{"pageNumber":"4058","pageRowStart":"101425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184937,"records":[{"id":70170457,"text":"70170457 - 1993 - The reintroduction of black bears in Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-20T19:18:13","indexId":"70170457","displayToPublicDate":"2008-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"title":"The reintroduction of black bears in Arkansas","docAbstract":"<p>Abstract is unavailable.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bears: Majestic creatures of the wild","language":"English","publisher":"Rodale Press, Inc.","isbn":"9780875965529","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.G., Clark, J.D., and Shull, S.D., 1993, The reintroduction of black bears in Arkansas, chap. <i>of</i> Bears: Majestic creatures of the wild, p. 222-223.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"222","endPage":"223","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5718a852e4b0ef3b7caba678","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stirling, Ian","contributorId":72079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627296,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kimberly G.","contributorId":80200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Joseph D. 0000-0002-8547-8112 jclark1@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-8112","contributorId":2265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Joseph","email":"jclark1@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":627294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shull, Scott D.","contributorId":168789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shull","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6623,"text":"University of Arkansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":627295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018311,"text":"70018311 - 1993 - The magnitude and rapidity of the climate change marking the end of the Pleistocene in the mid-latitudes of South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T16:44:39.705341","indexId":"70018311","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The magnitude and rapidity of the climate change marking the end of the Pleistocene in the mid-latitudes of South America","docAbstract":"<p>The chi-squared test of independence and cluster analysis of Otsuka similarity coefficients of fossil beetle assemblages from the Chilean Lake Region in the mid-latitudes of South America support the following conclusions: (1) the mean summer temperature of the glacial climate was 4-5??C lower than today's climate; (2) the climatic change from glacial to interglacial mode was in a single step centered on about 14,000 yr B.P.; (3) the climatic change was rapid, and within 1500 years the biota of a moorland had been completely replaced by a biota of a rain forest; (4) by 12,500 yr B.P., the low elevation beetle fauna of the Chilean Lake Region was similar in composition to that of the present day; and (5) no reversal in the postglacial warming trend, equivalent in age to the Younger Dryas Stade, was detected.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(93)90018-E","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Ashworth, A., and Hoganson, J., 1993, The magnitude and rapidity of the climate change marking the end of the Pleistocene in the mid-latitudes of South America: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 101, no. 3-4, p. 263-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90018-E.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"270","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Chile","otherGeospatial":"Chilean Lake Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.5696905220094,\n              -34.034187277386664\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.29096675825205,\n              -33.79189864452927\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.29096675825205,\n              -40.741320377357766\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.7278378439459,\n              -40.741320377357766\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.59687077766624,\n              -36.78748350848831\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.5696905220094,\n              -34.034187277386664\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badb5e4b08c986b323da4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ashworth, A.C.","contributorId":45061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashworth","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoganson, J.W.","contributorId":100127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoganson","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018301,"text":"70018301 - 1993 - The return of sialic material to the mantle indicated by terrigeneous material subducted at convergent margins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:31:33.010707","indexId":"70018301","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The return of sialic material to the mantle indicated by terrigeneous material subducted at convergent margins","docAbstract":"<p>At convergent margins where oceanic crust is subducted beneath continental or island-arc crust, sediment on the igneous oceanic crust divides into an accreted and a subducted fraction. Although the subducted fraction is larger, it is obscured in many seismic reflection records because of its depth and the effects of the overlying complex structure. Volumes of accreted and underthrust sediment were quantified at individual margins and global estimates were made of the terrigeneous debris subducted. Also included were debris from subduction erosion. The estimated volume of terrigeneous material subducted beneath continental and island-arc crust is sufficiently large to significantly affect processes along the plate boundary. The possible volume reaching the mantle could have considerable affect on mantle evolution.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(93)90294-T","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"von Huene, R.E., and Scholl, D., 1993, The return of sialic material to the mantle indicated by terrigeneous material subducted at convergent margins: Tectonophysics, v. 219, no. 1-3, p. 163-175, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90294-T.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"175","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227414,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"219","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf3fe4b08c986b324661","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, D.W.","contributorId":106461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018377,"text":"70018377 - 1993 - Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:25:24.720898","indexId":"70018377","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Adriatic microplate was previously considered to be a unique block, tectonically active only along its margins. The seismic sequences that took place in the basin from 1986 to 1990 give new information about the geodynamics of this area. Three subsets of well recorded events were relocated by the&nbsp;</span><i>joint hypocentre determination</i><span>&nbsp;technique. On the whole, this seismic activity was concentrated in a belt crossing the southern Adriatic sea around latitude 42°, in connection with regional E-W fault systems. Some features of this seismicity, similar to those observed in other well known active margins of the Adriatic plate, support a model of a southern Adriatic lithospheric block, detached from the Northern one. Other geophysical information provides evidence of a transitional zone at the same latitude.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(93)90323-C","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Console, R., Di Giovambattista, R., Favali, P., Presgrave, B., and Smriglio, G., 1993, Seismicity of the Adriatic microplate: Tectonophysics, v. 218, no. 4, p. 343-354, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90323-C.