{"pageNumber":"4044","pageRowStart":"101075","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184938,"records":[{"id":4888,"text":"ds12 - 1994 - Photographs of historical mining operations in Colorado and Utah from the U.S. Geological Survey Library","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-13T07:49:38","indexId":"ds12","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"12","title":"Photographs of historical mining operations in Colorado and Utah from the U.S. Geological Survey Library","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds12","issn":"1088-1018","usgsCitation":"McGregor, J.K., and Abston, C., 1994, Photographs of historical mining operations in Colorado and Utah from the U.S. Geological Survey Library: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 12, 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds12.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":354991,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0012/ds12.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685e35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGregor, Joseph K.","contributorId":100377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGregor","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abston, C. C.","contributorId":30617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abston","given":"C. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70182997,"text":"70182997 - 1994 - Geology of Seward Peninsula and Saint Lawrence Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:11:28","indexId":"70182997","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"4","title":"Geology of Seward Peninsula and Saint Lawrence Island","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seward Peninsula (Fig. 1) may be divided into two geologic terranes (Fig. 2) on the basis of stratigraphy, structure, and metamorphic history. The Seward terrane, an area 150 by 150 km in the central and eastern peninsula, is dominated by Precambrian(?) and early Paleozoic blueschist-, greenschist-, and amphibolite-facies schist and marble, and intruded by three suites of granitic rocks. The York terrane, roughly 100 by 75 km, occupies western Seward Peninsula and the Bering Straits region; it is composed of Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, and possibly older limestone, argillaceous limestone, dolostone, and phyllite, which are cut by a suite of Late Cretaceous tin-bearing granites. The boundary between the Seward and York terranes is poorly exposed but is thought to be a major thrust fault because of its sinuous map trace, a discontinuity in metamorphic grade, and differences in stratigraphy across the boundary (Travis Hudson, oral communication, 1984). The boundary between the Seward terrane and the Yukon-Koyukuk province to the east is complicated by vertical faults (the Kugruk fault Zone of Sainsbury, 1974) and obscured by Cretaceous and Tertiary cover.</span></p><p><span>The Seward Peninsula heretofore was thought to consist largely of rocks of Precambrian age (Sainsbury, 1972, 1974, 1975; Hudson, 1977), Microfossil data, however, indicate that many of the rocks considered to be Precambrian are early Paleozoic in age (Till and others, 1986; Dumoulin and Harris, 1984; Dumoulin and Till, 1985; Till and others, 1983; Wandervoort, 1985). It is likely that Precambrian rocks are a minor part of the stratigraphy of the Seward Peninsula.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Till, A.B., and Dumoulin, J.A., 1994, Geology of Seward Peninsula and Saint Lawrence Island, chap. 4 <i>of</i> The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology, v. G-1, p. 141-152.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Saint Lawrence Island, Seward Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -161,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              67\n            ],\n            [\n              -169,\n              67\n            ],\n            [\n              -169,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              64\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -172.3974609375,\n              62.85514553774182\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.134765625,\n              62.85514553774182\n            ],\n            [\n              -168.134765625,\n              63.93737246791484\n            ],\n            [\n              -172.3974609375,\n              63.93737246791484\n            ],\n            [\n              -172.3974609375,\n              62.85514553774182\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"G-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Till, Alison B. atill@usgs.gov","contributorId":2482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Till","given":"Alison","email":"atill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":674743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":674744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70182832,"text":"70182832 - 1994 - Geology of south-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:28:08","indexId":"70182832","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"Geology of south-central Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>South-central Alaska is defined as the region bounded by the Kuskokwim Mountains to the northwest, the basins north of the Alaska Range to the north, the Canadian border to the east, and the Chugach Mountains to the south (Fig. 1). This region, hereafter called the study area, includes the Alaska Range, the Wrangell, Nutzotin, and Talkeetna mountains, the Copper River and the Susitna basins, the northern flank of the Chugach Mountains, the Aleutian Range, and the Alaska Peninsula. This chapter describes and interprets the bedrock geology of the region, which consists mostly of a collage of Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonostratigraphic terranes (hereafter referred to as terranes), Mesozoic flysch basin deposits, late Paleozoic and Mesozoic plutonic rocks, and younger late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic rocks. Cited published sources and new data and interpretations of the authors are utilized for the descriptions and interpretations. The terranes, flysch basin deposits, and younger Mesozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic assemblages are described first in a general northwest to southeast order. Major faults or sutures are described second. Stratigraphic linkages and structural and tectonic relations between terranes are described last. Definitions of the various stratigraphic, structural, and tectonic terms are stated at the end of this introduction.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Nokleberg, W.J., Plafker, G., and Wilson, F.H., 1994, Geology of south-central Alaska, chap. 10 <i>of</i> The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology, v. G-1, p. 311-366.","productDescription":"56 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"366","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.75,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -151.75,\n              58\n            ],\n            [\n              -152,\n              58\n            ],\n            [\n              -152,\n              57\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              57\n            ],\n            [\n              -154,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -158,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -158,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.5,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.5,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              55\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -164,\n              54\n            ],\n            [\n              -164,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              56\n            ],\n            [\n              -161,\n              57\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.5,\n              57\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.5,\n              58\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.25,\n              58\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.25,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              59\n            ],\n         \n            [\n              -162,\n              64\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"G-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nokleberg, Warren J. 0000-0002-1574-8869 wnokleberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":2077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"Warren","email":"wnokleberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plafker, George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70182831,"text":"70182831 - 1994 - Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:43:16","indexId":"70182831","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The Aleutian arc is the arcuate arrangement of mountain ranges and flanking submerged margins that forms the northern rim of the Pacific Basin from the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia) eastward more than 3,000 km to Cooke Inlet (Fig. 1). It consists of two very different segments that meet near Unimak Pass: the Aleutian Ridge segment to the west and the Alaska Peninsula-the Kodiak Island segment to the east. The Aleutian Ridge segment is a massive, mostly submerged cordillera that includes both the islands and the submerged pedestal from which they protrude. The Alaska Peninsula-Kodiak Island segment is composed of the Alaska Peninsula, its adjacent islands, and their continental and insular margins. The Bering Sea margin north of the Alaska Peninsula consists mostly of a wide continental shelf, some of which is underlain by rocks correlative with those on the Alaska Peninsula.</p><p>There is no pre-Eocene record in rocks of the Aleutian Ridge segment, whereas rare fragments of Paleozoic rocks and extensive outcrops of Mesozoic rocks occur on the Alaska Peninsula. Since the late Eocene, and possibly since the early Eocene, the two segments have evolved somewhat similarly. Major plutonic and volcanic episodes, however, are not synchronous. Furthermore, uplift of the Alaska Peninsula-Kodiak Island segment in late Cenozoic time was more extensive than uplift of the Aleutian Ridge segment. It is probable that tectonic regimes along the Aleutian arc varied during the Tertiary in response to such factors as the directions and rates of convergence, to bathymetry and age of the subducting Pacific Plate, and to the volume of sediment in the Aleutian Trench.