Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), Prudhoe Bay crude oil from the vessel spread on the sea surface and covered coastal shores from western Prince William Sound (PWS) to the Alaska Peninsula. In PWS alone. acute mortality of sca otters at the time of the spill was estimated to be greater than 2000 (Doroff et al. 1993; Garrott et al. 1993).
Shoreline oiling was observed on approximately 24% of the 1891 km of coastline surveyed within PWS (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Damage Assessment Geoprocessing Group 1991). The effect of oil on the abundance of nearshore marine invertebrate populations is unclear, and the concentration and persistence of hydrocarbons present in tissues of most of these invertebrate species still remains unknown. What is known is that marine bivalves can accumulate petroleum hydrocarbons from both chronic and acute sources (Blumer et al. 1970; Ehrhardt 1972; Boehun and Quinn 1977). Potential long-term chronic effects of oiled intertidal and subtidal prey on the sea otter population are of concern.
Sea otters prey on a wide variety of benthic marine invertebrates (Riedman and Estes 1990) and forage in shallow coastal waters (Wild and Arnes 1974), which vary widely in exposure to the open ocean, substrate type, and community composition. Sea otters have high metabolic demands relative to other marine mammals and can consume 20-25% of their body weight per day in invertebrate prey (Kenyon 1969: Costa and Kooyman 1984). Sca otters have occupied southwestern PWS since at least the early 1950s (Lensink 1962; Garshelis et al. 1986). The sea otter population in the PWS spill region was likely near equilibrium density and limited by prey availability before the oil spill (xcurrel (Estes et al. 1981; Garshelis et al. 1986; Johnson 1987). Sea otters in this region spent 59% of the daylight hours foraging, while otters in recently reoccupied habitats of eastern PWS spent only 27%. (Garshelis et al. 1986). Therefore, small differences in abundance of prey or net caloric availability due to heavy oiling in portions of southwestern PWS may have led to reduced carrying capacity and delayed recovery for the sea otter population in this region.
Recovery of the PWS sea otter population may be influenced by several factors. Decreased food availability caused by oil-related prey mortality or consumption of contaminated prey may be detrimental. Prey availability in western PWS may have declined due to increased mortality of invertebrates at the time of shoreline oiling. of by oil-removal activities. In addition. relative prey availability may have been decreased by sea otters avoiding invertebrate prey contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. However, we lack the baseline data on abundance and distribution of near shore invertebrates necessary to estimate a reduction in prey availability. In addition. the effects of ingesting prey contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons on sea otters are unknown.
Our objectives were to determine if sea otter foraging success and prey composition differed between oiled and nonoiled areas and to assess hydrocarbon levels in sea otter prey between oiled and nonoiled areas.
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","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The GIS applications book—examples in natural resources, a compendium","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Bliss, N., and Reybold, W., 1994, Small-scale digital maps for interpreting natural resources, chap. of The GIS applications book—examples in natural resources, a compendium, p. 81-85.","productDescription":"5 p. ","startPage":"81","endPage":"85","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336136,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b002dae4b01ccd54fb2807","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ripple, W.","contributorId":182381,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ripple","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, N.B. 0000-0003-2409-5211","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":104094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"N.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reybold, W.U.","contributorId":182372,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reybold","given":"W.U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184280,"text":"70184280 - 1994 - Reproductive ecology of tundra swans on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T16:56:06","indexId":"70184280","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive ecology of tundra swans on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska","docAbstract":"Management of tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) is hampered by a lack of information on their nesting and brood-rearing ecology. We studied tundra swan nesting and brood-rearing ecology on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), Alaska, 1988-90. Nest success was 58% (n = 31) in 1988, 83% (n = 36) in 1989, 84% (n = 43) in 1990, and 76% (n = 110) for the 3 years. Nests were located predominately in marshes dominated by sheathed pondweed (Potamogeton vaginatus), mare's tail (Hippuris vulgaris), and Hoppner sedge (Carex subspathacea), or by pendent grass (Arctophila fulva), water sedge (C. aquatilis), and tall cotton grass (Eriophorum angustifolium). Nests were seldom located in upland or partially vegetated habitats and were near coastal lagoons or large coastal lakes. Incubating swans were easily disturbed by ground observers and left their nests when we were 500-2,000 m from the nest. Swans did not cover eggs with nest material prior to departure; thus, eggs were vulnerable to avain predation and thermal stress. Brood-foraging sites on the Kongakut Delta (n = 41) were frequently in aquatic-marsh (59%) and saline graminoid-shrub (29%) habitats, occasionally in graminoid-marsh (7%) and partially vegetated (5%) habitats, and absent from upland, graminoid-shrub-water sedge, and graminoid-shrub-cotton grass habitats. Brood-foraging sites on the