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227201,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Adriatic microplate","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              7.901074646922638,\n              45.36537747665571\n            ],\n            [\n              7.925319937349542,\n              40.09529757596667\n            ],\n            [\n              15.659655459453305,\n              36.911856470118124\n            ],\n            [\n              20.530395376757042,\n              39.790757885787514\n            ],\n            [\n              19.89113932560724,\n              42.11828271163941\n            ],\n            [\n              18.052461504968505,\n              44.5684811567877\n            ],\n            [\n              13.967414468815335,\n              46.00369103273495\n            ],\n            [\n              7.901074646922638,\n              45.36537747665571\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"218","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bb8e4b08c986b317a2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Console, R.","contributorId":51476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Console","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Di Giovambattista, R.","contributorId":7021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Di Giovambattista","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Favali, P.","contributorId":47534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Favali","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Presgrave, B.W.","contributorId":103298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presgrave","given":"B.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smriglio, G.","contributorId":50673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smriglio","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018372,"text":"70018372 - 1993 - Mediterranean undercurrent sandy contourites, Gulf of Cadiz, Spain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T15:59:04.233212","indexId":"70018372","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mediterranean undercurrent sandy contourites, Gulf of Cadiz, Spain","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Pliocene—Quaternary pattern of contourite deposits on the eastern Gulf of Cadiz continental slope results from an interaction between linear diapiric ridges that are perpendicular to slope contours and the Mediterranean undercurrent that has flowed northwestward parallel to the slope contours and down valleys between the ridges since the late Miocene opening of the Strait of Gibraltar. Coincident with the northwestward decrease in undercurrent speeds from the Strait there is the following northwestward gradation of sediment facies associations: (1) upper slope facies, (2) sand dune facies on the upstream mid-slope terrace, (3) large mud wave facies on the lower slope, (4) sediment drift facies banked against the diapiric ridges, and (5) valley facies between the ridges. The southeastern sediment drift facies closest to Gibraltar contains medium-fine sand beds interbedded with mud. The adjacent valley floor facies is composed of gravelly, shelly coarse to medium sand lags and large sand dunes on the valley margins. Compared to this, the northwestern drift contains coarse silt interbeds and the adjacent valley floors exhibit small to medium sand dunes of fine sand. Further northwestward, sediment drift grades to biogenous silt near the Faro Drift at the Portuguese border. Because of the complex pattern of contour-parallel and valley-perpendicular flow paths of the Mediterranean undercurrent, the larger-scale bedforms and coarser-grained sediment of valley facies trend perpendicular to the smaller-scale bedforms and finer-grained contourite deposits of adjacent sediment drift facies.</span></p><p><span>The bottom-current deposits of valleys and the contourites of the Cadiz slope intervalley areas are distinct from turbidite systems. The valley sequences are not aggradational like turbidite channel—levee complexes, but typically exhibit bedrock walls against ridges, extensive scour and fill into adjacent contourites, transverse bedform fields and bioclastic lag deposits. Both valley and contourite deposits exhibit reverse graded bedding and sharp upper bed contacts in coarse-grained layers, low deposition rates, and a regional pattern of bedform zones, textural variation, and compositional gradation.</span></p><p><span>The surface sandy contourite layer of 0.2–1.2 m thickness that covers the Gulf of Cadiz slope has formed during the present Holocene high sea level because high sea level results in maximum water depth over the Gibraltar sill and full development of the Mediterranean undercurrent. The late Pleistocene age of the mud underlying the surface sand sheet correlates with the age of the last sea-level lowstand and apparent weak Mediterranean undercurrent development. Thus, the cyclic deposition of sand or mud layers and contourite or drape sequences appear to be related to late Pliocene and Quaternary sea-level changes and Mediterranean water circulation patterns. Since its Pliocene origin, the contourite sequence has had low deposition rates of &lt; 5 cm/1000y on the upper slope and &lt; 13 cm/1000y in the middle slope sediment drift.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(93)90116-M","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C.H., Baraza, J., and Maldonado, A., 1993, Mediterranean undercurrent sandy contourites, Gulf of Cadiz, Spain: Sedimentary Geology, v. 82, no. 1-4, p. 103-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90116-M.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"131","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Spain","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Cadiz","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -7.905732423730626,\n              37.25853420758331\n            ],\n            [\n              -7.905732423730626,\n              36.73793276908742\n            ],\n            [\n              -6.359609032719902,\n              36.73793276908742\n            ],\n            [\n              -6.359609032719902,\n              37.25853420758331\n            ],\n            [\n              -7.905732423730626,\n              37.25853420758331\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a537ee4b0c8380cd6cb0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":191503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baraza, J.","contributorId":12200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baraza","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maldonado, A.","contributorId":90437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maldonado","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017434,"text":"70017434 - 1993 - Mantle and crustal contributions to continental flood volcanism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:55:22.977778","indexId":"70017434","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mantle and crustal contributions to continental flood volcanism","docAbstract":"<p><span>Most continental flood basalts are enriched in incompatible elements and have high initial&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr ratios and low&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i><sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;values. Many are depleted in Nb and Ta. The commonly-held view that these characteristics are inherited&nbsp;</span><i>directly</i><span>&nbsp;from a source in metasomatized lithospheric mantle is inconsistent with the following arguments: (1) thermomechanical modelling demonstrates that flood basalt magmas come mainly from an asthenospheric or plume source, with minimal direct melting of the continental lithospheric mantle. The low water contents of most flood basalts argue against proposals that hydrous lithosphere was the source. (2) Lithospheric mantle normally has low concentrations of incompatible elements, and chondrite-normalized Nb and Ta contents similar to those of other incompatible elements. Such material cannot be the unmodified source of Nb-Ta-depleted basalts such as those from the Karoo, Ferrar, or Columbia River provinces.</span></p><p><span>We suggest there are two main controls on the compositions of continental flood basalts. The first is lithospheric thickness, which strongly influences the depth and degree of mantle melting of a plume or asthenospheric source, and thus has an important influence on the composition of primary magmas. All liquids formed by partial melting of peridotite at sub-lithosphere depths are highly magnesian (20–25 wt.% MgO) but have variable trace-element contents. Where the lithosphere is thick, the source melts at high pressure, garnet is present, the degree of melting is low, and trace-element concentrations are high. This type of magma evolves to produce the high-Ti type of continental flood basalt. Where the lithosphere is thinner, the source ascends to shallower levels, the degree of melting is greater, garnet may be exhausted, and the magmas have lower trace-element contents; these magmas yield low-Ti basalts.</span></p><p><span>The second control is processing of magmas in chambers that were periodically replenished and tapped, while continuously fractionating and assimilating their wall rocks. The uniform compositions of basalts that evolve in such chambers are far removed from those of their picritic parental magmas. Major elements in continental flood basalts reflect control by olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase crystallization, and this assemblage places the magma chambers at crustal depth. We believe that trace-element and isotopic compositions are also buffered, and that the erupted basalts represent steady-state liquids tapped from these magma chambers. These processes impose a crustal signature on the magmas, as expressed most strongly in the concentrations of incompatible elements (e.g., Nb-Ta anomalies) and their isotopic characteristics.