{"pageNumber":"406","pageRowStart":"10125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10445,"records":[{"id":70224593,"text":"70224593 - 1969 - Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review: With special reference to the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T14:46:33.589803","indexId":"70224593","displayToPublicDate":"1969-07-01T09:40:03","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review: With special reference to the United States","docAbstract":"<p>Limestone and other carbonate rocks are characterized by many unusual features and extreme conditions, either involving the hydrologic system within them or wrought by hydrologic conditions on them or through them. Perhaps there could be little agreement as to what is typical or average for the many features of carbonate rocks, as indicated by the following conditions: bare rock and thin soils are common, but so are thick soils; very highly permeable limestones are common, but so are poorly permeable ones; and rugged karst topographic features with underlying solution caverns are common, but so are flat, nearly featureless topographic conditions. Some conditions of carbonate terranes are suitable to man's needs and interests, such as the use of some permeable aquifers for water supply and the exploitation of caves for tourist attractions. On the other hand, many problems may exist, including: permeability too low for adequate water supply or so high that the aquifer retains too little water for use during periods of fair weather, soils too thin for growing of crops and for adequate filtration of wastes near the ground surface, instability of the ground for buildings and foundations in sinkhole areas, and unusually rugged topography. Some of the many variable conditions are readily observable, but others can be determined only by careful geologic and hydrologic studies.</p><p>The need for knowing the specific geologic and hydrologic conditions at various places in limestone terranes, as well as the variations in hydrologic conditions with changing conditions and time, has resulted in many published reports on local areas and on special topical problems of limestone hydrology. Many of these reports have been used to advantage by the present writers in preparing this paper.</p><p>The concept that secondary permeability is developed by circulation of water through openings with the accompanying enlargement of these openings by solution is now universally accepted in limestone terranes. Emphasis is placed on the hydrogeologic framework, or structural setting, in relation to the ease or difficulty of water to move from a source of recharge, through a part of the limestone, to a discharge area. Parts of the limestone favored by circulating ground water tend to develop solution openings, commonly in the upper part of the zone of saturation; as base level is lowered (sea level or perennial stream level), the related water table lowers in the limestone leaving air-filled caverns above the present zone of saturation in sinkhole areas. Reconstruction of the geologic and hydrologic history of a limestone area aids in determining the extent of development and the positions of fossil and present permeability. References are made to the hydrology of many limestone regions, especially those of the United States.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier B. V.","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(69)90009-2","usgsCitation":"Stringfield, V.T., and LeGrand, H.E., 1969, Hydrology of carbonate rock terranes — A review: With special reference to the United States: Journal of Hydrology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 349-376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(69)90009-2.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"376","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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T.","contributorId":72369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stringfield","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70210487,"text":"70210487 - 1969 - Nuées Ardentes of the 1968 Eruption of Mayon Volcano, Philippines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T19:17:23.300536","indexId":"70210487","displayToPublicDate":"1969-06-02T13:54:56","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1093,"text":"Bulletin Volcanologique","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nuées Ardentes of the 1968 Eruption of Mayon Volcano, Philippines","docAbstract":"<p>Mayon Volcano, southeastern Luzon, began a series of explosive eruptions at 0900 April 21, 1968, and by May 15 more than 100 explosions had occurred, at least 6 people had been killed, and roughly 100 square km had been covered by more than 5 cm of airfall ash, blocky ash flows, and a lava flow. All material crupted was porphyritic augite-hypersthene andesite.</p><p>Explosions from the summit crater (elevation 2460 m) ejected large quantities of ash and incandescent blocks to a height exceeding 600 m and produced ash-laden clouds which rose to heights of 3 to 10 km. Backfall of the coarser material fed nuées ardentes which repeatedly swept down ravines on all sides of the volcanic cone. The velocity of one nuée ardente ranged from 9 to 63 m per sec. The largest nuées descended to the southwest and reached as far as 7 km from the summit. An aa lava flow also descended 3 1/2 km down this flank.</p><p>The nuées ardentes deposited pyroclastic flows that contained large breadcrust-surfaced blocks averaging about 30 cm across, but occasionally reaching 25 m in greatest dimension. These blocks were still very hot in their interiors several days later. Surrounding the pyroclastic flows is a seared zone as much as 2 km wide, but averaging a few hundred meters, in which vegetation is charred and splintered, but over which only a thin layer of airfall ash was deposited.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF02596528","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Melson, W., 1969, Nuées Ardentes of the 1968 Eruption of Mayon Volcano, Philippines: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 33, p. 600-620, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02596528.