{"pageNumber":"4043","pageRowStart":"101050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":70017023,"text":"70017023 - 1994 - Is Obsidian Hydration Dating Affected by Relative Humidity?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017023","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Is Obsidian Hydration Dating Affected by Relative Humidity?","docAbstract":"Experiments carried out under temperatures and relative humidities that approximate ambient conditions show that the rate of hydration of obsidian is a function of the relative humidity, as well as of previously established variables of temperature and obsidian chemical composition. Measurements of the relative humidity of soil at 25 sites and at depths of between 0.01 and 2 m below ground show that in most soil environments, at depths below about 0.25 m, the relative humidity is constant at 100%. We have found that the thickness of the hydrated layer developed on obsidian outcrops exposed to the sun and to relative humidities of 30-90% is similar to that formed on other portions of the outcrop that were shielded from the sun and exposed to a relative humidity of approximately 100%. Surface samples of obsidian exposed to solar heating should hydrate more rapidly than samples buried in the ground. However, the effect of the lower mean relative humidity experiences by surface samples tends to compensate for the elevated temperature, which may explain why obsidian hydration ages of surface samples usually approximate those derived from buried samples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1994.1020","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., Trembour, F., Smith, G., and Smith, F., 1994, Is Obsidian Hydration Dating Affected by Relative Humidity?: Quaternary Research, v. 41, no. 2, p. 185-190, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1020.","startPage":"185","endPage":"190","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205556,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1020"},{"id":224814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f22e4b0c8380cd642b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trembour, F.W.","contributorId":52336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trembour","given":"F.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, F.L.","contributorId":39133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017780,"text":"70017780 - 1994 - Contraction scour at a bridge over the Iowa River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-18T13:11:54","indexId":"70017780","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Contraction scour at a bridge over the Iowa River","docAbstract":"<p>Flooding of the Iowa River during July and August 1993 caused extensive contraction scour at the State Highway 99 bridge over the Iowa River at Wapello, Iowa. At least 3.3 m of piling under the footing of the second pier from the right (west) abutment were exposed. The scoured streambed did not fill in again after the flood receded, and a bathymetric survey in November 1993 showed that the streambed had been scoured for a distance of about 500 m upstream from the bridge. The bridge was closed to traffic, first because of water over the roadway when a levee failed, and then remained closed because of the exposed piling. The bridge subsequently was reopened to traffic with a weight limit of 13.6 tons.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Fischer, E.E., 1994, Contraction scour at a bridge over the Iowa River, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 1, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 31-35.","startPage":"31","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228859,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.24523162841797,\n              41.104190944576466\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.24523162841797,\n              41.235478485093836\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.11442565917969,\n              41.235478485093836\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.11442565917969,\n              41.104190944576466\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.24523162841797,\n              41.104190944576466\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa77e4b0c8380cd4daeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fischer, Edward E. edf@usgs.gov","contributorId":1063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischer","given":"Edward","email":"edf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":377546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017779,"text":"70017779 - 1994 - Plumboan crichtonite: from the Fazenda Guariba, Minas Gerais, Brazil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017779","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2749,"text":"Mineralogical Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plumboan crichtonite: from the Fazenda Guariba, Minas Gerais, Brazil","docAbstract":"Senaite, Pb(Ti,Fe,Mn)21O38, a member of the crichtonite group, was first described from alluvial gravels near Dattas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was subsequently reported (always from alluvial stream gravels) from about seven additional localities. \"Senaite' from the first in situ source in Brazil, at the Fazenda Guariba, Minas Gerais, Brazil was described by Cassedanne (1988). Approximately 20 crystals of \"senaite' from the Fazenda Guariba were examined chemically and all were found to be plumboan crichtonite rather than senaite. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogical Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00264628","usgsCitation":"Foord, E., Chaves, M., and Lichte, F., 1994, Plumboan crichtonite: from the Fazenda Guariba, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Mineralogical Record, v. 25, no. 2, p. 133-135.","startPage":"133","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c93e4b0c8380cd79a6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chaves, M.L.D.S.C.","contributorId":30386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chaves","given":"M.L.D.S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017024,"text":"70017024 - 1994 - Ductile creep and compaction: A mechanism for transiently increasing fluid pressure in mostly sealed fault zones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ductile creep and compaction: A mechanism for transiently increasing fluid pressure in mostly sealed fault zones","docAbstract":"A simple cyclic process is proposed to explain why major strike-slip fault zones, including the San Andreas, are weak. Field and laboratory studies suggest that the fluid within fault zones is often mostly sealed from that in the surrounding country rock. Ductile creep driven by the difference between fluid pressure and lithostatic pressure within a fault zone leads to compaction that increases fluid pressure. The increased fluid pressure allows frictional failure in earthquakes at shear tractions far below those required when fluid pressure is hydrostatic. The frictional slip associated with earthquakes creates porosity in the fault zone. The cycle adjusts so that no net porosity is created (if the fault zone remains constant width). The fluid pressure within the fault zone reaches long-term dynamic equilibrium with the (hydrostatic) pressure in the country rock. One-dimensional models of this process lead to repeatable and predictable earthquake cycles. However, even modest complexity, such as two parallel fault splays with different pressure histories, will lead to complicated earthquake cycles. Two-dimensional calculations allowed computation of stress and fluid pressure as a function of depth but had complicated behavior with the unacceptable feature that numerical nodes failed one at a time rather than in large earthquakes. A possible way to remove this unphysical feature from the models would be to include a failure law in which the coefficient of friction increases at first with frictional slip, stabilizing the fault, and then decreases with further slip, destabilizing it. ?? 