pressure increases owing to gas bubbles rising slowly within a volume of magma. These bubbles may have been shaken loose during the passage of seismic waves generated by the mainshock.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/371408a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Linde, A.T., Sacks, I.S., Johnston, M., Hill, D., and Bilham, R., 1994, Increased pressure from rising bubbles as a mechanism for remotely triggered seismicity: Nature, v. 371, no. 6496, p. 408-410, https://doi.org/10.1038/371408a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"410","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206179,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371408a0"}],"volume":"371","issue":"6496","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39fce4b0c8380cd61aed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linde, A. T.","contributorId":21700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linde","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sacks, I. S.","contributorId":58038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hill, D.P.","contributorId":27432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bilham, R.G.","contributorId":24120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilham","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017640,"text":"70017640 - 1994 - Salinity increases in the navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:52:53","indexId":"70017640","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salinity increases in the navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah","docAbstract":"Salinity increases in water in some parts of the Navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah have been documented previously. The purpose of this paper is to use bromide, iodide, and chloride concentrations and del oxygen-18 and deuterium values in water from the study area to determine if oil-field brines (OFB) could be the source of increased salinity. Mixing-model results indicate that the bromide-to-chloride X 10,000 weight ratio characteristic of OFB in and outside the study area could not be causing the bromide depletion with increasing salinity in the Navajo aquifer. Mixing-model results indicate that a mixture of one percent OFB with 99 percent Navajo aquifer water would more than double the bromide-to-chloride weight ratio, instead of the observed decrease in the weight ratio with increasing chloride concentration. The trend of the mixing line representing the isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer does not indicate OFB as the source of isotopically enriched water; however, the simulated isotopic composition of injection water could be a salinity source. The lighter isotopic composition of OFB samples from the Aneth, Ratherford, White Mesa Unit, and McElmo Creek injection sites relative to the Ismay site is a result of continued recycling of injection water mixed with various proportions of isotopically lighter make-up water from the alluvial aquifer along the San Juan River. A mixing model using the isotopic composition of the simulated injection water suggests that enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer are composed of 36 to 75 percent of the simulated injection water. However, chloride concentrations predicted by the isotopic mixing model are up to 13.4 times larger than the measured chloride concentrations in isotopically enriched samples from the Navajo aquifer, indicating that injection water is not the source of increased salinity. Geochemical data consistently show that OFB and associated injection water from the Greater Aneth Oil Field are not the source of salinity increases in the Navajo aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03357.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., and Spangler, L., 1994, Salinity increases in the navajo aquifer in southeastern Utah: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1119-1135, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03357.x.","startPage":"1119","endPage":"1135","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267683,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1994.tb03357.x"},{"id":228571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aafece4b0c8380cd87849","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spangler, L.E.","contributorId":54230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spangler","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":35968,"text":"b2089 - 1994 - United States earthquakes, 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:32","indexId":"b2089","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2089","title":"United States earthquakes, 1986","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/b2089","usgsCitation":"Stover, C.W., and Brewer, L.R., 1994, United States earthquakes, 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2089, vii, 240 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2089.","productDescription":"vii, 240 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":111159,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/id/3777","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":247615,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2089/report.pdf","size":"17165","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":252051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2089/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ecc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stover, Carl W.","contributorId":28955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stover","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brewer, Lindie R.","contributorId":81544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Lindie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017663,"text":"70017663 - 1994 - Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part I. Whole-rock major- and trace-element chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70017663","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part I. Whole-rock major- and trace-element chemistry","docAbstract":"The 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano produced medium-K calc-alkaline andesite and dacite of limited compositional range (58.2-63.4% SiO2) and entrained quenched andesitic inclusions (55% SiO2) which bear chemical similarities to the rest of the ejecta. The earliest (December 15) magmas are pumiceous, often compositionally banded, and the majority is relatively mafic (< 59% SiO2). The most silicic magmas of the eruption are the late December to early January domes (up to 63.4% SiO2). Subsequent magmas formed domes and rare pumices which converge on 60% SiO2. Chemical variations among ejecta comprise tight, linear, two-component arrays for all elements for which the analytical uncertainty is much less than the compositional range. The two-component arrays are interpreted as mixing arrays between unrelated magmas because several of the arrays are at steep angles to the normal liquid line of descent. Additionally, the felsic endmember cannot be easily related to the mafic endmember by normal high-temperature igneous processes (e.g., the silicic endmember has higher Zr yet lower Hf than the mafic endmember). Also relative enrichments of highly incompatible elements are dramatically different across the arrays. The mixing event must have preceded eruption by a significant, yet unspecified amount of time because groundmass glass compositions are homogeneous for all post-December samples (Swanson et al., 1994-this volume), in spite of the whole-rock chemical diversity. This implies time for additional crystallization after the mixing event. Swanson et al. (1994-this volume) discuss evidence for a potentially different mixing event recorded only in December 15 magmas. Cognate cumulate xenoliths composed of pl+cpx+opx+hb+mt+melt were recovered from January and April deposits. These blocks differ from local batholithic country rock in their low concentrations of incompatible elements (e.g., Rb < 5 ppm vs 20-90 ppm, Ba < 150 ppm vs 300-2000 ppm) and low SiO2 (< 50 wt.