Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city, is about 80 miles west-northwest of the epicenter of the March 27 earthquake. Because of its size, Anchorage bore the brunt of property damage from the quake; it sustained greater losses than all the rest of Alaska combined. Damage was caused by direct seismic vibration, by ground cracks, and by landslides. Direct seismic vibration affected chiefly multistory buildings and buildings having large floor areas, probably because of the long period and large amplitude of the seismic waves reaching Anchorage. Most small buildings were spared. Ground cracks caused capricious damage throughout the Anchorage Lowland. Cracking was most prevalent near the heads or within landslides but was also widespread elsewhere. Landslides themselves caused the most devastating damage.
Triggering of landslides by the earthquake was related to the physical-engineering properties of the Bootlegger Cove Clay, a glacial estuarine-marine deposit that underlies much of the Anchorage area. The Bootlegger Cove Clay contains zones of low shear strength, high water content, and high sensitivity that failed under the vibratory stress of the earthquake. Shear strength in sensitive zones ranged from less than 0.2 tsf to about 0.5 tsf; sensitivity ranged from about 10 to more than 40. Sensitive zones generally are centered about 10 to 20 feet above sea level, between zones of stiff insensitive clay. Many physical tests by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were directed toward analyzing the causes of failure in the Bootlegger Cove Clay and finding possible remedies. Strengths and sensitivities were measured directly in the field by means of vane shear apparatus. A4tterberg limits, natural water contents, triaxial shear, sensitivity, dynamic modulus, consolidation strength, and other properties were measured in the laboratory. Pulsating-load tests simulated earthquake loading.
Most of the destructive landslides in the Anchorage area moved primarily by translation rather than by rotation. Thus, all the highly damaging slides were of a single structural dynamic family despite wide variations in size, appearance, and complexity. They slid on nearly horizontal slip surfaces after loss of strength in the Bootlegger Core Clay. Same failures are attributed to spontaneous liquefaction of sand layers. All translatory slides surmounted flat-topped bluffs bounded marginally by steep slopes facing lower ground. Destructive translatory slides occurred in the downtown area (Fourth Avenue slide and L Street slide), at Government Hill, and at Turnagain Heights. Less destructive slides occurred in many other places-mostly uninhabited or undeveloped areas.
In most translatory slides, damage was greatest in graben areas at the head and in pressure-ridge areas at the toe. Many buildings inside the perimeters of slide blocks were little damaged despite horizontal translations of several feet. The large Turnagain Heights slide, however, was characterized by a complete disintegration and drastic lowering of the prequake land surface. Extensive damage back from the slide, moreover, was caused by countless tension cracks.
An approximation of the depth of failure in the Bootlegger Cove Clay in the various slides may be obtained by using a geometric relationship herein called the \"graben rule.\" Because the cross-sectional area of the graben at the head of the slide approximated the cross-sectional area of the space voided behind the slide block as the block moved outward, the depth of failure was equal to the area of the graben divided by the lateral displacement. This approximation supplements and accords with test data obtained from borings. The graben rule should apply to any translatory slide in which flowage of material from the zone of failure has not been excessive.
Geologic evidence indicates that landslides similar to those triggered by the March 27 earthquake have occurred in the Anchorage area at various times in the past.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542A","usgsCitation":"Hansen, W.R., 1965, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: iv, 68 p.; 2 Plates: 50.44 x 26.21 inches and 35.05 x 10.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542A.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 68 p.; 2 Plates: 50.44 x 26.21 inches and 35.05 x 10.13 inches","numberOfPages":"77","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":399840,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4583.htm"},{"id":170342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113265,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/pp542a_plate2.pdf","size":"1792","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113264,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/pp542a_plate1.pdf","size":"7988","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":113263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/pp542a_text.pdf","size":"19635","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":111457,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542a/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2400","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150.100708,60.999438 ], [ -150.100708,61.301243 ], [ -149.624949,61.301243 ], [ -149.624949,60.999438 ], [ -150.100708,60.999438 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db61031d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Wallace R.","contributorId":90273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38845,"text":"pp542B - 1965 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38845,"text":"pp542B - 1965 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska","indexId":"pp542B","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-28T20:06:42.908474","indexId":"pp542B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"B","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska","docAbstract":"Whittier, Alaska, lying at the western end of Passage Canal, is an ocean terminal of The Alaska Railroad. The earthquake that shook south-central Alaska at 5:36 p.m. (Alaska Standard Time) on March 27, 1964, took the lives of 13 persons and caused more than $5 million worth of damage to Government and private property at Whittier.