1994 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00874322","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Sleep, N.H., and Blanpied, M., 1994, Ductile creep and compaction: A mechanism for transiently increasing fluid pressure in mostly sealed fault zones: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 143, no. 1-3, p. 9-40, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874322.","startPage":"9","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205557,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874322"},{"id":224815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0414e4b0c8380cd50781","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sleep, Norman H.","contributorId":59566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleep","given":"Norman","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanpied, M.L.","contributorId":61961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanpied","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017756,"text":"70017756 - 1994 - Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz into the Lake Michigan basin and their climatic contrasts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-04T18:39:32","indexId":"70017756","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz into the Lake Michigan basin and their climatic contrasts","docAbstract":"Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz are recorded as prominent sedimentologic, isotopic, magnetic, and faunal signatures in southern Lake Michigan profundal sediments. As a tributary to the main path of eastward Lake Agassiz flow, southern Lake Michigan recorded only the largest, catastrophic discharges. The distinctive Wilmette Bed, a massive gray mud that interrrupts laminated red glaciolacustrine clays, marks the first episode, which occurred near the beginning of the Younger Dryas cooling events. The associated discharge may have played a role in the inception or severity of the Younger Dryas event. An oxygen isotope excursion in biogenic carbonate and changes in ostracode assemblages mark the second episode, which appears to have had at least two pulses, dated by accelerator mass spectrometer 14C ages on biogenic carbonate at about 8.9 and 8.6 ka. The second episode occurred during the early Holocene peak in global meltwater discharge and apparently had little widespread climatic or oceanographic effect. The contrast between the effects associated with these two episodes of meltwater discharge emphasizes the complexity of the ice sheet-ocean-climate system. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0547:TEOMIF>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Keigwin, L., and Forester, R.M., 1994, Two episodes of meltwater influx from glacial Lake Agassiz into the Lake Michigan basin and their climatic contrasts: Geology, v. 22, no. 6, p. 547-550, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0547:TEOMIF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"550","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -101,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              40\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              53\n            ],\n            [\n              -101,\n              53\n            ],\n            [\n              -101,\n              40\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb94fe4b08c986b327bbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keigwin, L.D.","contributorId":27213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigwin","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017031,"text":"70017031 - 1994 - Natural gas hydrate occurrence and issues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:52","indexId":"70017031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Natural gas hydrate occurrence and issues","docAbstract":"Naturally occurring gas hydrate is found in sediment of two regions: (1) continental, including continental shelves, at high latitudes where surface temperatures are very cold, and (2) submarine outer continental margins where pressures are very high and bottom-water temperatures are near 0??C. Continental gas hydrate is found in association with onshore and offshore permafrost. Submarine gas hydrate is found in sediment of continental slopes and rises. The amount of methane present in gas hydrate is thought to be very large, but the estimates that have been made are more speculative than real. Nevertheless, at the present time there has been a convergence of ideas regarding the amount of methane in gas hydrate deposits worldwide at about 2 x 1016 m3 or 7 x 1017 ft3 = 7 x 105 Tcf [Tcf = trillion (1012) ft3]. The potentially large amount of methane in gas hydrate and the shallow depth of gas hydrate deposits are two of the principal factors driving research concerning this substance. Such a large amount of methane, if it could be commercially produced, provides a potential energy resource for the future. Because gas hydrate is metastable, changes of surface pressure and temperature affect its stability. Destabilized gas hydrate beneath the sea floor leads to geologic hazards such as submarine mass movements. Examples of submarine slope failures attributed to gas hydrate are found worldwide. The metastability of gas hydrate may also have an effect on climate. The release of methane, a 'greenhouse' gas, from destabilized gas hydrate may contribute to global warming and be a factor in global climate change.","largerWorkTitle":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38838.x","issn":"00778923","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K., 1994, Natural gas hydrate occurrence and issues, <i>in</i> Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 715, p. 232-246, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38838.x.","startPage":"232","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205578,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb38838.x"},{"id":224957,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"715","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6302e4b0c8380cd7223f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017511,"text":"70017511 - 1994 - A quantitative model of ground-water flow during formation of tabular sandstone uranium deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T17:28:16.708111","indexId":"70017511","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A quantitative model of ground-water flow during formation of tabular sandstone uranium deposits","docAbstract":"<p><span>Tabular sandstone uranium deposits constitute the largest uranium resource type in the United States. A major point of contention has been the nature and direction of the ground-water flow. This paper presents a quantitative simulation of regional ground-water flow during uranium deposition in the Westwater Canyon Member and Jackpile Sandstone Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in the San Juan basin. Input for the four-layer finite-difference model was from thicknesses and sandstone/mudstone ratios in each layer from 1,600 drill holes and 100 measured sections and from palcotopographic reconstructions. Topographic slope, shoreline position, and density contrasts in the lake and pore fluids controlled the directions of flow and recharge-discharge areas. The most important results for uranium ore deposit formation are that regional ground water discharged throughout the basin, regional discharge was concentrated along the shore line or playa margin, flow was dominantly gravity driven, and compaction dewatering was negligible. A strong association is found between the tabular sandstone uranium deposits and major inferred zones of mixed local and regional ground-water discharge. The results of ground-water modeling favor the brine interface model over the lacustrine-humate model for uranium deposition.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.89.2.341","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Sanford, R., 1994, A quantitative model of ground-water flow during formation of tabular sandstone uranium deposits: Economic Geology, v. 89, no. 2, p. 341-360, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.2.341.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"341","endPage":"360","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228559,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"89","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e526e4b0c8380cd46b71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, R.F.","contributorId":38562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017513,"text":"70017513 - 1994 - San Francisco Bay test case for 3-D model verification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T12:57:51","indexId":"70017513","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"San Francisco Bay test case for 3-D model verification","docAbstract":"<p>This paper describes a field test case for 3-D hydrodynamic model verification using data from Carquinez Strait in San Francisco Bay, California. It will be disseminated by the ASCE Computational Hydraulics task committee on 3-D Free-Surface Hydrodynamic Model Verifications during late 1994.