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(93)90156-E","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Arndt, N.T., Czamanske, G., Wooden, J.L., and Fedorenko, V., 1993, Mantle and crustal contributions to continental flood volcanism: Tectonophysics, v. 223, no. 1-2, p. 39-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90156-E.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228842,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"223","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4cd1e4b0c8380cd69eff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arndt, Nicholas T.","contributorId":50187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, Gerald K.","contributorId":104907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"Gerald K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":193587,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fedorenko, V.A.","contributorId":59961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedorenko","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017451,"text":"70017451 - 1993 - Reconciling deep seismic refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:48:07.513683","indexId":"70017451","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconciling deep seismic refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western New England","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id4\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id5\"><div class=\"u-margin-s-bottom\">The Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary is characterized by pervasive mylonitic deformation and retrograde alteration of a suite of imbricated allochthonous and parautochthonous gneisses that were thrust upon the Grenvillian continental margin during the lower Paleozoic. Seismic reflection profiling across this structural boundary zone reveals prominent dipping reflectors interpreted as overthrust basement slices (parautochthons) of the Green Mountain Anticlinorium. In contrast, a seismic refraction study of the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary reveals a sub-horizontally layered seismic velocity model that is difficult to reconcile with the pronounced sub-vertical structures observed in the Green mountains. A suite of rock samples was collected from the Green Mountain Anticlinorium and measured at high pressures in the laboratory to determine the seismic properties of these allochthonous and parautochthonous gneisses. The laboratory-measured seismic velocities agree favorably with the modelled velocity structure across the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary suggesting that the rock samples are reliable indicators of the rock mass as whole. Samples of the parautochthonous Grenvillian basement exposed in the Green Mountains have lower velocities, by about 0.5 km/s, than lithologically equivalent units exposed in the eastern Adirondack Highlands. Velocity reduction in the Green Mountain parautochthons can be accounted for by retrograde metamorphic alteration (hydration) of the paragneisses. Seismic anisotropies, ranging from 2 to 12%, in the mylonitized Green Mountain paragneisses may also contribute to the observation of lower seismic velocities, where the direction of ray propagation is normal to the foliation. The velocity properties of the Green Mountain paragneisses are thus insufficiently different from the mantling Appalachian allochthons to permit their resolution by the Ontario-New York-New England seismic refraction profile.</div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(93)90301-Y","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Hughes, S., Luetgert, J., and Christensen, N., 1993, Reconciling deep seismic refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western New England: Tectonophysics, v. 225, no. 4, p. 255-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90301-Y.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"western New England","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.0863024230692,\n              44.88841164851624\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.0863024230692,\n              42.585983239107435\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.73594997486146,\n              42.585983239107435\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.73594997486146,\n              44.88841164851624\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.0863024230692,\n              44.88841164851624\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"225","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a969de4b0c8380cd820cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, Stephen","contributorId":31406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Stephen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luetgert, J.H.","contributorId":69993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, N.I.","contributorId":28016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"N.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018008,"text":"70018008 - 1993 - Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona-reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T16:03:45.043233","indexId":"70018008","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona-reply","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available,</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(93)90007-R","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Conway, C.M., Condie, K., and Noll, P., 1993, Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona-reply: Sedimentary Geology, v. 87, no. 3-4, p. 241-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90007-R.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"244","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"central 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M.","contributorId":15605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Condie, K.C.","contributorId":90889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condie","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Noll, P.D. Jr.","contributorId":94046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noll","given":"P.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018223,"text":"70018223 - 1993 - Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from Death Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T14:54:08.82958","indexId":"70018223","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from Death Valley, California","docAbstract":"<p>Efflorescent salt crusts in Death Valley, California, were mapped by using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data and a recently developed least-squares spectral band-fitting algorithm. Eight different saline minerals were remotely identified, including three borates, hydroboracite, pinnoite, and rivadavite, that have not been previously reported from the Death Valley efflorescent crusts. The three borates are locally important phases in the crusts, and at least one of the minerals, rivadavite, appears to be forming directly from brine. Borates and other evaporite minerals provide a basis for making remote chemical measurements of desert hydrologic systems. For example, in the Eagle Borax Spring area, the AVIRIS mineral maps pointed to elevated magnesium and boron levels in the ground waters, and to the action of chemical divides causing subsurface fractionation of calcium. Many other chemical aspects of playa brines should have an expression in the associated evaporite assemblages. Certain anhydrous evaporites, including anhydrite, glauberite, and thenardite, lack absorption bands in the visible and near-infrared wavelength range, and crusts composed of these minerals could not be characterized by using AVIRIS. In these situations, thermal-infrared remote sensing data may complement visible and near-infrared data for mapping evaporites. Another problem occurred in wet areas of Death Valley, where water absorption caused low signal levels in the 2.0-2.5 ??m wavelength region that obscured any spectral features of evaporite minerals. Despite these difficulties, the results of this study demonstrate the potential for using AVIRIS and other imaging spectrometer data to study playa chemistry. Such data can be useful for understanding chemical linkages between evaporites and ground waters, and will facilitate studies of how desert ground-water regimes change through time in response to climatic and other variables.