% vs > 60 wt.%). They have Mg, Cr, Ni, Sc, and V contents higher than the andesites, but lower than Redoubt basalts and basaltic andesites. Thus, they may be crystallization products of andesites, but do not represent the cumulate residue of basalt fractionation. The xenoliths were probably derived from a shallow or intermediate crustal chamber. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Nye, C., Swanson, S., Avery, V., and Miller, T.P., 1994, Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part I. Whole-rock major- and trace-element chemistry: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 429-452.","startPage":"429","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1719e4b0c8380cd553a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nye, C.J.","contributorId":42734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, S.E.","contributorId":84505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avery, V.F.","contributorId":51811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avery","given":"V.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017558,"text":"70017558 - 1994 - The precision of wet atmospheric deposition data from national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network sites determined with collocated samplers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017558","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The precision of wet atmospheric deposition data from national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network sites determined with collocated samplers","docAbstract":"A collocated, wet-deposition sampler program has been operated since October 1988 by the U.S. Geological Survey to estimate the overall sampling precision of wet atmospheric deposition data collected at selected sites in the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network (NADP/NTN). A duplicate set of wet-deposition sampling instruments was installed adjacent to existing sampling instruments at four different NADP/NTN sites for each year of the study. Wet-deposition samples from collocated sites were collected and analysed using standard NADP/NTN procedures. Laboratory analyses included determinations of pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of major cations and anions. The estimates of precision included all variability in the data-collection system, from the point of sample collection through storage in the NADP/NTN database. Sampling precision was determined from the absolute value of differences in the analytical results for the paired samples in terms of median relative and absolute difference. The median relative difference for Mg2+, Na+, K+ and NH4+ concentration and deposition was quite variable between sites and exceeded 10% at most sites. Relative error for analytes whose concentrations typically approached laboratory method detection limits were greater than for analytes that did not typically approach detection limits. The median relative difference for SO42- and NO3- concentration, specific conductance, and sample volume at all sites was less than 7%. Precision for H+ concentration and deposition ranged from less than 10% at sites with typically high levels of H+ concentration to greater than 30% at sites with low H+ concentration. Median difference for analyte concentration and deposition was typically 1.5-2-times greater for samples collected during the winter than during other seasons at two northern sites. Likewise, the median relative difference in sample volume for winter samples was more than double the annual median relative difference at the two northern sites. Bias accounted for less than 25% of the collocated variability in analyte concentration and deposition from weekly collocated precipitation samples at most sites.A collocated, wet-deposition sampler program has been operated since OCtober 1988 by the U.S Geological Survey to estimate the overall sampling precision of wet atmospheric deposition data collected at selected sites in the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network (NADP/NTN). A duplicate set of wet-deposition sampling instruments was installed adjacent to existing sampling instruments four different NADP/NTN sites for each year of the study. Wet-deposition samples from collocated sites were collected and analysed using standard NADP/NTN procedures. Laboratory analyses included determinations of pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of major cations and anions. The estimates of precision included all variability in the data-collection system, from the point of sample collection through storage in the NADP/NTN database.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/1352-2310(94)90289-5","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Nilles, M., Gordon, J., and Schroder, L., 1994, The precision of wet atmospheric deposition data from national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network sites determined with collocated samplers: Atmospheric Environment, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1121-1128, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90289-5.","startPage":"1121","endPage":"1128","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206133,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90289-5"},{"id":228611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baec3e4b08c986b32430a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilles, M.A.","contributorId":50553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilles","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, J.D.","contributorId":26684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70017519,"text":"70017519 - 1994 - Petroleum habitat of east Siberia, Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-15T12:04:19.76373","indexId":"70017519","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petroleum habitat of east Siberia, Russia","docAbstract":"East Siberia comprises three petroleum provinces—Lena-Tunguska, Lena-Vilyuy, and Yenisey-Anabar—that occupy the area of the Siberian craton. Petroleum has been generated and has accumulated in Precambrian rifts beneath the sedimentary basins and, more importantly, within the section of the basin itself. The platformal deposits of the basins extend beneath overthrusts on the east and south and are covered by sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian overthrusts on the east and south and are covered by sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian province on the west. Permafrost and gas hydrate deposits are present throughout most of East Siberia.