\n\nSeismic motion lasted only 2½-3 minutes, but when it stopped the Whittier waterfront was in shambles land the port facilities were inoperable. Damage was caused by (1) a 5.3-foot subsidence of the landmass, sufficient to put some of the developed land under water during high tides, (2) seismic shock, (3) fracturing of fill and unconsolidated sediments, (4) compaction of fill and unconsolidated deposits, (5) submarine landslides which generated waves that destroyed part of The Alaska Railroad roadbed and other property, (6) at least two, but probably three, waves generated by landslides, which completely wrecked the buildings of two lumber companies, the stub pier, the small-boat harbor, the car-barge slip dock, and several homes, and (7) fire that destroyed the fuel-storage tanks at the Whittier waterfront.
\n\nMany buildings and other facilities were totally wrecked, others were damaged to lesser degrees. For example, the 14-story reinforced concrete Hodge Building, which rests upon at least 44 feet of sandy gravel, was moderately damaged by seismic shock, but the six-story reinforced-concrete Buckner Building, which rests upon bedrock, was only slightly damaged.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542B","usgsCitation":"Kachadoorian, R., 1965, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Whittier, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: vi, 21 p.; 3 Plates: 40 x 20.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 21 p.; 3 Plates: 40 x 20.5 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"29","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":65806,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/pp542b_plate2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65805,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/pp542b_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65808,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/pp542b_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":399842,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4584.htm"},{"id":122275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":104502,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4584"},{"id":65807,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0542b/pp542b_plate3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"4800","datum":"Preearthquake Mean Sea Level","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Whittier","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -148.739934,60.765962 ], [ -148.739934,60.787502 ], [ -148.64941,60.787502 ], [ -148.64941,60.765962 ], [ -148.739934,60.765962 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kachadoorian, Reuben","contributorId":24336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kachadoorian","given":"Reuben","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35800,"text":"b1198C - 1965 - Bryophytes associated with mineral deposits and solutions in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:40","indexId":"b1198C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1198","chapter":"C","title":"Bryophytes associated with mineral deposits and solutions in Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U. S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/b1198C","usgsCitation":"Shacklette, H.T., 1965, Bryophytes associated with mineral deposits and solutions in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1198, p. C1-C18, ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1198C.","productDescription":"p. C1-C18, ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1198c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63721,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1198c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shacklette, Hansford T.","contributorId":43339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shacklette","given":"Hansford","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":215249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52503,"text":"ofr65151 - 1965 - Water resources appraisal of the Anchorage area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T20:27:13.82275","indexId":"ofr65151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-151","title":"Water resources appraisal of the Anchorage area, Alaska","docAbstract":"At the present, water use in the Anchorage area amounts to about 21 mgd (million gallons per day); of this amount ground water accounts for about 10 mgd. By 1980, 60 mgd may be required to meet the demand.
The greatest potential problem is overpumping the ground-water reservoir resulting in excessive declines in water levels, which, in turn, might lead to salt-water intrusion. A well-laid plan for conjunctive use of surface and ground water seems to be the most promising means of supplying the expected need of 60 mgd, and of preventing saltwater intrusion of the aquifers.
Total inflow into the Anchorage hydrologic system amounts to about 180 mgd. Of this amount Ship and South Fork Campbell Creeks contribute about 130 mgd, North Fork Campbell Creek and other streams contribute an estimated 24 mgd, and precipitation and ground-water inflow contribute an estimated 26 mgd.
Of the total outflow, which must be equivalent to the inflow, Ship and Chester Creeks contribute about 94 mgd, Campbell Creek about 25 mgd, and ground-water pumpage contributes an assumed amount of approximately 10 mgd. The difference of 50 mgd between inflow and outflow presumably is accounted for; by submarine discharge beneath Cook Inlet and evapotranspiration.
Surface and subsurface storage of excess stream discharge during periods of high flow can overcome the problem of water shortages during periods of greatest demand. Surface storage can be accomplished by construction of an additional dam on Ship Creek. Natural ground-water storage can be supplemented by spreading techniques to increase the amount of ground-water recharge. Additional recharge can be provided by returning air-conditioning water to the aquifer through recharge wells. Recharge along the coastline would be a means of maintaining a fresh-water barrier against salt-water intrusion.
