{"pageNumber":"404","pageRowStart":"10075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16437,"records":[{"id":70019800,"text":"70019800 - 1997 - From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi river suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T09:10:28","indexId":"70019800","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi river suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois","docAbstract":"Suspended sediment was isolated from water samples collected from the Mississippi River at Thebes, IL, eight times over a 5-year period from May 1988 through September 1993 in order to evaluate the transport of lipophilic halogenated organic compounds associated with the suspended sediment. Two hydrologic extremes were included-the 1988 drought and the 1993 flood. Halogenated organic compounds included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, DCPA (dacthal), trifluralin, aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane components. Sediment transport of most of these organic compounds was substantially higher during the 1993 flood then at other sampling times. The extreme transports during the flood were due to unusually high concentrations of some contaminants on the suspended sediment, low to average concentrations of suspended sediment being transported, and unusually high water discharges.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960513z","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C., 1997, From the 1988 drought to the 1993 flood: Transport of halogenated organic compounds with the Mississippi river suspended sediment at Thebes, Illinois: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1308-1312, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960513z.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1308","endPage":"1312","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205974,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019757,"text":"70019757 - 1997 - Complex response of a midcontinent north America drainage system to late Wisconsinan sedimentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-14T11:15:34.989843","indexId":"70019757","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Complex response of a midcontinent north America drainage system to late Wisconsinan sedimentation","docAbstract":"<div><div id=\"12461418\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The geomorphic evolution of Mud Creek basin in eastern Iowa, U.S.A. serves to illustrate how geomorphic influences such as sediment supply, valley gradient, climate, and vegetation are recorded in the alluvial stratigraphic record. Sediment supply to the fluvial system increased significantly during the late Wisconsinan through a combination of periglacial erosion and loess accumulation. Subsequent evolution of the Holocene alluvial stratigraphic record reflects long-term routing of the late Wisconsinan sediment through the drainage basin in a series of cut-and-fill cycles whose timing was influenced by hydrologic response to change in climate and vegetation. When viewed in a regional context, the alluvial stratigraphic record appears to reflect a long-term complex response of the fluvial system to increased sediment supply during the late Wisconsinan. Hydrologic and sediment-supply changes accompanying the spread of Euroamerican agriculture to the basin in the 1800s dramatically upset trends in sedimentation and channel behavior established during the Holocene.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/D426862B-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"1073130X","usgsCitation":"Bettis, E., and Autin, W., 1997, Complex response of a midcontinent north America drainage system to late Wisconsinan sedimentation: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 67, no. 4, p. 740-748, https://doi.org/10.1306/D426862B-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"740","endPage":"748","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227686,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f910e4b0c8380cd4d3ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bettis, E. Arthur III","contributorId":72822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettis","given":"E. Arthur","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Autin, W.J.","contributorId":7436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Autin","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019732,"text":"70019732 - 1997 - Multiphase flow modeling of a crude-oil spill site with a bimodal permeability distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T05:48:05","indexId":"70019732","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiphase flow modeling of a crude-oil spill site with a bimodal permeability distribution","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fluid saturation, particle-size distribution, and porosity measurements were obtained from 269 core samples collected from six boreholes along a 90-m transect at a subregion of a crude-oil spill site, the north pool, near Bemidji, Minnesota. The oil saturation data, collected 11 years after the spill, showed an irregularly shaped oil body that appeared to be affected by sediment spatial variability. The particle-size distribution data were used to estimate the permeability (</span><i>k</i><span>) and retention curves for each sample. An additional 344<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>estimates were obtained from samples previously collected at the north pool. The 613<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>estimates were distributed bimodal lognormally with the two population distributions corresponding to the two predominant lithologies: a coarse glacial outwash deposit and fine-grained interbedded lenses. A two-step geostatistical approach was used to generate a conditioned realization of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>representing the bimodal heterogeneity. A cross-sectional multiphase flow model was used to simulate the flow of oil and water in the presence of air along the north pool transect for an 11-year period. The inclusion of a representation of the bimodal aquifer heterogeneity was crucial for reproduction of general features of the observed oil body. If the bimodal heterogeneity was characterized, hysteresis did not have to be incorporated into the model because a hysteretic effect was produced by the sediment spatial variability. By revising the relative permeability functional relation, an improved reproduction of the observed oil saturation distribution was achieved. The inclusion of water table fluctuations in the model did not significantly affect the simulated oil saturation distribution.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR00857","usgsCitation":"Dillard, L.A., Essaid, H.I., and Herkelrath, W.N., 1997, Multiphase flow modeling of a crude-oil spill site with a bimodal permeability distribution: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 7, p. 1617-1632, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR00857.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1617","endPage":"1632","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr00857","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6057e4b0c8380cd713b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillard, Leslie A.","contributorId":189405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dillard","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Essaid, Hedeff I. 0000-0003-0154-8628 hiessaid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-8628","contributorId":2284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"Hedeff","email":"hiessaid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Herkelrath, William N. 0000-0002-6149-5524 wnherkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5524","contributorId":2612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"William","email":"wnherkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019730,"text":"70019730 - 1997 - Evaluation of unconfined-aquifer parameters from pumping test data by nonlinear least squares","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-13T06:15:40","indexId":"70019730","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of unconfined-aquifer parameters from pumping test data by nonlinear least squares","docAbstract":"Nonlinear least squares (NLS) with automatic differentiation was used to estimate aquifer parameters from drawdown data obtained from published pumping tests conducted in homogeneous, water-table aquifers. The method is based on a technique that seeks to minimize the squares of residuals between observed and calculated drawdown subject to bounds that are placed on the parameter of interest. The analytical model developed by Neuman for flow to a partially penetrating well of infinitesimal diameter situated in an infinite, homogeneous and anisotropic aquifer was used to obtain calculated drawdown. NLS was first applied to synthetic drawdown data from a hypothetical but realistic aquifer to demonstrate that the relevant hydraulic parameters (storativity, specific yield, and horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity) can be evaluated accurately. Next the method was used to estimate the parameters at three field sites with widely varying hydraulic properties. NLS produced unbiased estimates of the aquifer parameters that are close to the estimates obtained with the same data using a visual curve-matching approach. Small differences in the estimates are a consequence of subjective interpretation introduced in the visual approach.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03101-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Heidari, M., and Moench, A., 1997, Evaluation of unconfined-aquifer parameters from pumping test data by nonlinear least squares: Journal of Hydrology, v. 192, no. 1-4, p. 300-313, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03101-0.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"313","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205998,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03101-0"}],"volume":"192","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d02e4b0c8380cd52dac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heidari, M.","contributorId":26430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heidari","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moench, A.","contributorId":12638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019687,"text":"70019687 - 1997 - A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and preserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-29T23:16:31.807351","indexId":"70019687","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and preserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"The National Park Service and the National Biological Service initiated research in Denali National Park and Preserve, a 2.4 million-hectare park in southcentral Alaska, to develop ecological monitoring protocols for national parks in the Arctic/Subarctic biogeographic area. We are focusing pilot studies on design questions, on scaling issues and regionalization, ecosystem structure and function, indicator selection and evaluation, and monitoring technologies. Rock Creek, a headwater stream near Denali headquarters, is the ecological scale for initial testing of a watershed ecosystem approach. Our conceptual model embraces principles of the hydrological cycle, hypotheses of global climate change, and biological interactions of organisms occupying intermediate, but poorly studied, positions in Alaskan food webs. The field approach includes hydrological and depositional considerations and a suite of integrated measures linking key aquatic and terrestrial biota, environmental variables, or defined ecological processes, in order to establish ecological conditions and detect, track, and understand mechanisms of environmental change. Our sampling activities include corresponding measures of physical, chemical, and biological attributes in four Rock Creek habitats believed characteristic of the greater system diversity of Denali. This paper gives examples of data sets, program integration and scaling, and research needs.","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04106.