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"620","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":375371,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Philippines","otherGeospatial":"Mayon Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              119.4873046875,\n              19.20742852680121\n            ],\n            [\n              119.3115234375,\n              14.200488387358332\n            ],\n            [\n              120.95947265624999,\n              11.544616463449655\n            ],\n            [\n              124.93652343749999,\n              12.833226023521243\n            ],\n            [\n              125.09033203124999,\n              14.200488387358332\n            ],\n            [\n              122.9150390625,\n              18.93746442964186\n            ],\n            [\n              119.4873046875,\n              19.20742852680121\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":790352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melson, W.G.","contributorId":77299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melson","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":790353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206573,"text":"70206573 - 1969 - New thrusts in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T17:18:07.819422","indexId":"70206573","displayToPublicDate":"1969-03-31T09:05:39","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New thrusts in ground water","docAbstract":"<p>Four principal trends in ground water are apparent:</p><p>(1) Increasing use of ground water for domestic supplies. Geohydrologists must learn to quantitatively evaluate the supply under conditions of maximum development, not merely determine the availability of a supply that does not strain the aquifer. (2) Aquifers will be looked to increasingly as possible storage media for surplus flood water, in place of dams and reservoirs. The key here is economics – optimum utilization of resources. The job of the geohydrologist is to do enough research and experimentation to determine when, where, and how ground-water reservoirs can be recharged artificially at a reasonable cost. (3) Saline aquifers will be looked at as sources of water supply. The cost curves of developing new supplies of fresh water are ascending while the cost curves for desalinization are declining, and inevitably they will cross in one area after another. There is a paucity of information on saline ground-water aquifers; hence, the utmost skill must be used in evaluating the resource. (4) With efforts to prevent stream pollution, aquifers will be looked to increasingly as possible storage media for industrial and domestic waste effluents. Control is urgently needed so the effects of waste injection can be predicted, the technology for confining those effects as intended can be developed, and a basis can be provided for a rational decision as to whether waste injection or an alternative use of the chosen aquifer is best for the economy in the long run. However, there is little legal basis for control, and the cost of such control may make the practice unfeasible in many situations.</p><p>A systems-analysis approach is needed to develop a working model of a given hydrologie and socio-economic problem from which quantitative answers can be given to water planners.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01269.x","usgsCitation":"McGuinness, C.L., 1969, New thrusts in ground water: Groundwater, v. 7, no. 2, p. 7-10, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1969.tb01269.x.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369103,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-07-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuinness, C. L.","contributorId":20313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuinness","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70224268,"text":"70224268 - 1969 - A seismic-refraction survey of crustal structure in central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-16T15:00:30.408014","indexId":"70224268","displayToPublicDate":"1969-02-01T09:46:23","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A seismic-refraction survey of crustal structure in central Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a seismic-refraction study of the earth's crust and upper mantle near the Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory (TFO), located 10miles south of the Mogollon Rim near Payson in central Arizona. Two recording lines 400 km long intersect in the approximate form of a cross at TFO; one line trends southeast and the other northeast. The sedimentary layer at most places southwest of the rim is less than 1 km thick, but north of the rim it is 2 to 3 km thick. The velocity in this uppermost layer ranges from 2.6 to 4.7 km/sec, with the higher limit measured near or north of the rim. Arrivals refracted in the upper crust (P<sub>g</sub>) can be attributed to two layers for all the shot points south of the rim. The velocity in the upper layer is about 5.9 km/sec with thickness ranging from 2 to 8 km; beneath the upper layer the velocity is about 6.1 km/sec. The upper layer seems to be absent northeast of the rim, where two shot points generated P<sub>g</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>arrivals that show only a velocity of 6.2 km/sec. A Poisson ratio of 0.22 for the upper crustal layers was measured from shear and compressional arrivals. The lower crust could not be identified from the first and later refraction arrivals; however, minimum depths to the intermediate layer were determined. An average crustal velocity of 6.2 km/sec was measured from wide-angle reflection alignments. A thin intermediate layer would explain the seismic measurements.