{"pageNumber":"405","pageRowStart":"10100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16437,"records":[{"id":22235,"text":"ofr97385 - 1997 - U. S. Geological Survey Program on the south Florida ecosystem - Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T15:02:19.787434","indexId":"ofr97385","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-385","title":"U. S. Geological Survey Program on the south Florida ecosystem - Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","conferenceTitle":"U. S. Geological Survey Program on the South Florida Ecosystem","conferenceDate":"August 25-27, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Ft. Lauderdale, Florida","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97385","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, U. S. Geological Survey Program on the south Florida ecosystem - Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-385, x, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97385.","productDescription":"x, 99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51668,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              24.37712083961039\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0244140625,\n              24.37712083961039\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0244140625,\n              27.576460076262716\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              27.576460076262716\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.705078125,\n              24.37712083961039\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623408","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6923,"text":"fs05797 - 1997 - Tree rings record 100 years of hydrologic change within a wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T10:29:18","indexId":"fs05797","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"057-97","title":"Tree rings record 100 years of hydrologic change within a wetland","docAbstract":"<p>One of the primary responsibilities of the Water Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey is to monitor the amount and quality of waters in our rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Hydrologists can evaluate these important resources in the present day, but how can they determine what conditions were like in past decades or even centuries? Moreover, are conditions part of a natural cycle or caused primarily by human activities? It is sometimes possible to answer these questions by examining the annual growth rings of trees. Each ring can be assigned an exact year of formation, and yearly differences in ring widths can be used to compare past and present conditions on a flood plain, along a river, or within a wetland. Thus, tree rings provide information that otherwise might be difficult or even impossible to obtain.</p>\n<p>Hydrology and tree growth were investigated within a small wetland in the Tully Valley of central New York, about 20 miles south of Syracuse. In late 1994 it was noted that some wetland trees were dying, and local residents reported that flow of a small stream draining the wetland seemingly increased and became more brackish since the mid to late 1980s. The wetland is about 3 miles north of an extensive salt mining operation known to have degraded local water quality, but no effects of mining had been confirmed previously near the wetland. The oldest wetland trees started to grow before the onset of mining in 1889, and thus tree-ring studies were undertaken not only to investi-gate recent hydrologic change within the wetland, but also to search for evidence of any other changes during the last 100 years.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs05797","usgsCitation":"Yanosky, T.M., and Kappel, W.M., 1997, Tree rings record 100 years of hydrologic change within a wetland: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 057-97, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05797.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0057/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":704,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0057/fs19970057.pdf","text":"Report","size":"104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1997-57"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Tully Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.15104675292969,\n              42.85960815223624\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15259170532227,\n              42.867157590830914\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15533828735352,\n              42.87369969085678\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15859985351561,\n              42.88137319358506\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.16340637207031,\n              42.887410688792286\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.16666793823242,\n              42.893573355685106\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.17319107055664,\n              42.89759762210229\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.18160247802733,\n              42.90262758581905\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.18640899658203,\n              42.90237609737882\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.18606567382812,\n              42.907782872769076\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15774154663086,\n              42.9071542023206\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15190505981445,\n              42.9035077872812\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.14744186401367,\n              42.89835214281899\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.14091873168945,\n              42.89281877649548\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.14023208618164,\n              42.88816533414773\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.14091873168945,\n              42.88388888839478\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.1385154724121,\n              42.87772525390291\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.13697052001953,\n              42.87231584291014\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.13594055175781,\n              42.86866736776782\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.13199234008789,\n              42.86539613773223\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.13130569458006,\n              42.86212473434316\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.12907409667969,\n              42.86300551384724\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.12632751464844,\n              42.86313133846493\n            ],\n            [\n              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-76.1294174194336,\n              42.81089209378219\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.13971710205078,\n              42.80975870526056\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.14521026611328,\n              42.81076616274986\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.14606857299805,\n              42.80925497036223\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.1601448059082,\n              42.809506838324204\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.18246078491211,\n              42.81630688561467\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.18246078491211,\n              42.81882523190782\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15911483764648,\n              42.81567728301592\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.16031646728516,\n              42.83846481296399\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.14847183227539,\n              42.83959767532706\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15070343017577,\n              42.84425478015883\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15001678466797,\n              42.85029590656093\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15070343017577,\n              42.855329727246435\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.16168975830078,\n              42.860614797387974\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.15104675292969,\n              42.85960815223624\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"dc_ny@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"dc_ny@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, New York Water Science Center<br> U.S. Geological Survey<br>425 Jordan Rd<br> Troy, NY 12180<br>(518) 285-5695&nbsp;<br> <a href=\"http://ny.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://ny.water.usgs.gov/\">http://ny.water.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Abstract</li>\n<li>What are Tree Rings?</li>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>The Wetland</li>\n<li>History of Solution-Brine Mining</li>\n<li>Tree-Ring Analyses</li>\n<li>Tree Growth</li>\n<li>Conclusions</li>\n<li>Additional Reading</li>\n</ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db6269f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yanosky, Thomas M.","contributorId":40589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yanosky","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kappel, William M. 0000-0002-2382-9757 wkappel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2382-9757","contributorId":1074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"William","email":"wkappel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28694,"text":"wri964221 - 1996 - Assessment of saltwater intrusion in southern coastal Broward County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-14T12:03:11.117943","indexId":"wri964221","displayToPublicDate":"2021-10-13T10:55:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4221","displayTitle":"Assessment of Saltwater Intrusion in  Southern Coastal Broward County, Florida","title":"Assessment of saltwater intrusion in southern coastal Broward County, Florida","docAbstract":"Of the counties in southeastern Florida, Broward County has experienced some of the most severe effects of saltwater intrusion into the surficial Biscayne aquifer because, before 1950, most public water-supply well fields in the county were constructed near the principal early population centers located less than 5 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. The construction of major regional drainage canals in the early 20th century caused a lowering of the water table and a gradual inland movement of the saltwater front toward the well fields. The U.S. Geological Survey began field investigations of saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer of southeastern Broward County in 1939. As part of the present study, the positions of the saltwater front in 1945, 1969, and 1993 were estimated using chloride concentrations of water samples collected between 1939 and 1994 from various monitoring and exploratory wells. The data indicate that, between 1945 and 