Canning Delta (n = 35) were frequently in graminoid-marsh (46%), graminoid-shrub-water sedge (26%), and aquatic-marsh (23%) habitats, occasionally in graminoid-shrub-cotton grass (3%) and upland habitats (3%), and absent from saline graminoid-shrub and partially vegetated habitats. Young cygnets grazed in terrestrial habitats more frequently than older broods on the Kongakut (P = 0.003) and Canning (P = 0.053) deltas. Wetlands with sheathed pondweed were uncommon but preferred by broods (P = 0.001). Using field experiments, we evaluated effects of swan grazing and fertilization from feces on aboveground biomass production and plant-species composition. Fertilization from swan feces did not have an overall effect (P = 0.991) or interact with clipping (simulated grazing with hand shears) (P = 0.881) for any response variable investigated. Clipping increased total vegetational biomass the year of clipping (P = 0.001), decreased biomass the year after clipping (P = 0.001), and increased total shoot densities (P = 0.017). Shoot densities after clipping increased for Hoppner sedge (P = 0.010), did not change for tundra grass (Dupontia fischeri) (P = 0.296), and decreased for chickweed (Dupontia fischeri) (P = 0.006). Traditional use of foraging sites may enhance grazing areas by increasing plant production the year of grazing and densities of plant species that tolerate grazing. Protection of aquatic-marsh, graminoid-marsh, and saline graminoid-shrub habitats, particularly those supporting sheathed pondweed and traditionally used nesting areas, is important for maintaining current swan populations on ANWR.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809691","usgsCitation":"Monda, M.J., Ratti, J.T., and McCabe, T.R., 1994, Reproductive ecology of tundra swans on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 4, p. 757-773, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809691.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"757","endPage":"773","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -145.89294433593747,\n 69.94914219833734\n ],\n [\n -145.140380859375,\n 69.94914219833734\n ],\n [\n -145.140380859375,\n 70.1720640322536\n ],\n [\n -145.89294433593747,\n 70.1720640322536\n ],\n [\n -145.89294433593747,\n 69.94914219833734\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -142.1637725830078,\n 69.67879724207928\n ],\n [\n -141.54441833496094,\n 69.67879724207928\n ],\n [\n -141.54441833496094,\n 69.8736722051942\n ],\n [\n -142.1637725830078,\n 69.8736722051942\n ],\n [\n -142.1637725830078,\n 69.67879724207928\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be8340e4b014cc3a3a9a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monda, Matthew J.","contributorId":187554,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monda","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratti, John T.","contributorId":59396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ratti","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":33344,"text":"University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCabe, Thomas R.","contributorId":91255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":39623,"text":"pp1534 - 1994 - Atlas of volcanic landforms on Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:35","indexId":"pp1534","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1534","title":"Atlas of volcanic landforms on Mars","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1534","usgsCitation":"Hodges, C.A., and Moore, H., 1994, Atlas of volcanic landforms on Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1534, 194 p.; 1 plate in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1534.","productDescription":"194 p.; 1 plate in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1534/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67257,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1534/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67258,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66931b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodges, C. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2330","usgsCitation":"Kuntz, M.A., Skipp, B.A., Lanphere, M.A., Scott, W.E., Pierce, K.L., Dalrymple, G.B., Champion, D., Embree, G.F., Page, W.R., Morgan, L.A., Smith, R., Hackett, W.R., and Rodgers, D.W., 1994, Geologic map of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and adjoining areas, eastern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2330, 1 Plate: 88 x 87 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2330.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 88 x 87 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":186382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":107383,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10237.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10237"}],"scale":"100000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.25,43.5 ], [ -113.25,44 ], [ -112.5,44 ], [ -112.5,43.5 ], [ -113.25,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuntz, M. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Folio of the Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2426A","usgsCitation":"Brady, L.L., Nuelle, L.M., Haug, D.B., Smith, D.C., Bostic, J.L., and Jcquess, J.C., 1994, Coal resources of the Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle, Kansas and Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2426, 2 Plates: 51.62 × 37.74 inches and 27.64 × 25.69 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2426A.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 51.62 × 37.74 inches and 27.64 × 25.69 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":256574,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2426a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256573,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2426a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256575,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2426a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390858,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_50.htm"},{"id":256576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2426a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Kansas, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Joplin 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -96,37 ], [ -96,38 ], [ -94,38 ], [ -94,37 ], [ -96,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aed7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brady, L. 