</p><p>A delay-time method was used to map the configuration of the M-discontinuity. The depth below sea level is about 36 km along the northwest-trending line. The northeast-trending line shows a shallow depth of 21 km near Gila Bend, increasing depth to about 34 km under TFO, and a flat M-discontinuity at 40 km depth under the Mogollon Mesa northeast to Sunrise Springs. There is evidence of an abrupt depth change of about 4 km on the M-discontinuity in the vicinity of TFO. The velocity in the upper mantle is 7.85 km/sec. The relation of topographic elevation to crustal thickness suggests an approach to isostatic equilibrium, which is deduced from a near-zero regional free-air gravity anomaly. However, lateral density change in the upper mantle is required to make the crustal-refraction model fit the observed gravity-anomaly values, provided that velocity and density are linearly related.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[257:ASSOCS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Warren, D.H., 1969, A seismic-refraction survey of crustal structure in central Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 80, no. 2, p. 257-282, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[257:ASSOCS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"282","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","city":"Payson","otherGeospatial":"Gila Bend, Mogollon Mesa, Mogollon Rim, Sunrise Springs, Tonto Forest Seismological Observatory","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.028076171875,\n              32.62087018318113\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.4732666015625,\n              35.808904044068626\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.69750976562499,\n              36.02244668175846\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.45581054687499,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.028076171875,\n              32.62087018318113\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warren, David H.","contributorId":106128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70219893,"text":"70219893 - 1969 - Vertical density currents — II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-22T17:24:29.016835","indexId":"70219893","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-31T06:25:16","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertical density currents — II","docAbstract":"<p><span>Examples of vertical density currents wholly within the domain of laminar flow, one in a water solution, the other in air, have come to my attention. Both examples illustrate new ways of introducing and dispersing microscopic particles into static fluids and both demonstrate that a stable, clearly defined layer of dispersed particles forms first and that the vertical density currents originate and flow from the lower part of this layer. The new information comes from wholly unrelated lines of research, one in virology, and the other in mycology. Neither investigation was aimed at hydrodynamics yet both provide good experimental support for vertical density currents.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1969.14.1.0001","usgsCitation":"Bradley, W.H., 1969, Vertical density currents — II: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 14, no. 1, p. 1-3, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1969.14.1.0001.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, W. H.","contributorId":102452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":814325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70224295,"text":"70224295 - 1969 - Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-20T17:57:45.961422","indexId":"70224295","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-15T12:45:16","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2614,"text":"Lethaia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca","docAbstract":"<p><i>Cambridium, Bagenovia</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Stenothecoides</i>, composing the Family Cambridiidae, a monotypic superfamily and an order, were in 1960 assigned (although with a query) to the molluscan class Monoplacophora. The basic error of this assignment, according to the author, was the assumption that these specimens are univalves. One specimen from Siberia and a second from Alaska demonstrate that<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Stenothecoides</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is bivalved;<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Bagenovia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>was first described as a bivalve, but the implication of two valves was ignored.</p><p>Short internal ridges normal to the shell margin in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Cambridium</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Stenothecoides</i>, described by Rasetti and Horný, show little resemblance to features of pelecypod shells. These markings are not homologous to paired muscle scars of monoplacophorans. The asymmetric bivalved shell and internal furrows are interpreted as features of class-rank significance; the extinct class Stenothecoida is proposed to accommodate these genera. These animals are most common in Lower Cambrian, but range into Middle Cambrian. They may have been functionally similar to brachiopods, but were unable to compete with those more efficient bivalves.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","doi":"10.1111/j.1502-3931.1969.tb01250.x","usgsCitation":"Yochelson, E.L., 1969, Stenothecoida, a proposed new class of Cambrian Mollusca: Lethaia, v. 2, no. 1, p. 49-62, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1969.tb01250.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"62","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":389483,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yochelson, Ellis L.","contributorId":90802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yochelson","given":"Ellis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":823489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70225581,"text":"70225581 - 1969 - Land subsidence due to withdrawal of fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T21:19:11.772626","indexId":"70225581","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T15:51:10","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Land subsidence due to withdrawal of fluids","docAbstract":"<p>Land-surface subsidence due to the withdrawal of fluids by man has become relatively common in the United States since 1940 and has been described at several other places throughout the world. This paper reviews the known examples of appreciable land subsidence caused by fluid withdrawal. Those related to exploitation of oil and gas fields include Goose Creek, Texas; Wilmington, California; Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela; Niigata, Japan; and the Po Delta in Italy. The areas of major subsidence related to ground-water withdrawal include areas in Japan; Mexico City, Mexico; and Texas, Arizona, Nevada, and California. The areas of greatest extent and maximum subsidence are in California.