A network of 64 seismic-refraction profiles recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey in California and Nevada and adjacent areas of Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Arizona from 1961 to 1963 was re-interpreted. From record sections compiled for all profiles, a basic travel-time diagram can be derived. In addition to the first arrivals on profiles in the Snake River Plain, the northern Basin and Range province, and the middle Rocky Mountains, two dominant phases can be correlated in secondary arrivals, whereas the profiles in other areas show only one dominant phase in later arrivals. Based on velocity-depth functions calculated for each profile after the method of Giese, the crustal structure of the western United States is presented on contour maps and on a fence diagram that is composed of 15 crustal cross sections.
Crustal thickness reaches maxima under the Sierra Nevada (42 km), the Transverse Ranges of southern California (37 km), and in southwestern Nevada (36 km), whereas the crust is relatively thin under the Coast Ranges of California (24–26 km), under the Mojave Desert (28 km), and under parts of the central Basin and Range province in Nevada and Utah (29–30 km). The base of the crust dips generally from the Basin and Range province toward greater depths in the Colorado Plateau (43 km), the middle Rocky Mountains (45 km), and the Snake River Plain (44 km). The upper-mantle velocity is less than 8.0 kmps under the Great Basin of the Basin and Range province, the Sierra Nevada, and the Colorado Plateau, but it is equal to or greater than 8.0 kmps under the Coast Ranges of California, the Mojave Desert, and the middle Rocky Mountains. Velocity inversions within the upper crust are indicated under the southern Cascade Mountains and the middle Rocky Mountains, but not under the Sierra Nevada. The average velocity of the upper crust beneath the Basin and Range province is 6.1 to 6.2 kmps to a depth of 15 to 20 km. Only beneath the middle Rocky Mountains, the Snake River Plain, and the northern part of the Basin and Range province can a boundary zone between upper and lower crust be determined confidently.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2629:SRSOCS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Prodehl, C., 1970, Seismic refraction study of crustal structure in the western United States: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 9, p. 2629-2645, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2629:SRSOCS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2629","endPage":"2645","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Mountains, Coast Ranges, Colorado Plateau, Great Basin, Mojave Desert, Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, Snake River Plain, Transverse Ranges","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.84015683604136\n ],\n [\n -120.7672119140625,\n 35.24113278166642\n ],\n [\n -118.2843017578125,\n 33.6420625047537\n ],\n [\n -116.13922119140624,\n 34.687427949314845\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -109.522705078125,\n 36.11125252076156\n ],\n [\n -109.51995849609375,\n 41.04207384890103\n ],\n [\n -112.686767578125,\n 43.104993581605505\n ],\n [\n -116.27929687499999,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -118.66882324218751,\n 39.60145584096999\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.84015683604136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prodehl, Claus","contributorId":224738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prodehl","given":"Claus","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226793,"text":"70226793 - 1970 - The Uralides and the motion of the Russian and Siberian Platforms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T18:24:45.080549","indexId":"70226793","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T12:12:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Uralides and the motion of the Russian and Siberian Platforms","docAbstract":"The Uralides—the late Precambrian and Paleozoic orogenic terrane between the Russian and Siberian Platforms—in part are exposed in the Ural Mountains, in the central Soviet Arctic, along the west edge of the Siberian Platform, and in southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, and in part are buried beneath the fill of the West Siberian Lowlands and other basins. Paleomagnetic orientations suggest that the Russian and Siberian Platforms were far apart during the early Paleozoic, converged during the middle Paleozoic, and collided in the Permian or Triassic. The geology of the Uralides accords with the concept that the two subcontinents approached and collided as the intervening oceanic plate slid beneath them along subduction (Benioff) zones.
The medial eugeosyncline of the Uralides consists largely of what may be oceanic material scraped off against the edges of the opposed subcontinents. Basalt-and-spilite belts may represent ocean-floor abyssal tholeiite, and the manganiferous cherts and other sediments upon them may be pelagic oozes. Andesite belts may have formed as island arcs within the ocean, swept subsequently against the continents. Fossil subduction zones are recorded by great faults soled by, or containing tectonic injections of, mafic and ultramafic rocks from the lower oceanic crust and upper mantle, and containing high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Granitic and silicic-volcanic rocks may have formed above the subduction zones in the accreted parts of the continental plates. Both these continental-margin magmatic rocks and the island-arc complexes display ratios of potassium to silicon that vary across strike and so indicate the directions of dip of the subduction zones.
From the distribution of such indicators of various ages, a history of the continental margins can be deduced. An active subduction zone dipped beneath the Siberian Platform during at least parts of late Precambrian and early, middle, and late Paleozoic time. The late Precambrian and Cambrian history of the Russian side is unclear, but in the Ordovician and Silurian the Russian continental margin was stable, while somewhere offshore an island arc was present whose trench was on the Russian side; the last of the intervening oceanic plate vanished down the subduction zone in about the Early Devonian, and the island arc became part of the continental margin. During the remainder of the Devonian and during the Carboniferous and Early Permian, a subduction zone was present along the margin of the enlarged Russian continent and dipped beneath it.
Each subcontinent grew oceanward as oceanic material was accreted against it, and the subduction zones stepped oceanward correspondingly. The continental magmatic zones migrated oceanward behind the accreting edges of the continental plates, so the tectonic and magmatic progression with time at any one place is analogous to the variations present across the entire orogenic belt at any one time.
Severe right-lateral deformation of the Uralides, the Russian side having moved northward relative to the Siberian side during Mesozoic and early Cenozoic time, is inferred from structural and magnetic-anomaly patterns. The deformation was accomplished by oroclinal folding, strike-slip faulting, and tensional thinning of the crust.
The Uralides may have been continuous in early Mesozoic time with the Ellesmerides of North Greenland and the Canadian Arctic islands. The Cenozoic (and late Mesozoic?) opening of the Arctic Ocean was accomplished by spreading of the Eurasia Basin, and by opening of the Canada Basin behind a counterclockwise-rotating Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2553:TUATMO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, W.B., 1970, The Uralides and the motion of the Russian and Siberian Platforms: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 9, p. 2553-2576, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2553:TUATMO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"2553","endPage":"2576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392794,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kazakhstan, Russia","otherGeospatial":"Siberia, Ural Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n 77.34374999999999,\n 44.715513732021336\n ],\n [\n 77.34374999999999,\n 77.11803181203176\n ],\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 77.11803181203176\n ],\n [\n 44.6484375,\n 44.715513732021336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Warren B.","contributorId":74664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226546,"text":"70226546 - 1970 - Radiometric ages and stratigraphic sequence of volcanic and plutonic rocks, southern Nye and western Lincoln Counties, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T17:11:25.194303","indexId":"70226546","displayToPublicDate":"1970-09-01T11:02:21","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radiometric ages and stratigraphic sequence of volcanic and plutonic rocks, southern Nye and western Lincoln Counties, Nevada","docAbstract":"The geochronology of Tertiary igneous events at the Nevada Test Site and adjacent area is outlined by 36 recently determined K-Ar ages, together with other published K-Ar ages. The first evidence of Tertiary igneous activity is the ash-fall bedded tuffs in the Horse Spring Formation. One such tuff has been dated as 29 m.y. old (late Oligocene). Other ash-flow tuffs and lavas formed during the Miocene and Pliocene, according to radiometric age determinations. The youngest ash-flow tuff in this area is about 6 m.y. old.