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(93)90025-S","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., 1993, Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data: A first report from Death Valley, California: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 44, no. 2-3, p. 337-356, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90025-S.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"356","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.68655810627652,\n              36.921398315526645\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.68655810627652,\n              35.9185137883743\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.61296354270263,\n              35.9185137883743\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.61296354270263,\n              36.921398315526645\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.68655810627652,\n              36.921398315526645\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"44","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5070e4b0c8380cd6b6be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017507,"text":"70017507 - 1993 - Surficial geology of the Safsaf region, south-central Egypt, derived from remote-sensing and field data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-17T15:00:21.782519","indexId":"70017507","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surficial geology of the Safsaf region, south-central Egypt, derived from remote-sensing and field data","docAbstract":"<p>We used a decorrelation-stretched image of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) Bands 1, 4, and 7 and field data to map and describe the main surficial units in the hyperarid Safsaf region in south-central Egypt. We show that the near-infrared bands on Landsat TM, which are sensitive to very subtle changes in mineralogy common to arid regions, significantly improve the geologist's capability to discriminate geologic units in desert regions. These data also provide the spatial and spectral information necessary to determine the migration patterns and provenance of eolian materials. The Safsaf area was the focus of our post flight field studies using Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR) data following the discovery of buried paleochannels in North Africa. Most of the channels discernible on SIR images are not expressed in TM data, but traces of a few channels are present in both the SIR and the TM data within the Wadi Safsaf area. Here we present a detailed digital examination of the SIR and the TM-band reflectance and reflectance-ratio data at three locations of the more obvious surface expressions of the buried channels. Our results indicate that the TM expressions of the channels are not purely topographic but are more compositional in nature. Two possibilities may account for the TM expressions of the buried channels: 1) concentrations of windblown, iron-rich materials that accumulated along subtle curvilinear topograpohic traps, or 2) curvilinear exposures of an iron-rich underlying unit of the flat sand sheet.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0034-4257(93)90094-E","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Davis, P.A., Breed, C.S., McCauley, J., and Schaber, G.G., 1993, Surficial geology of the Safsaf region, south-central Egypt, derived from remote-sensing and field data: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 46, no. 2, p. 183-203, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(93)90094-E.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"203","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Egypt","otherGeospatial":"Safsaf region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              25.01468807820774,\n              27.64987555285093\n            ],\n            [\n              25.01468807820774,\n              22.010444491290585\n            ],\n            [\n              33.51542540819054,\n              22.010444491290585\n            ],\n            [\n              33.51542540819054,\n              27.64987555285093\n            ],\n            [\n              25.01468807820774,\n              27.64987555285093\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"46","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba26ae4b08c986b31f6c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Philip A. pdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Philip","email":"pdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breed, C. S.","contributorId":39809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breed","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCauley, J.F.","contributorId":26310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCauley","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaber, G. G.","contributorId":68300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaber","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017977,"text":"70017977 - 1993 - Initiation and development of the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets following the last interglaciation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:11:38.791444","indexId":"70017977","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initiation and development of the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets following the last interglaciation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fossil records from sites overridden by or adjacent to the Laurentide Ice Sheet indicate that the climate of the last interglaciation (Oxygen-Isotope Substage 5e, ca. 130-116 ka) was warmer than today. Following the last interglaciation, the Laurentide Ice Sheet first developed during Stage 5 over Keewatin, Quebec and Baffin Island. Along its northern margin, the ice sheet reached its maximum extent of the last glaciation during Stage 5. The ice sheet advanced across Baffin Island onto the continental shelf early during Stage 5 (5d?), whereas the advance into the western Canadian Arctic occurred late during Stage 5 (5b?). The ice sheet also may have advanced into the St Lawrence Lowland during Substage 5b, although this event may be younger (Stage 4). The Hudson Bay lowland became ice-free during Substage 5a. Retreat of the ice sheet on Baffin Island occurred during late Stage 5, probably Substage 5a. The exact timing of retreat from the western Canadian Arctic is unknown, but it occurred before 48 ka. The southern sector, including the St Lawrence Lowland, was ice-free during late Stage 5. The Hudson Bay lowland may have remained ice free through Stage 4 and much of Stage 3. Because of conflicting chronologies, however, it is more likely that this area was glaciated throughout Stage 3 and perhaps Stage 4. Nevertheless, the data demonstrate that the lowland was ice-free during part of the last glaciation. An independent ice cap developed over the Appalachian Uplands and advanced across Nova Scotia during Stage 4, perhaps as far as the edge of the continental shelf. The ice cap remained active over Nova Scotia as a setellite to the Laurentide Ice Sheet throughout the remainder of the last glaciation. The ice sheet advanced into the St Lawrence Lowland during Stage 4 and subsequently overwhelmed the local ice cap in the Appalachian Uplands, advancing perhaps into northern New England, but not farther south. The Lowland remained covered by the ice sheet until late Stage 2. The ice sheet may also have advanced into the Lake Ontario basin during Stage 4. The position of the northern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during Stage 4 is not known, but it remained an unknown distance behind its maximum position reached during Stage 5. Cores from Baffin Bay indicate a substantial decrease in high-latitude glaciation during Stage 4. Following retreat, the Keewatin sector of the ice sheet may have remained over much of northwestern Canada as a quasi-stable ice mass until it readvanced during Stage 2. Similarly, the Baffin Island sector of the ice sheet may have remained largely intact. The southern margin of the ice sheet may have advanced into the Lake Ontario basin and upper Mississippi Valley during the middle of Stage 3 (ca. 50 ka), reaching its maximum extent of the last glaciation during Stage 2 (ca. 18–21 ka). Advance of the northern margin was younger (ca. 8–13 ka) than that of the southern margin; this advance was less extensive than the penultimate advance (Stage 5).