</p><p>The principles involved in the compaction of sediments and of aquifer systems, basically the increase in effective stress, are examined briefly, together with their application to subsidence problems involving head decline both under water table and confined conditions. The amount of compaction that a confined aquifer system will experience is a function of compressibility. Other factors that influence compaction (and, in part, compressibility) include particle size and shape, clay mineralogy, geochemistry of pore water in the clayey beds and of the water in contiguous aquifers, and secondary compression.</p><p>Land subsidence has caused great damage in some areas. At several of these places, subsidence problems are being alleviated in one or more of several ways; these include (1) cessation of withdrawal and (2) increase or restoration of reservoir pressure by reduction in production rate, artificial recharge, or repressuring by injection of water. The greatest subsidence control measures are being taken at Wilmington, California, where subsidence that had reached 27 feet at the center now is nearly stopped; in addition, significant rebound has occurred.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG2-p187","usgsCitation":"Poland, J.F., and Davis, G.H., 1969, Land subsidence due to withdrawal of fluids, chap. <i>of</i> Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 2, p. 187-269, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG2-p187.","productDescription":"92 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":390925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"England, Italy, Japan, Mexico, United States, Venezuela","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Honshu, Nevada, Texas","city":"Denver, Eloy, Galveston, Houston, Las Vegas, London, Mexico City, Niigata, Osaka, Picacho, Savannah, Wilmington","otherGeospatial":"Goose Creek, Lake Maracaibo, Po Delta San Joaquin Valley, Santa Clara Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.492919921875,\n              28.810986808864513\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.4886474609375,\n              28.810986808864513\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.4886474609375,\n              31.83089906339438\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.492919921875,\n              31.83089906339438\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.492919921875,\n              28.810986808864513\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": 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George","contributorId":267948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiersch","given":"George","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825672,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Poland, J. F.","contributorId":64223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, G. H.","contributorId":40963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70225580,"text":"70225580 - 1969 - Land subsidence due to the application of water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T20:44:21.712534","indexId":"70225580","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T15:14:53","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Land subsidence due to the application of water","docAbstract":"<p>Loose, dry, low-density deposits that compact when they are wetted mantle extensive areas in North America, Europe, and Asia. This process, here referred to as hydrocompaction, has produced widespread subsidence of the land surface. Hydrocompaction may occur under natural overburden load or may occur only with the addition of a surcharge load.</p><p>Deposits that subside because of hydrocompaction are generally one of two types: (1) loose, moisture-deficient alluvial deposits; and (2) moisture-deficient loess and related eolian deposits. Such deposits occur in regions where seasonal rainfall seldom, if ever, is sufficient to penetrate below the root zone; thus, they have remained moisture deficient throughout their postdepositional history and are readily susceptible to hydrocompaction when they are artificially wetted.</p><p>Subsidence due to hydrocompaction is of serious concern in the design and maintenance of aqueducts, buildings, pipe lines, highways, and other major engineering structures. Damage usually can be minimized by precompacting the deposits before construction begins.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/REG2-p271","usgsCitation":"Lofgren, B.E., 1969, Land subsidence due to the application of water, chap. <i>of</i> Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 2, p. 271-303, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG2-p271.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"303","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Asia, Europe, Missouri River Basin, North America, San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.11352539062499,\n              46.88647742351024\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.0975341796875,\n              46.88647742351024\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.0975341796875,\n              48.07440873478364\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.11352539062499,\n              48.07440873478364\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.11352539062499,\n              46.88647742351024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.4873046875,\n         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Elder","contributorId":52973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lofgren","given":"Ben","email":"","middleInitial":"Elder","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011622,"text":"70011622 - 1969 - Ion association in natural brines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:53:53.104347","indexId":"70011622","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ion association in natural brines","docAbstract":"<p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Natural brines, both surface and subsurface, are highly associated aqueous solutions. Ion complexes in brines may be ion pairs in which the cation remains fully hydrated and the bond between the ions is essentially electrostatic, or coordination complexes in which one or more of the hydration water molecules are replaced by covalent bonds to the anion. Except for Cl<sup>−</sup>, the major simple ions in natural brines form ion pairs; trace and minor metals in brines form mainly coordination complexes.