Great volumes of ash and lava were spewed forth 13 to 11 m.y. ago to form the Paintbrush and Timber Mountain Tuffs. Sixteen replicate age determinations on minerals from four densely welded ash-flow tuffs from these formations gave a pooled standard deviation of about ± 2 percent error, provided anomalous ages were rejected on the basis of rock alteration or analytical difficulties.
In the Air Force Gunnery Range, just north of the test site, K-Ar ages suggest that the oldest ash flows, the Monotony Tuff, were emplaced 27.6 m.y. ago (late Oligocene) and were followed by outpourings of lava and ash throughout most of the Miocene. Youngest dated lava is about 13 m.y. old.
In the southern Egan and northern Seaman Ranges of central Nevada, the Needles Range (?) Formation has an averaged K-Ar age of about 30 m.y., which compares closely with 29.2 m.y., the average of four earlier K-Ar ages determined by other investigators on known Needles Range Formation in eastern Nevada and western Utah.
K-Ar ages given by micas from two exposed plutons in the Nevada Test Site suggest emplacement of these plutons at about 93 m.y. ago (early Late Cretaceous), although earlier emplacement in the Mesozoic would be more consistent with Pb-α ages
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2657:RAASSO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Marvin, R.F., Byers, F., Mehnert, H.H., Orkild, P.P., and Stern, T.W., 1970, Radiometric ages and stratigraphic sequence of volcanic and plutonic rocks, southern Nye and western Lincoln Counties, Nevada: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 81, no. 9, p. 2657-2676, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[2657:RAASSO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2657","endPage":"2676","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392053,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Lincoln County, Nye County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.0098876953125,\n 36.42791246440695\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 36.42791246440695\n ],\n [\n -114.027099609375,\n 38.50948995925553\n ],\n [\n -117.0098876953125,\n 38.50948995925553\n ],\n [\n -117.0098876953125,\n 36.42791246440695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marvin, Richard F.","contributorId":23125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byers, F.M. Jr.","contributorId":78338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byers","given":"F.M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mehnert, Harald H.","contributorId":56221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehnert","given":"Harald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orkild, Paul P.","contributorId":14441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orkild","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stern, T. W.","contributorId":36122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70010268,"text":"70010268 - 1970 - Deuterium content of snow cores from Sierra Nevada area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T17:24:31.49247","indexId":"70010268","displayToPublicDate":"1970-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deuterium content of snow cores from Sierra Nevada area","docAbstract":"The relative deuterium content was measured on 37 snow cores collected in April 1969 in the Sierra Nevada. The deuterium content varies inversely with altitude of collection (approximately 40 per mil per 1000 meters) but is unrelated to latitude. The altitude relationship is particularly well defined west of the crest of the range but is not well defined east of the crest. However, samples from east of the crest tend to be depleted by about 10 to 15 per mil relative to samples collected at the same elevation west of the crest. We propose that the deuterium content of snow cores, collected so as to include the total winter's precipitation, can be used as a climatic indicator to compare the climate of one winter with that of another.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.169.3944.467","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Smith, G., 1970, Deuterium content of snow cores from Sierra Nevada area: Science, v. 169, no. 3944, p. 467-470, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3944.467.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"470","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.01606059384827,\n 39.24050139709556\n ],\n [\n -121.01606059384827,\n 38.20977649215865\n ],\n [\n -119.38801271817681,\n 38.20977649215865\n ],\n [\n -119.38801271817681,\n 39.24050139709556\n ],\n [\n -121.01606059384827,\n 39.24050139709556\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"169","issue":"3944","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0003e4b0c8380cd4f531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221758,"text":"5221758 - 1970 - Propagation of captive American kestrels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T17:17:09.722732","indexId":"5221758","displayToPublicDate":"1970-07-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Propagation of captive American kestrels","docAbstract":"A colony of kestrels (Palco sparverius) was established at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in 1964 in connection with work on pesticides. The kestrels were acquired from the wild, both as nestlings and as full-grown birds, and were housed in several rows of outdoor pens. Each 50 x 20 ft pen was covered with wire netting and had its long sides in common with adjacent pens. During the first two reproductive seasons, untreated parent birds (dosed birds are not included in this paper) ate eggs and young. Cannibalism virtually ceased after the diet was changed from ground beef or horsemeat supplemented with liver, vitamins, and minerals to one containing a finely ground mixture of laboratory rodents, chicken heads, skinned chicken necks, and supplements; hatching success thereafter generally equaled that of a wild population. In 1967, 16 pairs of untreated hawks (3-year-old females) laid clutches averaging 4.9 eggs, hatched 88 percent of their eggs, and fledged 88 percent of their young. In 1968, 10 pairs of this group (4-year-old females) laid clutches averaging 4.9 eggs, hatched 51 percent of their eggs, and fledged 85 percent of their young. Nine yearling pairs (hatched in captivity) laid clutches in 1968 averaging 5.1 eggs, hatched 87 percent of their eggs, and fledged all of their young.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3798868","usgsCitation":"Porter, R.D., and Wiemeyer, S.N., 1970, Propagation of captive American kestrels: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 34, no. 3, p. 594-604, https://doi.org/10.2307/3798868.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"594","endPage":"604","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193515,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.8166482385359,\n 39.072382156197875\n ],\n [\n -76.8166482385359,\n 39.01305201803032\n ],\n [\n -76.74348687025322,\n 39.01305201803032\n ],\n [\n -76.74348687025322,\n 39.072382156197875\n ],\n [\n -76.8166482385359,\n 39.072382156197875\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669074","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, Richard D.","contributorId":224624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Porter","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":907203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiemeyer, Stanley N.","contributorId":78279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiemeyer","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":334610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226575,"text":"70226575 - 1970 - Origin of the disturbed belt in northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-29T19:42:43.808914","indexId":"70226575","displayToPublicDate":"1970-02-01T13:31:57","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"title":"Origin of the disturbed belt in northwestern Montana","docAbstract":"The northern part of the disturbed belt in Montana is a northwesterly trending zone of closely spaced westerly dipping thrust faults, many folds, and some longitudinal normal faults and transverse faults. The theory of vertical uplift that results in gravitational gliding is a reasonable explanation of the origin of the disturbed belt of northwestern Montana.