In the Lena-Tunguska province, rifts that developed during Riphean time are filled by thick sedimentary rocks, in which petroleum deposits have formed. In Early Cambrian time a barrier reef extended across the East Siberian craton from southeast to northwest. A lagoon to the west of this reef was the site of thick rhythmic salt deposits, which are the main seal for petroleum in the province. The sedimentary section of the platform cover ranges in age from Late Proterozoic to Permian. More than 25 oil and gas fields have been discovered in the province, all in Riphean through Lower Cambrian rocks.
The Lena-Vilyuy province includes the Vilyuy basin and the Cis-Verkhoyansk foredeep. During Middle Devonian time, a rift formed along the axis of what was to become the Vilyuy basin. This rift is filled by Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous basalt, elastics, carbonates, and evaporites. During this rift stage the region that was to become the Cis-Verkhoyansk foredeep was an open geosynclinal sea. The sedimentary cover consists of Permian, coal-bearing sedimentary rocks as well as elastics from the Lower Triassic, Lower Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, and Upper Cretaceous, the latter only in the Vilyuy basin. In the Lena-Vilyuy petroleum province as many as nine gas and gas-condensate fields have been discovered.
The Yenisey-Anabar province is largely an extension of the West Siberian petroleum province. Permian sedimentary rocks are present only in the east, where they consist of elastics and some salt. The Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous each are represented by thick clastic deposits. Total thickness of the sedimentary cover is up to 15 km on the west and 8 km on the east. Twelve gas and gas-condensate fields have been discovered in the western part of the province.
We infer the composition of the crust beneath and on the flanks of the Kenya rift based on a comparison of the KRISP-90 crustal velocity structure with laboratory measurements of compressional-wave velocities of rock samples from Kenya. The rock samples studied, which are representative of the major lithologies exposed in Kenya, include volcanic tuffs and flows (primarily basalts and phonolites), and felsic to intermediate composition gneisses. This comparison indicates that the upper crust (5-12 km depth) consists primarily of quartzo-feldspathic gneisses and schists similar to rocks exposed on the flanks of the rift, whereas the middle crust (12-22 km depth) consists of more mafic, hornblende-rich metamorphic rocks, probably intruded by mafic rocks beneath the rift axis. The lower crust on the flanks of the rift may consist of mafic granulite facies rocks. Along the rift axis, the lower crust varies in thickness from 9 km in the southern rift to only 2-3 km in the north, and has a seismic velocity substantially higher than the samples investigated in this study. The lower crust of the rift probably consists of a crust/mantle mix of high-grade metamorphic rocks, mafic intrusives, and an igneous mafic residuum accreted to the base of the crust during differentiation of a melt derived from the upper mantle.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(94)90186-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Mooney, W.D., and Christensen, N., 1994, Composition of the crust beneath the Kenya rift: Tectonophysics, v. 236, no. 1-4, p. 391-408, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90186-4.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"391","endPage":"408","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kenya","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[40.993,-0.85829],[41.58513,-1.68325],[40.88477,-2.08255],[40.63785,-2.49979],[40.26304,-2.57309],[40.12119,-3.27768],[39.80006,-3.68116],[39.60489,-4.34653],[39.20222,-4.67677],[37.7669,-3.67712],[37.69869,-3.09699],[34.07262,-1.05982],[33.90371,-0.95],[33.89357,0.10981],[34.18,0.515],[34.6721,1.17694],[35.03599,1.90584],[34.59607,3.05374],[34.47913,3.5556],[34.005,4.24988],[34.6202,4.84712],[35.29801,5.506],[35.81745,5.33823],[35.81745,4.77697],[36.15908,4.44786],[36.85509,4.44786],[38.12091,3.59861],[38.43697,3.58851],[38.67114,3.61607],[38.89251,3.50074],[39.55938,3.42206],[39.85494,3.83879],[40.76848,4.25702],[41.1718,3.91909],[41.85508,3.91891],[40.98105,2.78452],[40.993,-0.85829]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kenya\"}}]}","volume":"236","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f92ee4b0c8380cd4d4a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, N.I.","contributorId":28016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"N.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017954,"text":"70017954 - 1994 - Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles","docAbstract":"In Texas, a computer program has been developed which will estimate flood quantiles for an ungaged site based on data from gaging stations with similar watershed characteristics. The user enters site location and watershed characteristics for an ungaged site and the program selects, from a data base of gaging stations, a subset of stations to be used in the regression analysis. The subset of stations are selected based on the similarity of their basin characteristics to the ungaged site's basin characteristics. This approach offers several advantages over the usual regional regression approach. For example, the estimation data includes only stations whose size, topography, and climate are similar to the ungaged site. Therefore, predictions tend to be made near the center of the space of the explanatory variables, and extrapolation errors are reduced. In addition, any violation of the assumption of linearity for the regression is less likely to cause problems. A new regression equation is developed for each prediction site, thus numerous calculations are necessary. However, today's desktop computers can make the calculations easily. A split sampling study is used to compare this technique with the more conventional regional regression approach.