</span></p><p><span>Paleoenvironmental records indicate that the last interglaciation in areas covered by and near the Cordilleran Ice Sheet was as warm as, or warmer than, present. The Cordilleran Ice Sheet appears to have developed during Stage 5 or 4. At that time, it advanced over southern British Columbia and into the northern Puget Lowland. There is no record of this event in northern areas that were later covered by the ice sheet. The ice sheet disappeared before 59 ka, at the beginning of a lengthy nonglacial interval. Paleoenvironmental records indicate that climate was similar to the present during part of this interval. The ice sheet was absent, and glaciers probably were confined to mountain areas, throughout Stage 3. Climatic deterioration marking the end of this nonglacial interval may have begun as early as 29 ka. By 14–15 ka, the ice sheet had achieved its maximum extent of the last glaciation.</span></p><p><span>Because there are few suitable dating methods capable of resolving events beyond the radiocarbon limit and because sites that preserve a record of events from the last glaciation are spatially restricted, we consider this synthesis as tentative and subject to significant revision as dating methods improve. Nevertheless, this perspective of the North American ice sheets through the last glaciation demonstrates their complex and dynamic behavior and attendant rapid fluctuations in ice volume.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(93)90011-A","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Clark, P., Clague, J.J., Curry, B.B., Dreimanis, A., Hicock, S., Miller, G.H., Berger, G., Eyles, N., Lamothe, M., Miller, B., Mott, R., Oldale, R.N., Stea, R., Szabo, J., Thorleifson, L.H., and Vincent, J., 1993, Initiation and development of the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets following the last interglaciation: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 12, no. 2, p. 79-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(93)90011-A.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228638,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -144.058594893752,\n              78.2243807931603\n            ],\n            [\n              -140.5201629701597,\n              68.07317158561077\n            ],\n            [\n              -132.90980352858693,\n              65.46618945774766\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.93614829076034,\n              64.44519983769544\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5414878917928,\n              65.03169687330907\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.20084259592048,\n              67.55789798012358\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5414878917928,\n              78.0145333998486\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.79332678908015,\n              81.7271687707761\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.058594893752,\n              78.2243807931603\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3beee4b0c8380cd62945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, P.U.","contributorId":78449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"P.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clague, J. J.","contributorId":36306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Curry, B. Brandon","contributorId":104224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curry","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brandon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dreimanis, A.","contributorId":31136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreimanis","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hicock, S.R.","contributorId":105871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hicock","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, G. H.","contributorId":54732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Berger, G.W.","contributorId":65626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Eyles, N.","contributorId":65242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eyles","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lamothe, M.","contributorId":13760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, B.B.","contributorId":48321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mott, R.J.","contributorId":70550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mott","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Oldale, R. N.","contributorId":92680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldale","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Stea, R.R.","contributorId":45851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stea","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Szabo, J.P.","contributorId":62356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Thorleifson, L. Harvey","contributorId":103430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorleifson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Harvey","affiliations":[{"id":38105,"text":"Minnesota Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":378091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Vincent, J.-S.","contributorId":100135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vincent","given":"J.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}}
,{"id":70017341,"text":"70017341 - 1993 - Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea Based on Ostracoda","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T16:19:23.682331","indexId":"70017341","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea Based on Ostracoda","docAbstract":"<p><span>The development of a large northeastern Atlantic shelf ostracod database has confirmed that an intrinsic relationship exists between watermass temperature and the spatial (latitudinal) distribution of benthonic shelf Ostracoda. A second Pliocene ostracod database, using assemblages from four boreholes in The Netherlands and a number of localities from the East Anglian Neogene succession has also been constructed.</span></p><p><span>A quantitative method of modern analogues and the Squared Chord Distance dissimilarity coefficient has been employed as a means of calculating the level of similarity between Recent and Neogene assemblages and, therefore, to aid in the reconstruction of palaeotemperatures in the southern North Sea Basin during the Pliocene.</span></p><p><span>The results, in the form of contoured dissimilarity values, indicate the presence of at least seven palaeoceanographical climatic phases between ca. 5.2 and 1.6 Ma BP. An early Pliocene cooling phase (ecozone A), in which the fauna is dominated by the cryophilic species;&nbsp;<i>Palmenella limicola</i>&nbsp;(Norman),&nbsp;<i>Elofsonella concinna</i>&nbsp;(Jones),&nbsp;<i>Robertsonites tuberculatus</i>&nbsp;(Sars),&nbsp;<i>Neomonoceratina tsurugasakensis</i>&nbsp;(Tabuki) and&nbsp;<i>Acanthocythereis dunelmensis</i>&nbsp;(Norman), supervenes a period of stable subtropical conditions in the Miocene.</span></p><p><span>A ‘mid’ Pliocene warming phase (ecozone B), which has been documented throughout the North Atlantic, can be recognized in the faunal composition of the sublittoral ostracod assemblages of both The Netherlands and East Anglia. A hiatus between the Coralline and Waltonian crags is thought to be associated with a deterioration in climatic conditions. Recent analogues to The Netherlands faunas of ecozone C (first phase late Pliocene cooling, ca. 2.9 Ma BP) indicate a decrease of approximately 5–6°C in mean summer surface temperatures. A return to elevated temperatures, of a Mauritanian aspect, can be seen in the fauna of the FA2 zone and Waltonian Crag. This amelioration of climate occurred prior to the Praetiglian cold phase (second phase late Pliocene cooling, ca. 2.4 Ma BP) which again saw the reintroduction of cryophilic species including&nbsp;<i>Baffinicythere howei</i>&nbsp;Hazel,&nbsp;<i>Fimarchinella logani</i>&nbsp;(Brady, Crosskey and Robertson) and&nbsp;<i>Hemicythere emarginata</i>&nbsp;(Sars), into the southern North Sea during the Newbournian and Butleyan stages.</span></p><p><span>The final phase of the latest Pliocene (third phase late Pliocene cooling) is only documented in the ostracod fauna of the Norwich Crag. Evidence in the covariance of Loxoconchidae and Norwegian provincial cryophilic species, indicates that the Polar Front may have been as much as 2000 km further south during the deposition of the Chillesford Sand Member (Norwich Crag Fm., ca. 2.0-1.6 Ma BP).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(93)90015-E","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Wood, A., Whatley, R., Cronin, T.M., and Holtz, T., 1993, Pliocene palaeotemperature reconstruction for the southern North Sea Based on Ostracoda: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 12, no. 9, p. 747-767, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(93)90015-E.