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","issn":"10701559","isbn":"0784400377","usgsCitation":"Smith, P.E., 1994, San Francisco Bay test case for 3-D model verification, <i>in</i> Proceedings - National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, no. pt 2, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 885-889.","startPage":"885","endPage":"889","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"pt 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b867de4b08c986b315fa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Peter E.","contributorId":50609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017515,"text":"70017515 - 1994 - Characteristics of the near-bottom suspended sediment field over the continental shelf off northern California based on optical attenuation measurements during STRESS and SMILE","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-23T11:16:46","indexId":"70017515","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of the near-bottom suspended sediment field over the continental shelf off northern California based on optical attenuation measurements during STRESS and SMILE","docAbstract":"<p>Time-series measurements of current velocity, optical attenuation and surface wave intensity obtained during the Sediment Transport Events on Shelves and Slopes (STRESS) experiments, combined with shipboard measurements of conductivity, temperature and optical attenuation obtained during the Shelf Mixed Layer Experiment (SMILE), provide a description of the sediment concentration field over the central and outer shelf off northern California. The questions addressed are: (1) existence and characteristics of bottom nepheloid layers and their relationship to bottom mixed layers; (2) characteristics of temporal fluctuations in sediment concentration and their relationship to waves and currents; (3) spatial scales over which suspended sediment concentrations vary horizontally; and (4) vertical distribution of suspended sediment. ?? 1994.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(94)90037-X","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Trowbridge, J., Butman, B., and Limeburner, R., 1994, Characteristics of the near-bottom suspended sediment field over the continental shelf off northern California based on optical attenuation measurements during STRESS and SMILE: Continental Shelf Research, v. 14, no. 10-11, p. 1257-1272, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90037-X.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1257","endPage":"1272","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8,\n              38\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n             38\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"10-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4a4e4b0c8380cd4be29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trowbridge, J.H.","contributorId":75713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trowbridge","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, B.","contributorId":85580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Limeburner, R.","contributorId":104237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Limeburner","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017032,"text":"70017032 - 1994 - Developing standards for a national spatial data infrastructure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-18T16:56:35","indexId":"70017032","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1192,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Systems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Developing standards for a national spatial data infrastructure","docAbstract":"<p><span>The concept of a framework for data and information linkages among producers and users, known as a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), is built upon four corners: data, technology, institutions, and standards. Standards are paramount to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the NSDI. Historically, data standards and specifications have been developed with a very limited scope - they were parochial, and even competitive in nature, and promoted the sharing of data and information within only a small community at the expense of more open sharing across many communities. Today, an approach is needed to grow and evolve standards to support open systems and provide consistency and uniformity among data producers. There are several significant ongoing activities in geospatial data standards: transfer or exchange, metadata, and data content. In addition, standards in other areas are under discussion, including data quality, data models, and data collection.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304094782602872","issn":"10509844","usgsCitation":"Wortman, K.C., 1994, Developing standards for a national spatial data infrastructure: Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, v. 21, no. 3, p. 132-135, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304094782602872.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"135","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0012e4b0c8380cd4f58e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wortman, Kathryn C.","contributorId":18518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wortman","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017034,"text":"70017034 - 1994 - Compositions of micas in peraluminous granitoids of the eastern Arabian shield - Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting of highly evolved, rare-metal enriched granites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70017034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositions of micas in peraluminous granitoids of the eastern Arabian shield - Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting of highly evolved, rare-metal enriched granites","docAbstract":"Compositions and pleochroism of micas in fourteen peraluminous alkali-feldspar granites in the eastern part of the Late Proterozoic Arabian Shield are unlike those of micas (principally biotite) in most calc-alkaline granitoid rocks. Compositions of these micas are distinguished by elevated abundances of Li2O, F, and numerous cations and by low MgO abundances. These micas, constituents of highly evolved rare-metal enriched granitoids, represent an iron-lithium substitution series that ranges from lithium-poor siderophyllite to lithium-rich ferroan lepidolite. The eastern Arabian Shield also hosts six epizonal granitoids that contain colorless micas. Compositions of these micas, mostly muscovite, and their host granitoids are distinct from those of the iron-lithium micas and their host granitoids. Compositions of the analyzed micas have a number of petrogenetic implications. The twenty granitoids containing these micas form three compositional groups that reflect genesis in particular tectonic regimes; mica compositions define the same three groups. The presence of magmatic muscovite in six of these shallowly crystallized granitoids conflicts with experimental data indicating muscovite stability at pressures greater than 3 kbar. Muscovite in the Arabian granitoids probably results from its non-ideal composition; the presence of muscovite cannot be used as a pressure indicator. Finally, mineral/matrix partition coefficients are significantly greater than 1.0 for a number of cations, the rare-earth elements in particular, in many of the analyzed iron-lithium micas. Involvement of these types of micas in partial melting or fractionation processes can have a major influence on silicate liquid compositions. ?? 