</p><p>The Pacific and North American lithospheric plates converge along the inner wall of the Aleutian trench at about 85 to 90 mm/yr. Convergence is nearly at right angles along the Alaska Peninsula, but because of the arcuate shape of the Aleutian Ridge relative to the location of the plates' poles of rotation, the angle of convergence lessens to the west (Minster and Jordan, 1978). Along the central Aleutian Ridge, underthrusting is about 30° from normal to the volcanic axis. Motion between plates is approximately parallel along the western Aleutian Ridge.</p><p>In this paper we briefly describe and interpret the Cenozoic evolution of the Aleutian arc by focusing on the onshore and offshore geologic frameworks in four of its sectors, two sectors each from the Aleutian Ridge and Alaska Peninsula-Kodiak Island segments (Fig. 1). We compare the geologic evolution of the segments and comment on the implications of some new, previously unpublished data.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T.L., Scholl, D.W., Fisher, M.A., Bruns, T.R., Wilson, F.H., von Huene, R.E., and Stevenson, A.J., 1994, Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska, chap. 11 <i>of</i> The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology, v. G-1, p. 367-388.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"388","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian arc","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -197.2265625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.91015625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.91015625,\n              62.34960927573042\n            ],\n            [\n              -197.2265625,\n              62.34960927573042\n            ],\n            [\n              -197.2265625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"G-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, Tracy L.","contributorId":28857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Michael A. mfisher@usgs.gov","contributorId":1991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Michael","email":"mfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":673937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bruns, Terry R.","contributorId":29420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruns","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":673940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stevenson, Andrew J.","contributorId":18830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1001117,"text":"1001117 - 1994 - Age-related reproduction in striped skunks (<i>Mephitis mephitis</i>) in the upper Midwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T09:27:30","indexId":"1001117","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age-related reproduction in striped skunks (<i>Mephitis mephitis</i>) in the upper Midwest","docAbstract":"<p><span>Reproductive data from the upper Midwest are meager for the striped skunk (</span><i>Mephitis mephitis</i><span>), a common North American carnivore. We provide data on some age-related reproductive attributes of 178 female striped skunks collected at 19 sites in eastcentral North Dakota and westcentral Minnesota in 1979–1981 and 1987–1991. Seventy-four percent of the females were 1 year old; 95% were pregnant or parous when collected. Thirteen of 873 (1.5%) embryos in 123 pregnant females were being resorbed. The overall mean (±1 </span><i>SE</i><span>) litter size estimated from live embryos was 7.2 ± 0.4. Means of litter-size estimates were similar for females ≥1 year old, but annual estimates of litter size differed among years for all females combined. For females from the interval 1979–1981 and 1990, the mean implantation date based on embryo size was 4 March (±1.6 days). Potential litters were composed of a mean of 55 ± 3% females. Estimates of litter size based on counts of corpora lutea averaged 0.9 young per female less than estimates for the same females based on counts of live embryos, indicating that some skunks may have produced polyovular follicles or identical twins.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.2307/1382513","usgsCitation":"Greenwood, R.J., and Sargeant, A.B., 1994, Age-related reproduction in striped skunks (<i>Mephitis mephitis</i>) in the upper Midwest: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 75, no. 3, p. 657-662, https://doi.org/10.2307/1382513.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"657","endPage":"662","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68923e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greenwood, Raymond J.","contributorId":174570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenwood","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargeant, Alan B.","contributorId":89185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017572,"text":"70017572 - 1994 - Conditional estimates of the number of podiform chromite deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70017572","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conditional estimates of the number of podiform chromite deposits","docAbstract":"A desirable guide for estimating the number of undiscovered mineral deposits is the number of known deposits per unit area from another well-explored permissive terrain. An analysis of the distribution of 805 podiform chromite deposits among ultramafic rocks in 12 subareas of Oregon and 27 counties of California is used to examine and extend this guide. The average number of deposits in this sample of 39 areas is 0.225 deposits per km2 of ultramafic rock; the frequency distribution is significantly skewed to the right. Probabilistic estimates can be made by using the observation that the lognormal distribution fits the distribution of deposits per unit area. A further improvement in the estimates is available by using the relationship between the area of ultramafic rock and the number of deposits. The number (N) of exposed podiform chromite deposits can be estimated by the following relationship: log10(N)=-0.194+0.577 log10(area of ultramafic rock). The slope is significantly different from both 0.0 and 1.0. Because the slope is less than 1.0, the ratio of deposits to area of permissive rock is a biased estimator when the area of ultramafic rock is different from the median 93 km2. Unbiased estimates of the number of podiform chromite deposits can be made with the regression equation and 80 percent confidence limits presented herein. ?? 1994 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02259045","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Singer, D., 1994, Conditional estimates of the number of podiform chromite deposits: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 3, no. 3, p. 200-204, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02259045.","startPage":"200","endPage":"204","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206157,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259045"},{"id":228848,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9b3e4b0c8380cd4d734","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017573,"text":"70017573 - 1994 - Paleocene floral diversities and turnover events in eastern North America and their relation to diversity models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:43:42","indexId":"70017573","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleocene floral diversities and turnover events in eastern North America and their relation to diversity models","docAbstract":"This paper uses angiosperm pollen taxon turnover (first and last appearance) and diversity events as metrics to describe the Paleocene floral history of the eastern Gulf Coast; data are from 64 samples and 67 angiosperm pollen taxa. Angiosperm pollen diversity was very low at the beginning of the Paleocene, rose slowly and then somewhat more rapidly to a maximum for the epoch in the middle of the late Paleoceneas a result of the maximum in rate of first appearances during the late early Paleocene and earliest late Paleocene. Diversity then dropped very rapidly at or near the end of the epoch as the rate of last appearances reached its maximum, resulting in the Terminal Paleocene Extinction Event. The latest Paleocene diversity decline coincided with an increase in mean annual temperature and probably in rainfall, representing the beginning of the climatic maximum for the Tertiary which characterized the early Eocene. The increase in diversity of early Paleocene floras in the eastern Gulf Coast resulted from exploitation of unfilled ecospace originating from (1) low regional diversity following the Terminal Cretaceous Extinction Event, and (2) creation of many new niches during the Paleocene, resulting, according to megafloral evidence, from a change to a new vegetation type (multistratal tropical rainforest) brought about by an increase in rainfall. The slow rate of recovery of earliest Paleocene angiosperm diversity in the eastern Gulf Coast may be explained in part by the diversity-dependence model of Carr and Kitchell (1980). However, additional factors may have contributed to the slow recovery: (1) the adverse terminal Cretaceous climates may have extended into the early Paleocene, (2) the initial Paleocene environment of the eastern Gulf Coast may have contained relatively few niches, (3) some earliest Paleocene angiosperms, particularly trees, may have had inherently poor capabilities for rapid evolution, and (4) there was a lack of significant immigration of new taxa to the region. In contrast, the earliest Eocene angiosperm flora recovered very rapidly from the Terminal Paleocene Extinction Event, and this high recovery rate resulted to a significant degree from immigration of new taxa from Europe; thus, the shape of the earliest Eocene diversity curve supports the immigration-dependence recovery model of Barry et al. (1991). ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(94)90077-9","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Frederiksen, N.O., 1994, Paleocene floral diversities and turnover events in eastern North America and their relation to diversity models: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 82, no. 3-4, p. 225-238, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(94)90077-9.","startPage":"225","endPage":"238","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269786,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(94)90077-9"}],"volume":"82","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73bbe4b0c8380cd771f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frederiksen, N. O.","contributorId":78356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frederiksen","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017614,"text":"70017614 - 1994 - A precise 232Th-208Pb chronology of fine-grained monazite: Age of the Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-21T23:58:14.315681","indexId":"70017614","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A precise 232Th-208Pb chronology of fine-grained monazite: Age of the Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit, China","docAbstract":"<p><span>We have obtained precise Th-Pb internal isochron ages on monazite and bastnaesite for the world's largest known rare earth elements (REE)-Fe-Nb ore deposit, the Bayan Obo of Inner Mongolia, China. The monazite samples, collected from the carbonate-hosted ore zone, contain extremely small amounts of uranium (less than 10 ppm) but up to 0.7% ThO</span><sub>2</sub><span>. Previous estimates of the age of mineralization ranged from 1.8 to 0.255 Ga. Magnetic fractions of monazite and bastnaesite samples (&lt;60-μm size) showed large ranges in&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>232</mn></msup><mtext>Th</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>232</sup>Th<sup>204</sup>Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;values (900–400,000) and provided precise Th-Pb internal isochron ages for paragenetic monazite mineralization ranging from 555 to 398 Ma within a few percent error (0.8% for two samples). These results are the first indication that REE mineralization within the giant Bayan Obo ore deposit occurred over a long period of time. The initial lead isotopic compositions (low&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>206</sup>Pb<sup>204</sup>Pb</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and high&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>208</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msup><mtext>Pb)</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>208</sup>Pb<sup>204</sup>Pb)</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;and large negative&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i><sub><i>Nd</i></sub><span>&nbsp;values for Bayan Obo ore minerals indicate that the main source(s) for the ores was the lower crust which was depleted in uranium, but enriched in thorium and light rare earth elements for a long period of time. Zircon from a quartz monzonite, located 50 km south of the ore complex and thought to be related to Caledonian subduction, gave an age of 451 Ma, within the range of monazite ages. Textural relations together with the mineral ages favor an epigenetic rather than a syngenetic origin for the orebodies. REE mineralization started around 555 Ma (disseminated monazite in the West, the Main, and south of the East Orebody), but the main mineralization (banded ores) was related to the Caledonian subduction event ca. 474-400 Ma.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90043-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Wang, J., Tatsumoto, M., Li, X., Premo, W.R., and Chao, E.C., 1994, A precise 232Th-208Pb chronology of fine-grained monazite: Age of the Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit, China: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 15, p. 3155-3169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90043-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"3155","endPage":"3169","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Bayan Obo, Kuanggou Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              108.73036127372524,\n              41.98236580560348\n            ],\n            [\n              105.25634608876459,\n              41.98236580560348\n            ],\n            [\n              105.25634608876459,\n              40.18305427531274\n            ],\n            [\n              108.73036127372524,\n              40.18305427531274\n            ],\n            [\n              108.73036127372524,\n              41.98236580560348\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e9e4b0c8380cd469fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Jingyuan","contributorId":10771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Jingyuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tatsumoto, M.","contributorId":76798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Li, X.","contributorId":67635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Premo, W. R. 0000-0001-9904-4801","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":22782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chao, E. C. T.","contributorId":96713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017583,"text":"70017583 - 1994 - Geochemistry and solid-phase association of chromium in sediment from the Calcasieu River and estuary, Louisiana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T18:42:30","indexId":"70017583","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry and solid-phase association of chromium in sediment from the Calcasieu River and estuary, Louisiana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Sediment samples were collected from the lower Calcasieu River and estuary, Louisiana, in a study of the release of metals from sediments to the overlying water column. Whole samples were characterized by analyses that included: (1) determination of total sediment ammonium concentrations; (2) determination of total sediment Cr, Mn and Fe concentrations; (3) extraction of sediment with hydrogen peroxide followed by dilute hydrochloric acid to obtain recoverable metals, including oxides; and (4) extraction of sediment with hydrogen peroxide plus pyrophosphate at a pH of 7-8 to recover organically-bound Cr but not metal oxides. Concentrations of Cr, Mn and Fe in sediment interstitial water were determined. The concentrations of Cr in interstitial water could not be predicted from total sediment concentrations of Cr. Degradation of organic matter appeared to be the mechanism that caused elevated Cr concentrations in the interstitial water. Concentrations of Cr in interstitial water were positively correlated with total concentrations of ammonium in sediment. Concentrations of Cr in interstitial water that exceeded water-column concentrations of Cr were found when the total concentrations of ammonium in sediment exceeded 1 ??mol per gram wet weight. Concentrations of metals in interstitial water that are larger than metal concentrations in the water column create a potential for diffusive flux and metal enrichment of the overlying water column. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(94)90161-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Simon, N., Demas, C., and d'Angelo, W., 1994, Geochemistry and solid-phase association of chromium in sediment from the Calcasieu River and estuary, Louisiana, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 116, no. 1-2, p. 123-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90161-9.","startPage":"123","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266055,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90161-9"},{"id":228985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a16e0e4b0c8380cd552c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simon, N.S.","contributorId":103272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Demas, C.","contributorId":12630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demas","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"d'Angelo, W.","contributorId":107452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"d'Angelo","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017605,"text":"70017605 - 1994 - Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017605","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes","docAbstract":"Although laboratory stick-slip friction experiments have long been regarded as analogs to natural crustal earthquakes, the potential use of laboratory results for understanding the earthquake source mechanism has not been fully exploited because of essential difficulties in relating seismographic data to measurements made in the controlled laboratory environment. Mining-induced earthquakes, however, provide a means of calibrating the seismic data in terms of laboratory results because, in contrast to natural earthquakes, the causative forces as well as the hypocentral conditions are known. A comparison of stick-slip friction events in a large granite sample with mining-induced earthquakes in South Africa and Canada indicates both similarities and differences between the two phenomena. The physics of unstable fault slip appears to be largely the same for both types of events. For example, both laboratory and mining-induced earthquakes have very low seismic efficiencies {Mathematical expression} where ??a is the apparent stress and {Mathematical expression} is the average stress acting on the fault plane to cause slip; nearly all of the energy released by faulting is consumed in overcoming friction. In more detail, the mining-induced earthquakes differ from the laboratory events in the behavior of ?? as a function of seismic moment M0. Whereas for the laboratory events ?????0.06 independent of M0, ?? depends quite strongly on M0 for each set of induced earthquakes, with 0.06 serving, apparently, as an upper bound. It seems most likely that this observed scaling difference is due to variations in slip distribution over the fault plane. In the laboratory, a stick-slip event entails homogeneous slip over a fault of fixed area. For each set of induced earthquakes, the fault area appears to be approximately fixed but the slip is inhomogeneous due presumably to barriers (zones of no slip) distributed over the fault plane; at constant {Mathematical expression}, larger events correspond to larger??a as a consequence of fewer barriers to slip. If the inequality ??a/ {Mathematical expression} ??? 0.06 has general validity, then measurements of ??a=??Ea/M0, where ?? is the modulus of rigidity and Ea is the seismically-radiated energy, can be used to infer the absolute level of deviatoric stress at the hypocenter. ?? 