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems","conferenceDate":"23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400202","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., and Slade, R., 1994, Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles, in Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and, Denver, CO, USA, 23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994, p. 782-785.","startPage":"782","endPage":"785","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce1e4b0c8380cd6310b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, Raymond M.","contributorId":23242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Raymond M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017718,"text":"70017718 - 1994 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:07:42","indexId":"70017718","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1992","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 133 moderate-to-large earthquakes occurring during 1992. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(94)90097-3","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., and Needham, R., 1994, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1992: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 82, no. 1, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(94)90097-3.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267319,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(94)90097-3"},{"id":228622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d46e4b0c8380cd7029c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017605,"text":"70017605 - 1994 - Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017605","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes","docAbstract":"Although laboratory stick-slip friction experiments have long been regarded as analogs to natural crustal earthquakes, the potential use of laboratory results for understanding the earthquake source mechanism has not been fully exploited because of essential difficulties in relating seismographic data to measurements made in the controlled laboratory environment. Mining-induced earthquakes, however, provide a means of calibrating the seismic data in terms of laboratory results because, in contrast to natural earthquakes, the causative forces as well as the hypocentral conditions are known. A comparison of stick-slip friction events in a large granite sample with mining-induced earthquakes in South Africa and Canada indicates both similarities and differences between the two phenomena. The physics of unstable fault slip appears to be largely the same for both types of events. For example, both laboratory and mining-induced earthquakes have very low seismic efficiencies {Mathematical expression} where ??a is the apparent stress and {Mathematical expression} is the average stress acting on the fault plane to cause slip; nearly all of the energy released by faulting is consumed in overcoming friction. In more detail, the mining-induced earthquakes differ from the laboratory events in the behavior of ?? as a function of seismic moment M0. Whereas for the laboratory events ?????0.06 independent of M0, ?? depends quite strongly on M0 for each set of induced earthquakes, with 0.06 serving, apparently, as an upper bound. It seems most likely that this observed scaling difference is due to variations in slip distribution over the fault plane. In the laboratory, a stick-slip event entails homogeneous slip over a fault of fixed area. For each set of induced earthquakes, the fault area appears to be approximately fixed but the slip is inhomogeneous due presumably to barriers (zones of no slip) distributed over the fault plane; at constant {Mathematical expression}, larger events correspond to larger??a as a consequence of fewer barriers to slip. If the inequality ??a/ {Mathematical expression} ??? 0.06 has general validity, then measurements of ??a=??Ea/M0, where ?? is the modulus of rigidity and Ea is the seismically-radiated energy, can be used to infer the absolute level of deviatoric stress at the hypocenter. ?? 1994 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876051","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., 1994, Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 142, no. 3-4, p. 467-489, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876051.","startPage":"467","endPage":"489","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206140,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876051"},{"id":228663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"142","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9286e4b08c986b319f77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}