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Because juvenile salmonids are commonly subjected to multiple stressors at dams in the course of their seaward migration, high predation rates below dams may be due in part to an increase in the vulnerability of stressed fish. I conducted laboratory experiments to examine the predator avoidance ability and physiological stress responses of juvenile chinook salmon O. tshawytscha subjected to treatments (stressors) designed to simulate routine hatchery practices (multiple handlings) or dam passage (multiple agitations). Both stressors resulted in lethargic behavior in the fish, and agitation also caused disorieniation and occasional injury. When equal numbers of stressed and unstressed fish were exposed to northern squawfish for up to 1 h, significantly more stressed fish were eaten, but this effect was not evident during longer exposures. The lack of differential predation in trials lasting up to 24 h can be explained by the rapid development of schooling behavior in the prey, but other possibilities exist, such as changing ratios of stressed and unstressed prey over time. Concentrations of plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate in fish subjected to multiple stressors were similar and sometimes cumulative, returned to prestress levels within 6-24 h, and correlated poorly with predator avoidance ability. My results suggest that juvenile salmonids are capable of avoiding predators within 1 h after being subjected to multiple acute stressors even though physiological homeostasis may be altered for up to 24 h. Therefore, because juvenile salmonids typically reside in lailrace areas for only a short time after dam passage, measures aimed at reducing physical stress or protecting them as they migrate through dam tailraces may help alleviate the relatively intense predation in these areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0786:EOMASO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mesa, M.G., 1994, Effects of multiple acute stressors on the predator avoidance ability and physiology of juvenile Chinook salmon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 123, no. 5, p. 786-793, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0786:EOMASO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"786","endPage":"793","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334310,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef9e4b072a7ac0cad8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mesa, Matthew G. mmesa@usgs.gov","contributorId":3423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesa","given":"Matthew","email":"mmesa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":46963,"text":"ofr88622 - 1994 - Geologic map of the Big Sheep Mountain NW Quadrangle, McCone and Prairie counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:42","indexId":"ofr88622","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-622","title":"Geologic map of the Big Sheep Mountain NW Quadrangle, McCone and Prairie counties, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr88622","usgsCitation":"Colton, R.B., McGraw, J.P., and Durst, S., 1994, Geologic map of the Big Sheep Mountain NW Quadrangle, McCone and Prairie counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-622, 1 map :photocopy ;58 x 40 cm., on sheet 77 x 61 cm., folded to 24 x 19 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88622.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;58 x 40 cm., on sheet 77 x 61 cm., folded to 24 x 19 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":108762,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17505.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17505"},{"id":171571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":83878,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0622/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0de4b07f02db69f290","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, Roger B.","contributorId":17967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGraw, J. P.","contributorId":68283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGraw","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durst, S.L.","contributorId":6788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durst","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180358,"text":"70180358 - 1994 - Juvenile fish transportation: impact of bacterial kidney disease on survival of spring/summer Chinook salmon stocks. Annual report 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T14:20:54","indexId":"70180358","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Juvenile fish transportation: impact of bacterial kidney disease on survival of spring/summer Chinook salmon stocks. Annual report 1992","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","publisherLocation":"Walla Walla, WA","usgsCitation":"Elliott, D., and Pascho, R., 1994, Juvenile fish transportation: impact of bacterial kidney disease on survival of spring/summer Chinook salmon stocks. Annual report 1992.","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334217,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"588c6aa9e4b08c8121c90988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180439,"text":"70180439 - 1994 - Variation in mitochondrial DNA and allozymes discriminates early and late forms of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers, AK","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T13:45:50","indexId":"70180439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in mitochondrial DNA and allozymes discriminates early and late forms