The outcropping sedimentary rocks range in age from Precambrian (Belt Supergroup) to Tertiary. All Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic stratigraphic rock units thin markedly to the east. Westernmost Montana was a slowly subsiding geosynclme during Precambrian (Belt) sedimentation and a miogeosyncline during much of Paleozoic sedimentation. The miogeosynclinal area was uplifted into a highland during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and sediment from the highland was deposited in a basin to the east. Periodic uplift and erosion continued through Cretaceous and very early Tertiary. I believe that a décollement was established, in the easterly tilted sediments, and the mass moved eastward under the influence of gravity across the small Mesozoic basin. The décollement migrated upsection to the east. East of the slide mass the rocks were folded, marking the east edge of the northern part of the disturbed belt in Montana. This edge was probably controlled by the erosional edge of the Precambrian (Belt) rocks and the west side of the craton. Additional uplift continued to produce sliding that piled one fault block upon another. The minimum amount of shortening of this upper part of the crust by thrust faulting and folding computed along one line of section is more than 29 miles. The amount of uplift to the west very likely exceeded 45,000 ft during the period from very Late Cretaceous to late Eocene. The main décollement was under an overburden of as much as 25,000 ft of strata—a thickness that would probably permit abnormal fluid pressures to develop in mudstone. The slope of the strata and glide surface by the end of uplift may have been as much as 8.5°.
Large Basin-and-Range-type normal faults developed, after thrusting, between the area of maximum uplift and the thrust fault belt. The westernmost of these faults formed the graben and horsts in the Rocky Mountain trench. The total amount of displacement of the normal faults along one line of section is about 43,000 ft. The total thickness of strata eroded from the area of maximum uplift is about 45,000 ft.
The theory of vertical uplift and gravitational sliding may also be applicable to the disturbed belt in Alberta and British Columbia. The disturbed belt, Rocky Mountain trench, and areas of uplift are continuous from northwestern Montana to northern British Columbia. Much of the geologic history of western Alberta and eastern British Columbia is like that of northwestern Montana.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[377:OOTDBI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Mudge, M., 1970, Origin of the disturbed belt in northwestern Montana, v. 81, no. 2, p. 377-392, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[377:OOTDBI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"377","endPage":"392","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.103515625,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -116.12548828124999,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -115.68603515624999,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -115.90576171874999,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -114.3896484375,\n 46.5739667965278\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 46.543749602738565\n ],\n [\n -113.35693359375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -116.103515625,\n 49.009050809382046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"2","tableOfContents":"https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[377:OOTDBI]2.0.CO;2
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mudge, Melville R.","contributorId":72370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mudge","given":"Melville R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010224,"text":"70010224 - 1970 - Emission spectrographic determination of trace elements in lunar samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T15:50:39.839569","indexId":"70010224","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emission spectrographic determination of trace elements in lunar samples","docAbstract":"Eighteen minor or trace elements were detected and determined by emission spectroscopy. Direct d-c arc excitation of powdered samples was used with three variations in the procedure. Thirteen lunar samples consisting of four fine-grained igneous rocks, one medium-grained igneous rock, seven breccias, and one sample of fines were analyzed. The zinc and nickel concentrations in the breccias were approximately one order of magnitude greater than the concentrations of these elements in igneous rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.167.3918.52","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Annell, C., and Helz, A., 1970, Emission spectrographic determination of trace elements in lunar samples: Science, v. 167, no. 3918, p. 521-523, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3918.52.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"521","endPage":"523","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219290,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"167","issue":"3918","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08fee4b0c8380cd51d4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Annell, C.","contributorId":61150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Annell","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helz, A.","contributorId":10923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220524,"text":"5220524 - 1970 - Serum protein changes in immune and nonimmune pigeons infected with various strains of Trichomonas gallinae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-02T16:54:18.821834","indexId":"5220524","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Serum protein changes in immune and nonimmune pigeons infected with various strains of Trichomonas gallinae","docAbstract":"Serum protein changes were studied in immune and nonimmune pigeons infected with three different strains of Trichomonas gallinae. Strain I (nonvirulent) produced no change in the relative concentration of serum components. Strains II (oral canker) and III (Jones' Barn) produced decreases in albumin and alpha globulins, and increases in beta and gamma globulins between the 7th and 20th days post infection. Birds infected with strain II began to return to normal by the 20th day, while all those infected with strain III were dead between 10 and 14 days post infection.
Two serum protein patterns resulted from infection of immune birds with the Jones' Barn strain. One showed no change in relative protein concentrations and no tissue invasion by the parasite while the other was similar to that seen in nonimmune birds infected with a strain producing oral canker. These also showed evidence of tissue invasion by the parasite.
It was concluded that tissue invasion was necessary to evoke a quantitative change in serum protein concentrations.
Under favorable conditions the chemistry of hot springs may give reliable indications of subsurface temperatures and circulation patterns. These chemical indicators can be classified by the type of process involved:
| Indicator | Dominant Process |
| The silica geothermometer | Solution-precipitation |
| Alkali ratios | Ion exchange |
| Cl/(HCO3 + CO3) ratio | Rock alteration by dissolved |
| CO2 | |
| Relative concentration of | Partitioning owing to subsur- |
| volatiles in spring water | face boning |
All these indicators have certain limitations. The silica geothermometer gives results independent of the local mineral suite and gas partial pressures, but may be affected by dilution. Alkali ratios are strongly affected by the local mineral suite and the formation of complex ions. Carbonate-chloride ratios are strongly affected by subsurface PCO2. The relative concentration of volatiles can be very misleading in high-pressure liquid systems.
In Yellowstone National Park most thermal waters issue from hot, shallow aquifers with pressures in excess of hydrostatic by 2 to 6 bars and with large flows (the flow of hot spring water from the Park is greater than 4000 liters per second). These conditions should be ideal for the use of chemical indicators to estimate aquifer temperatures. In five drill holes aquifer temperatures were within 2°C of that predicted from the silica content of nearby hot springs; the temperature level off at a lower value than predicted in only one hole, and in four other holes drilling was terminated before the predicted aquifer temperature was reached.