1993, the saltwater front has moved as much as 0.5 mile inland in parts of the study area. The position and movement of the saltwater front were simulated numerically to help determine which of the various hydrologic factors and water-management features characterizing the coastal subsurface environment and its alteration by man are of significance in increasing or decreasing the degree of saltwater intrusion. Two representational methods were applied by the selection and use of appropriate model codes. The SHARP code simulates the position of the saltwater front as a sharp interface, which implies that no transition zone (a zone in which a gradational change between freshwater and saltwater occurs) separates freshwater and saltwater. The Subsurface Waste Injection Program (SWIP) code simulates a two-fluid, variable-density system using a convective-diffusion approach that includes a representation of the transition zone that occurs between the freshwater and saltwater bodies. The models were applied to:  (1) approximately replicate predevelopment and current positions of the interface in the study area; and (2) study the relative importance of various factors affecting the interface position. The model analyses assumed a conceptual model of uniform easterly flow in the aquifer toward points of offshore discharge to tidewater. Measurements of water-table altitude and the depth to the interface in the study area exhibit an interrelation that differes substantially from the classical Ghyben-Herzberg relation. However, both model codes simulated water-table altitudes and interface positions that were generally consistent with the Ghyben-Herzberg relation but differed substantially from observed data. The simulate interface positions were inland of the known positions, and simulate water-table altitudes were higher than measured ones. The SHARP and SWIP simulations were in general agreement with each other when a low value of longitudinal dispersivity was specified in the SWIP simulation and also for higher values of longitudinal dispersivity when modified dispersion algorithms were used in SWIP that greatly reduced the simulated degree of vertical dispersion. Sensitivity analyses performed using the SHARP code indicated simulation results to be relatively insensitive to a substantial change in the specified slope of the base of the aquifer and moderately sensitive to a 150-percent change in net atmospheric recharge to the aquifer (rainfall minus evapotranspiration). Representing well-field pumping by the City of hallandale had only a minor, localized influence on the simulated regional interface position. Using various cross-sectional grid designs in applications of the SWIP code, near convergence of all lines of equal concentrations in the transition zone was achieved within a simulation time of 10 years. The simulated equilibrium interface location was sensitive to substantial spatial variations in the specified hydraulic conductivity values, but was relatively insensitive to seasonal varying","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964221","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1996, Assessment of saltwater intrusion in southern coastal Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4221, v, 133 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964221.","productDescription":"v, 133 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4221/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57536,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4221/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.16 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href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671ef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, M. L.","contributorId":47401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70179114,"text":"70179114 - 1996 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Juab Valley, Juab County, Utah.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-30T10:12:24","indexId":"70179114","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"114","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Juab Valley, Juab County, Utah.","docAbstract":"<p>Plans to import water to Juab Valley, Utah, primarily for irrigation, are part of the Central Utah Project. A better understanding of the hydrology of the valley is needed to help manage the water resources and to develop conjunctive-use plans.</p><p><br>The saturated unconsolidated basin-fill deposits form the ground-water system in Juab Valley. Recharge is by seepage from streams, unconsumed irrigation water, and distribution systems; infiltration of precipitation; and subsurface inflow from consolidated rocks that surround the valley. Discharge is by wells, springs, seeps, evapotranspiration, and subsurface outflow to consolidated rocks. Ground-water pumpage is used to supplement surface water for irrigation in most of the valley and has altered the direction of groundwater flow from that of pre-ground-water development time in areas near and in Nephi and Levan.</p><p><br>Greater-than-average precipitation during 1980-87 corresponds with a rise in water levels measured in most wells in the valley and the highest water level measured in some wells. Less-than average precipitation during 1988-91 corresponds with a decline in water levels measured during 1988-93 in most wells. Geochemical analyses indicate that the sources of dissolved ions in water sampled from the southern part of the valley are the Arapien Shale, evaporite deposits that occur in the unconsolidated basin-fill deposits, and possibly residual sea water that has undergone evaporation in unconsolidated basin-fill deposits in selected areas. Water discharging from a spring at Burriston Ponds is a mixture of about 70 percent ground water from a hypothesized flow path that extends downgradient from where Salt Creek enters Juab Valley and 30 percent from a hypothesized flow path from the base of the southern Wasatch Range.</p><p><br>The ground-water system of Juab Valley was simulated by using the U.S. Geological Survey modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model. The numerical model was calibrated to simulate the steady-state conditions of 1949, multi-year transient-state conditions during 1949-92, and seasonal transient-state conditions during 1992-94. Calibration parameters were adjusted until model-computed water levels reasonably matched measured water levels. Parameters important to the calibration process include horizontal hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and the spatial distribution and amount of recharge from subsurface inflow and seepage from ephemeral streams to the east side of Juab Valley.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Central Utah Water Conservancy District and the East Juab Water Conservancy District","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., Stolp, B.J., Hadley, H.K., and Steiger, J.I., 1996, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in Juab Valley, Juab County, Utah.: Technical Publication 114, viii, 100 p.","productDescription":"viii, 100 p.","numberOfPages":"113","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332233,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/y920/y920000j.pdf"},{"id":332232,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=50-1-140"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Juab County","otherGeospatial":"Juab Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.1,\n              39.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.1,\n              40.0\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.7,\n              40.0\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.7,\n              39.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.1,\n              39.3\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b8be4b02bdf681568c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497 bjstolp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard","email":"bjstolp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":656075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hadley, Heidi K.","contributorId":101654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steiger, Judy I. jsteiger@usgs.gov","contributorId":3689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiger","given":"Judy","email":"jsteiger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":656077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70174586,"text":"70174586 - 1996 - Choosing optimum station configurations for summarizing water quality characteristics, in 1994 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:53:32","indexId":"70174586","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-10T06:30:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"Choosing optimum station configurations for summarizing water quality characteristics, in 1994 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute","docAbstract":"<p>One of the central problems in regional monitoring is choosing a station array that accurately reflects the distribution of values for the entire region of interest. For time-consuming or expensive measurements, an additional goal is to make the number of sampling locations and times as small as possible. These problems are probably most difficult in estuaries because of the relatively large variability on many different spatial and temporal scales. This high variability often means that comprehensive historical data are not available for accurately assessing sparser sampling efforts. It also implies that a higher frequency of sampling in space and time is required compared to other water bodies.</p>\n<p>In this report, we focus on selection of an &ldquo;optimum&rdquo; station configuration for the channel of San Francisco Bay for vertical profiling of water quality. Our analysis is based on the monthly cruises conducted by the USGS under the auspices of the Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (Caffrey et al. 1994; SFEI 1994). The underlying rationale for undertaking the analysis is that the distribution of trace substances is structured, at least in part, by the same forces acting on water quality parameters. This must be true to some extent, as trace substance concentrations are partially dependent on water quality characteristics such as salinity. On the other hand, the quantitative importance of these parameters in accounting for overall variability in individual trace substances is unknown. Furthermore, trace substances have their own unique sources, and these sources may dominate their distribution.