The area with the greatest potential for ground-water development is along Ship Creek east and north of Mountain View. The alluvial fan east of Mountain View seems favorable for installation of deep wells; and withdrawal of ground water in this area is not likely to result in salt-water intrusion. Similar favorable conditions exist in the alluvial fan areas of North and South Forks Campbell Creek. Infiltration galleries in alluvial deposits along Ship Creek are a relatively inexpensive and convenient means of withdrawing water.
To plan for orderly and economical development of the Anchorage area's water resources, geologic and hydrologic studies are needed. An expanded network of stream-gaging stations and observation wells is needed. Deep wells near the coastline are needed to monitor any changes in chemical quality of ground water that would indicate impending salt-water intrusion. Borehole geophysical studies and pumping tests are needed to define the boundaries and hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers. The primary goal of these and other supplementing studies would be to provide the information needed to construct an electric-analog model of the Anchorage hydrologic system. Such a model would provide a means of assessing quantitatively alternative methods of water development.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr65151","usgsCitation":"Sommers, D.A., and Marcher, M.V., 1965, Water resources appraisal of the Anchorage area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-151, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr65151.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0151/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.0148756092472,\n 61.267767521656054\n ],\n [\n -150.0148756092472,\n 61.119542274353336\n ],\n [\n -149.69627209362233,\n 61.119542274353336\n ],\n [\n -149.69627209362233,\n 61.267767521656054\n ],\n [\n -150.0148756092472,\n 61.267767521656054\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f8302","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sommers, David A.","contributorId":96761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommers","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marcher, Melvin V.","contributorId":11590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcher","given":"Melvin","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":47202,"text":"ofr6526 - 1965 - Geologic map and structure sections of the Ogotoruk Creek area and vicinity, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47202,"text":"ofr6526 - 1965 - Geologic map and structure sections of the Ogotoruk Creek area and vicinity, Alaska","indexId":"ofr6526","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map and structure sections of the Ogotoruk Creek area and vicinity, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5812,"text":"pp395 - 1967 - Areal geology in the vicinity of the Chariot site, Lisburne Peninsula, northwestern Alaska","indexId":"pp395","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Areal geology in the vicinity of the Chariot site, Lisburne Peninsula, northwestern Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5812,"text":"pp395 - 1967 - Areal geology in the vicinity of the Chariot site, Lisburne Peninsula, northwestern Alaska","indexId":"pp395","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Areal geology in the vicinity of the Chariot site, Lisburne Peninsula, northwestern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:55","indexId":"ofr6526","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-26","title":"Geologic map and structure sections of the Ogotoruk Creek area and vicinity, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6526","usgsCitation":"Campbell, R., 1965, Geologic map and structure sections of the Ogotoruk Creek area and vicinity, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-26, 1 map, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6526.","productDescription":"1 map","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":106357,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8099.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8099"},{"id":134609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"31680","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a344f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":234821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57052,"text":"b1181H - 1965 - Geologic reconnaissance along the Alaska Highway, Delta River to Tok Junction, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:04","indexId":"b1181H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1181","chapter":"H","title":"Geologic reconnaissance along the Alaska Highway, Delta River to Tok Junction, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/b1181H","usgsCitation":"Holmes, G., 1965, Geologic reconnaissance along the Alaska Highway, Delta River to Tok Junction, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1181, p. 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(some col.), folded col. maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr65143.","productDescription":"38 p. ill. (some col.), folded col. maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44772,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0143/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44773,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0143/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44774,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0143/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44775,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0143/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":44776,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sainsbury, C.L.","contributorId":99968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sainsbury","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":15761,"text":"ofr65142 - 1965 - Geology and ore deposits of the central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15761,"text":"ofr65142 - 1965 - Geology and ore deposits of the central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"ofr65142","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ore deposits of the central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35708,"text":"b1287 - 1969 - Geology and ore deposits of the Central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"b1287","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":35708,"text":"b1287 - 1969 - Geology and ore deposits of the Central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","indexId":"b1287","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ore deposits of the Central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-20T19:22:29.519521","indexId":"ofr65142","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-142","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the central York Mountains, western Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"In the central York Mountains, carbonate rocks of Lower and Middle Ordovician age and aggregating at least 8,000 feet thick are thrust northward over slate and argillaceous limestone of pre-Ordovician age which were intruded by gabbro in pre-Ordovician time. Normal faults of four distinct systems cut the thrust plates, and in Late Cretaceous time, stocks of biotite granite, abnormally rich in beryllium, tin, boron and certain other trace elements, pierced the thrust plates. In part following the intrusion of the granites, a strong set of normal faults developed striking N. 60°-85° E. through the central York Mountains and locally these faults cut the granites. Dikes of granite, rhyolite porphyry, and lamprophyre were injected into some of these faults, the lamprophyres being younger. Trace elements in the lamprophyres prove they are mafic rocks probably derived from the lama, and that they cannot be related genetically to granite. Shortly after the intrusion of lamprophyre dikes, ore deposits of tin, beryllium, and fluorite were formed from solutions probably derived from deeply-buried hot granite where the granite was ruptured by normal faults. Ore shoots were localized beneath thrust faults where the faults are intruded by dikes, and a major ore-bearing structure, the Rapid River fault, is mineralized for half its length for a distance of eight miles. The tin deposits contain cassiterite and stannite in topaz greisen with abundant sulfides of copper, lead, zinc, and iron, as well as wolframite. The beryllium deposits contain fluorite, chrysoberyl, diaspore, muscovite, and tourmaline, with trace to small amounts of euclase, bertrandite, helvite, phenikite(?), todorokite and hematite. Beryl occurs sparingly in late veins of quartz and fluorite. Chrysoberyl is the earliest and commonest beryllium mineral, followed by euclase and bertrandite, and then phenakite(?) and beryl. Helvite is restricted to banded skarns near granite, and which consist of magnetite and fluorite. Throughout the district, a strong zonation is displayed from tin deposits in greisen through transitional veins of sulfide minerals with fluorite and chrysoberyl to fluorite-beryllium deposits and thence to barren veins of silica and fluorite with trace amounts of beryllium. This zonal arrangement of deposits probably will be found elsewhere in the world where greisen tin deposits occur in carbonate rocks. The geochemical cycle of the trace elements Be, Sn, W, B, Li, Cu, Pb, Zn and Nb shows that these elements were enriched in the biotite granites and were strongly fractionated among the minerals of granites. Fran the granites, these rare elements moved outward into contact rocks and ore deposits. During the supergene cycle, clear geochemical anomalies were formed in stream sediments, soils and plants near ore deposits, and geochemical prospecting led to the discovery of the beryllium lodes. With the possible exception of zinc and niobium, the rare elements that are associated in the rocks and ores remain associated in the supergene processes. Fixation of zinc in clay soil and tundra plants may account for the relatively small amount of zinc in strew sediments.
Datable Pleistocene events in the York Mountains begin with the Yarmouth Interglaciation when the York Terrace, a wide marine platform, was cut. In Illinoian time, the York Terrace was uplifted almost 400 feet, and during the Sangamon Interglaciation a second marine platform (Lost River Terrace) was cut and is not deformed. During Wisconsin time the widespread York Glaciation was followed by the more restricted Mint River Glaciation. Because uplift of the York Terrace extended into the Bering Strait, it is probable that prior to the uplift in Illinoian time the Bering Strait was a seaway and a barrier to land migration rather than a land bridge.
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shale from northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:17","indexId":"ofr66131","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"66-131","title":"Oil yield and chemical composition of shale from northern Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr66131","usgsCitation":"Tourtelot, H.A., and Tailleur, I.L., 1965, Oil yield and chemical composition of shale from northern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 66-131, 17 p. ill., col. map ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr66131.","productDescription":"17 p. ill., col. map ;27 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Harry Allison","contributorId":77937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tourtelot","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"Allison","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tailleur, Irvin L.","contributorId":105304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tailleur","given":"Irvin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20475,"text":"ofr65124 - 1965 - Tectonic deformation, subaqueous slides, and destructive waves associated with the Alaskan March 27, 1964, earthquake: an interim geologic evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-05T20:16:11.95009","indexId":"ofr65124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-124","title":"Tectonic deformation, subaqueous slides, and destructive waves associated with the Alaskan March 27, 1964, earthquake: an interim geologic evaluation","docAbstract":"The great earthquake which struck Alaska on Good Friday, March 27, 1964, caused severe damage to the coast of south-central Alaska mainly through vertical tectonic displacements, subaqueous slides, and destructive waves of diverse origins.