The temperature-Na/K ratio relationship does not follow any published experimental or empirical curve for water-feldspar or water-clay reactions. We suspect that ion exchange reactions involving zeolites in the Yellowstone rocks result in higher Na/K ratios at given temperatures than result from feldspar or clay reactions. Comparison of SiO2 and Cl/(HCO3 + CO3) suggest that because of higher subsurface PCO2 in Upper Geyser Basin a given Cl/(HCO3 + CO3) ratio there means a higher temperature than in Lower Geyser Basin. No correlation was found in Yellowstone Park between the subsurface regions of highest temperature and the relative concentration of volatile components such as boron and ammonia.
Isotopic analyses of strontium in primary fossil carbonate reveal significant variations in
The commercial fishery for walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in Lake Erie virtually collapsed in the late 1950's. The extreme decline in production was attributed primarily to a succession of weak year-classes, caused by habitat deterioration (increased water temperatures, enrichment, and pollution) in western Lake Erie. Unusually high fishing intensity and high yields of walleyes in the mid-1950's contributed to the collapse.Annual lakewide production of walleyes dropped from a record high of 15 million lb in 1956 to a record low of 717,000 lb in 1962. Canadian catches exceeded those of the United States only during the high production years of 1956–58; U.S. fishermen took 71% of the total catch in 1915–62.On the basis of the numbers of fish of the various year-classes in the fall trapnet samples at Sandusky, Ohio, in 1943–62, all but one of the 1942–52 year-classes were above average strength, and all but one of the 1953–61 year-classes were below average. Fish of the 1953–61 year-classes grew much faster than those of the 1942–52 year-classes. The strong 1948 year-class was followed by a series of progressively weaker year-classes until 1958; year-class strengths remained low through 1962.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f70-169","usgsCitation":"Parsons, J.W., 1970, Walleye fishery of Lake Erie in 1943-62 with emphasis on contributions of the 1942-61 year-classes: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 27, no. 8, p. 1475-1489, https://doi.org/10.1139/f70-169.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1475","endPage":"1489","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd50f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, John W.","contributorId":21899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185946,"text":"70185946 - 1970 - Let's Sing 'Auld Lang Syne' for the Upper Brandywine: Or, to continue with Burns, how the best laid environmental schemes of men \"gang aft a-gley\" ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T15:04:50","indexId":"70185946","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2825,"text":"Natural History","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Let's Sing 'Auld Lang Syne' for the Upper Brandywine: Or, to continue with Burns, how the best laid environmental schemes of men \"gang aft a-gley\" ","docAbstract":"Perhaps the most lamentable mistake that one can make is to be right too soon. This was the story of the Brandywine Plan, an attempt to organize local people for the permanent protection of the environmental amenities of their own land.
The Upper East Branch of Brandywine Creek drains a rolling basin of farms, fields, woodlands, and a sprinkling of residential areas. Because it lies at the far edge of the commuting range to the population centers of Philadelphia and Wilmington, the basin's natural beauty has barely been touched by the blight of suburban sprawl. The waters of its streams are clear; its ample woodlands and fields are filled with wildlife. Driving slowly through the basin's winding roads and across its narrow bridges evokes the feeling of a pastoral painting, of the ideal landscape of rural eastern America.
For two years, I had the privilege of working closely with a group preparing a land plan for the Brandywine area. The plan was designed to offer the inhabitants of the basin a feasible way to preserve forever the natural qualities of their region from the inevitable wave of urbanization. A report in Science magazine called it the perfect plan that failed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Museum of Natural History","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1970, Let's Sing 'Auld Lang Syne' for the Upper Brandywine: Or, to continue with Burns, how the best laid environmental schemes of men \"gang aft a-gley\" : Natural History, v. 79, p. 5-15.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338684,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc823e4b02ff32c685768","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010189,"text":"70010189 - 1970 - The diffusion of ions in unconsolidated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T00:39:31.436351","indexId":"70010189","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The diffusion of ions in unconsolidated sediments","docAbstract":"Diffusion in unconsolidated sediments generally proceeds at rates ranging from half to one twentieth of those applying to diffusion of ions and molecules in free solution. Diffusion rates are predictable with respect to porosity and path tortuosity in host sediments, and can be conveniently measured by determinations of electrical resistivity on bulk sediment samples. Net ion flux is further influenced by reactions of diffusing species with enclosing sediments, but such influences should not be confused with or lumped with diffusion processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(70)90123-8","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., 1970, The diffusion of ions in unconsolidated sediments: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 9, no. 4, p. 307-309, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(70)90123-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"309","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218782,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baab8e4b08c986b322973","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000226,"text":"1000226 - 1970 - Body-scale relation and calculation of growth in fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-25T12:50:41","indexId":"1000226","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Body-scale relation and calculation of growth in fishes","docAbstract":"Most calculations of fish growth from scale measurements are made from one of four types of curves: straight line through the origin (Dahl-Lea); straight line with intercept (Lee); logarithmic line (Monastyrsky); empirically derived curve (SegerstråYle). Occasionally, different curves are used for different length intervals of fish. Present understanding of the basic principles of research on the body-scale relation is good but certain problems still await clear solution.\nNomographic devices for the calculation of growth appeared early. Many of these unnecessarily had a moving part. The simplest nomograph yet developed and one that can be adapted to any kind of body-scale relation was described by Carlander and Smith. Computers appear to be destined to replace nomographs in most large-scale research on growth.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1970)99<468:BRACOG>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Hile, R., 1970, Body-scale relation and calculation of growth in fishes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 99, no. 3, p. 468-474, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1970)99<468:BRACOG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"468","endPage":"474","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267260,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1970)99<468:BRACOG>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"99","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aee4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hile, Ralph","contributorId":48510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hile","given":"Ralph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014196,"text":"1014196 - 1970 - Salmonid viruses: Double infection of RTG-2 cells with Egtved and infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T15:22:18.819605","indexId":"1014196","displayToPublicDate":"1970-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":882,"text":"Archiv Fur Die Gesamte Virusforschung","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salmonid viruses: Double infection of RTG-2 cells with Egtved and infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses","docAbstract":"Egtved and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) viruses were applied at high multiplicity alone and in combination to RTG-2 cells in liquid medium. Procedures were used which selectively suppressed one or the other virus, and the yields were determined after 64 hours at 15°C. The viruses showed an increase of 280 to 450 times the immediate post-adsorption level. Plaques of IPN and Egtved viruses showed some differences which can be helpful in distinguishing between the two agents. Detailed methods and results are given.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01249888","usgsCitation":"Wolf, K., and Vestergard Jorgensen, P.E., 1970, Salmonid viruses: Double infection of RTG-2 cells with Egtved and infectious pancreatic necrosis viruses: Archiv Fur Die Gesamte Virusforschung, v. 29, p. 337-342, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01249888.","productDescription":"6 pp.","startPage":"337","endPage":"342","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197395,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdf4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolf, K.","contributorId":16344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vestergard Jorgensen, P. E.","contributorId":66806,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vestergard Jorgensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70001751,"text":"70001751 - 1969 - Primitive and contaminated basalts from the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:39:58.795047","indexId":"70001751","displayToPublicDate":"2010-09-28T23:09:23","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Primitive and contaminated basalts from the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Basalts in the Southern Rocky Mountains province have been analyzed to determine if any of them are primitive. Alkali plagioclase xenocrysts armored with calcic plagioclase seem to be the best petrographic indicator of contamination. The next best indicator of contamination is quartz xenocrysts armored with clinopyroxene. On the rocks and the region studied, K2O apparently is the only major element with promise of separating primitive basalt from contaminated basalt inasmuch as it constitutes more than 1 % in all the obviously contaminated basalts. K2O: lead (> 4 ppm) and thorium (> 2 ppm) contents and Rb/Sr (> 0.035) are the most indicative of the trace elements studied. Using these criteria, three basalt samples are primitive (although one contains 1.7% K2O) and are similar in traceelement contents to Hawaiian and Eastern Honshu, Japan, primitive basalts.