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">Limitations of the Debye-Hückel relations for activity coefficients and lack of data on definition and stability of all associated species in concentrated solutions tend to produce underestimates of the degree of ion association, except where the brines contain a very high proportion of Cl<sup>−</sup>. Data and calculations on closed basin brines of highly varied composition have been coupled with electrode measurements of single-ion activities in an attempt to quantify the degree of ion association. Such data emphasize the role of magnesium complexes.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0020\">Trace metal contents of closed basin brines are related to complexes formed with major anions. Alkaline sulfo- or chlorocarbonate brines (western Great Basin) carry significant trace metal contents apparently as hydroxides or hydroxy polyions. Neutral high chloride brines (Bonneville Basin) are generally deficient in trace metals.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0025\">With a knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of a natural water, many possible reactions with other phases (solids, gases, other liquids) may be predicted. A knowledge of these reactions is particularly important in the study of natural brines which may be saturated with many solid phases (silicates, carbonates, sulfates, etc.), which may have a high pH and bring about dissolution of other phases (silica, amphoteric hydroxides, CO<sub>2</sub>, etc.), and which because of their high density may form relatively stable interfaces with dilute waters.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(69)90039-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A., and Jones, B., 1969, Ion association in natural brines: Chemical Geology, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 51-62, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(69)90039-4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ed4e4b0c8380cd64089","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address:  TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":361563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, B.F.","contributorId":52156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70011623,"text":"70011623 - 1969 - Geochemistry of pore waters from Shell Oil Company drill holes on the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T17:52:22.347082","indexId":"70011623","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of pore waters from Shell Oil Company drill holes on the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p id=\"simple-para.0010\">Pore waters were analyzed from 6 holes drilled from M.V. “Eureka” as a part of the Shell Oil Co. deeper offshore study. The holes were drilled in water depths of 600–3,000 ft. (approximately 180–550 m) and penetrated up to 1,000 ft. (300 m) of Pliocene-Recent clayey sediments. Salt and anhydrite caprock was encountered in one diapiric structure on the continental slope.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0015\">Samples from holes drilled near diapiric structures showed systematic increases of pore-water salinity with depth, suggestive of salt diffusion from underlying salt plugs. Anomalous concentrations of K and Br indicate that at least one plug contains late-stage evaporite minerals. Salinities approaching halite saturation were observed.</p><p id=\"simple-para.0020\">Samples from holes away from diapiric structures showed little change in pore-water chemistry, except for loss of SO<sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>and other variations attributable to early-stage diagenetic reactions with enclosing sediments. Thus, increased salt concentrations in even shallow sediments from this part of the Gulf appear to provide an indicator of salt masses at depth.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(69)90040-0","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., and Bischoff, J.L., 1969, Geochemistry of pore waters from Shell Oil Company drill holes on the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico: Chemical Geology, v. 4, no. 1-2, p. 63-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(69)90040-0.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99.4482421875,\n              18.22935133838668\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.85937499999999,\n              18.22935133838668\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.85937499999999,\n              30.675715404167743\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.4482421875,\n              30.675715404167743\n            ],\n            [\n              -99.4482421875,\n              18.22935133838668\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a170be4b0c8380cd5536f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185944,"text":"70185944 - 1969 - Landscape esthetics: How to quantify the scenics of a river valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T15:00:07","indexId":"70185944","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2825,"text":"Natural History","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Landscape esthetics: How to quantify the scenics of a river valley","docAbstract":"<p>There are an increasing number of bills before Congress that in one way or another affect the landscape or the environment. Each of these requires seemingly endless numbers of congressional hearings, which are recorded upon endless reams of paper.