1994 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00310906","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Bray, D., 1994, Compositions of micas in peraluminous granitoids of the eastern Arabian shield - Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting of highly evolved, rare-metal enriched granites: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 116, no. 4, p. 381-397, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310906.","startPage":"381","endPage":"397","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205585,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310906"},{"id":225000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f93ce4b0c8380cd4d4f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, du","contributorId":28749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"du","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017090,"text":"70017090 - 1994 - Adsorption and desorption of atrazine and deethylatrazine by low organic carbon geologic materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T22:53:39.498062","indexId":"70017090","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adsorption and desorption of atrazine and deethylatrazine by low organic carbon geologic materials","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The adsorption and desorption of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and a primary metabolite, deethylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine; DEA), by low organic C (≤ 3.3 g kg<sup>−1</sup>) materials were measured by batch-equilibrium techniques. The adsorbents were samples of glacial outwash sand, till, and stream sediments. The adsorption of both atrazine and DEA conformed to linear isotherms. The adsorption of atrazine by most of the adsorbents yielded apparent K<sub>oc</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values that were in excess of those based on surface agricultural soils. Adsorption correlated with only the pH of the sand-water suspensions. The desorption of atrazine was hysteretic under the conditions of the measurement. DEA had a lower affinity for the same adsorbents; the mean ratio of K<sub>d</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values of DEA to those of atrazine was 0.37 ± 0.20. DEA adsorption did not correlate with organic C, surface area, clay content of the adsorbents, or with the pH of the suspensions. DEA adsorption, unlike atrazine, tended to be reversible. There was a linear relationship between the adsorption constants of atrazine and those of DEA.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300030021x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Roy, W.R., and Krapac, I., 1994, Adsorption and desorption of atrazine and deethylatrazine by low organic carbon geologic materials: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 23, no. 3, p. 549-556, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300030021x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"549","endPage":"556","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224576,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6fae4b0c8380cd47775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roy, William R.","contributorId":45454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roy","given":"William","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017088,"text":"70017088 - 1994 - Seismicity trends and potential for large earthquakes in the Alaska-Aleutian region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:48","indexId":"70017088","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity trends and potential for large earthquakes in the Alaska-Aleutian region","docAbstract":"The high likelihood of a gap-filling thrust earthquake in the Alaska subduction zone within this decade is indicated by two independent methods: analysis of historic earthquake recurrence data and time-to-failure analysis applied to recent decades of instrumental data. Recent (May 1993) earthquake activity in the Shumagin Islands gap is consistent with previous projections of increases in seismic release, indicating that this segment, along with the Alaska Peninsula segment, is approaching failure. Based on this pattern of accelerating seismic release, we project the occurrence of one or more M???7.3 earthquakes in the Shumagin-Alaska Peninsula region during 1994-1996. Different segments of the Alaska-Aleutian seismic zone behave differently in the decade or two preceding great earthquakes, some showing acceleration of seismic release (type \"A\" zones), while others show deceleration (type \"D\" zones). The largest Alaska-Aleutian earthquakes-in 1957, 1964, and 1965-originated in zones that exhibit type D behavior. Type A zones currently showing accelerating release are the Shumagin, Alaska Peninsula, Delarof, and Kommandorski segments. Time-to-failure analysis suggests that the large earthquakes could occur in these latter zones within the next few years. ?? 1994 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00875969","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Bufe, C., Nishenko, S., and Varnes, D.J., 1994, Seismicity trends and potential for large earthquakes in the Alaska-Aleutian region: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 142, no. 1, p. 83-99, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00875969.","startPage":"83","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224527,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205499,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00875969"}],"volume":"142","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bc8e4b08c986b317a99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bufe, C. G.","contributorId":79443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bufe","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishenko, S.P.","contributorId":8072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishenko","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Varnes, D. J.","contributorId":85201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017730,"text":"70017730 - 1994 - Petroleum geochemistry of the Zala basin, Hungary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-19T17:55:27.113691","indexId":"70017730","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petroleum geochemistry of the Zala basin, Hungary","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Zala basin is a subbasin within the Pannonian basin of Hungary. Oil and smaller amounts of gas are produced from Upper Triassic through Miocene reservoirs. Our geochemical study of oils and rocks in the basin indicate that two, and possibly three, genetic oil types are present in the basin. Miocene source rocks, previously believed by explorationists to be the predominant source rock, have expelled minor amounts of hydrocarbons. The main source rock is the Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) Kossen Marl Formation or its stratigraphic equivalent. Oils derived from the Triassic source rock are recognizable by their isotopic and biological marker composition, and high content of metals. In other areas of Europe, Upper Triassic source rocks have been correlated with large oil accum lations (e.g., Molassa and Villafortuna fields, Po basin, and other fields in Italy) or are postulated to be good potential source rocks (e.g., Bristol Channel Trough). Knowledge of the geochemical characteristics of oils derived from these Upper Triassic source rocks and understanding of the source rock distribution and maturation history are important for recognizing Triassic oil-source bed relationships and for further exploration in other basins in Hungary and other parts of Europe where Triassic source rocks are present.