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Thorsteinson, L., and Taylor, D., 1997, A watershed approach to ecosystem monitoring in Denali National Park and preserve, Alaska: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 33, no. 4, p. 795-810, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04106.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"795","endPage":"810","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227801,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e61ce4b0c8380cd4717d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorsteinson, L.K.","contributorId":100131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorsteinson","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, D.L.","contributorId":50676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019649,"text":"70019649 - 1997 - Historical trends in organochlorine compounds in river basins identified using sediment cores from reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-07T12:45:31","indexId":"70019649","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical trends in organochlorine compounds in river basins identified using sediment cores from reservoirs","docAbstract":"This study used chemical analyses of dated sediment cores from reservoirs to define historical trends in water quality in the influent river basins. This work applies techniques from paleolimnology to reservoirs, and in the process, highlights differences between sediment-core interpretations for reservoirs and natural lakes. Sediment cores were collected from six reservoirs in the central and southeastern United States, sectioned, and analyzed for 137Cs and organochlorine compounds. 137Cs analyses were used to demonstrate limited post-depositional mixing, to indicate sediment deposition dates, and to estimate sediment focusing factors. Relative lack of mixing, high sedimentation rates, and high focusing factors distinguish reservoir sediment cores from cores collected in natural lakes. Temporal trends in concentrations of PCBs, total DDT (DDT + DDD + DDE), and chlordane reflect historical use and regulation of these compounds and differences in land use between reservoir drainages. PCB and total DDT core burdens, normalized for sediment focusing, greatly exceed reported cumulative regional atmospheric fallout of PCBs and total DDT estimated using cores from peat hogs and natural lakes, indicating the dominance of fluvial inputs of both groups of compounds to the reservoirs.This study used chemical analyses of dated sediment cores from reservoirs to define historical trends in water quality in the influent river basins. This work applies techniques from paleolimnology to reservoirs, and in the process, highlights differences between sediment-core interpretations for reservoirs and natural lakes. Sediment cores were collected from six reservoirs in the central and southeastern United States, sectioned, and analyzed for 137Cs and organochlorine compounds. 137Cs analyses were used to demonstrate limited post-depositional mixing, to indicate sediment deposition dates, and to estimate sediment focusing factors. Relative lack of mixing, high sedimentation rates, and high focusing factors distinguish reservoir sediment cores from cores collected in natural lakes. Temporal trends in concentrations of PCBs, total DOT (DDT+DDD+DDE), and chlordane reflect historical use and regulation of these compounds and differences in land use between reservoir drainages. PCB and total DDT core burdens, normalized for sediment focusing, greatly exceed reported cumulative regional atmospheric fallout of PCBs and total DDT estimated using cores from peat bogs and natural lakes, indicating the dominance of fluvial inputs of both groups of compounds to the reservoirs.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960943p","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Van Metre, P., Callender, E., and Fuller, C.C., 1997, Historical trends in organochlorine compounds in river basins identified using sediment cores from reservoirs: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 8, p. 2339-2344, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960943p.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2339","endPage":"2344","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-07-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31a8e4b0c8380cd5e0fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Metre, P. C.","contributorId":92999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Metre","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Callender, E.","contributorId":72528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019645,"text":"70019645 - 1997 - The design of sampling transects for characterizing water quality in estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:31:20","indexId":"70019645","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The design of sampling transects for characterizing water quality in estuaries","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><p id=\"simple-para0005\">The high spatial variability of estuaries poses a challenge for characterizing estuarine water quality. This problem was examined by conducting monthly high-resolution transects for several water quality variables (chlorophyll&nbsp;<i>a</i>, suspended particulate matter and salinity) in San Francisco Bay (California, U.S.A.). Using these data, six different ways of choosing station locations along a transect, in order to estimate mean conditions, were compared. In addition, 11 approaches to estimating the variance of the transect mean when stations are equally spaced were compared, and the relationship between variance of the estimated transect mean and number of stations was determined. The results provide guidelines for sampling along the axis of an estuary: (1) choose as many equally-spaced stations as practical; (2) estimate the variance of the mean<i>y</i>by var (<i>y</i>)=(1/10<i>n</i><sup>2</sup>)Σ<i><sup>n</sup><sub>j</sub></i><sub>=2</sub>(<i>y<sub>j</sub></i>−<i>y<sub>j</sub></i><sub>−1</sub>)<sup>2</sup>, where<i>y</i><sub>1</sub>, .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.,<i>y<sub>n</sub></i>are the measurements at the<i>n</i>stations; and (3) attain the desired precision by adjusting the number of stations according to var(<i>y</i>)α1/<i>n</i><sup>2</sup>. The inverse power of 2 in the last step is a consequence of the underlying spatial correlation structure in San Francisco Bay; more studies of spatial structure at other estuaries are needed to determine the generality of this relationship.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1996.0199","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Jassby, A., Cole, B., and Cloern, J., 1997, The design of sampling transects for characterizing water quality in estuaries: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 45, no. 3, p. 285-302, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0199.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"302","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1996.0199"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa92e4b08c986b3228b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jassby, A.D.","contributorId":43798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019550,"text":"70019550 - 1997 - Organic and inorganic nitrogen pools in talus fields and subtalus water, Green Lakes Valley, Colorado front range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T10:59:46.446932","indexId":"70019550","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic and inorganic nitrogen pools in talus fields and subtalus water, Green Lakes Valley, Colorado front range","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Organic and inorganic pools of nitrogen (N) were measured in talus fines or ‘soils’ and subtalus water during the summer of 1995 in the alpine Green Lakes Valley catchment of the Colorado Front Range. Nineteen talus soil samples were divided into four classes: subtalus dry, subtalus wet, surface vegetated and surface bare. The size of the individual talus soil patches ranged from 0·5 to 12·0 m<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in area, with bulk density ranging from 0·98 to 1·71 kg m<sup>−3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and soil texture ranging from sandy gravel in the subsurface talus to a loam in the vegetated surface. All samples contained KCl-extractable NH<sup>+</sup><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub>, organic N and carbon (C), and 17 of 19 samples contained microbial biomass. The mean subtalus values for KCl-extractable NH<sup>−</sup><sub>4</sub>, of 3·2 mg N kg<sup>−1</sup>, and NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub>, of 1·0 mg N kg<sup>−1</sup>, were comparable with developed alpine soils on Niwot Ridge. Average microbial biomass in subtalus soils of 5·4 mg N kg<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and total N of 1000 mg N kg<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>were about an order of magnitude lower than alpine tundra soils, reflecting the reduced amount of vegetation in talus areas. However, these measurements in surface-vegetated patches of talus were comparable with the well-developed soils on Niwot Ridge. These measurements in talus of microbial biomass, total N and KCl-extractable NH<sup>+</sup><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub>, show that there is sufficient biotically conditioned ‘soil’ within talus fields to influence the solute content of interstitial waters. Mean NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations of 20 μeq l<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>from 29 samples of subtalus water were significantly higher than the 6·7 μeq l<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in snow, while NH<sup>+</sup><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations in subtalus water of 0·7 μeq l<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>was significantly lower than in snow at 5·2 μeq l<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(<i>p</i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0·001). Nitrate concentrations in subtalus water were significantly (<i>p</i><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0·0001) correlated with concentrations of geochemical weathering products such as Ca<sup>2+</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(<i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0·84) and silica (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>= 0·49). The correlation of NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in subtalus water with geochemical weathering products suggests that NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations in subtalus water increased with increased residence time, consistent with a biological source for this subtalus water NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub>. The high NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations in subtalus water compared with atmospheric deposition of NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>suggests that NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in talus fields may contribute to NO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>in stream waters of high-elevation catchments.