</p><p>And if, for some reason, you happen to read the voluminous testimony surrounding one of these environment-affecting proposals, you will generally find a marked contrast between the volume and kind of information presented by those who are pressing for technical development - building a dam, constructing a highway, installing a nuclear power plant - and the testimony of those who either oppose the development or wish to alter it in some way. The developer usually employs numerical arguments, which tend to show that there is an economic benefit to be obtained by constructing something - whatever that something may be. The argument is usually expressed in terms of a \"cost-benefit ratio.\" It is typically argued, for instance, that the construction cost of a given project will be repaid over a period of time and will yield a profit or a benefit in excess of the development costs by a ratio of, let us say, 1.2 to 1. The argument is further supported with great numbers of charts, graphs, tables, and additional figures.</p><p>In marked contrast, those who favor protection of the environment against development are fewer in number, their statements are based on emotion or personal feelings, and they usually lack numerical information, quantitative data, and detailed computations. Perhaps this is the reason why this latter group seems to be continually fighting rearguard actions - losing battle after battle.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Museum of Natural History","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1969, Landscape esthetics: How to quantify the scenics of a river valley: Natural History, no. October 1969, p. 37-44.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"44","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338683,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"October 1969","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc823e4b02ff32c68576e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011467,"text":"70011467 - 1969 - Formation of halloysite from feldspar: Low temperature, artificial weathering versus natural weathering","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-25T14:37:21","indexId":"70011467","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of halloysite from feldspar: Low temperature, artificial weathering versus natural weathering","docAbstract":"<p>Weathering products formed on surfaces of both potassium and plagioclase feldspar (An<sub>70</sub>), which were continuously leached in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus for 140 days with 7.21 of distilled water per day at a temperature of approximately 78°C, are morphologically identical to natural products developed on potassium feldspars weathered under conditions of good drainage in the humid tropics. The new products, which first appear as tiny bumps on the feldspar surface, start to develop mainly at exposed edges but also at apparently random sites on flat cleavage surfaces. As weathering continues, the bumps grow outward from the feldspar surface to form tapered projections, which then develop into wide-based thin films or sheets. The thin sheets of many projections merge laterally to form one continuous flame-shaped sheet. The sheets formed on potassium feldspars may then roll to form tubes that are inclined at a high angle to the feldspar surface. Etch pits of triangular outline on the artificially weathered potassium feldspars serve as sites for development of continuous, non-rolled, hollow tubes. It is inferred from its morphology that this weathering product is halloysite or its primitive form. The product of naturally weathered potassium feldspars is halloysite . 4H<sub>2</sub>O.</p><p>The flame-shaped films or sheets formed on artificially weathered plagioclase feldspar do not develop into hollow tubes, but instead give rise to a platy mineral that is most probably boehmite. These plates form within the flame-shaped films, and with continued weathering are released as the film deteriorates. There is no indication from this experiment that platy pseudohexagonal kaolinite forms from any of these minerals under the initial stage of weathering.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170104","usgsCitation":"Parham, W.E., 1969, Formation of halloysite from feldspar: Low temperature, artificial weathering versus natural weathering: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 17, no. 1, p. 13-22, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170104.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1350e4b0c8380cd545eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parham, Walter E.","contributorId":58022,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parham","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70011568,"text":"70011568 - 1969 - Loss of uranium from crystallized silicic volcanic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-29T18:01:11.197284","indexId":"70011568","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loss of uranium from crystallized silicic volcanic rocks","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id6\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><p>Dense primarily crystallized silicic groundmass material from two welded ash-flow units and one lava flow of Tertiary age from the Western United States contain only 20 to 60 percent of the uranium present in nonhydrated glass from the rock units. These differences reflect loss of uranium from the crystallized specimens, probably as a result of groundwater leaching. It appears likely that most crystallized silicic volcanic rocks have lost comparable amounts of uranium.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(69)90166-6","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Rosholt, J., and Noble, D.C., 1969, Loss of uranium from crystallized silicic volcanic rocks: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 6, no. 4, p. 268-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(69)90166-6.