1994 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00876051","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., 1994, Some comparisons between mining-induced and laboratory earthquakes: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 142, no. 3-4, p. 467-489, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876051.","startPage":"467","endPage":"489","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206140,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876051"},{"id":228663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"142","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9286e4b08c986b319f77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Art 0000-0001-9769-4093","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9769-4093","contributorId":43491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Art","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017663,"text":"70017663 - 1994 - Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part I. Whole-rock major- and trace-element chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:19","indexId":"70017663","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part I. Whole-rock major- and trace-element chemistry","docAbstract":"The 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano produced medium-K calc-alkaline andesite and dacite of limited compositional range (58.2-63.4% SiO2) and entrained quenched andesitic inclusions (55% SiO2) which bear chemical similarities to the rest of the ejecta. The earliest (December 15) magmas are pumiceous, often compositionally banded, and the majority is relatively mafic (< 59% SiO2). The most silicic magmas of the eruption are the late December to early January domes (up to 63.4% SiO2). Subsequent magmas formed domes and rare pumices which converge on 60% SiO2. Chemical variations among ejecta comprise tight, linear, two-component arrays for all elements for which the analytical uncertainty is much less than the compositional range. The two-component arrays are interpreted as mixing arrays between unrelated magmas because several of the arrays are at steep angles to the normal liquid line of descent. Additionally, the felsic endmember cannot be easily related to the mafic endmember by normal high-temperature igneous processes (e.g., the silicic endmember has higher Zr yet lower Hf than the mafic endmember). Also relative enrichments of highly incompatible elements are dramatically different across the arrays. The mixing event must have preceded eruption by a significant, yet unspecified amount of time because groundmass glass compositions are homogeneous for all post-December samples (Swanson et al., 1994-this volume), in spite of the whole-rock chemical diversity. This implies time for additional crystallization after the mixing event. Swanson et al. (1994-this volume) discuss evidence for a potentially different mixing event recorded only in December 15 magmas. Cognate cumulate xenoliths composed of pl+cpx+opx+hb+mt+melt were recovered from January and April deposits. These blocks differ from local batholithic country rock in their low concentrations of incompatible elements (e.g., Rb < 5 ppm vs 20-90 ppm, Ba < 150 ppm vs 300-2000 ppm) and low SiO2 (< 50 wt.% vs > 60 wt.%). They have Mg, Cr, Ni, Sc, and V contents higher than the andesites, but lower than Redoubt basalts and basaltic andesites. Thus, they may be crystallization products of andesites, but do not represent the cumulate residue of basalt fractionation. The xenoliths were probably derived from a shallow or intermediate crustal chamber. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Nye, C., Swanson, S., Avery, V., and Miller, T.P., 1994, Geochemistry of the 1989-1990 eruption of redoubt volcano: Part I. Whole-rock major- and trace-element chemistry: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, no. 1-4, p. 429-452.","startPage":"429","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1719e4b0c8380cd553a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nye, C.J.","contributorId":42734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, S.E.","contributorId":84505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Avery, V.F.","contributorId":51811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avery","given":"V.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017558,"text":"70017558 - 1994 - The precision of wet atmospheric deposition data from national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network sites determined with collocated samplers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017558","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":924,"text":"Atmospheric Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The precision of wet atmospheric deposition data from national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network sites determined with collocated samplers","docAbstract":"A collocated, wet-deposition sampler program has been operated since October 1988 by the U.S. Geological Survey to estimate the overall sampling precision of wet atmospheric deposition data collected at selected sites in the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network (NADP/NTN). A duplicate set of wet-deposition sampling instruments was installed adjacent to existing sampling instruments at four different NADP/NTN sites for each year of the study. Wet-deposition samples from collocated sites were collected and analysed using standard NADP/NTN procedures. Laboratory analyses included determinations of pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of major cations and anions. The estimates of precision included all variability in the data-collection system, from the point of sample collection through storage in the NADP/NTN database. Sampling precision was determined from the absolute value of differences in the analytical results for the paired samples in terms of median relative and absolute difference. The median relative difference for Mg2+, Na+, K+ and NH4+ concentration and deposition was quite variable between sites and exceeded 10% at most sites. Relative error for analytes whose concentrations typically approached laboratory method detection limits were greater than for analytes that did not typically approach detection limits. The median relative difference for SO42- and NO3- concentration, specific conductance, and sample volume at all sites was less than 7%. Precision for H+ concentration and deposition ranged from less than 10% at sites with typically high levels of H+ concentration to greater than 30% at sites with low H+ concentration. Median difference for analyte concentration and deposition was typically 1.5-2-times greater for samples collected during the winter than during other seasons at two northern sites. Likewise, the median relative difference in sample volume for winter samples was more than double the annual median relative difference at the two northern sites. Bias accounted for less than 25% of the collocated variability in analyte concentration and deposition from weekly collocated precipitation samples at most sites.A collocated, wet-deposition sampler program has been operated since OCtober 1988 by the U.S Geological Survey to estimate the overall sampling precision of wet atmospheric deposition data collected at selected sites in the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and National Trends Network (NADP/NTN). A duplicate set of wet-deposition sampling instruments was installed adjacent to existing sampling instruments four different NADP/NTN sites for each year of the study. Wet-deposition samples from collocated sites were collected and analysed using standard NADP/NTN procedures. Laboratory analyses included determinations of pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of major cations and anions. The estimates of precision included all variability in the data-collection system, from the point of sample collection through storage in the NADP/NTN database.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Atmospheric Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/1352-2310(94)90289-5","issn":"13522310","usgsCitation":"Nilles, M., Gordon, J., and Schroder, L., 1994, The precision of wet atmospheric deposition data from national atmospheric deposition program/national trends network sites determined with collocated samplers: Atmospheric Environment, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1121-1128, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90289-5.","startPage":"1121","endPage":"1128","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206133,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90289-5"},{"id":228611,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baec3e4b08c986b32430a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nilles, M.A.","contributorId":50553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nilles","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gordon, J.D.","contributorId":26684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schroder, L.J.","contributorId":31767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroder","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017718,"text":"70017718 - 1994 - Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-13T13:07:42","indexId":"70017718","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1992","docAbstract":"Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 133 moderate-to-large earthquakes occurring during 1992. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(94)90097-3","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Sipkin, S., and Needham, R., 1994, Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: global seismicity, 1992: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 82, no. 1, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(94)90097-3.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267319,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(94)90097-3"},{"id":228622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d46e4b0c8380cd7029c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sipkin, S.A.","contributorId":9399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sipkin","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Needham, R.E.","contributorId":73613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Needham","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017431,"text":"70017431 - 1994 - Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-25T16:29:02","indexId":"70017431","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco rivers","docAbstract":"The Amazon and Orinoco Rivers are massive transcontinental conveyance systems for suspended sediment. They derive about 90% of their sediment from the Andes that support their western headwaters, transport it for thousands of kilometers across the breadth of the continent and deposit it in the coastal zones of the Atlantic. At their points of maximum suspended-sediment discharge, the Amazon transports an average of 1100-1300 ?? 