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"1994 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute and the Aquatic Science Center","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., Cole, B.E., Caffrey, J., and Jassby, A., 1996, Choosing optimum station configurations for summarizing water quality characteristics, in 1994 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"197","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1994_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1994 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"3.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1994 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.03314208984374,\n              37.14499280340638\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.03314208984374,\n              38.30933576918588\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.2506103515625,\n              38.30933576918588\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.2506103515625,\n              37.14499280340638\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.03314208984374,\n              37.14499280340638\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662ee4b0d27deb36e17d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caffrey, J.M.","contributorId":98750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jassby, A.D.","contributorId":43798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70175055,"text":"70175055 - 1996 - The developing framework of marine ecotoxicology: Pollutants as a variable in marine ecosystems?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T06:46:48","indexId":"70175055","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-30T08:15:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2277,"text":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The developing framework of marine ecotoxicology: Pollutants as a variable in marine ecosystems?","docAbstract":"<p>Marine ecosystems include a subset in which at least some interrelated geochemical, biochemical, physiological, population and community characteristics are changed by pollutants. Moderate contamination is relatively widespread in coastal and estuarine ecosystems, so the subset of ecosystems with at least some processes affected could be relatively large. Pollutant influences have changed and will probably continue to change on time scales of decades. Biological exposures and dose in such ecosystems are species-specific and determined by how the species is exposed to different environmental media and the geochemistry of individual pollutants within those media. Bioaccumulation models offer significant promise for interpreting such exposures. Biological responses to pollutants need to be more directly linked to exposure and dose. At the level of the individual this might be improved by better understanding relationships between tissue concentrations of pollutants and responses to pollutants. Multi-discipline field and laboratory studies combined with advanced understanding of some basic processes have reduced the ambiguities in interpreting a few physiological/organismic responses to pollutants in nature. Recognition of pollutant-induced patterns in population responses could lead to similar advances. A rational framework for ecotoxicology is developing, but its further advance is dependent upon better integration of ecotoxicology with basic marine ecology and biology.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02679-2","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., 1996, The developing framework of marine ecotoxicology: Pollutants as a variable in marine ecosystems?: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 200, no. 1, p. 29-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02679-2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325739,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"200","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db7de4b0589fa1c7eb55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70157481,"text":"70157481 - 1996 - The application of an analytic element model to investigate groundwater-lake interactions at Pretty Lake, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T17:05:30","indexId":"70157481","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-01T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2592,"text":"Lake and Reservoir Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The application of an analytic element model to investigate groundwater-lake interactions at Pretty Lake, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Pretty Lake is a 64 acre, sandy-bottomed groundwater flow-through lake that has a history of hydrologic disturbance. Residents and regulators require a better understanding of lake-groundwater interaction to develop measures to protect the lake's hydrologic system and water quality. A groundwater flow model was constructed as a tool to synthesize field data collected at the site, delineate recharge areas that supply groundwater to the lake, and predict die effect of dredging an adjacent drainage ditch. The one layer, two-dimensional steady-state areal model used analytic element (AE) methods because they are quick to apply and include sophisticated simulation of groundwater-surface water interaction. The model calibrated well to groundwater heads (mean absolute difference = 0.05 m), lake stage (within 0.05 m) and ditch fluxes (mean absolute difference = 0.0023 m<sup>3</sup>&middot;s<sup>&minus;1</sup>). Model results showed that a single 1000 m wide recharge area supplies all the groundwater inflow to the lake. In addition, the model predicted that dredging an adjacent ditch by 3.0 m would lower the lake level by 0.31 m. The analytic element model was verified using a widely accepted finite-difference (FD) code; differences were less than &plusmn;0.015 m near die lake area and reached a maximum of 0.08 m at far corners of the FD grid. These differences are likely a result of die nodal interpolation inherent to FD techniques and error associated with applying a discrete boundary to die AE infinite aquifer. Although developed recently, AE methods have great potential to aid characterizations of groundwater-lake systems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07438149609354289","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., and Krohelski, J.T., 1996, The application of an analytic element model to investigate groundwater-lake interactions at Pretty Lake, Wisconsin: Lake and Reservoir Management, v. 12, no. 4, p. 487-495, https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149609354289.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"495","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149609354289","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha","otherGeospatial":"Pretty Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.5333251953125,\n              42.93770016964464\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.5333251953125,\n              42.97827897704351\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.46620559692383,\n              42.97827897704351\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.46620559692383,\n              42.93770016964464\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.5333251953125,\n              42.93770016964464\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56051ee8e4b058f706e51320","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohelski, James T.","contributorId":52223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70038380,"text":"70038380 - 1996 - Pesticides in the atmosphere: distribution, trends, and governing factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-18T01:01:33","indexId":"70038380","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T15:38:32","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Pesticides in the atmosphere: distribution, trends, and governing factors","docAbstract":"Most people know about the presence and health effects of pesticide residues in the water they drink. However, they may not realize the impact of atmospheric transportation and deposition of pesticides on water quality. Scientific studies of pesticides in various atmospheric matrices (air, rain, snow, aerosols, and fog) provide some of the answers. Pesticides in the Atmosphere focuses on the review and interpretation of direct measurements of pesticides in the environment. An exhaustive compilation, the book examines hundreds of studies in detailed tabular listings, with accompanying maps that include such features as spatial and temporal domain studies, target analytes, detection limits, and compounds detected. Working with the foundation of forty years of scientific studies, the editors synthesize this research to characterize the common threads and main conclusions. They use this information to identify where we need to improve our understanding of pesticides in the atmosphere and their significance to water quality. Pesticides in the Atmosphere serves as a resource, text, and reference to a wide spectrum of scientists, water managers, and students. It includes extensive compilations of references, interpretive analyses and conclusions. For those not familiar with the atmospheric transportation and deposition of pesticides it provides a comprehensive introduction.","largerWorkTitle":"Pesticides in the Hydrologic System","language":"English","publisher":"Ann Arbor Press, Inc.; CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Chelsea, MI; Boca Raton, FL","usgsCitation":"Majewski, M.S., and Capel, P.D., 1996, Pesticides in the atmosphere: distribution, trends, and governing factors, v. 1, 215 p.","productDescription":"215 p.","numberOfPages":"215","costCenters":[{"id":453,"text":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":256880,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781575040042","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a776ee4b0c8380cd784c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Majewski, Michael S. majewski@usgs.gov","contributorId":440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"Michael","email":"majewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70006450,"text":"70006450 - 1996 - Seepage measurements from Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-11T09:44:30","indexId":"70006450","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seepage measurements from Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","docAbstract":"<p><span>Long Lake, located near Lake Michigan within the dune-complexes of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, USA, was formed some time during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. A surficial aquifer underlies Long Lake, which is either a source or sink for the later. The hydrologic processes in the lakeshore and surrounding environs have been significantly altered during the agricultural, municipal, and industrial development of the region. Limited data suggest that the organisms of Long Lake have elevated levels of several contaminants. This study attempts to quantify seepage within the lake to assess the potential threat to groundwater quality. Seepage measurements and minipiezometric tests were used to determine seepage within the lake. Seepage measurements and minipiezometric tests suggest that water seeps out of Long Lake, thus recharging the groundwater that flows southwest away from the lake. There is a great deal of variability in the seepage rate, with a mean of 11.5&times;10</span><span>-4</span><span>&plusmn;11.2&times;10</span><span>-4</span><span>&nbsp;m d</span><span>-1</span><span>. The mean seepage rate of 0.3 m yr</span><span>-1</span><span>&nbsp;for Long Lake is greater than the 0.2 m yr</span><span>-1</span><span>&nbsp;recharge rate estimated for the drainage basin area. The Long Lake recharge volume of 2.5 &times; 10</span><span>5</span><span>&nbsp;m</span><span>3</span><span>&nbsp;yr</span><span>-1</span><span>&nbsp;is approximately 22% of the volume of the lake and is significant when compared to the total surface recharge volume of 4.8 &times; 10</span><span>5</span><span>&nbsp;m</span><span>3</span><span>&nbsp;yr</span><span>-1</span><span>&nbsp;to the upper aquifer of the drainage area. There is a potential for contamination of the groundwater system through seepage from the lake from contaminants derived from aerial depositions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s002540050082","usgsCitation":"Isiorho, S., Beeching, F., Stewart, P., and Whitman, R., 1996, Seepage measurements from Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore: Environmental Geology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 99-105, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050082.