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"747","endPage":"767","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -3.6815435312724674,\n              58.92454350185787\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.6815435312724674,\n              52.571046421533\n            ],\n            [\n              9.938967201508575,\n              52.571046421533\n            ],\n            [\n              9.938967201508575,\n              58.92454350185787\n            ],\n            [\n              -3.6815435312724674,\n              58.92454350185787\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c70e4b0c8380cd799ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, A.M.","contributorId":34271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whatley, R.C.","contributorId":85211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whatley","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Holtz, T.","contributorId":96839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtz","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018264,"text":"70018264 - 1993 - Proterozoic crustal boundary in the southern part of the Illinois Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T15:40:07.575523","indexId":"70018264","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic crustal boundary in the southern part of the Illinois Basin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recently acquired COCORP and proprietary seismic reflection data in the southern part of the Illinois Basin, combined with other geological and geophysical data, indicate that a WNW-trending Proterozoic terrane boundary (40 km wide) lies within basement. The boundary is characterized by the termination of subhorizontal Proterozoic reflectors and associated diffraction patterns along a line coinciding with the major magnetic lineament in this region (South Central Magnetic Lineament). North of the boundary, where reflectors thought to represent a sequence of layered Proterozoic rocks in the upper crust are widespread and as much as 11 km thick, total magnetic intensity values are relatively high, suggesting layers of rock with high magnetic susceptibility. To the south, the Proterozoic rocks are acoustically transparent on seismic reflection sections and total magnetic intensity values are relatively low. Moreover, relatively high Bouguer gravity anomaly values to the south may be caused by a dense, altered, lower crustal layer similar to that interpreted from deep seismic refraction studies to underlie the northern Mississippi Embayment. The boundary lies along the projected trend of the northern margin of the Early Proterozoic Central Plains orogen and we suggest that it marks the convergent margin of this orogen. Reactivation of the boundary and the associated zone of weakness during late Paleozoic times apparently resulted in structural deformation in the southern part of the Illinois Basin, including movement along the Cottage Grove Fault System and Ste. Genevieve Fault Zone and igneous activity at Hicks Dome.</span></p><p><span>In addition to the role played by this crustal boundary in the evolution of the Illinois Basin, its location between the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone to the northeast and the New Madrid Seismic Zone to the southwest may be a significant factor in present-day seismicity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(93)90012-9","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Heigold, P.C., and Kolata, D.R., 1993, Proterozoic crustal boundary in the southern part of the Illinois Basin: Tectonophysics, v. 217, no. 3-4, p. 307-319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90012-9.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"319","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227595,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Illinois Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -90.69917575559522,\n              41.45125276913038\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.41549781550594,\n              40.27088623772213\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.78585845818708,\n              38.33046969212258\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.5414906466671,\n              36.570814925673844\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.86382493066992,\n              36.564292466612756\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.49126454405521,\n              39.584497749699494\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.25232586870861,\n              41.45036456192352\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.69917575559522,\n              41.45125276913038\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"217","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8f73e4b0c8380cd7f785","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heigold, Paul C.","contributorId":100922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heigold","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolata, Dennis R.","contributorId":79495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kolata","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32993,"text":"ofr93696 - 1993 - Preliminary Geologic Map of the Rogers Lake South Quadrangle, Los Angeles and Kern Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"ofr93696","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-696","title":"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Rogers Lake South Quadrangle, Los Angeles and Kern Counties, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93696","usgsCitation":"Dixon, G.L., and Ward, A.W., 1993, Preliminary Geologic Map of the Rogers Lake South Quadrangle, Los Angeles and Kern Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-696, 8 pages, 1 over-size sheet; 1 map :photocopy ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 75 x 56 cm., folded to 28 x 22 cm. +1 pamphlet , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93696.","productDescription":"8 pages, 1 over-size sheet; 1 map :photocopy ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 75 x 56 cm., folded to 28 x 22 cm. +1 pamphlet ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110325,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51812.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"51812"},{"id":164394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0696/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60873,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0696/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60874,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0696/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e6dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixon, Gary L.","contributorId":23571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, A. W.","contributorId":8129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32991,"text":"ofr93694 - 1993 - Preliminary Geologic Map of the Rogers Lake North Quadrangle, Kern County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:19","indexId":"ofr93694","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-694","title":"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Rogers Lake North Quadrangle, Kern County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93694","usgsCitation":"Ward, A.W., and Dixon, G.L., 1993, Preliminary Geologic Map of the Rogers Lake North Quadrangle, Kern County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-694, 1 map :photocopy ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 75 x 56 cm., folded to 28 x 22 cm. +1 pamphlet (7 p. : map ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93694.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 75 x 56 cm., folded to 28 x 22 cm. +1 pamphlet (7 p. : map ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110323,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51810.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"51810"},{"id":163917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0694/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60869,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0694/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60870,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0694/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e6e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, A. W.","contributorId":8129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dixon, G. L.","contributorId":95468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":51948,"text":"ofr93697 - 1993 - Preliminary geologic map of the Edwards Quadrangle, Kern County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:31","indexId":"ofr93697","displayToPublicDate":"2002-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-697","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Edwards Quadrangle, Kern County, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr93697","usgsCitation":"Dixon, G.L., and Ward, A.W., 1993, Preliminary geologic map of the Edwards Quadrangle, Kern County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-697, 7 pages, 1 over-size sheet; 1 map :photocopy ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 75 x 56 cm., folded to 28 x 22 cm. +1 pamphlet , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93697.","productDescription":"7 pages, 1 over-size sheet; 1 map :photocopy ;58 x 48 cm., on sheet 75 x 56 cm., folded to 28 x 22 cm. +1 pamphlet ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110326,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51823.