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/BDFF9000-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Clayton, J.L., and Koncz, I., 1994, Petroleum geochemistry of the Zala basin, Hungary: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 78, no. 1, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1306/BDFF9000-1718-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228814,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Hungary","otherGeospatial":"Zala basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              16.38982817825371,\n              46.75857707780057\n            ],\n            [\n              16.38982817825371,\n              46.50067213749065\n            ],\n            [\n              16.982589117082284,\n              46.50067213749065\n            ],\n            [\n              16.982589117082284,\n              46.75857707780057\n            ],\n            [\n              16.38982817825371,\n              46.75857707780057\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77c8e4b0c8380cd78590","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clayton, Jerry L.","contributorId":12486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koncz, I.","contributorId":86111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koncz","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017522,"text":"70017522 - 1994 - Effects of ion exchange on stream solute fluxes in a basin receiving highway deicing salts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T22:50:01.832963","indexId":"70017522","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of ion exchange on stream solute fluxes in a basin receiving highway deicing salts","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>At Fever Brook, a 1260-ha forested basin in central Massachusetts, highway deicing salt application increased the solute flux in streamflow by 120% above background flux (equivalent basis) during a 2-yr period. Attempts to isolate the nonsalt component of stream solute fluxes have commonly subtracted salt contributions based on the net Cl flux (Cl output in streamflow minus Cl input in precipitation). In these studies, any net Na flux in excess of the amount needed to balance the net Cl flux has been attributed to weathering. At Fever Brook, however, the net output of Na was<span>&nbsp;</span><i>less than</i><span>&nbsp;</span>the net output of Cl, suggesting a loss of Na within the basin. The Na sink was inferred to be cation exchange of Na for Ca and Mg in the soil. A method was developed to quantify the exchange based on a Na budget, which included an independent estimate of the Na flux from weathering. The amount of exchange was apportioned to Ca and Mg based on their relative concentrations in the stream. The background fluxes of Ca and Mg (i.e., those that would occur in the absence of deicing salts) were calculated by subtracting the amounts from ion exchange plus the much smaller direct contributions in deicing salts from the observed fluxes. Ion exchange and direct salt contributions increased the net output fluxes of Ca and Mg, each by 44% above background. In basins that receive deicing salts, failure to account for cation exchange thus may result in an underestimate of the flux of Na from weathering and overestimates of the fluxes of Ca and Mg from weathering.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050019x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., 1994, Effects of ion exchange on stream solute fluxes in a basin receiving highway deicing salts: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 23, no. 5, p. 977-986, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050019x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"977","endPage":"986","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228756,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a072ce4b0c8380cd515c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017042,"text":"70017042 - 1994 - Seismic evidence for silicate melt atop the 410-km mantle discontinuity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:51","indexId":"70017042","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for silicate melt atop the 410-km mantle discontinuity","docAbstract":"LABORATORY results demonstrating that basic to ultrabasic melts become denser than olivine-rich mantle at pressures above 6 GPa (refs 1-3) have important implications for basalt petrogenesis, mantle differentiation and the storage of volatiles deep in the Earth. A density cross-over between melt and solid in the extensively molten Archaean mantle has been inferred from komatiitic volcanism and major-element mass balances, but present-day evidence of dense melt below the seismic low-velocity zone is lacking. Here we present mantle shear-wave impedance profiles obtained from multiple-ScS reverberation mapping for corridors connecting western Pacific subduction zone earthquakes with digital seismograph stations in eastern China, imaging a ~5.8% impedance decrease roughly 330 km beneath the Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea and easternmost Asia. We propose that this represents the upper surface of a layer of negatively buoyant melt lying on top of the olivine ??? ??- phase transition (the 410-km seismic discontinuity). Volatile-rich fluids expelled from the partial melt zone as it freezes may migrate upwards, acting as metasomatic agents and perhaps as the deep 'proto-source' of kimberlites. The remaining, dense, crystalline fraction would then concentrate above 410 km, producing a garnet-rich layer that may flush into the transition zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/369474a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Revenaugh, J., and Sipkin, S., 1994, Seismic evidence for silicate melt atop the 410-km mantle discontinuity: Nature, v. 369, no. 6480, p. 474-476, https://doi.org/10.1038/369474a0.","startPage":"474","endPage":"476","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205610,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369474a0"},{"id":225197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"369","issue":"6480","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b0fe4b08c986b31756a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Revenaugh, Justin","contributorId":86465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revenaugh","given":"Justin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017526,"text":"70017526 - 1994 - Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-01T07:10:50","indexId":"70017526","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary","docAbstract":"<p>A preliminary assessment was made in 1992 of chlorinated organic compounds in sediments and in livers of striped bass from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary. Samples of sediment and striped bass livers contained DDT (ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-) and its degradation products, DDD (ethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-) and DDE (ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-); PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls); alpha and gamma chlordane, and cis and trans nonachlor. In addition, the livers of striped bass contained small concentrations of DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), a pre-emergent herbicide. Agricultural run-off from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, as well as atmospheric deposition, are probably responsible for a low chronic background of DDT in sediments throughout San Francisco Bay. Larger concentrations of DDT in sediment near Richmond in the Central Bay, and Coyote Creek in the South Bay may be derived from point sources. Ratios of pentachloro isomers of PCBs to hexachloro isomers in the South Bay sediments were different from those in the Central and North Bay, suggesting either differences in microbial activity in the sediments or different source inputs of PCBs. Concentrations of alpha chlordane in livers of striped bass were greater than those of gamma chlordane, which suggests a greater environmental stability and persistence of alpha chlordane. Trans nonachlor, a minor component of technical chlorodane, was present in greater concentrations than alpha and gamma chlordane and cis nonachlor. Trans nonachlor is more resistant to metabolism than alpha and gamma chlordane and cis nonachlor, and serves as an environmentally stable marker compound of chlordane contamination in the estuary. Chlorinated organic compounds have bioaccumulated in the livers of striped bass. These compounds may contribute to the decline of the striped bass in San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-326X(94)90129-5","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Pereira, W.E., Hostettler, F., Cashman, J., and Nishioka, R.S., 1994, Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediment and livers of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) from the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 28, no. 7, p. 