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263233,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050082"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Long Lake;Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.461803,41.507463 ], [ -87.461803,41.716787 ], [ -86.832332,41.716787 ], [ -86.832332,41.507463 ], [ -87.461803,41.507463 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a76ee0e4b0e93eb366eea9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isiorho, S.A.","contributorId":101524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isiorho","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeching, F.M.","contributorId":48048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeching","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, P.M.","contributorId":14756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitman, R.L.","contributorId":69750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70205366,"text":"70205366 - 1996 - Processes of wetland loss in India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-16T11:02:14","indexId":"70205366","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-15T10:57:31","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1531,"text":"Environmental Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes of wetland loss in India","docAbstract":"<p><span>Wetlands in India supply crucial human and animal needs such as drinking water, protein production, fodder, water purification, wildlife habitat, and flood storage. Increased appreciation of uses and threats is essential to protect wetlands where justified. Three quarters of India's population is rural, it places great demands on India's wetlands and losses continue to occur. This paper is based on extensive discussions with natural resource managers, government employees, farmers, academicians, and resource users at dozens of sites in India, as well as an extensive literature search. Twelve important kinds of wetland loss are identified and mechanisms believed to be causing them discussed: (1) agricultural conversion, (2) direct deforestation, (3) hydrologie alteration, (4) inundation, (5) defoliation, (6) altered upper watersheds, (7) accumulative water demands, (8) water quality degradation, (9) wetland consolidation, (10) global climate change, (11) ground-water depletion, (12) exotic species and biodiversity. Wetland understanding, management, and Public awareness in India must continue growing if wetland resources are to remain functional.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0376892900038248","usgsCitation":"Foote, A.L., Pandey, S., and Krogman, N., 1996, Processes of wetland loss in India: Environmental Conservation, v. 23, no. 1, p. 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900038248.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[77.83745,35.49401],[78.91227,34.32194],[78.81109,33.5062],[79.20889,32.99439],[79.17613,32.48378],[78.45845,32.61816],[78.73889,31.51591],[79.72137,30.88271],[81.11126,30.18348],[80.47672,29.72987],[80.08842,28.79447],[81.0572,28.4161],[81.99999,27.92548],[83.30425,27.36451],[84.67502,27.2349],[85.25178,26.7262],[86.02439,26.63098],[87.22747,26.3979],[88.06024,26.41462],[88.1748,26.81041],[88.04313,27.44582],[88.12044,27.87654],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.83564,27.09897],[89.74453,26.7194],[90.37327,26.87572],[91.21751,26.80865],[92.03348,26.83831],[92.10371,27.45261],[91.69666,27.77174],[92.50312,27.89688],[93.41335,28.64063],[94.56599,29.27744],[95.4048,29.03172],[96.11768,29.4528],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.24883,28.41103],[97.32711,28.26158],[97.40256,27.88254],[97.05199,27.69906],[97.134,27.08377],[96.41937,27.26459],[95.12477,26.57357],[95.15515,26.00131],[94.60325,25.1625],[94.55266,24.67524],[94.10674,23.85074],[93.32519,24.07856],[93.28633,23.04366],[93.06029,22.70311],[93.16613,22.27846],[92.67272,22.04124],[92.14603,23.6275],[91.86993,23.62435],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.91509,24.13041],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.7996,25.14743],[90.87221,25.1326],[89.92069,25.26975],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.35509,26.01441],[88.56305,26.44653],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.87631,22.87915],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.88877,21.69059],[88.2085,21.70317],[86.9757,21.49556],[87.03317,20.74331],[86.49935,20.15164],[85.06027,19.47858],[83.94101,18.30201],[83.18922,17.67122],[82.19279,17.01664],[82.19124,16.55666],[81.69272,16.31022],[80.792,15.95197],[80.3249,15.89918],[80.02507,15.13641],[80.23327,13.83577],[80.28629,13.00626],[79.86255,12.05622],[79.858,10.35728],[79.34051,10.30885],[78.88535,9.54614],[79.18972,9.21654],[78.27794,8.93305],[77.94117,8.25296],[77.5399,7.96553],[76.59298,8.89928],[76.13006,10.29963],[75.74647,11.30825],[75.3961,11.78125],[74.86482,12.74194],[74.61672,13.99258],[74.44386,14.61722],[73.5342,15.99065],[73.11991,17.92857],[72.82091,19.20823],[72.82448,20.4195],[72.63053,21.35601],[71.17527,20.75744],[70.47046,20.87733],[69.16413,22.0893],[69.64493,22.45077],[69.3496,22.84318],[68.17665,23.69197],[68.8426,24.35913],[71.04324,24.35652],[70.8447,25.2151],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.16893,26.49187],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.6165,27.9892],[71.77767,27.91318],[72.82375,28.96159],[73.45064,29.97641],[74.42138,30.97981],[74.40593,31.69264],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.45156,32.7649],[74.10429,33.44147],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.2402,34.74889],[75.75706,34.50492],[76.87172,34.65354],[77.83745,35.49401]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"India\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foote, A. Lee","contributorId":216145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foote","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pandey, Sanjeeva","contributorId":218995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pandey","given":"Sanjeeva","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krogman, N.","contributorId":58862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krogman","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":40014,"text":"fs17496 - 1996 - South Florida Ecosystem Program database development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T14:54:27.274883","indexId":"fs17496","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"174-96","displayTitle":"South Florida Ecosystem Program Database Development","title":"South Florida Ecosystem Program database development","docAbstract":"<h1>Purpose &nbsp;</h1><p>The South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program is an intergovernmental effort to reestablish and maintain the ecosystem of south Florida. One element of the restoration effort is the development of a firm scientific basis for resource decision making. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is one of the agencies that provides scientific information as part of the South Florida Ecosystem Program (SFEP). The program, which was begun in fiscal year 1995, provides multidisciplinary hydrologic, cartographic, geologic, and biologic data that relate to the mainland of south Florida, the Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys and Reef ecosystems.</p><p>A database with established transfer formats, definitions, and spatial registration greatly promotes dissemination of scientific data and information in a cost-effective manner.</p><p>Shared databases may help elevate the quality and quantity of available information. By acquiring data from the database, individual users can certify and evaluate data. With appropriate management oversight, this generally leads to improved consistency and increased reliability in the database.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs17496","usgsCitation":"South Florida Ecosystem Program database development; 1996; FS; 174-96; Stapleton, J. A.; Sonenshein, Roy; Halley, Bob","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3525,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0174/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.00367070894046,\n              27\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.87874513277362,\n              27\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.87874513277362,\n              24.358839683418125\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.00367070894046,\n              24.358839683418125\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.00367070894046,\n              27\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","publishedDate":"1996-10-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e74b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stapleton, J.A.","contributorId":82376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapleton","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sonenshein, Roy","contributorId":73257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sonenshein","given":"Roy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halley, Bob","contributorId":32584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Bob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5619,"text":"fs15596 - 1996 - South Florida Ecosystem Program web site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T14:52:43.390442","indexId":"fs15596","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"155-96","title":"South Florida Ecosystem Program web site","docAbstract":"<h1>Introduction &nbsp;</h1><p>The South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program is an intergovernmental effort, involving a number of agencies, to reestablish and maintain the ecosystem of south Florida. One element of the restoration effort is the development of a firm scientific basis for resource decision making. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), one of the agencies, provides scientific information a part of the South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program (SFEP). The USGS began their own program, called the South Florida Ecosystem Program, in fiscal year 1995 for the purpose of gathering hydrologic, cartographic, geologic, and biologic data that relate to the mainland of south Florida, Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys and Reef ecosystems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs15596","usgsCitation":"South Florida Ecosystem Program web site; 1996; FS; 155-96; Geological Survey (U.S.)","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0155/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0155/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.00367070894046,\n              27.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.87874513277362,\n              27.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.87874513277362,\n              24.358839683418125\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.00367070894046,\n              24.358839683418125\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.00367070894046,\n              27.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","publishedDate":"1996-10-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e74cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33046,"text":"wri964129 - 1996 - Sampling design for assessing water quality of the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 1993-1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T14:11:31","indexId":"wri964129","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4129","title":"Sampling design for assessing water quality of the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 1993-1995","docAbstract":"<p>This map report describes the sampling design for a comprehensive regional assessment of water quality in the Red River of the North Basin, a study unit under the U.S. Geological Survey&rsquo;s National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The sampling design was developed to address questions about the presence, distribution, and loads of nutrients and pesticides associated with large agricultural regions in the basin and across the Nation. The design also begins to address major local and regional concerns about suspended sediment in surface water and naturally occurring salinity in ground water. Recognizing that the Red River of the North Basin study unit realistically could not be analyzed as a single homogeneous area, a hierarchical sampling stratification for assessing water quality was developed. Landscape features consisting of physiography, soils, land cover and land use, and cropping patterns provided the environmental framework for stratification of streams and surficial aquifers. The environmental framework characterizes the climate and hydrology and relates closely to an ecoregions framework. The environmental and ecoregions frameworks were considered in locating ecological sampling sites. For the subsurface framework, buried sand and gravel aquifers in study unit were subdivided into two general subregions of differing potential saline recharge from underlying bedrock aquifers.</p>\n<p>Actual sampling sites for streams, aquatic biology, and ground water were described within the proposed sampling stratification. Practical considerations of previously established sampling sites, background information from previous hydrologic investigations, and site suitability for sampling protocols also were considered for final site selection.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964129","usgsCitation":"Lorenz, D., and Stoner, J., 1996, Sampling design for assessing water quality of the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 1993-1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4129, Document: 4 p.; 2 Plates: 46.35 x 38.28 inches and 46.41 x 38.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964129.","productDescription":"Document: 4 p.; 2 Plates: 46.35 x 38.28 inches and 46.41 x 38.29 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science 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L.","contributorId":10776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22679,"text":"ofr96376 - 1996 - Digital geologic map of Lawton quadrangle, southwestern Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-05T16:54:01.778514","indexId":"ofr96376","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-376","title":"Digital geologic map of Lawton quadrangle, southwestern Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This data set consists of digital data and accompanying documentation for the surficial geology of the 1:250,000-scale Lawton quadrangle, Oklahoma. The original data are from the Geologic Map, sheet 1 of 4, included in the Oklahoma Geological Survey publication, 'Reconnaissance of the water resources of the Lawton quadrangle, southwestern Oklahoma', Hydrologic Atlas 6, Havens, 1977. The geology was compiled by R.O. Fay, in 1967-68 and J.S. Havens, in 1973.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96376","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cederstrand, J.R., 1996, Digital geologic map of Lawton quadrangle, southwestern Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-376, 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96376.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400309,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40014.htm"},{"id":154603,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":463704,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0376/ofr96376.zip","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Lawton quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -98,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -100,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -100,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -98,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -98,\n              34\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6849d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederstrand, Joel R.","contributorId":15223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrand","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23068,"text":"ofr96223 - 1996 - Occurrence of selected contaminants in water, fish tissue, and streambed sediments in central Nebraska, 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T08:26:04","indexId":"ofr96223","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-223","title":"Occurrence of selected contaminants in water, fish tissue, and streambed sediments in central Nebraska, 1992-95","docAbstract":"<p>Surface and ground water in Nebraska may contain contaminants resulting from human activities. For purposes of this publication, a contaminant is any element or compound whose presence may affect the water's suitability for certain uses. For example, herbicide concentrations may exceeed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Health Advisory Levels (HAL) for drinking water or trace-element concentrations may exceed guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. In general, the contaminats discussed in this report enter the aquatic system through nonpoint-source runoff from agricultural lands that dominate the Nebraska landscape. However,because this assessment was conducted as part of a larger, national program, a screening for contaminants with non-agricultural origins was included.</p><p>The measurement of water quality involves a variety of steps, each contributing unique information while also aggregating to an overall assessment. One aspect of water-quality assesment is to describe the occurrence and distribution of contaminants. Some contaminants may be hundreds or thousands of times more concentrated in the tissues of aquatic organisms or in fine sediments than they are in the water. As a result, fish tissue and streambed sediments are well suited for the detection of certain contaminants. For example, pesticides used in the United States prior to the early 1970's, such as DDT, may have degraded into more stable but still toxic compounds that are highly concentrated in fish tissues. Conversely, other contaminants are not concentrated in sediments or tissues but are readily detected in water samples. Organonitrogen herbicides (such as atrazine), the most commonly used herbicides in Nebraska, are examples of water-soluble contaminants.</p><p>Several sampling strategies were used to address specific questions. Some sites were sampled repeatedly through time and during all hydrologic conditions, whereas others were sampled only once to determine presence of contaminants. Because a strong relation between concentration and streamflow often exists for contaminants originating from nonpoint sources, streams typically were sampled near gaging stations that monitor streamflow.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96223","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S.A., 1996, Occurrence of selected contaminants in water, fish tissue, and streambed sediments in central Nebraska, 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-223, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96223.