106 tons per year and the Orinoco transports about 150 ?? 106 tons per year. Relations of sediment discharge to water discharge are complicated by unusual patterns of seasonal storage and remobilization, increased storage and reduced transport of sediment in the middle Orinoco during periods of peak water discharge, and storage of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon during rising discharge and resuspension during falling discharge. Spatial distributions of suspended sediment in cross-sections of both rivers are typically heterogeneous, not only in the vertical sense but also in the lateral. The cross-channel mixing of tributary inputs into the mainstem waters is a slow process that requires several hundred kilometers of downriver transport to complete. Considerable fine-grained sediment is exchanged between rivers and floodplains by the combination of overbank deposition and bank erosion. ?? 1994.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90019-1","issn":"10406182","usgsCitation":"Meade, R., 1994, Suspended sediments of the modern Amazon and Orinoco rivers: Quaternary International, v. 21, no. C, p. 29-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90019-1.","startPage":"29","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270039,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90019-1"}],"volume":"21","issue":"C","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba309e4b08c986b31fb3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meade, R.H.","contributorId":27449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meade","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":55132,"text":"wdrWY931 - 1994 - Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-27T16:52:46.375224","indexId":"wdrWY931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-93-1","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1993","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1993 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs, and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 190 gaging stations; stage and contents for 16 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 44 gaging stations and 27 ungaged stations; and water levels for 5 observation wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites, hot part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of teh National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWY931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Wyoming and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Druse, S.A., Glass, W.R., Ritz, G., and Smalley, M., 1994, Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WY-93-1, xlix, 459 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWY931.","productDescription":"xlix, 459 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494953,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wy-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174120,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/wy-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.0466,41.360692],[-111.046264,41.377731],[-111.045789,41.565571],[-111.045818,41.579845],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.047109,42.142497],[-111.047107,42.148971],[-111.047058,42.182672],[-111.047097,42.194773],[-111.047074,42.280787],[-111.04708,42.34942],[-111.046801,42.504946],[-111.046719,42.513118],[-111.046017,42.582723],[-111.043564,42.722624],[-111.044135,42.874924],[-111.043959,42.96445],[-111.043957,42.969482],[-111.043924,42.975063],[-111.044129,43.018702],[-111.044156,43.020052],[-111.044206,43.022614],[-111.044034,43.024581],[-111.044034,43.024844],[-111.044033,43.026411],[-111.044094,43.02927],[-111.043997,43.041415],[-111.044058,43.04464],[-111.044063,43.046302],[-111.044086,43.054819],[-111.044117,43.060309],[-111.04415,43.066172],[-111.044162,43.068222],[-111.044143,43.072364],[-111.044235,43.177121],[-111.044266,43.177236],[-111.044232,43.18444],[-111.044168,43.189244],[-111.044229,43.195579],[-111.044617,43.31572],[-111.045205,43.501136],[-111.045706,43.659112],[-111.04588,43.681033],[-111.046118,43.684902],[-111.046051,43.685812],[-111.04611,43.687848],[-111.046421,43.722059],[-111.046435,43.726545],[-111.04634,43.726957],[-111.046715,43.815832],[-111.046515,43.908376],[-111.046917,43.974978],[-111.047064,43.983467],[-111.047349,43.999921],[-111.049077,44.020072],[-111.048751,44.060403],[-111.048751,44.060838],[-111.048633,44.062903],[-111.048452,44.114831],[-111.049119,44.124923],[-111.049695,44.353626],[-111.049148,44.374925],[-111.049216,44.435811],[-111.049194,44.438058],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.055208,44.624927],[-111.055333,44.666263],[-111.055511,44.725343],[-111.056416,44.749928],[-111.056888,44.866658],[-111.055629,44.933578],[-111.056207,44.935901],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.044275,45.001345],[-110.785008,45.002952],[-110.761554,44.999934],[-110.750767,44.997948],[-110.705272,44.992324],[-110.552433,44.992237],[-110.547165,44.992459],[-110.48807,44.992361],[-110.402927,44.99381],[-110.362698,45.000593],[-110.342131,44.999053],[-110.324441,44.999156],[-110.28677,44.99685],[-110.199503,44.996188],[-110.110103,45.003905],[-110.026347,45.003665],[-110.025544,45.003602],[-109.99505,45.003174],[-109.875735,45.003275],[-109.798687,45.002188],[-109.75073,45.001605],[-109.663673,45.002536],[-109.574321,45.002631],[-109.386432,45.004887],[-109.375713,45.00461],[-109.269294,45.005283],[-109.263431,45.005345],[-109.103445,45.005904],[-109.08301,44.99961],[-109.062262,44.999623],[-108.621313,45.000408],[-108.578484,45.000484],[-108.565921,45.000578],[-108.500679,44.999691],[-108.271201,45.000251],[-108.249345,44.999458],[-108.238139,45.000206],[-108.218479,45.000541],[-108.14939,45.001062],[-108.000663,45.001223],[-107.997353,45.001565],[-107.911743,45.001292],[-107.750654,45.000778],[-107.608854,45.00086],[-107.607824,45.000929],[-107.49205,45.00148],[-107.351441,45.001407],[-107.13418,45.000109],[-107.125633,44.999388],[-107.105685,44.998734],[-107.084939,44.996599],[-107.074996,44.997004],[-107.050801,44.996424],[-106.892875,44.995947],[-106.888773,44.995885],[-106.263586,44.993788],[-106.024814,44.993688],[-105.928184,44.993647],[-105.914258,44.999986],[-105.913382,45.000941],[-105.848065,45.000396],[-105.076607,45.000347],[-105.038405,45.000345],[-105.025266,45.00029],[-105.019284,45.000329],[-105.01824,45.000437],[-104.765063,44.999183],[-104.759855,44.999066],[-104.72637,44.999518],[-104.665171,44.998618],[-104.663882,44.998869],[-104.470422,44.998453],[-104.470117,44.998453],[-104.250145,44.99822],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.055914,44.874986],[-104.056496,44.867034],[-104.055963,44.768236],[-104.055963,44.767962],[-104.055934,44.72372],[-104.05587,44.723422],[-104.055777,44.700466],[-104.055938,44.693881],[-104.05581,44.691343],[-104.055877,44.571016],[-104.055892,44.543341],[-104.055927,44.51773],[-104.055389,44.249983],[-104.054487,44.180381],[-104.054562,44.141081],[-104.05495,43.93809],[-104.055077,43.936535],[-104.055488,43.853477],[-104.055488,43.853476],[-104.055138,43.750421],[-104.055133,43.747105],[-104.054902,43.583852],[-104.054885,43.583512],[-104.05484,43.579368],[-104.055032,43.558603],[-104.054787,43.503328],[-104.054786,43.503072],[-104.054779,43.477815],[-104.054766,43.428914],[-104.054614,43.390949],[-104.054403,43.325914],[-104.054218,43.30437],[-104.053884,43.297047],[-104.053876,43.289801],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.052863,42.754569],[-104.052809,42.749966],[-104.052583,42.650062],[-104.052741,42.633982],[-104.052586,42.630917],[-104.052773,42.611766],[-104.052775,42.61159],[-104.052775,42.610813],[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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa494","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druse, S. A.","contributorId":89934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druse","given":"S.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glass, W. R.","contributorId":97535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"W.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritz, G.F.","contributorId":69581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritz","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smalley, M.L.","contributorId":87585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smalley","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017954,"text":"70017954 - 1994 - Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70017954","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles","docAbstract":"In Texas, a computer program has been developed which will estimate flood quantiles for an ungaged site based on data from gaging stations with similar watershed characteristics. The user enters site location and watershed characteristics for an ungaged site and the program selects, from a data base of gaging stations, a subset of stations to be used in the regression analysis. The subset of stations are selected based on the similarity of their basin characteristics to the ungaged site's basin characteristics. This approach offers several advantages over the usual regional regression approach. For example, the estimation data includes only stations whose size, topography, and climate are similar to the ungaged site. Therefore, predictions tend to be made near the center of the space of the explanatory variables, and extrapolation errors are reduced. In addition, any violation of the assumption of linearity for the regression is less likely to cause problems. A new regression equation is developed for each prediction site, thus numerous calculations are necessary. However, today's desktop computers can make the calculations easily. A split sampling study is used to compare this technique with the more conventional regional regression approach.