Contamination causes lead isotope ratios, 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb, to become less radiogenic, but it has little or no effect on 87Sr/86Sr. We interpret the effect on lead isotopes to be due to assimilation either of lower crustal granitic rocks, which contain 5–10 times as much lead as basalt and which have been low in U/Pb and Th/Pb since Precambrian times, or of upper crustal Precambrian or Paleozoic rocks, which have lost much of their radiogenic lead because of heating prior to assimilation. The lack of definite effects on strontium isotopes may be due to the lesser strontium contents of granitic crustal rocks relative to basaltic rocks coupled with lack of a large radiogenic enrichment in the crustal rocks.
Lead isotope ratios were found to be less radiogenic in plagioclase separates from an obviously contaminated basalt than in the primitive basalts. The feldspar separate that is rich in sodic plagioclase xenocrysts was found to be similar to the whole-rock composition for 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb whereas a more dense fraction probably enriched in more calcic plagioclase phenocrysts is more similar to the primitive basalts in lead isotope ratios.
The primitive basalts have: 206Pb/204Pb ∼ 18.09–18.34, 207Pb/204Pb ∼ 15.5, 208Pb/204Pb ∼ 37.6–37.9, 87Sr/86Sr ∼ 0.704–0.705. In the primitive basalts from the Southern Rocky Mountains the values of 206Pb/204Pb are similar to values reported by others for Hawaiian and eastern Honshu basalts and abyssal basalts, whereas 208Pb/204Pb tends to be equal to or a little less radiogenic than those from the oceanic localities. 87Sr/86Sr appears to be equal to or a little greater than those of the oceanic localities. These 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios are distinctly less radiogenic and 87Sr/86Sr values are about equal to those reported by others for volcanic islands on oceanic ridges and rises.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00403342","issn":"00107999","usgsCitation":"Doe, B.R., Lipman, P.W., Hedge, C., and Kurasawa, H., 1969, Primitive and contaminated basalts from the Southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 21, no. 2, p. 142-156, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00403342.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"156","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":203299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Southern Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 36.94111143010769\n ],\n [\n -104.359130859375,\n 36.94111143010769\n ],\n [\n -104.359130859375,\n 40.93841495689795\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 40.93841495689795\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 36.94111143010769\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67be3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doe, B. R.","contributorId":52173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipman, P. W.","contributorId":93470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"P.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hedge, C. E.","contributorId":73611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"C. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kurasawa, H.","contributorId":41565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurasawa","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":346827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5223215,"text":"5223215 - 1969 - [Book review] Life histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows, and allies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-29T20:05:20","indexId":"5223215","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Life histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows, and allies","docAbstract":"The completion of an ornithological series as important as the Bent Life Histories is an exciting event. Here is a series of 21 volumes, spanning a history of nearly 60 years from inception to completion, containing over 9,500 text pages of information about North American birds, largely the work of one man – who was not professionally an ornithologist. One cannot well review the final number of such a series without considering the series as a whole and that volume relative to the rest of the series, when the authorship of the last is different and varied.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Banks, R., 1969, [Book review] Life histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows, and allies: The Auk, v. 86, no. 4, p. 768-770.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"768","endPage":"770","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"4","publicComments":"Review of: Life histories of North American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows, and allies. Arthur Cleveland Bent and Collaborators. 1968. Washington, D.C., U.A. Natl. Mus., Bull. 237. Pp. i-xxvii + 1-602","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddbb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, R.C.","contributorId":20440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3552,"text":"cir631 - 1969 - Disposal of liquid wastes by injection underground--Neither myth nor millennium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T15:51:27","indexId":"cir631","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"631","title":"Disposal of liquid wastes by injection underground--Neither myth nor millennium","docAbstract":"Injecting liquid wastes deep underground is an attractive but not necessarily practical means for disposing of them. For decades, impressive volumes of unwanted oil-field brine have been injected, currently about 10,000 acre-feet yearly. Recently, liquid industrial wastes are being injected in ever-increasing quantity. Dimensions of industrial injection wells range widely but the approximate medians are: depth, 2,660 feet; thickness of injection zone, 185 feet; injection rate, 135 gallons per minute; wellhead injection pressure, 185 pounds per square inch. Effects of deep injection are complex and not all are understood clearly. In a responsible society, injection cannot be allowed to put wastes out of mind. Injection is no more than storage--for all time in the case of the most intractable wastes--in underground space of which little is attainable in some areas and which is exhaustible in most areas. Liquid wastes range widely in character and concentration-some are incompatible one with another or with materials of the prospective injection zone; some which are reactive or chemically unstable would require pretreatment or could not be injected. Standards by which to categorize the wastes are urgently desirable. To the end that injection may be planned effectively and administered in orderly fashion, there is proposed an immediate and comprehensive canvass of all the United States to outline injection provinces and zones according to their capacities to accept waste. Much of the information needed to this end is at hand. Such a canvass would consider (1) natural zone, of groundwater circulation, from rapid to stagnant, (2) regional hydrodynamics, (3) safe injection pressures, and (4) geochemical aspects. In regard to safe pressure, definitive criteria would be sought by which to avoid recurrence of earthquake swarms such as seem to have been triggered by injection at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal well near Denver, Colo. Three of the 50 States--Missouri, .Ohio, and Texas-have statutes specifically to regulate injection of industrial wastes. Other States impose widely diverse constraints under unlike administrative authorities. Few, if any, State agencies currently have the staff skills, centralized authority, and financial resources to assure rights of the general public to be spared harm from, and to reap the benefit of accrued experience with, deep injection. Some new, fully competent institutional arrangement appears to be essential, under a unified policy. As required, such an institution might have en echelon components, respectively having nationwide, single State or major province, subprovince, or local jurisdiction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir631","usgsCitation":"Piper, A., 1969, Disposal of liquid wastes by injection underground--Neither myth nor millennium: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 631, iii, 15 p. ;26 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir631.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p. ;26 cm.","startPage":"1","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1969/0631/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30572,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1969/0631/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":5758,"text":"pp882 - 1976 - Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California","indexId":"pp882","publicationYear":"1976","noYear":false,"title":"Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-24T19:53:10.458712","indexId":"ofr6936","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"69-36","title":"Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California","docAbstract":"The Baldwin Hills are located in the northwest part of the densely populated Los Angeles basin. They comprise one of several groups of isolated hills that extend along the northwest-trending Newport-Inglewood zone of folds and faults, a structural lineament identified with a series of very productive oil fields. In addition to being the site of the Inglewood oil field, these hills are the site of surface deformation that has been monitored for over 35 years. This record of deformation, which includes differential subsidence, horizontal displacements, and surface rupturing, forms one of the best documented examples of oilfield-associated surface deformation yet recognized. The deformation is described in detail, analyzed as to cause(s), and finally attributed largely or essentially entirely to the exploitation of the spatially-associated Inglewood oil field.