&nbsp;</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19971030)11:13<1747::AID-HYP603>3.0.CO;2-B","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Williams, M., Davinroy, T., and Brooks, P.D., 1997, Organic and inorganic nitrogen pools in talus fields and subtalus water, Green Lakes Valley, Colorado front range: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 13, p. 1747-1760, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19971030)11:13<1747::AID-HYP603>3.0.CO;2-B.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1747","endPage":"1760","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228279,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6f8ae4b0c8380cd75b46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, M.W.","contributorId":15565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davinroy, T.","contributorId":45850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davinroy","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brooks, P. D.","contributorId":46060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019549,"text":"70019549 - 1997 - Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to characterize the interactions between ground water and surface water in mantled karst","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T06:23:47","indexId":"70019549","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to characterize the interactions between ground water and surface water in mantled karst","docAbstract":"<p>In the mantled karst terrane of northern Florida, the water quality of the Upper Floridan aquifer is influenced by the degree of connectivity between the aquifer and the surface. Chemical and isotopic analyses [<sup>18</sup>O/<sup>16</sup>O (δ<sup>18</sup>O),<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>2</sup>H/<sup>1</sup>H (δD),<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>13</sup>C/<sup>12</sup>C (δ<sup>13</sup>C), tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), and strontium‐87/strontium‐86 (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr)] along with geochemical mass‐balance modeling were used to identify the dominant hydrochemical processes that control the composition of ground water as it evolves downgradient in two systems. In one system, surface water enters the Upper Floridan aquifer through a sinkhole located in the Northern Highlands physiographic unit. In the other system, surface water enters the aquifer through a sinkhole lake (Lake Bradford) in the Woodville Karst Plain. Differences in the composition of water isotopes (δ<sup>18</sup>O and &lt;δD) in rainfall, ground water, and surface water were used to develop mixing models of surface water (leakage of water to the Upper Floridan aquifer from a sinkhole lake and a sinkhole) and ground water. Using mass‐balance calculations, based on differences in δ<sup>18</sup>O and δD, the proportion of lake water that mixed with meteoric water ranged from 7 to 86% in water from wells located in close proximity to Lake Bradford. In deeper parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer, water enriched in<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup>O and D from five of 12 sampled municipal wells indicated that recharge from a sinkhole (1 to 24%) and surface water with an evaporated isotopic signature (2 to 32%) was mixing with ground water.</p><p>The solute isotopes, δ<sup>13</sup>C and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr, were used to test the sensitivity of binary and ternary mixing models, and to estimate the amount of mass transfer of carbon and other dissolved species in geochemical reactions. In ground water downgradient from Lake Bradford, the dominant processes controlling carbon cycling in ground water were dissolution of carbonate minerals, aerobic degradation of organic matter, and hydrolysis of silicate minerals. In the deeper parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer, the major processes controlling the concentrations of major dissolved species included dissolution of calcite and dolomite, and degradation of organic matter under oxic conditions. The Upper Floridan aquifer is highly susceptible to contamination from activities at the land surface in the Tallahassee area. The presence of post‐ 1950s concentrations of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>3</sup>H in ground water from depths greater than 100 m below land surface indicates that water throughout much of the Upper Floridan aquifer has been recharged during the last 40 years. Even though mixing is likely between ground water and surface water in many parts of the study area, the Upper Floridan aquifer produces good quality water, which due to dilution effects shows little if any impact from trace elements or nutrients that are present in surface waters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00174.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., Coplen, T., Bullen, T., and Hal Davis, J., 1997, Use of chemical and isotopic tracers to characterize the interactions between ground water and surface water in mantled karst: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1014-1028, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00174.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1014","endPage":"1028","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228236,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbed3e4b08c986b3297da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hal Davis, J.","contributorId":70947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hal Davis","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019493,"text":"70019493 - 1997 - Practical considerations for measuring hydrogen concentrations in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-08T16:56:36","indexId":"70019493","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Practical considerations for measuring hydrogen concentrations in groundwater","docAbstract":"Several practical considerations for measuring concentrations of dissolved molecular hydrogen (H2) in groundwater including 1 sampling methods 2 pumping methods and (3) effects of well casing materials were evaluated. Three different sampling methodologies (a downhole sampler, a gas- stripping method, and a diffusion sampler) were compared. The downhole sampler and gas-stripping methods gave similar results when applied to the same wells, the other hand, appeared to The diffusion sampler, on overestimate H2 concentrations relative to the downhole sampler. Of these methods, the gas-stripping method is better suited to field conditions because it is faster (~ 30 min for a single analysis as opposed to 2 h for the downhole sampler or 8 h for the diffusion sampler), the analysis is easier (less sample manipulation is required), and the data computations are more straightforward (H2 concentrations need not be corrected for water sample volume). Measurement of H2 using the gas-stripping method can be affected by different pumping equipment. Peristaltic, piston, and bladder pumps all gave similar results when applied to water produced from the same well. It was observed, however, that peristaltic-pumped water (which draws water under a negative pressure) enhanced the gas-stripping process and equilibrated slightly faster than either piston or bladder pumps (which push water under a positive pressure). A direct current(dc) electrically driven submersible pump was observed to produce H2 and was not suitable for measuring H2 in groundwater. Measurements from two field sites indicate that iron or steel well casings, produce H2, which masks H2 concentrations in groundwater. PVC-cased wells or wells cased with other materials that do not produce H2 are necessary for measuring H2 concentrations in groundwater.Several practical considerations for measuring concentrations of dissolved molecular hydrogen in groundwater including sampling methods, pumping methods, and effects of well casing materials were evaluated. The downhole sampler and gas-stripping methods gave similar results when applied to the same wells. The diffusional sampler appears to overestimate H2 concentrations relative to the downhole sampler. Gas-stripping method is better for a single analysis and the data computations are more straightforward. Measurement of H2 using the gas-stripping method can be affected by different pumping equipment.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es970085c","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F.H., Vroblesky, D., Woodward, J., and Lovley, D.R., 1997, Practical considerations for measuring hydrogen concentrations in groundwater: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 10, p. 2873-2877, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970085c.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"2873","endPage":"2877","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205705,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es970085c"}],"volume":"31","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a80a9e4b0c8380cd7b11f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodward, J.C.","contributorId":62590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019491,"text":"70019491 - 1997 - Groundwater record of halocarbon transport by the Danube River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-08T06:26:41","indexId":"70019491","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater record of halocarbon transport by the Danube River","docAbstract":"Groundwater dating studies have supported the concept that aquifers with low coefficients of dispersion may contain coherent records of past conditions in recharge areas. Groundwater records can provide unique information about natural or anthropogenic changes in the atmosphere and hydrosphere where long-term monitoring data are not available. Here we describe a 40-year record of halocarbon contamination in the Danube River that was retrieved from a shallow aquifer in northwest Hungary. The time scale is based on 3H and He isotope dating of groundwaters that were recharged by the Danube River and moved horizontally away from the river in a surficial gravel aquifer with minor dispersion at a maximum rate of at least 500 m/yr. Analyses of dated groundwaters along a flow path indicate that the river loads of selected compounds (including CFC-12, CFC-113, and trichloroethane) were negligible before about 1950, rose rapidly to peak values in the 1960s and 1970s, and then decreased by varying degrees to the present. Peak concentrations are tentatively attributed to point sources in upstream urban-industrial centers; while recent decreases presumably resulted from declining manufacturing rates and(or) improvements in control of urban- industrial runoff and sewage effluent entering the river in upstream areas.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es970336h","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Böhlke, J., Revesz, K., Busenberg, E., Deak, J., Deseo, E., and Stute, M., 1997, Groundwater record of halocarbon transport by the Danube River: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 11, p. 3293-3299, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970336h.