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"51823"},{"id":179005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0697/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86613,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0697/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86614,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0697/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b78d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dixon, Gary L.","contributorId":23571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, A. W.","contributorId":8129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22724,"text":"ofr93643 - 1993 - What is ground water?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-24T20:32:41.250262","indexId":"ofr93643","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-643","title":"What is ground water?","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93643","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.W., and Briar, D.W., 1993, What is ground water?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-643, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93643.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156509,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1469,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/ofr93-643/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, David W.","contributorId":77146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briar, David W. dbriar@usgs.gov","contributorId":4034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briar","given":"David","email":"dbriar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":188764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23961,"text":"ofr93642 - 1993 - Drought","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-20T15:25:48.300379","indexId":"ofr93642","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-642","title":"Drought","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93642","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Moreland, J.A., 1993, Drought: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-642, 1 sheet :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93642.","productDescription":"2 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,{"id":32230,"text":"ofr93111 - 1993 - Water fact sheet, history of landslides and debris flows at Mount Rainier","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T10:01:32","indexId":"ofr93111","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-111","title":"Water fact sheet, history of landslides and debris flows at Mount Rainier","docAbstract":"Many landslides and debris flows have originated from Mount Rainier since the retreat of glaciers from Puget Sound about 10,000 years ago. The recurrent instability is due to several factors--height of the steep-sided volcanic cone, frequent volcanic activity, continuous weakening of rock by steam and hot, chemical-laden water, and exposure of unstable areas as the mountains glaciers have receded. The landslide scars and deposits tell a fascinating story of the changing shape of the volcano. Landslides occur when part of the volcano \"collapses\" or fails and slides away from the rest of the volcano. The failed mass rapidly breaks up into a jumble of disaggregated pieces that flow at high velocity like a fluid. Clay and water in the debris cause further change to a liquid slurry known as a debris flow or mudflow. Volcanic debris flows are also widely known by the Indonesian term \"lahar.\" Although the largest debris flows at Rainier form from landslides, many smaller flows are caused by volcanic eruptions, intense rainfall, and glacial-outburst floods.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Vancouver, WA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93111","usgsCitation":"Scott, K.M., and Vallance, J., 1993, Water fact sheet, history of landslides and debris flows at Mount Rainier: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-111, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93111.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163124,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr93111.jpg"},{"id":3193,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0111/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":288103,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0111/pdf/OF1993-111.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.47,46.6446 ], [ -122.47,47.4125 ], [ -121.4082,47.4125 ], [ -121.4082,46.6446 ], [ -122.47,46.6446 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa244","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, K. M.","contributorId":8119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallance, J.W.","contributorId":45336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32231,"text":"ofr93124 - 1993 - Volcano fact sheet; glacier-generated debris flows at Mount Rainier","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-14T13:00:37","indexId":"ofr93124","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-124","title":"Volcano fact sheet; glacier-generated debris flows at Mount Rainier","docAbstract":"Mount Rainier is a young volcano whose slopes are undergoing rapid change by a variety of geologic processes, including debris flows. Debris flows are churning masses of water, rock and mud that travel rapidly down the volcano's steep, glacially carved valleys, leaving in their wake splintered trees, picnic sites buried in mud, and damaged roads. Debris flows typically contain as much as 65 to 70 percent rock and soil by volume and have the appearance of wet concrete. At Mount Rainier National Park, these flows invariably begin in remote areas nearly inaccessible to people, but may move rapidly downstream into areas frequented by visitors.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93124","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and Driedger, C.L., 1993, Volcano fact sheet; glacier-generated debris flows at Mount Rainier: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-124, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93124.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3194,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Rainier/Publications/OFR93-124/framework.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Washington","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd7c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driedger, C. L.","contributorId":101656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driedger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23962,"text":"ofr93641 - 1993 - Floods and flood plains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr93641","displayToPublicDate":"2000-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-641","title":"Floods and flood plains","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Dept. of the Interior,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93641","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Moreland, J.A., 1993, Floods and flood plains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-641, 1 sheet :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93641.","productDescription":"1 sheet :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1668,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr93-641/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e707e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moreland, Joe A.","contributorId":48171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moreland","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70190175,"text":"70190175 - 1993 - Assessment of aquatic animal communities in the vicinity of the Palmerton, Pennsylvania, zinc smelters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T15:32:10","indexId":"70190175","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1570,"text":"Environmental Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of aquatic animal communities in the vicinity of the Palmerton, Pennsylvania, zinc smelters","docAbstract":"<p><span>Emissions from zinc smelters in Palmerton, Pennsylvania, deposited large quantities of heavy metals, predominantly Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd, on the surrounding landscape from 1898 to 1980. From 1986 to 1987 we studied four small headwater streams that were about 8 to 25 km downwind of the smelters to determine if long-term deposition of heavy metals had any pronounced effects on aquatic communities. Although metal concentrations in soils tended to decrease with increasing distance from the smelters, this trend was not particularly evident in stream sediments, insects, or fish. Diversities of macroinvertebrates and fish were similar among sites. Densities and growth of trout varied among streams, but not in relation to distance from the smelters. We concluded that long-term deposition of heavy metals has not had pronounced effects on aquatic animal communities six to seven years after cessation of primary smelting.