The Baldwin Hills are underlain by gently to moderately arched and conspicuously faulted Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks that overlie crystalline basement rocks at a depth of more than 10,000 feet. The Inglewood fault, a part of the northwest-trending Newport-Inglewood zone, diagonally transects the hills. Right-lateral displacements of 3,000-4,000 feet since middle or late Pliocene time and 1,500-2,000 feet during Quaternary time are indicated by offset structural and physio-graphic features; indications of vertical separations of up to about 200 feet during late Quaternary time occur locally.
Evidence of continuing deformation includes recognized seismicity and regional elevation changes. The M5-5 1/2 Inglewood earthquake of 1920, the largest local earthquake of record, is believed to have originated immediately southeast of the Baldwin Hills; it was apparently unassociated with surficial fault displacements. Leveling in and around the west and central Los Angeles basin has shown that lowland stations have been consistently subsiding, whereas foothill stations commonly have been rising. Several seemingly persistent basins of differential subsidence and a zone of positive movement, roughly coincident with the Newport-Inglewood zone, have also been identified in the northwest part of the basin.
A prominent, elliptically-shaped, northwest-trending subsidence bowl encompassing the northwest part of the Baldwin Hills, has been defined by repeated level circuits. Partial reconstruction of selected level circuits with respect to a common, relatively stable control point (Hollywood E-11), located on the edge of the subsidence bowl, has permitted evaluation of the subsidence since 1910 and 1911 at two points near the center of the bowl. Thus bench mark PBM 67 is estimated to have subsided approximately 4.324 feet between June 1910 and February 1963; and bench mark PBM 68 (the only bench mark within the subsidence bowl that was leveled prior to 1926 and has been repeatedly leveled since) subsided 3.846 feet between November 1911 and June 1962. Analysis of the available data indicates little if any elevation change at PBM 68 (or elsewhere throughout the Baldwin Hills-Inglewood area) associated with the Inglewood earthquake of 1920. Maximum subsidence of PBM 122 (which has remained very close to the center of subsidence since at . least 1950) between 1911 and 1963 is calculated to have been 5.67 feet.
Horizontal displacements (with respect to a north-south base line about 3 miles east of the hills) of six triangulation points within the subsidence bowl have been measured for various periods between 1934 and 1963. Displacements have been generally toward the center of subsidence and almost precisely perpendicular to the immediately adjacent isobases of equal elevation change. Maximum movement has been recorded at triangulation point Baldwin Aux, which was displaced 2.21 feet between 1934 and 1961; horizontal displacements of three additional points ranged from 0.95 foot to 1.85 feet between 1936 and 1961. Displacements of 0.10-0.29 foot were recorded at all six monuments during the period 1961-1963.
\"Earth cracks\" and surficial fault displacements were recognized in the Baldwin Hills at least as early as 1957. The cracks are relatively straight, generally continuous fractures confined to the structural block east of the Inglewood fault; they are concentrated in two areas centering on (1) the Baldwin Hills Reservoir and (2) the Stocker Street-LaBrea Avenue-Overhill Drive intersection. The cracks trend north to north-northeast and are nearly everywhere parallel to or coincident with minor faults and joints, and are generally orthogonal to radii emanating from the center of subsidence. Differential movement along the cracks has been almost entirely dip slip along steep to nearly vertical surfaces, and generally down-dropped toward the center of subsidence. Cumulative displacements have been as much as 6 or 7 inches. Rates of displacement have ranged widely, and the movement has generally occurred as creep or very small discrete jumps. A probable exception is the several inches of differential movement that is believed to have occurred along a crack through the floor of the Baldwin Hills Reservoir on or about December 14, 1963.
The contemporary surface movements are attributable to one or more of the following phenomena: (1). exploitation of the Inglewood oil field; (2) changes in the ground-water regimen; (3) compaction of sedimentary materials in response to surface loading; (4) tectonic activity.
The following considerations indicate that the differential subsidence is attributable largely or entirely to exploitation of the underlying Inglewood oil field: (1) the coincidence of the centers of the oil field, the producing structure, and the subsidence bowl; (2) the general correspondence between the pattern of subsidence and the outlines of the oil field; (3) the approximate coincidence between the initiation of production and the initiation of subsidence; (4) the generally linear relations between various measures of subsidence and liquid production from both the field as a whole and the exceptionally prolific Vickers zone in particular; (5) the sharp deceleration of subsidence in the eastern block of the field coincident with the initiation of full-scale water flooding there; (6) the many examples of oil fields In which both spatial and temporal associations between production and subsidence are recognized; (7) the many similarities of the subsidence-production relations in the Inglewood field to those in the Wilmington field, where the subsidence has been authoritatively attributed to oilfield operations; (8) the theoretical relation between subsidence or a tendency toward subsidence and increased effective pressure associated with underground fluid extraction.
Consideration of six possible explanations for the increasing rather than decreasing or constant rate of subsidence with respect to reservoir fluid pressure decline suggests that measured or calculated down-hole reservoir fluid pressure decline is non-representative of average or real fluid pressure decline away from producing wells. The near-linear relations between net-liquid production and subsidence are explained through analogy with a tightly confined artesian system of infinite areal extent, where production must derive from liquid expansion and/or reservoir compaction. Test data from compaction studies in two other oil fields yield estimates of ultimate compaction of the Vickers zone resulting from a total loss of fluid pressure; these estimates range over an order of magnitude. The best estimate, based on these data and considerations of late Cenozoic history in the Baldwin Hills area, is about 10 feet.