Notable changes in land level occurred over an area in excess of 50,000 square miles in a broad northeast-trending belt more than 500 miles long and as much as 250 miles wide, which lies between the Aleutian Trench and the Aleutian Volcanic Arc. The northwest part of this belt, which includes most of the Kenai Peninsula and the Kodiak Island group, sank as much as 7 feet, bringing some roads, rail lines, docks, and settlements within reach of high tides and producing a fringe of salt-water-killed vegetation along the drowned coasts. The area to the southeast, including most of Prince William Sound and the adjacent continental shelf as far south as southern Kodiak Island, rose generally 4 to 8 feet, and locally at least 33 feet. Some beaches and surf-cut platforms were permanently raised above the reach of tides, resulting in mass extermination of intertidal faunas and floras and impaired usefulness of harbors, channels, and many shoreline installations.
Surface faulting was confined to Montague Island, and was dominantly vertical and subsidiary to regional uplift. Of the two known faults one has been traced more than 16 miles on land and about 15 miles in the submarine topography to the southwest of the island. Maximum measured vertical fault displacement on land was 16 feet on one fault and about 18 feet on the other.
Submarine uplift of the continental shelf generated a train of long-period large-amplitude seismic sea waves, the first of which struck the outer coasts of the Kenai Peninsula and Kodiak Island between 19 and 30 minutes after the initial shock. The highest waves inundated shorelines locally to elevations of 35 to 40 feet, causing 20 deaths and damage to property all along the coast of the Gulf of Alaska, especially in those areas that had been lowered relative to sea level by tectonic subsidence. The sea waves were recorded on tide gauges throughout the Pacific Ocean and resulted in casualties and local damage at points as distant as British Columbia, Oregon, and California.
The earthquake caused widespread subaqueous sliding and sedimentation in Prince William Sound, along the south coast of the Kenai Peninsula, and in Kenai Lake. These slides carried away the port facilities of Seward and Valdez and the small boat harbor at Homer. Local violent surges of water, many of which were generated by known subaqueous slides that occurred during the earthquake, left swash marks as much as 170 feet above water level and caused heavy damage and took 85 lives at Seward, Valdez, Whittier, Chenega, and several smaller communities in Prince William Sound.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr65124","usgsCitation":"Plafker, G., and Mayo, L., 1965, Tectonic deformation, subaqueous slides, and destructive waves associated with the Alaskan March 27, 1964, earthquake: an interim geologic evaluation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-124, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr65124.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420524,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0124/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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George","contributorId":3920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plafker","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayo, L.R.","contributorId":21541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":15753,"text":"ofr65141 - 1965 - Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15753,"text":"ofr65141 - 1965 - Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr65141","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6313,"text":"pp897 - 1977 - Geology of the western Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"pp897","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the western Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":15754,"text":"ofr59106 - 1959 - Preliminary report on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in part of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr59106","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in part of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":15753,"text":"ofr65141 - 1965 - Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr65141","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"id":2}],"supersededBy":{"id":6313,"text":"pp897 - 1977 - Geology of the western Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"pp897","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the western Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-25T18:59:14.568941","indexId":"ofr65141","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-141","title":"Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"This remote 700 square mile area in the Brooks Range is topographically rugged and geologically diverse; it contains a granitic pluton, low-grade metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and mafic igneous rocks, as well as glacial features.
Rocks of sedimentary origin include from oldest to youngest:
1.Neruokpuk Formation Middle and Upper Devonian(?), more than 4000 feet thick, a variety of units which represent the greenschist facies, including quartzitic- and schistose-feldspathic graywacke; phyllite, argillite, and slate, as well as dark limestone, sandy limestone, and silicified carbonate rocks. The succession of units in parts of the area is uncertain. Correlations between these units and with others in the eastern Brooks Range are provisional.
2.Kekiktuk Conglomerate and Kayak(?) Shale (Upper Devonian(?) to Upper Mississippian), a single map unit, from absent(?) to 400+ feet thick, containing dark shale Kayak(?) in its uppermost part and quartzite, interbedded dark shale, and some pebble- to boulder-conglomerate in the locally absent lower part (Kekiktuk). The unit overlies the Neruokpuk with angular unconformity, which may reflect either a pre-Kayak(?) or pre-Kekiktuk hiatus or both.
3.Lisburne Group, almost entirely carbonate rocks, and relatively thin in this area, 600 to 800 feet thick. Alapah Limestone (Upper Mississippian), to 560 feet thick, includes gray sandy, crystalline, and cherty limestone; minor dark shale; and dark cherty carbonate rocks in the upper part. The lower contact is gradational with the Kayak(?). Wahoo(?) Limestone (Pennsylvanian(?) to Permian) conformably overlies the Alapah, is absent to 200+ feet thick, and is characterized by light-gray crinoidal limestones in its upper part.