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3293","endPage":"3299","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Hungary, Slovakia ","otherGeospatial":"Danube River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              17.05078125,\n              47.68018294648414\n            ],\n            [\n              19.51171875,\n              47.68018294648414\n            ],\n            [\n              19.51171875,\n              48.20271028869972\n            ],\n            [\n              17.05078125,\n              48.20271028869972\n            ],\n            [\n              17.05078125,\n              47.68018294648414\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-10-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2dc0e4b0c8380cd5bff1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Revesz, K.","contributorId":95202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Deak, J.","contributorId":63184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deak","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Deseo, E.","contributorId":42730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deseo","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stute, M.","contributorId":67234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stute","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":44842,"text":"wri974054B - 1997 - Rock-stratigraphic nomenclature, lithology, and subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit in Illinois and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:38:07.376529","indexId":"wri974054B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-4054","chapter":"B","title":"Rock-stratigraphic nomenclature, lithology, and subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit in Illinois and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>The Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is a dependable source of ground water for many private well owners and some municipal-water-supply systems in northern Illinois (Hackett, 1960) and in Wisconsin. The carbonate lithology of the unit contributes to the availability of ground water and also to the susceptibility of the unit to ground-water contamination. Susceptibility to contamination is greatest in areas where the unit is overlain by only a thin layer (less than 50 feet) of soil or unconsolidated glacial deposits.</p>\n<p>Within the study area in Illinois and Wisconsin (fig. 1), volatile organic compounds and other contaminants have been detected in groundwater samples from various sites (Kay and others, 1989; Mills, 1993a, 1993b; Kay and others, 1994). Known and suspected sources of contaminants are numerous, including landfills and industrial facilities. To determine the possible effects of contamination on the ground-water supply, an understanding of the regional hydrogeologic framework of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is needed.</p>\n<p>Published map and point data describing the geologic and hydrologic properties of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit are available from many sources. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, has selected and compiled pertinent data. The objective of this study is to publish these data in a series of concise map reports and a bibliographic report listing available sources of information by county for the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit. Investigators involved in site-specific studies within the subcrop area will be able to utilize these reports to design effective site investigations.</p>\n<p>This report presents the rock-stratigraphic nomenclature of the lithologic units that make up the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit (fig.2) and provides a brief, generalized description of the lithologic characteristics of each unit. Sources with more detailed descriptions of lithology can be found below in SELECTED REFERENCES. Figure 3 is a map, created from published maps of various scales, showing the areal extent of the Galena-Platteville subcrop and major known geologic structural features in Illinois and Wisconsin. The subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is that area where the unit crops out, or is the uppermost bedrock unit and is overlain by soil or glacial deposits. The unit is present at depth under younger bedrock units south and east of the subcrop area and is absent north and west of the subcrop area. Data sources used to prepare the map are included in SELECTED REFERENCES.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974054B","usgsCitation":"Batten, W.G., Brown, T., Mills, P., and Sabin, T.J., 1997, Rock-stratigraphic nomenclature, lithology, and subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit in Illinois and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4054, 1 Plate: 36.00 x 47.59 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974054B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.00 x 47.59 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82195,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4054b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407868,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48682.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.20849609375,\n              41.53325414281322\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.20849609375,\n              45.1433047394883\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.51708984375,\n              45.1433047394883\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.51708984375,\n              41.53325414281322\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.20849609375,\n              41.53325414281322\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, T.A.","contributorId":12885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sabin, T. J.","contributorId":56698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":21872,"text":"ofr97232 - 1997 - Hydrologic and hydrochemical data for the Ob-Irtysh and Yenisey River systems of central Russia, 1954-1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-27T07:00:30","indexId":"ofr97232","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-232","title":"Hydrologic and hydrochemical data for the Ob-Irtysh and Yenisey River systems of central Russia, 1954-1988","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr97232","issn":"0566-8174","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Bobrovitskaya, N., Skakalsky, B., Zubkova, K., Dobrotvorskaya, G., Petrova, I., Tsivjyan, M., Chistyakova, N., and Yanuta, V., 1997, Hydrologic and hydrochemical data for the Ob-Irtysh and Yenisey River systems of central Russia, 1954-1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-232, [3] leaves, 4 leaves, 177 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +2 discs (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97232.","productDescription":"[3] leaves, 4 leaves, 177 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +2 discs (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270233,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0232/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611818","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bobrovitskaya, N.N.","contributorId":97137,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bobrovitskaya","given":"N.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skakalsky, B.G.","contributorId":23166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skakalsky","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zubkova, K.M.","contributorId":34536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zubkova","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dobrotvorskaya, G.I.","contributorId":12878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobrotvorskaya","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Petrova, I.V.","contributorId":64281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrova","given":"I.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tsivjyan, M.V.","contributorId":52995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsivjyan","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chistyakova, N.I.","contributorId":88769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chistyakova","given":"N.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Yanuta, V.G.","contributorId":86369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanuta","given":"V.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":50146,"text":"ofr97585 - 1997 - Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in Clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto and San Jose/Sunnyvale Water Quality Control Plants in South San Francisco Bay: 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:05:52","indexId":"ofr97585","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-585","displayTitle":"Near Field Receiving Water Monitoring of Trace Metals in Clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto and San Jose/Sunnyvale Water Quality Control Plants in South San Francisco Bay: 1996","title":"Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in Clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto and San Jose/Sunnyvale Water Quality Control Plants in South San Francisco Bay: 1996","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Reston, VA","publisherLocation":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr97585","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S., Cain, D., Brown, C., Hornberger, M., and Bouse, R., 1997, Near field receiving water monitoring of trace metals in Clams (Macoma balthica) and sediments near the Palo Alto and San Jose/Sunnyvale Water Quality Control Plants in South San Francisco Bay: 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-585, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97585.","productDescription":"91 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":176036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.0523681640625,\n              37.339591851359174\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8109130859375,\n              37.339591851359174\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8109130859375,\n              38.199338565983844\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0523681640625,\n              38.199338565983844\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.0523681640625,\n              37.339591851359174\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698001","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cain, D.J.","contributorId":68329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, C.","contributorId":21484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornberger, M.","contributorId":93116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bouse, R.","contributorId":89956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bouse","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":50143,"text":"ofr97420 - 1997 - In situ ecosystem effects of trace contaminants in San Francisco Bay Estuary - The necessary link to establishing water quality standards II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T08:19:02","indexId":"ofr97420","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-420","title":"In situ ecosystem effects of trace contaminants in San Francisco Bay Estuary - The necessary link to establishing water quality standards II","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97420","usgsCitation":"Parcheso, F., Brown, C.L., Thompson, J., and Luoma, S., 1997, In situ ecosystem effects of trace contaminants in San Francisco Bay Estuary - The necessary link to establishing water quality standards II: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-420, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97420.","productDescription":"38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.12377929687499,\n              