The centripetally-directed horizontal movements are considered attributable to exploitation of the Inglewood oil field on the basis of:
(1) their well-defined symmetrical and geometrical association with the differential subsidence; (2) the similarities between these associations and those developed in and around other subsiding oil fields; and (3) the mechanical compatibility of these movements with subsidence induced by the extraction of subsurface materials.
The earth cracks and surficial fault displacements are considered largely or entirely attributable to the exploitation of the Inglewood oil field on the basis of: (1) their spatial and temporal relations to both oil-field operations and the differential subsidence; (2) the similarities of these cracks and displacements to those generated in and around other oil fields and areas of subsurface materials extraction; and (3) surface strain patterns predicted from the measured vertical and horizontal surface movements. The cracks and displacements can i)e explained by an exploitation-based, elastic-rebound model which requires elastic compression of the sedimentary section in response to compaction-induced downdrag within those blocks around the periphery of the subsidence bowl. The measured displacements have been about one-quarter to one-half those predicted for a purely elastic system.
Analysis of: (1) the history of ground-water extraction within and around the Baldwin Hills; and (2) subsidence associated with water-level declines in sediments comparable with those in the Baldwin Hills, indicate that the surface movements can be no more than incidentally attributed to changes in ground-water conditions. Similarly, analysis of the history of natural and artificial changes in surface loading indicate that these movements are generally unassociated with changes in surface loading conditions.
Considerations of local geologic history and various tectonic associations indicate that it is very unlikely that the differential subsidence and horizontal movements are due to tectonic downwarping. There exists a far stronger prima facie argument for tectonic involvement in the earth cracking and associated fault displacements. This argument is disputed by; (1) the spatial and temporal relations of the earth cracks to, and their mechanical compatibility with, the nontectonic differential subsidence; (2) the absence of displacements on the Inglewood fault in conjunction with those along the conjugate earth cracks; (3) the probability that purely tectonic displaceMents would be characterized by oblique or strike slip; and (4) the absence of any clear temporal relation between crack growth and local seismicity, However, because as much as 10 percent of the local isobase gradient may be unexplained' by oil-field exploitation, a small fraction of this gradient, and thus the displacements among the southern group of cracks, may be attributable to tectonic activity. This fraction should have been insignificant in the presence of the strain pattern produced by nontectonic compaction of the underlying oil measures.
Because nearly all of the observed and measured surface movements can be fully explained as the products of oil-field operations, yet can be no more than incidentally attributed to changes in ground-water conditions, surface loading, or tectonic activity, we conclude that these movements are attributable largely or essentially entirely to the exploitation of the Inglewood oil field.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6936","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., and Yerkes, R.F., 1969, Recent surface movements in the Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 69-36, xviii, 185 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6936.","productDescription":"xviii, 185 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":429278,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1969/0036/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles County","otherGeospatial":"Baldwin Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.38187677397389,\n 34.0348739886972\n ],\n [\n -118.38187677397389,\n 33.97553856602411\n ],\n [\n -118.30144514525205,\n 33.97553856602411\n ],\n [\n -118.30144514525205,\n 34.0348739886972\n ],\n [\n -118.38187677397389,\n 34.0348739886972\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648569","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, Robert O.","contributorId":22741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70112279,"text":"70112279 - 1969 - Structural geologic interpretations from radar imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T14:00:24","indexId":"70112279","displayToPublicDate":"1990-06-12T11:57:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural geologic interpretations from radar imagery","docAbstract":"Certain structural geologic features may be more readily recognized on sidelooking airborne radar (SLAR) images than on conventional aerial photographs, other remote sensor imagery, or by ground observations. SLAR systems look obliquely to one or both sides and their images resemble aerial photographs taken at low sun angle with the sun directly behind the camera. They differ from air photos in geometry, resolution, and information content. Radar operates at much lower frequencies than the human eye, camera, or infrared sensors, and thus \"sees\" differently. The lower frequency enables it to penetrate most clouds and some precipitation, haze, dust, and some vegetation. Radar provides its own illumination, which can be closely controlled in intensity and frequency. It is narrow band, or essentially monochromatic.
\nLow relief and subdued features are accentuated when viewed from the proper direction. Runs over the same area in significantly different directions (more than 45° from each other), show that images taken in one direction may emphasize features that are not emphasized on those taken in the other direction; optimum direction is determined by those features which need to be emphasized for study purposes.
\nLineaments interpreted as faults stand out on radar imagery of central and western Nevada; folded sedimentary rocks cut by faults can be clearly seen on radar imagery of northern Alabama. In these areas, certain structural and stratigraphic features are more pronounced on radar images than on conventional photographs; thus radar imagery materially aids structural interpretation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2159:SGIFRI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Reeves, R.G., 1969, Structural geologic interpretations from radar imagery: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 11, p. 2159-2164, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2159:SGIFRI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2159","endPage":"2164","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":288481,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[2159:SGIFRI]2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama;Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.01,30.1941 ], [ -120.01,42.0 ], [ -84.8882,42.0 ], [ -84.8882,30.1941 ], [ -120.01,30.1941 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"80","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"539acc17e4b0e83db6d09003","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, Robert G.","contributorId":72770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206916,"text":"70206916 - 1969 - Experimental studies of pegmatite genesis: I. A model for the derivation and crystallization of granitic pegmatites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-26T17:36:33","indexId":"70206916","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-01T17:30:08","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental studies of pegmatite genesis: I. A model for the derivation and crystallization of granitic pegmatites","docAbstract":"The genesis of granitic igneous pegmatites is here considered in terms of a model conceived from results of field and laboratory studies and subsequently tested by means of experimental investigations. This model emphasizes the roles of water (and/or other relatively volatile substances), both as a dissolved constituent in granitic magmas and as the dominant constituent of a separate fluid phase that is in the supercritical state under most conditions of pegmatite formation. Pegmatite magma, as distinguished by a content of dissolved water that is high relative to the limit of solubility under existing confining pressure, can be formed either through partial melting of crustal materials or as rest-liquid in a cooling igneous body yielding dominantly anhydrous crystalline phases. Such granitic magma can be expected to consolidate according to the following three-fold sequence: 1. Crystallization from hydrous silicate melt, yielding anhydrous solid phases with or without OH-bearing phases. The product is characterized by normal phaneritic textures that generafly are coarse grained. It has been termed pegmatite in some occurrences, and granite in others. 