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1488,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ne.water.usgs.gov/Nawqa/pubs/ofr_96_223/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.2841796875,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.712646484375,\n              40.3549167507906\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.042236328125,\n              40.413496049701955\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.591552734375,\n              40.75557964275589\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.23974609375,\n              40.622291783092706\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.569091796875,\n              40.40513069752789\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.107421875,\n              40.55554790286311\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.777587890625,\n              40.95501133048621\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.87646484375,\n              41.19518982948959\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.634521484375,\n              41.6154423246811\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.733154296875,\n              42.05745022024682\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.67822265625,\n              42.80346172417078\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.01904296874999,\n              42.93229601903058\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.37109375,\n              42.771211138625894\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.591064453125,\n              42.601619944327965\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.349365234375,\n              42.819580715795915\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.360595703125,\n              42.67435857693381\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.96533203125,\n              42.293564192170095\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.3720703125,\n              41.46742831254425\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.317138671875,\n              41.3850519497068\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.2841796875,\n              41.32732632036622\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af6e4b07f02db692a43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, Steven A. sfrenzel@usgs.gov","contributorId":688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Steven","email":"sfrenzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5622,"text":"fs16296 - 1996 - South Florida High-accuracy elevation data collection project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T14:56:24.520293","indexId":"fs16296","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"162-96","displayTitle":"South Florida High-Accuracy Elevation Data Collection Project","title":"South Florida High-accuracy elevation data collection project","docAbstract":"<h1>Background</h1><p>The major issues facing ecosystem restoration and management in south Florida are centered on the availability and distribution of clean, fresh water. Surface water flow modeling studies are an important aspect of the scientific information needs of the ecosystem restoration initiative. Hydrologic models provide much needed predictive capabilities for evaluating options for management of parks, refuges, and lands planned for acquisition, as well as for understanding the impacts of land management practices in surrounding areas. Models must account for the expansive and extremely low relief terrain of south Florida, where surface waters of the natural system are transported by sheet flow from Lake Okeechobee through the Everglades to Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. To model sheet flows, highly accurate elevation data that define the surface topography are required as the most critical input parameter to the Natural Systems Model and other hydrologic models. These data are necessary for calculating water surface slope, depth, velocity, and direction of flow. Hydrologists have stated vertical accuracy requirements of between 3 and 15 centimeters. These accuracy requirements are so stringent, because of the extremely flat terrain, that any standard or other currently available data products would not suffice for this modeling application.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs16296","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, South Florida High-accuracy elevation data collection project: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 1996–162, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs16296.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118357,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0162/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":283,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0162/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","publishedDate":"1996-10-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6655,"text":"fs17996 - 1996 - Water flows and nutrient loads to the southwest coast of Florida—A study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-09T11:46:21.832101","indexId":"fs17996","displayToPublicDate":"2000-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"179-96","displayTitle":"Water Flows and Nutrient Loads to the Southwest Coast of Florida","title":"Water flows and nutrient loads to the southwest coast of Florida—A study","docAbstract":"<h1>Background</h1><p>The embayments and estuaries of Florida's southwest coast are an integral part of the south Florida ecosystem. Nutrients and other constituents are transported to these coastal waters by surface water and ground-water flow from the Everglades National Park (ENP) and the Big Cypress Preserve and by longshore and offshore tidal currents. The coastal area is an essential breeding ground for many estuarine and marine species and is a popular location for wilderness recreational pursuits as well as sport fishing. The volume of flow and the loads of nutrients being discharged from the streams draining the upland areas of ENP and Big Cypress Preserve currently are unknown.</p><p>As part of Everglades restoration activities, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers may change the volume or location of water deliveries to the ENP. Such changes could affect the volume or distribution of inflow and associated constituents that are transported into the coastal waters of southwest Florida. Proposals to change water deliveries to the Everglades National Park and efforts to improve the environmental health of Florida Bay cannot be evaluated without some understanding of the hydrologic and water-quality characteristics of tidal rivers and coastal embayments in the region.</p><p>The southwest coast of Florida is part of a wilderness area with unique hydraulic characteristics that has historically been described as the \"River of Grass.\" Flat terrain and lack of controlled topographic information has made it difficult to define drainage divides. Low gradients, coupled with tidal effects, create complex conditions under which to measure riverine flow. It has been almost thirty years since any effort has been made to monitor flow characteristics continuously in the area. Significant technological advancements have occurred during this time and this new technology can be applied to help obtain the information needed to make informed decisions about the future of this unique coastal area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs17996","usgsCitation":"Levesque, V.A., 1996, Water flows and nutrient loads to the southwest coast of Florida—A study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 179-96, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs17996.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":34074,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0179/fs17996.pdf","text":"Report","size":"62.8 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1996-179"},{"id":122808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0179/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.22741699218749,\n              25.06320924418646\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.75225830078124,\n              25.06320924418646\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.75225830078124,\n              25.569697998006646\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.22741699218749,\n              25.569697998006646\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.22741699218749,\n              25.06320924418646\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Background</li><li>Plan of Study</li><li>Products</li><li>Collaborations and Partnerships</li><li>Selected References</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd400","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levesque, Victor A. levesque@usgs.gov","contributorId":4335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levesque","given":"Victor","email":"levesque@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":153109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":6930,"text":"fs14096 - 1996 - January 1996 floods deliver large loads of nutrients and sediment to the Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T16:54:54","indexId":"fs14096","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"140-96","title":"January 1996 floods deliver large loads of nutrients and sediment to the Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"<p><span>The&nbsp;</span><i>Blizzard of 1996</i><span>&nbsp;struck the Mid-Atlantic region in January, depositing a record amount of snowfall. Within two weeks of the paralyzing blizzard, warm and extremely humid air entered the region, followed by a major rainstorm. The combination of warm, humid air and heavy rainfall melted the snow at an unprecedented rate. In just over one day, two to five inches of water from snowmelt combined with two to five inches of rainfall, resulting in widespread major flooding throughout the Mid-Atlantic region, including the Chesapeake Bay watershed.</span></p>\n<p><span>The January 1996 storm caused severe flooding on many Chesapeake Bay tributaries. As a result of the flooding, large amounts of nutrients and sediment entered the Bay. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitored the amount of streamflow, nutrients, and sediment that entered the Chesapeake Bay as a result of the flood. This information is used to evaluate the effect of hydrologic events of this magnitude on the Bay's health and living resources.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs14096","usgsCitation":"Zynjuk, L.D., and Majedi, B.F., 1996, January 1996 floods deliver large loads of nutrients and sediment to the Chesapeake Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 140-96, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14096.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_140_96.jpg"},{"id":708,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wid/FS_140-96/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  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D.","contributorId":108101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zynjuk","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Majedi, Brenda Feit","contributorId":81361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majedi","given":"Brenda","email":"","middleInitial":"Feit","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6939,"text":"fs02296 - 1996 - U. S. Geological Survey programs in Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T11:19:08","indexId":"fs02296","displayToPublicDate":"2000-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"022-96","title":"U. S. Geological Survey programs in Michigan","docAbstract":"<p>For more than 100 years, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) has provided earth-science information on which managers, scientists, and other interested citizens base decisions regarding Michigan’s natural resources and natural hazards. The non-regulatory and scientific nature of the USGS work ensures that our products are technically sound, unbiased, and equally accessible and available to all interested parties. The various programs of the USGS in Michigan reflect a response to the citizens of Michigan and their need for geologic, topographic, biologic, and hydrologic information. Much of the work of the USGS in Michigan is part of cooperative programs in which the diversity of interests among local, regional, State, Tribal, and Federal agencies is accommodated through joint planning and funding.