37.431250501793585\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.640869140625,\n              37.431250501793585\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.640869140625,\n              38.34165619279595\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.12377929687499,\n              38.34165619279595\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.12377929687499,\n              37.431250501793585\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5b3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parcheso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":2590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parcheso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, C. L.","contributorId":35678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luoma, S.L.","contributorId":76813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":68159,"text":"ha730D - 1997 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":68159,"text":"ha730D - 1997 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska","indexId":"ha730D","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T14:35:11","indexId":"ha730D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"D","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska","docAbstract":"<p>The three States-Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska-that comprise Segment 3 of this Atlas are in the central part of the United States. The major rivers that drain these States are the Niobrara, the Platte, the Kansas, the Arkansas, and the Missouri; the Mississippi River is the eastern boundary of the area. These rivers supply water for many uses but ground water is the source of slightly more than one-half of the total water withdrawn for all uses within the three-State area. The aquifers that contain the water consist of consolidated sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated deposits that range in age from Cambrian through Quaternary. This chapter describes the geology and hydrology of each of the principal aquifers throughout the three-State area. </p><p>Some water enters Segment 3 as inflow from rivers and aquifers that cross the segment boundaries, but precipitation, as rain and snow, is the primary source of water within the area. Average annual precipitation (1951-80) increases from west to east and ranges from about 16 to 48 inches (fig. 1). The climate of the western one-third of Kansas and Nebraska, where the average annual precipitation generally is less than 20 inches per year, is considered to be semiarid. This area receives little precipitation chiefly because it is distant from the Gulf of Mexico, which is the principal source of moisture-laden air for the entire segment, but partly because it is located in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains. Average annual precipitation is greatest in southeastern Missouri. </p><p>Much of the precipitation is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, which is the combination of evaporation from the land surface and surface-water bodies, and transpiration from plants. Some of the precipitation either flows directly into streams as overland runoff or percolates into the soil and then moves downward into aquifers where it is stored for a time and subsequently released as base flow to streams. Average annual runoff, which is the total discharge into a stream from surface- and ground-water sources, ranges from about 0.2 inch in the western part of the area to about 20 inches in southeastern Missouri (fig. 2). Average annual runoff generally reflects the distribution of average annual precipitation during the same period. However, runoff is less than precipitation everywhere and ranges from less than 5 to about 35 percent of the average annual precipitation. Evapotranspiration rates are high, especially in the western one-half of the area; thus, only a small percentage of the precipitation is available to recharge aquifers in most places. Locally, however, runoff might be significantly less than shown in figure 2, and ground-water recharge, greater, especially where highly permeable rocks or deposits at the land surface allow precipitation to rapidly infiltrate. Examples of such places are the Sand Hills area of Nebraska, which is blanketed by permeable windblown sands, and parts of southern Missouri, where permeable limestone is at or near the land surface. </p><p>The land surface of Segment 3 generally slopes gradually from west to east. In the Great Plains Physiographic Province (fig. 3), the altitude of the flat land surface locally is about 5,000 feet above sea level in westernmost Nebraska. By contrast, in the flat Coastal Plain Physiographic Province of eastern Missouri, the altitude is about 500 feet above sea level. The land surface is gently rolling in the Central Lowland Province except where major rivers and their tributaries are deeply incised. In the Ozark Plateaus Physiographic Province, rugged topography has developed where the underlying rocks have been uplifted and deeply eroded.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730D","isbn":"0607883030","usgsCitation":"Miller, J.A., and Appel, C.L., 1997, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730D.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"D1","endPage":"D24","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11481,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":67963,"text":"ha730L - 1997 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 11, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":67963,"text":"ha730L - 1997 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 11, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","indexId":"ha730L","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 11, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T14:45:55","indexId":"ha730L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"L","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 11, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Segment 11 consists of the States of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, West Virginia, and the Commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia. All but West Virginia border on the Atlantic Ocean or tidewater. Pennsylvania also borders on Lake Erie. Small parts of northwestern and north-central Pennsylvania drain to Lake Erie and Lake Ontario; the rest of the segment drains either to the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. Major rivers include the Hudson, the Delaware, the Susquehanna, the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the James, the Chowan, the Neuse, the Tar, the Cape Fear, and the Yadkin-Peedee, all of which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Ohio and its tributaries, which drain to the Gulf of Mexico. </p><p>Although rivers are important sources of water supply for many cities, such as Trenton, N.J.; Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pa.; Baltimore, Md.; Washington, D.C.; Richmond, Va.; and Raleigh, N.C., one-fourth of the population, particularly the people who live on the Coastal Plain, depends on ground water for supply. Such cities as Camden, N.J.; Dover, Del.; Salisbury and Annapolis, Md.; Parkersburg and Weirton, W.Va.; Norfolk, Va.; and New Bern and Kinston, N.C., use ground water as a source of public supply. </p><p>All the water in Segment 11 originates as precipitation. Average annual precipitation ranges from less than 36 inches in parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia to more than 80 inches in parts of southwestern North Carolina (fig. 1). In general, precipitation is greatest in mountainous areas (because water tends to condense from moisture-laden air masses as the air passes over the higher altitudes) and near the coast, where water vapor that has been evaporated from the ocean is picked up by onshore winds and falls as precipitation when it reaches the shoreline. </p><p>Some of the precipitation returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration (evaporation plus transpiration by plants), but much of it either flows overland into streams as direct runoff or enters streams as base flow (discharge from one or more aquifers). The distribution of average annual runoff (fig. 2) is similar to the distribution of precipitation; that is, runoff is generally greatest where precipitation is greatest. Runoff rates range from more than 50 inches per year in parts of western North Carolina to less than 12 inches in parts of North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. </p><p>Parts of the seven following physiographic provinces are in Segment 11: the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, the Blue Ridge, the New England, the Valley and Ridge, the Appalachian Plateaus, and the Central Lowland. The provinces generally trend northeastward (fig. 3). The northeastern terminus of the Blue Ridge Province is in south-central Pennsylvania, and the southwestern part of the New England Province, the Reading Prong, ends in east-central Pennsylvania. The topography, lithology, and water-bearing characteristics of the rocks that underlie the Blue Ridge Province and the Reading Prong are similar. Accordingly, for purposes of this study, the hydrology of the Reading Prong is discussed with that of the Blue Ridge Province. </p><p>The Coastal Plain Province is a lowland that borders the Atlantic Ocean. The Coastal Plain is as much as 140 miles wide in North Carolina but narrows northeastward to New Jersey where it terminates in Segment 11 at the south shore of Raritan Bay. Although it is generally a flat, seaward-sloping lowland, this province has areas of moderately steep local relief, and its surface locally reaches altitudes of 350 feet in the southwestern part of the North Carolina Coastal Plain. </p><p>The Coastal Plain mostly is underlain by semiconsolidated to unconsolidated sediments that consist of silt, clay, and sand, with some gravel and lignite. Some consolidated beds of limestone and sandstone are present. The Coastal Plain sediments range in age from Jurassic to Holocene and dip gently toward the ocean. </p><p>The boundary between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont Provinces is called the Fall Line (fig. 3) because falls and rapids commonly form where streams cross the contact between the consolidated rocks of the Piedmont (fig. 4) and the soft, semiconsolidated to unconsolidated sediments of the Coastal Plain. The increase in stream gradient at the Fall Line provided favorable locations for mills and other installations that harnessed water power during the early years of the Industrial Revolution, and on most major rivers, the Fall Line coincides with the head of navigation.