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and Management: Solving the Problems","conferenceDate":"23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400202","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., and Slade, R., 1994, Interactive regional regression approach to estimating flood quantiles, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference on Water Policy and, Denver, CO, USA, 23 May 1994 through 26 May 1994, p. 782-785.","startPage":"782","endPage":"785","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229009,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ce1e4b0c8380cd6310b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, Raymond M.","contributorId":23242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Raymond M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017613,"text":"70017613 - 1994 - Large mid-Holocene and late Pleistocene earthquakes on the Oquirrh fault zone, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T22:08:24.292758","indexId":"70017613","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large mid-Holocene and late Pleistocene earthquakes on the Oquirrh fault zone, Utah","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>The Oquirrh fault zone is a range-front normal fault that bounds the east side of Tooele Valley and it has long been recognized as a potential source for large earthquakes that pose a significant hazard to population centers along the Wasatch Front in central Utah. Scarps of the Oquirrh fault zone offset the Provo shoreline of Lake Bonneville and previous studies of scarp morphology suggested that the most recent surface-faulting earthquake occurred between 9000 and 13,500 years ago. Based on a potential rupture length of 12 to 21 km from previous mapping, moment magnitude (<i>M</i><sub>w</sub>) estimates for this event range from 6.3 to 6.6 In contrast, our results from detailed mapping and trench excavations at two sites indicate that the most-recent event actually occurred between 4300 and 6900 yr B.P. (4800 and 7900 cal B.P.) and net vertical displacements were 2.2 to 2.7 m, much larger than expected considering estimated rupture lengths for this event. Empirical relations between magnitude and displacement yield<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>7.0 to 7.2. A few, short discontinuous fault scarps as far south as Stockton, Utah have been identified in a recent mapping investigation and our results suggest that they may be part of the Oquirrh fault zone, increasing the total fault length to 32 km. These results emphasize the importance of integrating stratigraphic and geomorphic information in fault investigations for earthquake hazard evaluations.</p><p>At both the Big Canyon and Pole Canyon sites, trenches exposed faulted Lake Bonneville sediments and thick wedges of fault-scarp derived colluvium associated with the most-recent event. Bulk sediment samples from a faulted debris-flow deposit at the Big Canyon site yield radiocarbon ages of 7650 ± 90 yr B.P. and 6840 ± 100 yr B.P. (all lab errors are ±1<i>α</i>). A bulk sediment sample from unfaulted fluvial deposits that bury the fault scarp yield a radiocarbon age estimate of 4340 ± 60 yr B.P. Stratigraphic evidence for a pre-Bonneville lake cycle penultimate earthquake was exposed at the Pole Canyon site, and although displacement is not well constrained, the penultimate event colluvial wedge is comparable in size to the most-recent event wedges. Charcoal from a marsh deposit, which overlies the penultimate event colluvium and was deposited during the Bonneville lake cycle transgression, yields an AMS radiocarbon age of 20,370 ± 120 yr B.P. Multiple charcoal fragments from fluvial deposits faulted during the penultimate event yield an AMS radiocarbon age of 26,200 ± 200 yr B.P. Indirect stratigraphic evidence for an antepenultimate event was also exposed at Pole Canyon. Charcoal from fluvial sediments overlying the eroded free-face for this event yields an AMS age of 33,950 ± 1160 yr B.P., providing a minimum limiting age on the antepenultimate event.</p><p>Ages for the past two events on the Oquirrh fault zone yield a recurrence interval of 13,300 to 22,100 radiocarbon years and estimated slip rates of 0.1 to 0.2 mm/yr. Temporal clustering of earthquakes on the nearby Wasatch fault zone in the late Holocene does not appear to have influenced activity on the Oquirrh fault zone. However, consistent with findings on the Wasatch fault zone and with some other Quaternary faults within the Bonneville basin, we found evidence for higher rates of activity during interpluvial periods than during the Bonneville lake cycle. If a causal relation between rates of strain release along faults and changes in loads imposed by the lake does exist, it may have implications for fault dips and mechanics. However, our data are only complete for one deep-lake cycle (the past 32,000 radiocarbon years), and whether this pattern persisted during the previous Cutler Dam and Little Valley deep-lake cycles is unknown.</p></div></div></div><ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\"></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(94)90022-1","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Olig, S., Lund, W., and Black, B., 1994, Large mid-Holocene and late Pleistocene earthquakes on the Oquirrh fault zone, Utah: Geomorphology, v. 10, no. 1-4, p. 285-315, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(94)90022-1.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"285","endPage":"315","numberOfPages":"31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a447de4b0c8380cd66b5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olig, S.S.","contributorId":68905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olig","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lund, W.R.","contributorId":58781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lund","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Black, B.D.","contributorId":24109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017595,"text":"70017595 - 1994 - Re-Os isotopic evidence for an enriched-mantle source for the Noril'sk-type, ore-bearing intrusions, Siberia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:03:27.638342","indexId":"70017595","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Re-Os isotopic evidence for an enriched-mantle source for the Noril'sk-type, ore-bearing intrusions, Siberia","docAbstract":"<p>Magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide ores and spatially associated ultramafic and mafic rocks from the Noril'sk I, Talnakh, and Kharaelakh intrusions are examined for Re-Os isotopic systematics. Neodymium and lead isotopic data also are reported for the ultramafic and mafic rocks. The Re-Os data for most samples indicate closed-system behavior since the ca. 250 Ma igneous crystallization age of the intrusions. There are small but significant differences in the initial osmium isotopic compositions of samples from the three intrusions. Ores from the Noril'sk I intrusion have<span>&nbsp;</span><i>γ</i><sub><i>Os</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values that vary from +0.4 to +8.8, but average +5.8. Ores from the Talnakh intrusion have<span>&nbsp;</span><i>γ</i><sub><i>Os</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values that range from +6.7 to +8.2, averaging +7.7. Ores from the Kharaelakh intrusion have<span>&nbsp;</span><i>γ</i><sub><i>Os</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values that range from +7.8 to +12.9, with an average value of +10.4. The osmium isotopic compositions of the ore samples from the Main Kharaelakh orebody exhibit minimal overlap with those for the Noril'sk I and Talnakh intrusions, indicating that these Kharaelakh ores were derived from a more radiogenic source of osmium than the other ores. Combined osmium and lead data for major orebodies in the three intrusions plot in three distinct fields, indicating derivation of osmium and lead from at least three isotopically distinct sources. Some of the variation in lead isotopic compositions may be the result of minor lower-crustal contamination. However, in contrast to most other isotopic and trace element data, Os-Pb variations are generally inconsistent with significant crustal contamination or interaction with the subcontinental lithosphere. Thus, the osmium and lead isotopic compositions of these intrusions probably reflect quite closely the compositions of their mantle source, and suggest that these two isotope systems were insensitive to lithospheric interaction. Ultramafic and mafic rocks have osmium and lead isotopic compositions that range only slightly beyond the compositions of the ores. These rocks also have relatively uniform<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i><sub><i>Nd</i></sub><span>&nbsp;</span>values that range only from −0.8 to + 1.1. This limited variation in neodymium isotopic composition may reflect the characteristics of the mantle sources of the rocks, or it may indicate that somehow similar proportions of crust contaminated the parental melts.</p><p>The osmium, lead, and neodymium isotopic data for these rocks most closely resemble the mantle sources of certain ocean island basalts (OIB), such as some Hawaiian basalts. Hence, these data are consistent with derivation of primary melts from a mantle source similar to that of some types of hotspot activity. The long-term Re/Os enrichment of this and similar mantle sources, relative to chondritic upper mantle, may reflect</p><ul class=\"list\"><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">1. </span>incorporation of recycled oceanic crust into the source more than 1 Ga ago,</li><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">2. </span>derivation from a mantle plume that originated at the outer core-lower mantle interface, or</li><li class=\"react-xocs-list-item\"><span class=\"list-label\">3. </span>persistence of primordial stratification of rhenium and osmium in the mantle.