434-441, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90129-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"434","endPage":"441","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228802,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206152,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90129-5"}],"volume":"28","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b41e4b0c8380cd745d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pereira, W. E.","contributorId":46981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cashman, J.R.","contributorId":89295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nishioka, R. S.","contributorId":69915,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nishioka","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017085,"text":"70017085 - 1994 - Submerged and eroded drumlins off northeastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-05T10:16:45","indexId":"70017085","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Submerged and eroded drumlins off northeastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>Streamlined, oval-shaped, oriented topographic highs in Massachusetts Bay are identified as the erosional remnants of drumlins. The topographic highs correlate with outlines of lag gravel deposits on the sea floor and both the highs and lag gravel seafloor footprint have a distinct east-southeast long axis trend. This trend is similar to the preferred orientation of the long axes of drumlins in the Boston Basin and indicates the flow direction of the late Wisconsinan Laurentide Ice Sheet. Modification of the drumlins occurred during two passages of the shoreline, the first during the late Wisconsinan regression when the drumlins were only slightly eroded. The second passage of the shoreline occurred during the marine transgression, when erosion, in the form of cliff-face retreat, removed the upper part of the drumlins.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(94)90051-5","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Oldale, R.N., Knebel, H., and Bothner, M., 1994, Submerged and eroded drumlins off northeastern Massachusetts: Geomorphology, v. 9, no. 4, p. 301-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(94)90051-5.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"309","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.2,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.5,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.5,\n              42.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2,\n              42.6\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2,\n              42\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d3de4b08c986b31d70d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oldale, R. N.","contributorId":92680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bothner, Michael H. mbothner@usgs.gov","contributorId":139855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bothner","given":"Michael H.","email":"mbothner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":375344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017621,"text":"70017621 - 1994 - Composition and sources of atmospheric dusts in snow at 3200 meters in the St. Elias Range, southeastern Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T23:44:20.657511","indexId":"70017621","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition and sources of atmospheric dusts in snow at 3200 meters in the St. Elias Range, southeastern Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Dusts in snow from the accumulation zone in the St. Elias Range appear from their chemical compositions to have come from terranes of rocks of ferromagnesian composition. These dusts, with respect to their composition and to the moderate degree of variation that occurs through a depositional year, are similar those deposited in Greenland. The high portion of the St. Elias Range is isolated from dominance by any local dust source terranes, because of altitude and the extent of the surrounding glacierized and snow-covered region. In Greenland the altitude is typically lower, but local sources are even less likely to dominate the character of the dusts deposited into the ice record there. The similar compositions and moderate compositional variations of dusts from these two places bear on the question of whether the dusts that are transported over long distances by the atmosphere under modern and glacial-period conditions are uniform and representative of a broad regional or even hemispheric background dust.</p><p>The dusts in the snow were measured by means of a suite of major, minor, and trace rock-forming metals chosen to give information about rock types, their constituent minerals, degree of degradation (weathering), and energies of atmospheric uptake from source. The variations in amounts of rock dust through the year in the St. Elias Range snowpack have no time-stratigraphic correspondence to the also large variations in concentrations of other species that are not constituents of rock-derived dusts, such the anions chloride, sulfate, and nitrate; the highs and lows of the two types of materials are apparently completely independent. The structure revealed by the moderately fine-scale sampling of the present study (≈ 10 increments/y) serves as a background for the interpretation of analysis of ice core samples, in which annual layers may be too compressed to permit analysis of sub-annual samples.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90052-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., 1994, Composition and sources of atmospheric dusts in snow at 3200 meters in the St. Elias Range, southeastern Alaska, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 15, p. 3245-3254, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90052-3.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3245","endPage":"3254","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"St. Elias Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017681,"text":"70017681 - 1994 - Surface alteration and physical properties of glass from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T01:00:35.661652","indexId":"70017681","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface alteration and physical properties of glass from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","docAbstract":"<p><span>The scalloped surface feature on Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary glass is often explained as being due to terrestrial aqueous leaching. Leaching of man-made glass results in a reduction in density of the glass. Also, Fe, because of its relative insolubility, is concentrated by the leaching process. Thus, the Haitian glass specimens which have been heavily altered should have a thin rim of less dense glass in which the Fe is concentrated compared to the core glass. The higher Fe concentration in the rim glass should cause it to have an enhanced Curie constant and a lower density compared to the unaltered glass. The magnetic Curie constant, density, and scanning electron microscopic studies were made on altered specimens of Haitian glass and also on specimens showing a minimum of alteration. The results show that the less altered samples have the highest density and the lowest Curie constant. The data substantiate the terrestrial hypothesis.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90122-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Barkatt, A., Sang, J., Thorpe, A.N., Senftle, F.E., Talmy, I., Norr, M., Mazer, J., Izett, G., and Sigurdsson, H., 1994, Surface alteration and physical properties of glass from the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 13, p. 2889-2891, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90122-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2889","endPage":"2891","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489194,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/2426","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228766,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f8fe4b08c986b31e684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barkatt, A.","contributorId":17781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barkatt","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sang, J.C.","contributorId":58036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sang","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorpe, A. N.","contributorId":53504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorpe","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Senftle, F. E.","contributorId":47788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senftle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Talmy, I.G.","contributorId":54362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talmy","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Norr, M.K.","contributorId":43516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norr","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mazer, J.J.","contributorId":69316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazer","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Izett, G.","contributorId":69301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izett","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sigurdsson, Haraldur","contributorId":35079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sigurdsson","given":"Haraldur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70017674,"text":"70017674 - 1994 - The space-time structure of oil and gas field growth in a complex depositional system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017674","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The space-time structure of oil and gas field growth in a complex depositional system","docAbstract":"Shortly after the discovery of an oil and gas field, an initial estimate is usually made of the ultimate recovery of the field. With the passage of time, this initial estimate is almost always revised upward. The phenomenon of the growth of the expected ultimate recovery of a field, which is known as \"field growth,\" is important to resource assessment analysts for several reasons. First, field growth is the source of a large part of future additions to the inventory of proved reserves of crude oil and natural gas in most petroliferous areas of the world. Second, field growth introduces a large negative bias in the forecast of the future rates of discovery of oil and gas fields made by discovery process models. In this study, the growth in estimated ultimate recovery of oil and gas in fields made up of sandstone reservoirs formed in a complex depositional environment (Frio strand plain exploration play) is examined. The results presented here show how the growth of oil and gas fields is tied directly to the architectural element of the shoreline processes and tectonics that caused the deposition of the individual sand bodies hosting the producible hydrocarbon. ?? 1994 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02259042","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Drew, L., Mast, R., and Schuenemeyer, J., 1994, The space-time structure of oil and gas field growth in a complex depositional system: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 3, no. 3, p. 169-182, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02259042.","startPage":"169","endPage":"182","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206137,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259042"},{"id":228619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb057e4b08c986b324dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drew, L.J.","contributorId":69157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drew","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mast, R. F.","contributorId":102887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"R. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuenemeyer, J.H.","contributorId":106094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuenemeyer","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017078,"text":"70017078 - 1994 - The use of slug tests to describe vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-23T11:09:46.881574","indexId":"70017078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of slug tests to describe vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id6\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">Multilevel slug tests provide one means of obtaining estimates of hydraulic conductivity on a scale of relevance for contaminant transport investigations. A numerical model is employed here to assess the potential of multilevel slug tests to provide information about vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity under conditions commonly faced in field settings. The results of the numerical simulations raise several important issues concerning the effectiveness of this technique. If the length of the test interval is of the order of the average layer thickness, considerable error may be introduced into the conductivity estimates owing to the effects of adjoining layers. The influence of adjoining layers is dependent on the aspect ratio (length of test interval/well radius) of the tesy interval and the flow properties of the individual layers. If a low-permeability skin is present at the well, the measured vertical variations will be much less than the actual variations, owing to the influence of the skin conductivity on the parameter estimates. A high-permeability skin can also produce apparent vertical variations that are much less than the actual, owing to water flowing vertically along the conductive skin. In cases where the test interval spans a number of layers, a slug test will yield an approximate thickness-weighted average of the hydraulic conductivities of the intersected layers. In most cases, packer circumvention should not be a major concern when packers of 0.75 m or longer are employed. Results of this study are substantiated by recently reported field tests that demonstrate the importance of well emplacement and development activities for obtaining meaningful estimates from a program of multilevel slug tests.</div></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(94)90075-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Butler, J., Bohling, G.C., Hyder, Z., and McElwee, C., 1994, The use of slug tests to describe vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity: Journal of Hydrology, v. 156, no. 1-4, p. 137-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90075-2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225098,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"156","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb198e4b08c986b325359","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, J.J. Jr.","contributorId":12194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"J.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohling, Geoffrey C.","contributorId":43109,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bohling","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hyder, Z.","contributorId":44673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyder","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McElwee, C.D.","contributorId":66408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McElwee","given":"C.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017670,"text":"70017670 - 1994 - Fractionation of families of major, minor, and trace metals across the melt-vapor interface in volcanic exhalations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:19:00","indexId":"70017670","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fractionation of families of major, minor, and trace metals across the melt-vapor interface in volcanic exhalations","docAbstract":"Chemical families of metals fractionate systematically as they pass from a silicate melt across the interface with the vapor phase and on into a cooled volcanic plume. We measured three groups of metals in a small suite of samples collected on filters from the plumes of Kilauea (Hawaii, USA), Etna (Sicily), and Merapi (Java) volcanoes. These were the major, minor, and trace metals of the alkali and alkaline earth families (K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba), a group of ordinarily rare metals (Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl) that are related by their chalcophile affinities, and the radon daughter nuclides 210Po, 210Bi, and 210Pb. The measurements show the range and some details of systematic melt-vapor fractionation within and between these groups of metals. In the plumes of all three volcanoes, the alkali metals are much more abundant than the alkaline earth metals. In the Kilauea plume, the alkali metals are at least six times more abundant than the alkaline earth metals, relative to abundances in the melt; at Etna, the factor is at least 300. Fractionations within each family are, commonly, also distinctive; in the Kilauea plume, in addition to the whole alkaline earth family being depleted, the heaviest metals of the