</p><p>The Piedmont Province is an area of varied topography that ranges from lowlands to peaks and ridges of moderate altitude and relief. The metamorphic and igneous rocks of this province range in age from Precambrian to Paleozoic and have been sheared, fractured, and folded. Included in this province, however, are sedimentary basins that formed along rifts in the Earth's crust and contain shale, sandstone, and conglomerate of early Mesozoic age, interbedded locally with basaltic lava flows and minor coal beds. The sedimentary rocks and basalt flows are intruded in places by diabase dikes and sills. </p><p>The mountain belt of the Blue Ridge Province forms the northwestern margin of the Piedmont in most of Segment 11. This belt consists mostly of igneous and high-rank metamorphic rocks but also includes low-rank metamorphic rocks of late Precambrian age and small areas of sedimentary rocks of Early Cambrian age along its western margin. In this report, the Reading Prong of the New England Province, which is an upland that extends from east of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania northeastward into New Jersey (fig. 3), is treated as part of the Blue Ridge Province. Part of the Reading Prong in Pennsylvania and New Jersey and a small part of the Piedmont Province in northeastern New Jersey have been glaciated. Glacial deposits completely or partly fill some of the valleys, and the eroding action of the glacial ice removed some of the rock from the ridges. Thus, the glaciated parts of the province have a smoother topography and less relief than other parts. </p><p>The Valley and Ridge Province is characterized by layered sedimentary rock that has been complexly folded and locally thrust faulted. As the result of repeated cycles of uplift and erosion, resistant layers of well-cemented sandstone and conglomerate form elongate mountain ridges and less resistant, easily eroded layers of limestone, dolomite, and shale form valleys. The rocks of the province range in age from Cambrian to Pennsylvanian. Parts of this province from central Pennsylvania into New Jersey have been glaciated, and glacial deposits fill or partially fill some of the valleys.</p><p>The Appalachian Plateaus Province is underlain by rocks that are continuous with those of the Valley and Ridge Province, but in the Appalachian Plateaus the layered rocks are nearly flat-lying or gently tilted and warped, rather than being intensively folded and faulted. The boundary between the two provinces is a prominent southeast-facing scarp called the Allegheny Front in most of the northern part of Segment 11 (fig_ 5) and the Cumberland Escarpment in the southern part. The scarp faces the Valley and Ridge Province, and throughout most of the segment, the eastern edge of the Appalachian Plateaus Province is higher than the ridges in the Valley and Ridge. Like parts of the Reading Prong and the Valley and Ridge Province, the northern part of the Appalachian Plateaus Province in Pennsylvania has been glaciated. In the glaciated section, the surface is mantled by glacial drift, and the valleys are partly filled with glacial deposits. </p><p>The northwestern corner of Segment 11 contains a small part of the Central Lowland Province. This flat lowland is underlain by gently dipping sedimentary rocks, some of which are the same geologic formations as those of the Appalachian Plateaus Province. The two provinces are separated by a northwest- facing scarp. Because of the small area of the Central Lowland Province within the segment and the similarity of aquifer properties with those of the glaciated part of the Appalachian Plateaus Province, the two provinces are discussed together in this report.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730L","isbn":"0607868449","usgsCitation":"Trapp, H., and Horn, M.A., 1997, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 11, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730L.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"L1","endPage":"L24","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":115246,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730l/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"55.08 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Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.55587,39.605824],[-75.511743,39.674313],[-75.593068,39.479186],[-75.401193,39.088762],[-75.06551,38.66103],[-75.057288,38.404738],[-75.87767,37.135604],[-76.023664,37.268971],[-75.712065,37.936082],[-75.846621,37.925785],[-75.938577,38.272329],[-76.188644,38.267434],[-76.320843,38.459862],[-76.190902,38.621092],[-76.308922,38.813346],[-76.205063,38.892726],[-76.333703,38.984607],[-76.168332,38.996546],[-76.27566,39.160304],[-75.986298,39.510398],[-76.497977,39.204697],[-76.438845,39.0529],[-76.559697,38.767443],[-76.329433,38.073986],[-77.040638,38.444618],[-77.256412,38.396755],[-77.175969,38.604113],[-77.319036,38.417803],[-77.024866,38.386791],[-76.910832,38.197073],[-76.265998,37.91138],[-76.339892,37.655966],[-76.722156,37.83668],[-76.252415,37.447274],[-76.475927,37.250543],[-76.300352,37.00885],[-76.780532,37.209336],[-76.482407,36.917364],[-75.972151,36.842268],[-75.533012,35.787377],[-75.960069,36.495025],[-75.791637,36.082267],[-76.132005,36.287773],[-76.191715,36.107197],[-76.447812,36.192514],[-76.298733,36.1012],[-76.575936,36.006167],[-76.721445,36.147838],[-76.675462,36.266882],[-76.744436,36.212725],[-76.608052,35.936668],[-76.014685,35.960361],[-76.046813,35.717935],[-75.86042,35.978262],[-75.713502,35.693993],[-76.165392,35.328659],[-76.499251,35.381492],[-76.586349,35.508957],[-76.476706,35.511707],[-76.634468,35.510332],[-76.580187,35.387113],[-77.023912,35.514802],[-76.472273,35.294936],[-76.801426,34.964369],[-76.958465,35.047647],[-76.762931,34.920374],[-76.463468,35.076411],[-76.332044,34.970917],[-76.524712,34.681964],[-76.673619,34.71491],[-76.523303,34.652271],[-76.093349,35.048705],[-76.524199,34.615416],[-76.726969,34.69669],[-77.209161,34.605032],[-77.713322,34.294879],[-77.956881,33.87779],[-78.509042,33.865515],[-79.631577,34.768835],[-80.771792,34.819646],[-80.906416,35.076616],[-81.138207,35.155417],[-82.417597,35.200131],[-83.108535,35.000771],[-84.321869,34.988408],[-84.260319,35.241877],[-84.02911,35.292176],[-83.978286,35.44782],[-82.995803,35.773128],[-82.637165,36.065805],[-82.531292,35.972188],[-82.349957,36.117109],[-82.054142,36.126821],[-81.762371,36.338856],[-81.692167,36.562695],[-81.826742,36.614215],[-83.645586,36.600002],[-82.895445,36.882145],[-82.722097,37.120168],[-81.968297,37.537798],[-82.39968,37.829935],[-82.638398,38.152157],[-82.595382,38.382712],[-82.181967,38.599384],[-82.068864,38.984878],[-81.759995,38.925828],[-81.814155,39.073478],[-81.692203,39.236091],[-80.865575,39.662751],[-80.602895,40.327869],[-80.652436,40.562544],[-80.52566,40.636068],[-80.519345,41.929168],[-80.435451,42.005611],[-79.798447,42.255939],[-79.670128,41.999335],[-75.359579,41.999445],[-75.060759,41.764638],[-74.983341,41.480894],[-73.91768,40.919498],[-74.246237,40.520963],[-73.971381,40.371709],[-74.141733,39.689435],[-74.850748,38.954538],[-74.933571,38.928519],[-74.905181,39.174945],[-75.165979,39.201842],[-75.542894,39.470447],[-75.55587,39.605824]],[[-77.038598,38.791513],[-77.002498,38.96541],[-77.0915,38.95651],[-77.038598,38.791513]]],[[[-75.753765,35.199612],[-75.523952,35.318198],[-75.533512,35.773577],[-75.52592,35.233839],[-75.982812,35.081513],[-75.753765,35.199612]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Delaware\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66de46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trapp, Henry Jr.","contributorId":6034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trapp","given":"Henry","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horn, Marilee A. mhorn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horn","given":"Marilee","email":"mhorn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":277406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":68679,"text":"ha741 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32075,"text":"ofr96465 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr96465","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68679,"text":"ha741 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ha741","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-02T21:57:08.310409","indexId":"ha741","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"741","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>The aquifer of western Cape Cod consists of several hydrogeologic units composed of sand, gravel, silt, and clay (fig. 1) that were deposited during the late Wisconsinan glaciation of New England. The aquifer is a shallow, unconfined hydrologic system in which ground-water flows radially outward from the apex of the ground-water mound near the center of the peninsula toward the coast (fig.2). The aquifer is the sole source of water supply for the towns of Bourne, Sandwich, Falmouth, and Mashpee, and the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR).<br />Previous geologic studies summarized the characteristics and relative ages of the glacial moraines and meltwater deposits and the relation of these sediments to the extent of the ice-sheet lobes during the last glaciation of southern New England (Oldale and Barlow, 1986; Hartshorn and others, 1991). Hydrogeologic studies in western Cape Cod characterized the shallow regional ground-water-flow system (LeBlanc and others, 1986) and analyzed simulated responses of the aquifer to changes in hydrologic stresses (Guswa and LeBlanc, 1985; Barlow and Hess, 1993; Masterson and Barlow, 1994; and Masterson and others, 1996). Recent concerns about widespread ground-water contamination, especially from sources on the MMR, have resulted in extensive investigations to characterize the local hydrogeology of the aquifer near the MMR (ABB Environmental Services, 1992). Masterson and others (1996) illustrated the strong influence of geology on ground-water flow and the importance of characterizing the hydrogeology to predict the migration of the contaminant plumes beneath the MMR.<br />This report, a product of a cooperative study between the National Guard Bureau and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), characterizes the regional hydrogeology of the western Cape Cod aquifer on the basis of surficial glacial geology previously described by Mather and others (1940) and Oldale and Barlow (1986), and presents a new analysis of the subsurface hydrogeology. The characterization of the regional hydrogeologic framework includes a detailed analysis of the glacial sediments, including deltaic and lacustrine deposits and their sedimentary facies; a structure-contour analysis of the transition between the shallow sand and gravel deposits and the underlying fine sand, silt, and clay deposits; and a summary of the relation between lithologic characteristics (grain size and stratigraphy) and empirically determined hydraulic-conductivity values.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha741","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Stone, B.D., Walter, D.A., and Savoie, J., 1997, Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 741, 1 Plate: 41.50 x 50.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha741.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.50 x 50.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":187640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406195,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16211.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":90389,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/741/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.66666666666667,41.516666666666666 ], [ -70.66666666666667,41.78333333333333 ], [ -70.38333333333334,41.78333333333333 ], [ -70.38333333333334,41.516666666666666 ], [ -70.66666666666667,41.516666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6279af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":278719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":278718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":278716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G. jsavoie@usgs.gov","contributorId":1691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","email":"jsavoie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":278717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25601,"text":"wri964215 - 1997 - Hydrological and biogeochemical research in the Shingobee River headwaters area, north-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T20:20:12.828835","indexId":"wri964215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4215","title":"Hydrological and biogeochemical research in the Shingobee River headwaters area, north-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964215","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 1997, Hydrological and biogeochemical research in the Shingobee River headwaters area, north-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4215, Report: x, 210 p.; 1 Plate: 21.79 x 26.30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964215.","productDescription":"Report: x, 210 p.; 1 Plate: 21.79 x 26.30 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423713,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48549.