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs02296","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996, U. S. 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,{"id":70161987,"text":"70161987 - 1996 - Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:26:39","indexId":"70161987","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Phytoplankton blooms are prominent features of biological variability in shallow coastal ecosystems such as estuaries, lagoons, bays, and tidal rivers. Long-term observation and research in San Francisco Bay illustrates some patterns of phytoplankton spatial and temporal variability and the underlying mechanisms of this variability. Blooms are events of rapid production and accumulation of phytoplankton biomass that are usually responses to changing physical forcings originating in the coastal ocean (e.g., tides), the atmosphere (wind), or on the land surface (precipitation and river runoff). These physical forcings have different timescales of variability, so algal blooms can be short-term episodic events, recurrent seasonal phenomena, or rare events associated with exceptional climatic or hydrologic conditions. The biogeochemical role of phytoplankton primary production is to transform and incorporate reactive inorganic elements into organic forms, and these transformations are rapid and lead to measurable geochemical change during blooms. Examples include the depletion of inorganic nutrients (N, P, Si), supersaturation of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide, shifts in the isotopic composition of reactive elements (C, N), production of climatically active trace gases (methyl bromide, dimethylsulfide), changes in the chemical form and toxicity of trace metals (As, Cd, Ni, Zn), changes in the biochemical composition and reactivity of the suspended particulate matter, and synthesis of organic matter required for the reproduction and growth of heterotrophs, including bacteria, zooplankton, and benthic consumer animals. Some classes of phytoplankton play special roles in the cycling of elements or synthesis of specific organic molecules, but we have only rudimentary understanding of the forces that select for and promote blooms of these species. Mounting evidence suggests that the natural cycles of bloom variability are being altered on a global scale by human activities including the input of toxic contaminants and nutrients, manipulation of river flows, and translocation of species. This hypothesis will be a key component of our effort to understand global change at the land-sea interface. Pursuit of this hypothesis will require creative approaches for distinguishing natural and anthropogenic sources of phytoplankton population variability, as well as recognition that the modes of human disturbance of coastal bloom cycles operate interactively and cannot be studied as isolated processes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU ","doi":"10.1029/96RG00986","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., 1996, Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 34, no. 2, p. 127-168, https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG00986.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"168","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.53875732421875,\n              37.41816326969145\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.53875732421875,\n              38.14751758025121\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.47583007812501,\n              38.14751758025121\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.47583007812501,\n              37.41816326969145\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.53875732421875,\n              37.41816326969145\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e04be4b039675d005e4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70188110,"text":"70188110 - 1996 - A watershed-scale approach to tracing metal contamination in the environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T13:37:01","indexId":"70188110","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A watershed-scale approach to tracing metal contamination in the environment","docAbstract":"<h1>Introduction</h1><p>Public policy during the 1800's encouraged mining in the western United States. Mining on Federal lands played an important role in the growing economy creating national wealth from our abundant and diverse mineral resource base. The common industrial practice from the early days of mining through about 1970 in the U.S. was for mine operators to dispose of the mine wastes and mill tailings in the nearest stream reach or lake. As a result of this contamination, many stream reaches below old mines, mills, and mining districts and some major rivers and lakes no longer support aquatic life. Riparian habitats within these affected watersheds have also been impacted. Often, the water from these affected stream reaches is generally not suitable for drinking, creating a public health hazard. The recent Department of Interior Abandoned Mine Lands (<abbr title=\"Abandoned Mine Lands\">AML</abbr>) Initiative is an effort on the part of the Federal Government to address the adverse environmental impact of these past mining practices on Federal lands. The <abbr title=\"Abandoned Mine Lands\">AML</abbr> Initiative has adopted a watershed approach to determine those sites that contribute the majority of the contaminants in the watershed. By remediating the largest sources of contamination within the watershed, the impact of metal contamination in the environment within the watershed as a whole is reduced rather than focusing largely on those sites for which principal responsible parties can be found.</p><p>The scope of the problem of metal contamination in the environment from past mining practices in the coterminous U.S. is addressed in a recent report by Ferderer (1996). Using the <abbr title=\"U.S. Geological Survey\">USGS</abbr>1:2,000,000-scale hydrologic drainage basin boundaries and the <abbr title=\"U.S. Geological Survey\">USGS</abbr> Minerals Availability System (<abbr title=\"Minerals Availability System\">MAS</abbr>) data base, he plotted the distribution of 48,000 past-producing metal mines on maps showing the boundaries of lands administered by the various Federal Land Management Agencies (<abbr title=\"Federal Land Management Agency\">FLMA</abbr>). Census analysis of these data provided an initial screening tool for prioritization of watersheds in the western U.S. A different approach to the scope of the abandoned mine problem (Church et al., 1996a) is shown by the water quality data collected by the States under the Clean Water Act, section 305(b). These data document the stream reaches affected by metals from naturally occurring sources as well as from mining, or mineral resource extraction. Permitted discharges from active industrial and mine sites are not covered in the 305(b) data base.</p><p>Local citizens and state and federal agencies are all part of the collaborative decision process used to select the drainage basins chosen for the <abbr title=\"Abandoned Mine Lands\">AML</abbr> Initiative pilot studies. Data gathered by these three entities were brought to bear on the watershed selection process. The <abbr title=\"U.S. Geological Survey\">USGS</abbr> prepared data available from Federal data bases in the form of interpretative <abbr title=\"geographic information system\">GIS</abbr> products. Maps of the states of Colorado (Plumlee et al., 1995) and a similar study of the state of Montana (<abbr title=\"U.S. Geological Survey\">USGS</abbr>, unpublished data) were used to select the Animas watershed in southwestern Colorado and the Boulder watershed southwest of Helena Montana as the pilot study areas for the <abbr title=\"Abandoned Mine Lands\">AML</abbr> Initiative. Thus, the watersheds selected for study were public decisions made on the basis of available scientific data. The role of the U.S. Geological Survey in the Abandoned Mine Land Initiative is outlined in Buxton et al. (1997).</p><p>The watershed approach to metals contamination in the environment has been studied in several drainage basins (Church et al., 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996b; Kimball et al., 1995). The underlying principles used to successfully discriminate between sources and to quantify the impact of these sources on the environment are the subject of this report.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Metals in the Environment Workshop Report","conferenceDate":"October 21-22, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Far Hills, Inn, Val Morin, Quebec","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Network of Toxicology Centres (CNTC)","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., 1996, A watershed-scale approach to tracing metal contamination in the environment, Metals in the Environment Workshop Report, Far Hills, Inn, Val Morin, Quebec, October 21-22, 1996, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":102,"text":"Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341941,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://amli.usgs.gov/reports/cntc/cntcmite.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"592fd660e4b0e9bd0ea8980e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, Stanley E","contributorId":121086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44864,"text":"wri954291 - 1996 - Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Big Muddy Creek, Fort Peck Indian Reservation and adjacent area, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:11","indexId":"wri954291","displayToPublicDate":"1999-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4291","title":"Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Big Muddy Creek, Fort Peck Indian Reservation and adjacent area, Montana","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations of Big Muddy Creek were made to determine the magnitude of the 100-year flood and the extent of flooding that would occur as the result of this flood. The magnitude of the 100-year flood was determined to range from 13,600 to 20,400 ft3/s, depending on location. Field surveys were made at 39 cross sections along a 41-mile reach of Big Muddy Creek. An additional two cross sections along the same reach were synthesized. Data from the surveys were used to calculate the water-surface elevation at each cross section using a computer program (WSPRO) developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The water-surface profile of the computed 100-year flood elevations was then drawn. The profile also shows the streambed elevation and the location of the bridges and cross sections. The computed 100-year flood elevation at each cross section was used to delineate the width of the flood plain at that section. Flood boundaries between cross sections were interpolated using contour lines on topographic maps.