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620120915","usgsCitation":"Carline, R.F., and Jobsis, G.J., 1993, Assessment of aquatic animal communities in the vicinity of the Palmerton, Pennsylvania, zinc smelters: Environmental Toxicology, v. 12, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120915.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1670","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":344872,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Carbon County, Monroe County","otherGeospatial":"Aquashicola Creek, Buckwha Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.31333923339844,\n              40.92855888660453\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.33256530761719,\n              40.92804010533237\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.42388916015625,\n              40.90313381465847\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.49186706542969,\n              40.89534867453227\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.55435180664062,\n              40.877179784373936\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.63400268554688,\n              40.79717741518766\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.60722351074219,\n              40.78054143186033\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.56739807128906,\n              40.773261878622634\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.50148010253906,\n              40.77794168298968\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.44174194335938,\n              40.7893798169392\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.29823303222656,\n              40.85900590611001\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.29960632324219,\n              40.897943823050184\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.31333923339844,\n              40.92855888660453\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","edition":"1661","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59940849e4b0fe2b9fe8afae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carline, Robert F.","contributorId":102442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carline","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":707818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jobsis, Gerrit J.","contributorId":195666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jobsis","given":"Gerrit","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":707819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70184440,"text":"70184440 - 1993 - United States Geological Survey Yearbook, fiscal year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T13:30:22","indexId":"70184440","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":392,"text":"Yearbook","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"United States Geological Survey Yearbook, fiscal year 1992","docAbstract":"<p><span>The fiscal year 1992 Yearbook summarizes the activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in response to its scientific and regulatory missions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/70184440","issn":"0892-3442","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, United States Geological Survey Yearbook, fiscal year 1992: Yearbook, vi, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70184440.","productDescription":"vi, 123 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":337142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337221,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70184440/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12663e4b014cc3a3d352f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":147999,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":681502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24236,"text":"ofr93502 - 1993 - Geologic logs from 25 boreholes near strong motion accelerographs that recorded the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr93502","displayToPublicDate":"1998-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-502","title":"Geologic logs from 25 boreholes near strong motion accelerographs that recorded the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93502","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Powers, T.J., and Fumal, T.E., 1993, Geologic logs from 25 boreholes near strong motion accelerographs that recorded the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-502, 176 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93502.","productDescription":"176 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0502/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53368,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0502/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4ec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, T. J.","contributorId":18391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fumal, T. E.","contributorId":25942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27370,"text":"wri934145 - 1993 - Hydrogeology of, and simulated ground-water flow in, the valley-fill aquifers of the upper Rockaway River basin, Morris County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:43","indexId":"wri934145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4145","title":"Hydrogeology of, and simulated ground-water flow in, the valley-fill aquifers of the upper Rockaway River basin, Morris County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Public water supply in the Rockaway River valley depends almost entirely on ground water from wells in the valley-fill deposits. Ground-water withdrawals from these deposits in 1986 were about 9.1 million gallons per day. A steady-state ground-water flow model was developed to quantify the effects of ground-water withdrawals on water levels in the valley-fill aquifers and on ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River. The ground-water-flow model, which represents an aquifer system consisting of an unconfined and a confined aquifer separated by a discontinuous confining unit, was implemented to examine aquifer resonse to current and predicted ground-water withdrawals in areas of proposed well sites and the effect of increased ground-water withdrawals on ground-water discharge to the river. Ground-water flow to wells in the valley-fill aquifers is sustained by increased vertical flow between the two aquifers, the diversion of ground water that had discharged to the Rockaway River, and induced seepage resulting from pumping near the Rickaway River. If the rate of ground-water recharge decreases or if the rate of ground-water withdrawals from the valley-fill aquifers increases, ground-water discharge to the Rockaway River above the Boonton Reservoir will decrease by an equivalent amount. The average annual base flow of the Rockaway River above the Boonton Reservoir will meet the minimum passing flow requirement of 7 million gallons per day under conditions of average annual ground-water recharge, and increased ground-water withdrawals anticipated by the years 2000 and 2040. For anticipated increases in withdrawals to 11.5 million gallons per day by the the year 2000, and 14.6 million gallons per day by the year 2040, base flow to the Rockaway River above the Boonton Reservoir may not be sufficient to meet the minimum required reservoir outflow during extended periods of decreased recharge, such as drought, as much as 5 and 11 percent of the time, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934145","usgsCitation":"Gordon, A.D., 1993, Hydrogeology of, and simulated ground-water flow in, the valley-fill aquifers of the upper Rockaway River basin, Morris County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4145, vi, 74 :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934145.","productDescription":"vi, 74 :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4145/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56231,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db613081","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gordon, Alison D. 0000-0002-9502-8633 agordon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9502-8633","contributorId":890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Alison","email":"agordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}