2. Crystallization concomitantly from silicate melt and from a coexisting exsolved aqueous fluid of considerably lower viscosity, yielding giant-textured pegmatite along with much finer-grained, even aplitic, mineral aggregates. Segregation of these products can vary enormously in scale and degree. Partitioning of constituents between melt and aqueous fluid, rapid diffusion of constituents through the aqueous phase, and gravitational rising of this fluid through the system contribute to formation of pods, zones, and other rock units of unusual composition and texture. 3. Crystallization in the absence of silicate melt, yielding a wide variety of late-stage products. These include so-called \"pocket minerals\" and numerous mineral aggregates formed through exchanges of material among aqueous fluid and earlier-formed crystal-line phases. Development of pegmatite bodies can begin with either Step 1 or Step 2, but it is suggested that the processes involved in Step 2 are essential to the formation of all true pegmatites of igneous origin. The appearance of a second fluid phase, in general a supercritical aqueous fluid derived from the crystallizing melt, is regarded as the decisive event; it is promptly followed by fundamental changes in distribution and texture of the solid phases being formed. The processes can operate effectively in a fully closed system, and they also can modify the surrounding rocks if the system is open at any stage. Step 1 can include reactions between magma and earlier-formed crystals, but far more rapid and extensive exchanges of materials are subsequently effected by processes included in Steps 2 and 3; indeed, such exchanges also can account satisfactorily for pegmatites of metamorphic origin. Crystallization of most granitic magmas in the absence of a separate aqueous phase probably would begin within the temperature range 1,300°-650 ° C, the specific liquidus temperature depending mainly upon the amounts of volatile constituents held in solution at the time. This compositional factor also would be important in controlling the stage of crystallization-late, intermediate, or early-at which a separate aqueous fluid would make its appearance. Depending upon confining pressure as dictated by geologic conditions for a given system, the stage in crystallization represented by the presence of both silicate melt and aqueous fluid could begin within about the same temperature range of 1.300°-650 ° C. Exhaustion of the melt could occur within range extending downward to temperatures of 600C or even somewhat lower. Textural and structural features appear to be the most reliable indicators of the stages and fundamental processes involved in crystallization of both natural and synthetic pegmatites. The contrasting processes of crystallization from one fluid and from more than one fluid can operate over such broad P-T-X ranges that simple genetic pegmatite classifications based largely upon \"key minerals,\" presumed temperature or pressure intervals, or the presence or absence of supercritical conditions appear to be somewhat unrealistic. © 1969 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists ","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.64.8.843","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Jahns, R.H., and Burnham, C., 1969, Experimental studies of pegmatite genesis: I. A model for the derivation and crystallization of granitic pegmatites: Economic Geology, v. 64, no. 8, p. 843-864, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.64.8.843.","productDescription":"22 p. ","startPage":"843","endPage":"864","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1969-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jahns, R. H.","contributorId":97961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahns","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burnham, C.W.","contributorId":220937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burnham","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70224595,"text":"70224595 - 1969 - Lake eutrophication— A natural process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T15:19:16.664451","indexId":"70224595","displayToPublicDate":"1969-12-01T10:10:34","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7168,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lake eutrophication— A natural process","docAbstract":"Lake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04920.x","usgsCitation":"Greeson, P.E., 1969, Lake eutrophication— A natural process: Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), v. 5, no. 4, p. 16-30, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1969.tb04920.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389961,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greeson, Phillip E.","contributorId":25556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeson","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70227069,"text":"70227069 - 1969 - Observations of the lunar regolith and the Earth from the television camera on Surveyor 7","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T18:01:17.092111","indexId":"70227069","displayToPublicDate":"1969-11-15T11:54:13","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of the lunar regolith and the Earth from the television camera on Surveyor 7","docAbstract":"Surveyor 7, the last spacecraft of the Surveyor series, landed about 30 km north of the rim crest of Tycho, one of the most prominent and well-known features in the southern part of the moon. About 21,000 pictures were transmitted during two lunar days of operation. At the Surveyor 7 site, the cumulative size-frequency distribution of craters 13 cm to 3 meters in diameter follows closely the distribution of craters observed at the other Surveyor sites in the lunar maria. This distribution of small craters is believed to be a steady-state distribution.
The Pleistocene glacial limit in the marine environment off New England can be traced by plotting the seaward limit of abundant sandy gravel and the position of shoals. Maximum limit of the last glaciation was probably along an irregular line extending through Nantucket Shoals, across Great South Channel, northern Georges Bank, and at least to the edge of the Scotian Shelf. If, as we assume, glaciers lowered sea level approximately 130 m, the ice margin was probably a subaerial one on Nantucket Shoals and Georges Bank, and it was bordered by outwash and meltwater channels leading away from the ice front. On the Scotian Shelf, the margin may have bordered directly on the ocean, to judge by the lack of shoals and the widespread dispersion of gravel out to the shelf edge. The glaciofluvial nature of the original deposits and marine reworking during the eustatic rise in sea level have made it difficult to recognize ice-contact deposits near the limit of maximum glacial advance. The gravel on shallow banks and ledges is in a bimodal mixture with sand. Association of coarse gravel and sand suggests postdepositional reworking of till by marine processes and removal of silt and clay. Gravel in the Gulf of Maine is mixed with sand, silt, and clay, a mixture characteristic of till.
Two sets of test panels, one in the intake and the other in the effluent canal of a steam-generating station, were submerged at monthly intervals in 1967. The panels were analyzed for epifaunal species composition, abundance, seasonal attachment, and total biomass production. The average surface-water temperature rose 6.3 C above ambient on the effluent side, and the biomass production of the epifaunal organisms found there increased nearly three times that of the intake. An earlier and larger set of some attached organisms occurred in the effluent, but there was little change in species composition between the intake and effluent canals. During the summer when high surface-water temperatures prevailed, there seemed to be a reduced number and/or disappearance of flatworms and colonial hydroids, along with increased barnacle growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1350458","usgsCitation":"Nauman, J.W., and Cory, R.L., 1969, Thermal additions and epifaunal organisms at Chalk Point, Maryland: Chesapeake Science, v. 10, p. 218-226, https://doi.org/10.2307/1350458.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"218","endPage":"226","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":388500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Chalk Point","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.68229579925537,\n 38.55249497495678\n ],\n [\n -76.68173789978027,\n 38.544809001876935\n ],\n [\n -76.68482780456543,\n 38.540478987176925\n ],\n [\n -76.68293952941895,\n 38.53826353001221\n ],\n [\n -76.67654514312744,\n 38.543097166758976\n ],\n [\n -76.68040752410889,\n 38.5535689319726\n ],\n [\n -76.68229579925537,\n 38.55249497495678\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nauman, Jon W.","contributorId":56232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nauman","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cory, Robert L.","contributorId":77967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cory","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":821943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}