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri954291","usgsCitation":"Omang, R.J., 1996, Water-surface profile and flood boundaries for the computed 100-year flood, Big Muddy Creek, Fort Peck Indian Reservation and adjacent area, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4291, 1 map on 2 sheets ; 241 x 108 cm., sheets 94 x 124 cm. and 96 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954291.","productDescription":"1 map on 2 sheets ; 241 x 108 cm., sheets 94 x 124 cm. and 96 x 87 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82224,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4291/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82225,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4291/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9a8b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Omang, R. J.","contributorId":31365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omang","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23345,"text":"ofr96211 - 1996 - Progress report on daily flow-routing simulation for the Carson River, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"ofr96211","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-211","title":"Progress report on daily flow-routing simulation for the Carson River, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"A physically based flow-routing model using Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) was constructed for modeling streamflow in the Carson River at daily time intervals as part of the Truckee-Carson Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Daily streamflow data for water years 1978-92 for the mainstem river, tributaries, and irrigation ditches from the East Fork Carson River near Markleeville and West Fork Carson River at Woodfords down to the mainstem Carson River at Fort Churchill upstream from Lahontan Reservoir were obtained from several agencies and were compiled into a comprehensive data base. No previous physically based flow-routing model of the Carson River has incorporated multi-agency streamflow data into a single data base and simulated flow at a daily time interval. Where streamflow data were unavailable or incomplete, hydrologic techniques were used to estimate some flows. For modeling purposes, the Carson River was divided into six segments, which correspond to those used in the Alpine Decree that governs water rights along the river. Hydraulic characteristics were defined for 48 individual stream reaches based on cross-sectional survey data obtained from field surveys and previous studies. Simulation results from the model were compared with available observed and estimated streamflow data. Model testing demonstrated that hydraulic characteristics of the Carson River are adequately represented in the models for a range of flow regimes. Differences between simulated and observed streamflow result mostly from inadequate data characterizing inflow and outflow from the river. Because irrigation return flows are largely unknown, irrigation return flow percentages were used as a calibration parameter to minimize differences between observed and simulated streamflows. Observed and simulated streamflow were compared for daily periods for the full modeled length of the Carson River and for two major subreaches modeled with more detailed input data. Hydrographs and statistics presented in this report describe these differences. A sensitivity analysis of four estimated components of the hydrologic system evaluated which components were significant in the model. Estimated ungaged tributary streamflow is not a significant component of the model during low runoff, but is significant during high runoff. The sensitivity analysis indicates that changes in the estimated irrigation diversion and estimated return flow creates a noticeable change in the statistics. The modeling for this study is preliminary. Results of the model are constrained by current availability and accuracy of observed hydrologic data. Several inflows and outflows of the Carson River are not described by time-series data and therefore are not represented in the model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96211","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., 1996, Progress report on daily flow-routing simulation for the Carson River, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-211, iv, 41 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96211.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0211/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19457,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0211/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64865c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018553,"text":"70018553 - 1996 - Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 3. The use of 87Sr values in carbonate deposits (tufas) to determine the hydrologic state of paleolake systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T15:46:44.572951","indexId":"70018553","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 3. The use of 87Sr values in carbonate deposits (tufas) to determine the hydrologic state of paleolake systems","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sierran rivers that discharge to the Lahontan basin have much lower (∼4.5‰)&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>87</sup><span>Sr values than the Humboldt River which drains northeastern Nevada. The&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>87</sup><span>Sr values of tufas deposited during the last lake cycle were used to determine when Humboldt derived Sr entered the Pyramid Lake subbasin. Prior to ∼15,000 yr B.P., the Humboldt River flowed to the Smoke Creek-Black Rock Desert subbasin. During the recession of Lake Lahontan, the Humboldt River diverted to the Carson Desert subbasin. This study has demonstrated that&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr can be used to determine drainage histories of multi-basin lake systems if the&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>87</sup><span>Sr values of rivers that discharge to the basins are sufficiently different.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(95)00010-0","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Benson, L., and Peterman, Z., 1996, Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 3. The use of 87Sr values in carbonate deposits (tufas) to determine the hydrologic state of paleolake systems: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 119, no. 3-4, p. 201-213, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(95)00010-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"213","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227346,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Pyramid Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.89629303993713,\n              40.25977644870221\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.89629303993713,\n              39.64008749519962\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.20069355770855,\n              39.64008749519962\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.20069355770855,\n              40.25977644870221\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.89629303993713,\n              40.25977644870221\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f36ee4b0c8380cd4b7eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benson, L.","contributorId":56793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterman, Z.","contributorId":104229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24824,"text":"ofr96205 - 1996 - Selected ground-water data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, through December 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"ofr96205","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-205","title":"Selected ground-water data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, through December 1994","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in support of the U.S. Department of Energy, Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project, collects, compiles, and summarizes hydrologic data in the Yucca Mountain region. The data are collected to allow assessments of ground-water resources during studies to determine the potential suitability of Yucca Mountain for storing high-level nuclear waste. Data on ground-water levels at 36 sites, ground-water discharge at 6 sites, and ground-water withdrawals within Crater Flat, Jackass Flats, Mercury Valley, and the Amargosa Desert are presented for calendar year 1994. Data collected prior to 1994 are graphically presented and data collected by other agencies (or as part of other programs) are included to further indicate variations of ground-water levels, discharges, and withdrawals through time. A statistical summary of ground-water levels at seven wells in Jackass Flats is presented. The statistical summary includes the number of measurements, the maximum, minimum, and median water-level altitudes, and the average deviation of measured water-level altitudes for selected baseline periods and for calendar years 1992-94.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96205","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Westenburg, C., and La Camera, R., 1996, Selected ground-water data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, through December 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-205, iv, 73 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96205.","productDescription":"iv, 73 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0205/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19514,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0205/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53831,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0205/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e3ea5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westenburg, C.L.","contributorId":102511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westenburg","given":"C.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"La Camera, R.J.","contributorId":83932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Camera","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}