4. Sadlerochit Formation, consisting of three intraconformable units: ferruginous sandstone member (Permian) of ironstained orthoquartzite and dark slate, 175 to 240 feet thick which unconformably overlies the Wahoo(?) and Alapah Limestones; shale member of dark shale, slate, and minor quartzite averaging 400 feet in thickness; and quartzite member (Lower(?) Triassic), 700 feet thick, mostly orthoquartzite with minor shale and conglomerate. The basal clastics were probably shed from the north.
5.Shublik Formation (Middle(?) and Upper Triassic), 600 to 700 feet thick, with the thin phosphatic sandstone member overlain by dark phosphatic limestones and limy shales of the limestone member.
6.Kingak Formation (Jurassic), more than 1000 feet thick. The siltstone member, resistant sandstone and siltstone 75 to 150 feet thick, is overlain by an undetermined thickness of black shale. The basal part contrasts sharply with the underlying Shublik, indicating possible disconformity.
7.Ignek(?) Formation (Cretaceous), represented in the foothills where lithic graywacke, shale, and coaly shale constitute the few exposures examined.
8.Glacial and glaciofluvial materials of five advances recognized on the basis of morphology and position, which are tentatively correlated with five glaciations 15 miles west of the area.
9. Recent alluvial and colluvial deposits including fans which appear to represent at least three stages of encroachment.
The Ramanzof granite, exposed in the Okpilak batholith and Jago stock, is mostly light-gray quartz monzonite to granite, and contains essential quartz, perthitic microcline, albite-oligoclase, and partly chloritized biotite. Limited modal and chemical data are presented. Three textural facies are: 1) porphyritic (marginal), with abundant large microcline megacrysts; 2) variable (middle to marginal), which exhibits textural and mineralogical banding; and 3) coarse (inner to marginal), which is gneissoid to equigranular. Facies relationships appear to be mostly gradational but may be locally intrusive. Some schistose metasedimentary(?) rock occurs in the granite. Aplite dikes, inclusions, tourmaline veins and replacements, and chlorite and quartz veins are locally common, as well as quartz monzonite and mafic igneous dikes. Contacts with Neruokpuk Formation rocks are mostly abrupt, concordant to cross-cutting, and locally adjoin tactite and hornfels of the albite-epidote-hornfels and hornblende-hornfels facies. Contacts with Kekiktuk Conglomerate are apparently gradational through a schistoze zone. Both primary and secondary structural elements are present in the Romanzof in granite. Textural and mineralogical banding and, in general, feldspar foliation are considered to be primary in origin; biotite foliation, gneissic and schistose foliation, and schistose zones are considered secondary. Lead-alpha age of zircons appears to be Late Devonian, K-Ar age of biotite is Cretaceous, possibly indicating updating by later reheating. Field age relationships are inconclusive but suggest pre-Kayak(?) (Upper Devonian) granite emplacement. The pluton is interpreted to be essentially the product of melt crystallization, synorogenically emplaced by forceful injection with minor stoping, and may include marginally granitized rock.
Mafic igneous rocks of altered basaltic composition (greenstones) include dikes in granitic and Neruokpuk Formation rocks, and volcanics(?). A late Paleozoic age is suggested for them.
Structural grain strikes east-northeast; south-dipping elements are common. Structures include the major positive nature of the area (first order), relatively broad folds (second order) which contain small tight folds (third order). Related south-dipping cleavage, schistosity, and biotite foliation in granite in the northern part of the area are cut by prominent sets of transverse joints and faults. Other features are longitudinal normal and reverse faults, at least one large-scale overthrust fault, and sheared zones in granite with possible attendant retrograde metamorphism.
Although Mesozoic and Tertiary deformational features are dominant in northern Alaska, the Romanzof area may have been part of a Late Devonian orogenic belt continuous with one in northern Canada. Three alternate trends of such a belt in northern Alaska are discussed, but evidence is inconclusive.
The mineral potential of the area is largely unknown. Minor amounts of metallic sulfides and oxides are present in granite and Neruokpuk Formation rocks. Analyses of stream silt samples suggest the possibility of tin and beryllium potential. The Shublik Formation contains rock phosphate.
No abstract available.
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