family (Sr, Ba) are progressively more depleted than the light metal Ca. In plumes of fumaroles at Merapi, K/Cs ratios were approximately three orders of magnitude smaller than found in other earth materials. This may represent the largest observed enrichment of the \"light ion lithophile\" (LIL) metals. Changes in metal ratios were seen through the time of eruption in the plumes of Kilauea and Etna. This may reflect degree of degassing of volatiles, with which metals complex, from the magma bodies. At Kilauea, the changes in fractionation were seen over about three years; fractionation within the alkaline earth family increased, and that between the two families decreased, over that time. All of the ordinarily rare chalcophile metals measured are extremely abundant in volcanic plumes, and Cd and Tl are enriched relative to the others. Indium is much more abundant in the plume of the hotspot volcano Kilauea than in the Etna plume (probably non-hotspot in character). It may be a useful indicator of the tapping of deep mantle zones, or could aid in the interpretation of reports of Pt group metals in exhalations from hot spot volcanoes. Indium in old glacial ice strata could help assess magnitude and variability of exhalations from hotspot volcanoes in past time. Strong melt-vapor fractionation of the alkali and alkaline earth metals may only be observed in plumes during quiescent degassing of volcanoes; when large amounts of ash or spatter (undifferentiated lava) enter the plume, its alkali and alkaline earth metal composition may approach that of the melt. Ratios among the chalcophile metals may not be much changed by addition of ash, because their concentrations in melt are so small, and masses of them in any plume may remain dominated by transfer across the melt-vapor interface. Radon daughter nuclides give information about state of volcanic activity at time of sampling. The precisely known origins, ultratrace detectability, decay systematics, and wide variations in volatility of these species provide information about residence times, degassing and travel histories, and identities of melt bodies in volcanic systems. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90053-1","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Hinkley, T.K., Le Cloarec, M., and Lambert, G., 1994, Fractionation of families of major, minor, and trace metals across the melt-vapor interface in volcanic exhalations: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 15, p. 3255-3263, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90053-1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3255","endPage":"3263","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13a9e4b0c8380cd5471e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkley, T. K. 0000-0001-8507-6271","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-6271","contributorId":78731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkley","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Le Cloarec, M.-F.","contributorId":52348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Le Cloarec","given":"M.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lambert, G.","contributorId":12994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017057,"text":"70017057 - 1994 - Specific surface area of a crushed welded tuff before and after aqueous dissolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-13T12:46:09.618168","indexId":"70017057","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Specific surface area of a crushed welded tuff before and after aqueous dissolution","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-gulliver text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id4\"><p>Specific surface areas were measured for several reference minerals (anorthoclase, labradorite and augite), welded tuff and stream sediments from Snowshoe Mountain, near Creede, Colorado. Crushed and sieved tuff had an unexpectedly small variation in specific surface area over a range of size fractions. Replicate surface area measurements of the largest and smallest tuff particle size fractions examined (1−0.3mm and&lt;0.212mm) were 2.3 ± 0.2m<sup>2</sup>/g for each size fraction. Reference minerals prepared in the same way as the tuff had smaller specific surface areas than that of the tuff of the same size fraction. Higher than expected tuff specific surface areas appear to be due to porous matrix. Tuff, reacted in solutions with pH values from 2 to 6, had little change in specific surface area in comparison with unreacted tuff. Tuff, reacted with solutions having high acid concentrations (0.1 M hydrochloric acid or sulfuric-hydrofluoric acid), exhibited a marked increase in specific surface area compared to unreacted tuff.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisherLocation":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0883-2927(94)90008-6","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Reddy, M., and Claassen, H., 1994, Specific surface area of a crushed welded tuff before and after aqueous dissolution: Applied Geochemistry, v. 9, no. 2, p. 223-233, https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90008-6.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"233","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412983,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Snowshoe Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.0172607569645,\n              37.83336021008067\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.0172607569645,\n              37.68793951369051\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.81959079724949,\n              37.68793951369051\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.81959079724949,\n              37.83336021008067\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.0172607569645,\n              37.83336021008067\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9521e4b08c986b31ad60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Claassen, H.C.","contributorId":74028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claassen","given":"H.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017664,"text":"70017664 - 1994 - The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-15T13:45:44","indexId":"70017664","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction","docAbstract":"<p><span>Redoubt Volcano, located on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska, erupted explosively on over 20 separate occasions between December 14, 1989 and April 21, 1990. Fourteen lava domes were emplaced in the summit area, thirteen of which were subsequently destroyed. The eruption caused economic losses estimated at over $160,000,000 making this the second most costly eruption in U.S. history. This economic impact provided the impetus for a integrated comprehensive account of an erupting volcano using both modern and classical research and modern techniques which in turn led to advances in eruption monitoring and interpretation. Research on such topics as dome formation and collapse and the resulting pyroclastic flows, elutriated ash, lightning, tephra, and flooding was blended with the rapid communication of associated hazards to a large user group. The seismology successes in predicting and monitoring eruption dynamics were due in part to (1) the recognition of long-period seismic events as indicators of the readiness of the volcano to erupt, and (2) to the development of new tools that allowed the seismicity to be assessed instantaneously. Integrated studies of the petrology of erupted products and volatile content over time gave clues as to the progress of the eruption towards completion.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)90025-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., and Chouet, B., 1994, The 1989-1990 eruptions of Redoubt Volcano: an introduction: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)90025-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook inlet, Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -149,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -149,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              62\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              59\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba62fe4b08c986b320f4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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