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95544,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95545,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4215/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4215/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Shingobee River headwaters area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.7272,\n              47.0167\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.7272,\n              46.9278\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.6333,\n              46.9278\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.6333,\n              47.0167\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.7272,\n              47.0167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e956","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38442,"text":"pp1404M - 1997 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19080,"text":"ofr90372 - 1991 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the coastal plain aquifer system of North Carolina","indexId":"ofr90372","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the coastal plain aquifer system of North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38442,"text":"pp1404M - 1997 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina","indexId":"pp1404M","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T20:16:24.659657","indexId":"pp1404M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1404","chapter":"M","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional finite-difference digital model was used to simulate ground-water flow in the 25,000-square-mile aquifer system of the North Carolina Coastal Plain. The model was developed from a hydrogeologic framework that is based on an alternating sequence of 10 aquifers and 9 confining units, which make up a seaward-thickening wedge of sediments that form the Coastal Plain aquifer system in the State of North Carolina.\r\n\r\nThe model was calibrated by comparing observed and simulated water levels. The model calibration was achieved by adjusting model parameters, primarily leakance of confining units and transmissivity of aquifers, until differences between observed and simulated water levels were within acceptable limits, generally within 15 feet. The maximum transmissivity of an individual aquifer in the calibrated model is 200,000 feet squared per day in a part of the Castle Hayne aquifer, which consists predominantly of limestone. The maximum value for simulated vertical hydraulic conductivity in a confining unit was 2.5 feet per day, in a part of the confining unit overlying the upper Cape Fear aquifer. The minimum value was 4.1x10-6 feet per day, in part of the confining unit overlying the lower Cape Fear aquifer. Analysis indicated the model is highly sensitive to changes in transmissivity and leakance near pumping centers; away from pumping centers, the model is only slightly sensitive to changes in transmissivity but is moderately sensitive to changes in leakance.\r\n\r\nRecharge from precipitation to the surficial aquifer ranges from about 12 inches per year in areas having clay at the surface to about 20 inches per year in areas having sand at the surface. Most of this recharge moves laterally to streams, and only about 1 inch per year moves downward to the confined parts of the aquifer system. Under predevelopment conditions, the confined aquifers were generally recharged in updip interstream areas and discharged through streambeds and in downdip coastward areas. Hydrologic analysis of the flow system using the calibrated model indicated that, because of ground-water withdrawals, areas of ground-water recharge have expanded and encroached upon some major stream valleys and into coastal area. Simulations of pumping conditions indicate that by 1980 large parts of the former coastal discharge areas had become areas of potential or actual recharge.\r\n\r\nDeclines of ground-water level, which are the result of water taken from storage, are extensive in some areas and minimal in others. Hydraulic head declines of more than 135 feet have occurred in the northern Coastal Plain since 1940 primarily due to withdrawals in the Franklin area in Virginia. Declines of ground-water levels greater than 110 feet have occurred in aquifers in the central Coastal Plain due to combined effects of pumpage for public and industrial water supplies. Water-level declines exceeding 100 feet have occurred in the Beaufort County area because of withdrawals for a mining operation and water supplies for a chemical plant. Head declines have been less than 10 feet in the shallow surficial and Yorktown aquifers and in the updip parts of the major confined aquifers distant from areas of major withdrawals. In 1980, contribution from aquifer storage was 14 cubic feet per second, which is about 4.8 percent of pumpage and about 0.05 percent of ground-water recharge.\r\n\r\nA water-budget analysis using the model simulations indicates that much of the water removed from the ground-water system by pumping ultimately is made up by a reduction in water leaving the aquifer system, which discharges to streams as base flow. The reduction in stream base flow was 294 cubic feet per second in 1980 and represents about 1.1 percent of the ground-water recharge. The net reduction to streamflow is not large, however, because most pumped ground water is eventually discharged to streams. In places, such as at rock quarries in Onslow and Craven Counties, water is lost from st","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1404M","usgsCitation":"Giese, G., Eimers, J.L., and Coble, R.W., 1997, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1404, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1404M.","productDescription":"142 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":64917,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404m/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119766,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404m/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"North Carolina coastal plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.386962890625,\n              34.813803317113155\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.749755859375,\n              34.82282272723702\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.37646484375,\n              33.715201644740844\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.123779296875,\n              33.770015152780125\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.860107421875,\n              33.7243396617476\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.77221679687499,\n              33.93424531117312\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.6513671875,\n              34.17090836352573\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.464599609375,\n              34.34343606848294\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.135009765625,\n              34.51560953848204\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.871337890625,\n              34.56990638085636\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.695556640625,\n              34.57895241036948\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.519775390625,\n              34.488447837809304\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.35498046875,\n              34.642247047768535\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.08032226562499,\n              34.831841149828655\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.948486328125,\n              34.939985151560435\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.73974609375,\n              35.06597313798418\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5419921875,\n              35.11990857099681\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.333251953125,\n              35.22767235493586\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.333251953125,\n              35.55010533588552\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.322265625,\n              35.746512259918504\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.443115234375,\n              35.951329861522666\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.56396484375,\n              36.19995805932895\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.7177734375,\n              36.43012234551576\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.728759765625,\n              36.57142382346277\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.2998046875,\n              36.55377524336089\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.53051757812499,\n              36.34167804918315\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.77221679687499,\n              36.13787471840729\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.2666015625,\n              35.89795019335754\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.288330078125,\n              35.46961797120201\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.70581054687499,\n              35.380092992092145\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.15625,\n              35.15584570226544\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.496826171875,\n              34.994003757575776\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.386962890625,\n              34.813803317113155\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giese, G.I.","contributorId":56283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giese","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eimers, J. L.","contributorId":95919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eimers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coble, R. W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":54651,"text":"wdrMARI961 - 1997 - Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T19:16:34.329749","indexId":"wdrMARI961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MA-RI-96-1","title":"Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1996","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1996 water year for Massachusetts and Rhode Island consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents of lakes and reservoirs; and ground-water levels. This report contains discharge records for 88 gaging stations, month end contents of 4 lakes and reservoirs, water quality at 16 gaging stations, and water levels for 143 observation wells. Data also are included for 35 low-flow partial-record stations. Miscellaneous hydrologic data were collected at various sites that were not a part of the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous discharge measurements. A few pertinent stations in bordering States are also included in this report. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMARI961","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Socolow, R., Murino, D., Casey, R., and Ramsbey, L., 1997, Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MA-RI-96-1, xvi, 367 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMARI961.","productDescription":"xvi, 367 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/mari-96-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492735,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/mari-96-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.61942990666182,\n              42.90282170145497\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.61942990666182,\n              41.086508397370466\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.6441324266006,\n              41.086508397370466\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.6441324266006,\n              42.90282170145497\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.61942990666182,\n              42.90282170145497\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb6d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Socolow, R.S.","contributorId":17639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Socolow","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murino, D. Jr.","contributorId":68398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murino","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casey, R.G.","contributorId":68823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramsbey, L.R.","contributorId":78393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsbey","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":68095,"text":"ha735E - 1997 - Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin — Flood of July 10 and 27, 1993, in Kansas City Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas, and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-07T20:59:18.153923","indexId":"ha735E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"735","chapter":"E","title":"Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin — Flood of July 10 and 27, 1993, in Kansas City Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas, and vicinity","docAbstract":"<p>During spring and summer 1993, record flooding inundated many of the stream and river valleys in the upper Mississippi and the Missouri River Basins. The flooding was the result of widespread and numerous intense thunderstorms that, together with saturated soils, produced large volumes of runoff. The magnitude of flooding exceeded the 100-year discharge values (1-percent chance of exceedance in any given year) at many streamflow-gaging stations in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The flooding was unusual because of its long duration and widespread severe damage. The Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers were above flood stage for more than 1 month at several locations along their lengths. Millions of acres of agricultural and urban lands were inundated for weeks, and unofficial damage estimates exceeded $10 billion in the flooded States (Parrett and others, 1993),<br />During summer 1993, large parts of Kansas City, Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas, and vicinity were flooded from overflows of the Missouri and the Kansas Rivers and numerous smaller tributaries, This report provides flood-peak elevation data and delineates the arcalcktent of the 1993 floods in the Kansas City metropolitan area for July 10 and 27, 1993 (fig. 1A, sheet 1: B, sheet 2: C, sheet 3). The 1993 flood elevations and extent of flooding are compared with flood-plain boundaries defined by Flood Insurance Studies conducted by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for cities and counties in the area (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1975&ndash;95).<br />This report is one of a series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigations that document the effects of the 1993 flooding of the upper Mississippi and the Missouri River Basins and that improve the technical base from which flood-plain management decisions can be made by other agencies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha735E","usgsCitation":"Perry, C.A., Clement, R.W., and Studley, S.E., 1997, Delineation of flooding within the upper Mississippi River Basin — Flood of July 10 and 27, 1993, in Kansas City Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas, and vicinity: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 735, 3 Plates: 50.00 × 35.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha735E.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 50.00 × 35.50 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":89359,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735e/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":408133,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16203.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":89358,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":89357,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/735e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"upper Mississippi River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.875,\n              39.033\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.375,\n              39.033\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.375,\n              39.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.875,\n              39.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.875,\n              39.033\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab4e4b07f02db67003c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Charles A. cperry@usgs.gov","contributorId":2093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Charles","email":"cperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":277633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clement, Ralph W.","contributorId":24818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clement","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Studley, Seth E. sstudley@usgs.gov","contributorId":5916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Studley","given":"Seth","email":"sstudley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":277634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22235,"text":"ofr97385 - 1997 - U. S. Geological Survey Program on the south Florida ecosystem - Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T15:02:19.787434","indexId":"ofr97385","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-385","title":"U. S. Geological Survey Program on the south Florida ecosystem - Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","conferenceTitle":"U. S. Geological Survey Program on the South Florida Ecosystem","conferenceDate":"August 25-27, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Ft. Lauderdale, Florida","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97385","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, U. S. Geological Survey Program on the south Florida ecosystem - Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-385, x, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97385.","productDescription":"x, 99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51668,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              24.37712083961039\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0244140625,\n              24.37712083961039\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0244140625,\n              27.576460076262716\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              27.576460076262716\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              24.37712083961039\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623408","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":49764,"text":"ofr97624 - 1997 - Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Lower Mississippi-Memphis Basin Using a Geographic Information System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:16","indexId":"ofr97624","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-624","title":"Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Lower Mississippi-Memphis Basin Using a Geographic Information System","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr97624","usgsCitation":"Nelson, H.L., Downs, A.C., Crabtree, S.D., and Hines, D.H., 1997, Development of an 11- and 14-Digit Hydrologic Unit Boundary Layer for the Lower Mississippi-Memphis Basin Using a Geographic Information System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-624, CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97624.","productDescription":"CD-ROM ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e09a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Hugh L. hlnelson@usgs.gov","contributorId":4158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Hugh","email":"hlnelson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Downs, Aimee C. acdowns@usgs.gov","contributorId":929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Aimee","email":"acdowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":240228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crabtree, Steve D.","contributorId":27126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crabtree","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, Doug H.","contributorId":50208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"Doug","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":23259,"text":"ofr97359 - 1997 - Dissolved nutrient data for the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California, January through November 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T10:55:19","indexId":"ofr97359","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-359","title":"Dissolved nutrient data for the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California, January through November 1995","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey conducted hydrologic investigations in San Francisco Bay between January and November of 1995. Dissolved inorganic plant nutrients, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, silica, and reactive phosphorus were measured in surface and in near-bottom waters at previously established locations in the channel portions of both northern and southern reaches of the bay, and at shallow water stations in the southern reach. This report presents the sampling and analytical methods and the data from these studies. Measured salinity values for the nutrient samples are also reported. Data on the variability due to sampling and sample handling procedures, and on the precision of the analytical methods are also presented.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97359","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hager, S.W., and Schemel, L.E., 1997, Dissolved nutrient data for the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California, January through November 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-359, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97359.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52547,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0359/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0359/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.52914428710938,\n              37.408346344484976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.52914428710938,\n              38.146437584588824\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.71478271484375,\n              38.146437584588824\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.71478271484375,\n              37.408346344484976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.52914428710938,\n              37.408346344484976\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a27e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hager, Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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