</li></ul>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(94)90272-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Walker, R., Morgan, J.W., Horan, M., Czamanske, G., Krogstad, E., Fedorenko, V., and Kunilov, V., 1994, Re-Os isotopic evidence for an enriched-mantle source for the Noril'sk-type, ore-bearing intrusions, Siberia: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, no. 19, p. 4179-4197, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90272-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"4179","endPage":"4197","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228430,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","state":"Siberia","city":"Noril'sk","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              90.70546085441958,\n              70.5911392664024\n            ],\n            [\n              84.47412436834486,\n              70.5911392664024\n            ],\n            [\n              84.47412436834486,\n              66.50605478016942\n            ],\n            [\n              90.70546085441958,\n              66.50605478016942\n            ],\n            [\n              90.70546085441958,\n              70.5911392664024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9569e4b0c8380cd819cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walker, R.J.","contributorId":105859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, J. W.","contributorId":92384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horan, M.F.","contributorId":75282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horan","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krogstad, E.J.","contributorId":47243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krogstad","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fedorenko, V.A.","contributorId":59961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorenko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kunilov, V.E.","contributorId":7569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunilov","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":18224,"text":"ofr94224 - 1994 - Preliminary report on the geology of hydrothermally altered areas within the upper Alamosa River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr94224","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-224","title":"Preliminary report on the geology of hydrothermally altered areas within the upper Alamosa River basin, Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94224","usgsCitation":"Bove, D.J., 1994, Preliminary report on the geology of hydrothermally altered areas within the upper Alamosa River basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-224, i, 12 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94224.","productDescription":"i, 12 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150339,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47586,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c8da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bove, D. J.","contributorId":70767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017584,"text":"70017584 - 1994 - The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T22:12:15.301289","indexId":"70017584","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions","docAbstract":"<p>This paper describes a general method for determining the amount of earthquake-induced landsliding that occurs in a seismically active region over time; this determination can be used as a quantitative measure of the long-term hazard from seismically triggered landslides as well as a measure of the importance of this process to regional slope-erosion rates and landscape evolution. The method uses data from historical earthquakes to relate total volume of landslide material dislodged by an earthquake to the magnitude,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>M</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">M</span></span></span>, and seismic moment,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub>, of the earthquake. From worldwide data, a linear-regression relation between landslide volume,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is determined as:<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span>=<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub>/10<sup>18.9(± 0.13)</sup>, where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is measured in m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>is in dyn-cm.</p><p>To determine the amount of earthquake-generated landsliding over time, this relation is combined with data on seismic-moment release for a particular region, which may be derived from either earthquake-history or fault-slip data. The form of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>0</sub>−<i>V</i><span>&nbsp;</span>relation allows the rate of production of earthquake-induced landslides over time to be determined from total rate of seismic-moment release without regard to the distribution of individual events, thus simplifying and generalizing the determination.</p><p>Application of the method to twelve seismically active regions, with areas ranging from 13,275 to 2,308,000 km<sup>2</sup>, shows that erosion rates from earthquake-induced landslides vary significantly from region to region. Of the regions studied, the highest rates were determined for the island of Hawaii, New Zealand, western New Guinea, and the San Francisco Bay region of California. Significantly lower rates were determined for Iran, Tibet, the Sierra Nevada-Great Basin region of California, and central Japan (for the time period from 715 AD to the present). Intermediate rates were determined for Peru, southern California, onshore California, Turkey, and central Japan (for the time period from 1586 AD to the present).</p><p>To determine the relative, long-term importance of seismically triggered landslides, these erosion rates are compared to erosion rates calculated for other slope processes and to rates calculated from fluvial sediment discharge. Comparisons with other slope processes indicate that earthquake-induced landslides are the predominant agents of slope erosion on the island of Hawaii, in the San Francisco Bay region, and in western New Guinea. For Hawaii, the San Francisco Bay region, and Sierra Nevada-Great Basin region of California, the erosion rates calculated for earthquake-induced landslides also exceed the regional erosion rates calculated from fluvial sediment discharge.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(94)90021-3","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Keefer, D.K., 1994, The importance of earthquake-induced landslides to long-term slope erosion and slope-failure hazards in seismically active regions: Geomorphology, v. 10, no. 1-4, p. 265-284, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(94)90021-3.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacf4e4b08c986b323889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keefer, D. K.","contributorId":21176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keefer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017541,"text":"70017541 - 1994 - Classification properties of Holocene sediment in Shelikof Strait, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-24T19:07:36","indexId":"70017541","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2669,"text":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification properties of Holocene sediment in Shelikof Strait, Alaska","docAbstract":"A textural sorting pattern is evident, with pronounced and regular changes in sand content throughout the strait but with consistent separation of silt from clay only at the lowest sand contents. Vane shear strength values fall in the very soft to medium range. They are best predicted by the amount of silt-size grains (an indicator of mean grain size). -from Author","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Georesources and Geotechnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/10641199409388265","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., 1994, Classification properties of Holocene sediment in Shelikof Strait, Alaska: Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, v. 12, no. 3, p. 237-257, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641199409388265.","startPage":"237","endPage":"257","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268180,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641199409388265"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f630e4b0c8380cd4c5e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, M. A.","contributorId":103271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017601,"text":"70017601 - 1994 - A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T00:03:38.493693","indexId":"70017601","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Many types of landslide movement are induced by large rainstorms, and empirical rainfall intensity/duration thresholds for initiating movement have been determined for various parts of the world. In this paper, I present a simple pressure diffusion model that provides a physically based hydrologic link between rainfall intensity/duration at the ground surface and destabilizing pore-water pressures at depth. The model approximates rainfall infiltration as a sinusoidally varying flux over time and uses physical parameters that can be determined independently. If destabilizing pore pressures can be estimated, then the model enables the development of a stability criterion defining destabilizing rainfall intensity/duration conditions. Using a comprehensive data set from an intensively monitored landslide, I demonstrate that the model is capable of distinguishing movement-inducing rainstorms.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629714","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Reid, M., 1994, A pore-pressure diffusion model for estimating landslide-inducing rainfall: Journal of Geology, v. 102, no. 6, p. 709-717, https://doi.org/10.1086/629714.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"709","endPage":"717","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228567,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4e0e4b0c8380cd469c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reid, M.E.","contributorId":108130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017599,"text":"70017599 - 1994 - Field performance of an acoustic scour-depth monitoring system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017599","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Field performance of an acoustic scour-depth monitoring system","docAbstract":"The Herbert C. Bonner Bridge over Oregon Inlet serves as the only land link between Bodie and Hatteras Islands, part of the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Periodic soundings over the past 30 years have documented channel migration, local scour, and deposition at several pilings that support the bridge. In September 1992, a data-collection system was installed to permit the off-site monitoring of scour at 16 bridge pilings. The system records channel-bed elevations at 15-minute intervals and transmits the data to a satellite receiver. A cellular phone connection also permits downloading and reviewing of the data as they are being collected. A digitally recording, acoustic fathometer is the main component of the system. In November 1993, current velocity, water-surface elevation, wave characteristics, and water temperature measuring instruments were also deployed at the site. Several performance problems relating to the equipment and to the harsh marine environment have not been resolved, but the system has collected and transmitted reliable scour-depth and water-level data.