of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers, AK","docAbstract":"Genetic differences between early and late forms of Alaskan chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were identified using two genetic approaches: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, and protein electrophoresis. Study populations consisted of early and late runs in each of the Kenai and Kasilof rivers in Alaska, and a population from the Minam River, Oregon. Two segments of mtDNA were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digested with 14–16 restriction enzymes. Results showed that early runs were genetically similar to each other but different from the late runs. The late runs were different from each other based on the frequency of the common haplotypes. Frequency differences in shared haplotypes together with the presence of a unique haplotype separated the Minam River stock from those in Alaska. In the protein analysis, each population was examined at 30 allozyme loci. Based on 14 polymorphic loci, Minam River salmon were genetically distinct from the Alaskan populations. Within the Alaskan populations, early runs were most similar to each other but different from the late runs; the late runs were also genetically most similar to each other. Both mtDNA and allozyme analysis suggest that chinook salmon may segregate into genetically different early and late forms within a drainage.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f94-303","usgsCitation":"Adams, N.S., Spearman, W.J., Burger, C.V., Currens, K.P., Schreck, C.B., and Li, H.W., 1994, Variation in mitochondrial DNA and allozymes discriminates early and late forms of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers, AK: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 51, no. S1, p. 172-181, https://doi.org/10.1139/f94-303.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"172","endPage":"181","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334351,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kasilof River, Kenai River, Minam River ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -151.3092041015625,\n 60.584269526244995\n ],\n [\n -150.106201171875,\n 60.50052541051131\n ],\n [\n -150.07049560546875,\n 60.4111400885279\n ],\n [\n -150.64453125,\n 59.97288249898143\n ],\n [\n -151.26800537109375,\n 60.07717353916566\n ],\n [\n -151.4080810546875,\n 60.23981116999893\n ],\n [\n -151.37786865234375,\n 60.37721773018029\n ],\n [\n -151.3092041015625,\n 60.577524000434444\n ],\n [\n -151.3092041015625,\n 60.584269526244995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"S1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef7e4b072a7ac0cad6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, Noah S. 0000-0002-8354-0293 nadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8354-0293","contributorId":3521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Noah","email":"nadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spearman, William J.","contributorId":178936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spearman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burger, Carl V.","contributorId":152419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burger","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Currens, Kenneth P.","contributorId":178937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Currens","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schreck, Carl B. 0000-0001-8347-1139 carl.schreck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-1139","contributorId":878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"Carl","email":"carl.schreck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, Hiram W.","contributorId":18724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Hiram","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":44341,"text":"ofr94179C - 1994 - San Francisco Bay seismic 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:30","indexId":"ofr94179C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-179","chapter":"C","title":"San Francisco Bay seismic 2","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94179C","usgsCitation":"Prose, D.V., 1994, San Francisco Bay seismic 2: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-179, Videocassettes : col. ; 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1/2 in. + 1 text ([4] leaves ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94179K.","productDescription":"Videocassettes : col. ; 1/2 in. + 1 text ([4] leaves ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b1f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prose, Douglas V.","contributorId":72019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prose","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":47035,"text":"ofr88616 - 1994 - Geologic map of the Mount Antelope Quadrangle, McCone and Dawson counties, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:43","indexId":"ofr88616","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-616","title":"Geologic map of the Mount Antelope Quadrangle, McCone and Dawson counties, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr88616","usgsCitation":"Colton, R.B., McGraw, J.P., and Durst, S., 1994, Geologic map of the Mount Antelope Quadrangle, McCone and Dawson counties, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-616, 1 map :photocopy ;58 x 40 cm., on sheet 77 x 61 cm., folded to 24 x 19 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88616.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;58 x 40 cm., on sheet 77 x 61 cm., folded to 24 x 19 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":108755,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17498.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"17498"},{"id":83924,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0616/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6966c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, Roger B.","contributorId":17967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGraw, J. 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