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation","conferenceDate":"1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994","conferenceLocation":"Buffalo, NY, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0784400369","usgsCitation":"Mason, and Sheppard, D.M., 1994, Field performance of an acoustic scour-depth monitoring system, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Symposium on Fundamentals and Advancements in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimentation, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1 August 1994 through 5 August 1994, p. 366-375.","startPage":"366","endPage":"375","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fcde4b0c8380cd53a17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, Jr. 0000-0002-3998-3468 rrmason@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3998-3468","contributorId":2090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rrmason@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheppard, D. Max","contributorId":47105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheppard","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Max","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017598,"text":"70017598 - 1994 - Coal compositional changes along a mire interior to mire margin transect in the Mary Lee coal bed, Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T00:32:59.370038","indexId":"70017598","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coal compositional changes along a mire interior to mire margin transect in the Mary Lee coal bed, Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA","docAbstract":"<div id=\"preview-section-abstract\"><div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id5\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>Vertical increment samples of the Mary Lee coal bed, collected along an inferred mire interior to mire margin transect, were studied palynologically, petrographically and geochemically to determine if any vertical or lateral changes in coal composition could be detected. Results show the Mary Lee palynoflora to be dominated by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>spp. (arboreous lycophytes), with other lycophyte genera,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Crassispora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(Sigillaria) and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Densosporites</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(small lycophytes), occurring less frequently. Commonly encountered fern/pteridosperm miospore genera include<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Leiotriletes, Granulatisporites, Lophotriletes</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Schulzospora</i>.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Calamospora</i>, representing calamites, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Florinites</i>, representing cordaites, are minor constituents of the overall palynoflora.</p><p>Petrographically, the Mary Lee coal bed contains high percentages (&gt; 75% mineral matter free, mmf) of vitrinite macerals, with cryptotelinite being by far the most common type. Cryptogelocollinite is the second most abundant vitrinite maceral. Inertinite maceral percentages are variable, ranging from 8% to 30% (mmf) and liptinite macerals are a relatively minor constituent of the Mary Lee coal bed (3–8% mmf).</p><p>Both vertical and lateral changes in coal composition occur along the transect studied. Lateral changes include an increase in ash yield and sulfur content from the interior to margin; for example, the average ash yield and sulfur content at location 073 (most interior) are 13.7% and 0.55%, respectively, whereas at location 083 (most marginal) the average ash and sulfur values (calculated from coal increments only) are 32.3% and 3.62%, respectively.</p><p>Palynofloral changes, from the interior to margin, include a general increase in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora pusilla (Lepidodendron)</i><span>&nbsp;</span>over<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora pellucida (Lepidophloios)</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and an increase in fern and calamite spores and cordaite pollen. An increase in poorly preserved miospore assemblages was also observed in this direction. At locations 016 and 026, coal increments between the lower and middle partings were barren of palynomorphs, except for one increment in column 016. Petrographically, these increments were completely (&gt; 95% mmf) dominated by cryptotelinite; both liptinite and inertinite macerals were conspicuously absent. In contrast, increments above the middle partings at these locations contained elevated percentages of inertinite macerals, relative to more interior locations.</p><p>Vertical changes were also noted. At mire interior locations, basal coal layers contain either an arboreous lycophyte-dominant assemblage, with abundant<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora pusilla</i>, or a lycophyte-fern/pteridosperm co-dominant assemblage. This palynoflora grades upward into a<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lycospora pellucida, L. granula</i>-dominant palynoflora in the middle layers and ultimately into a palynoflora containing an abundant fern/pteridosperm element. Petrographically, the coal at these locations is dominated overall by cryptotelinite, with an increase in inertinite occurring in the uppermost increments.</p><p>The overall dominance of arboreous lycophytes and cryptotelinite in the Mary Lee coal bed suggests that the Mary Lee paleomire developed under predominantly wet conditions. The moderate (at interior locations) to high (at marginal locations) ash yield of the coal further suggests that the mire developed under planar to near-planar conditions.</p></div></div></div></div><div id=\"preview-section-introduction\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-snippets\"><br></div><div id=\"preview-section-references\"><br></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0166-5162(94)90031-0","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Eble, C., Gastaldo, R.A., Demko, T., and Liu, Y., 1994, Coal compositional changes along a mire interior to mire margin transect in the Mary Lee coal bed, Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 43-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(94)90031-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228519,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f682e4b0c8380cd4c7d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eble, C.F.","contributorId":35346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eble","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gastaldo, Robert A.","contributorId":13389,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gastaldo","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Demko, T.M.","contributorId":91999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demko","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Yajing","contributorId":16553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Yajing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017594,"text":"70017594 - 1994 - Bottom stress estimates and sand transport on northern California inner continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:10:08.383514","indexId":"70017594","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottom stress estimates and sand transport on northern California inner continental shelf","docAbstract":"<p>Measurements of velocities and light transmission in the bottom boundary layer on the continental shelf off northern California demonstrate the importance of storms in the transport of sediment along the coast and offshore in this region. Time-series estimates of bottom stress obtained from a combined wave-current bottom boundary layer model in which wave and current measurements from the Geoprobe tripod were used as input show high stress values of 10 dynes cm<sup>−2</sup> during two distinct storm events in early February and early March, 1991. These stresses induce significant offshore sediment transport, achieving maximum values of about 0.5 g cm<sup>−1</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. The net transport over the entire measurement period from 30 January 1991 to 13 March 1991 was along the coast toward the north and offshore. This transport pattern explains slow migration of low amplitude, broad crescentic dunes along and across this portion of the inner continental shelf.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(94)90038-8","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Cacchione, D.A., Drake, D.E., Ferreira, J., and Tate, G.B., 1994, Bottom stress estimates and sand transport on northern California inner continental shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 14, no. 10-11, p. 1273-1289, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(94)90038-8.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1289","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228429,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.442138671875,\n              37.84015683604136\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              37.84015683604136\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.48657226562499,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.442138671875,\n              39.198205348894795\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.442138671875,\n              37.84015683604136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"10-11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f22de4b0c8380cd4b04f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cacchione, David A.","contributorId":15268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drake, David E.","contributorId":74752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferreira, Joanne T.","contributorId":59174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferreira","given":"Joanne T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tate, George B.","contributorId":80838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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