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"268","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221244,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49dee4b0c8380cd6894d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosholt, J.N.","contributorId":37749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, D. C.","contributorId":60627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1000181,"text":"1000181 - 1969 - Distribution of oligochaetes in western Lake Erie, 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-18T11:29:14","indexId":"1000181","displayToPublicDate":"1969-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of oligochaetes in western Lake Erie, 1961","docAbstract":"<p>A total of 52,390 oligochaetes were collected from 40 stations in western Lake Erie in spring 1961. The population was composed of two families, Naididae and Tubificidae. Only six species of naidids were found. One, Paranais frici, is apparently new to the list of North American freshwater Naididae. Among the 14 tubificids found, five species of Limnodrilus were most abundant; they contributed 90% or more of all oligochaetes at 33 of the 40 stations. Numbers of Limnodrilus were generally large near the mouths of the Detroit, Raisin, and Maumee rivers and decreased progressively lakeward. Stylodrilus heringianus, a pollution-intolerant species common in eastern Lake Erie, was not found in the western end of the lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1969.14.2.0260","usgsCitation":"Hiltunen, J.K., 1969, Distribution of oligochaetes in western Lake Erie, 1961: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 14, no. 2, p. 260-264, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1969.14.2.0260.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"264","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480320,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1969.14.2.0260","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640879","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hiltunen, Jarl K.","contributorId":27820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hiltunen","given":"Jarl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5220074,"text":"5220074 - 1968 - Collecting and rearing black flies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T17:24:10.637782","indexId":"5220074","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:39","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":798,"text":"Annals of the Entomological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Collecting and rearing black flies","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper, based on a study carried out at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Seney, Michigan, and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, describes methods and techniques for collecting, storing, and rearing 8 species of Simuliidae. Included in the study were&nbsp;</span><i>Cnephia dacotensis</i><span>&nbsp;(Dyar &amp; Shannon),&nbsp;</span><i>C. mutata</i><span>&nbsp;(Malloch),&nbsp;</span><i>Prosimulium fuscum</i><span>&nbsp;Syme &amp; Davies,&nbsp;</span><i>Simulium aureum</i><span>&nbsp;Fries,&nbsp;</span><i>S. decorum</i><span>&nbsp;(Walker),&nbsp;</span><i>S. venustum</i><span>&nbsp;Say,&nbsp;</span><i>S. verecundum</i><span>&nbsp;Stone &amp; Jamnback, and&nbsp;</span><i>S. vittattum</i><span>&nbsp;Zetterstedt. Simuliid eggs collected from a variety of habitats, packed with wet materials in plastic bags and held at 4°C, have remained viable, thus far, up to 424 days. Eggs held at 0° to −70°C failed to hatch when placed in rearing aquariums. Air-dried eggs held at 4°C for 339–535 days failed to hatch after being held in aquariums for 166 days. Immature stages of black flies were successfully reared in 1¼-gallon Pyrex jars and 15-gallon plexiglas aquariums in which the water was agitated by compressed air and aquarium pumps. Water velocities of 0.250–0.542 feet per second were obtained in streams of air bubbles created by use of air stones. Of 21 larval diets used, one consisting of Purina Dog Chow (60-mesh or finer), brain-heart infusion broth, and brewer's yeast powder, and a second consisting of Wayne's dog chow (60-mesh or finer) and brain-heart infusion broth without brewer's yeast powder, were most satisfactory. Larvae were fed 1 gram of diet per 1¼- gallon aquarium and 2 grams per 15-gallon aquarium biweekly. In most of the 225 cultures of&nbsp;</span><i>S. aureum, S. decorum, S. verecundum, S. venustum,</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>S. Vittatum</i><span>&nbsp;it took from 1 to 5 days for the development of eggs to larvae (165 cultures,&nbsp;</span><i>73%)</i><span>&nbsp;and the same number of days for the development of pupae to adults (172 cultures, 76%). Development time for larvae to pupae was fairly closely divided between 11–15 days (63 cultures, 28%) and 16–20 days (53 cultures, 23.6%). The entire period for development from egg to adult after placement of eggs in rearing aquariums was from 21 to 25 days for 26.7% of the cultures.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/aesa/61.5.1072","usgsCitation":"Tarshis, I., 1968, Collecting and rearing black flies: Annals of the Entomological Society of America, v. 61, no. 5, p. 1072-1083, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/61.5.1072.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1072","endPage":"1083","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194321,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-09-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tarshis, I.B.","contributorId":83625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarshis","given":"I.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5220407,"text":"5220407 - 1968 - Singing behavior of the Swainson's warbler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:41","indexId":"5220407","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:39","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Singing behavior of the Swainson's warbler","docAbstract":"Studies of the singing behavior of the Swainson?s Warbler were conducted mainly near Macon, Bibb County, Georgia, and in the Dismal Swamp, Nansemond County, Virginia, during the springs of 1965 and 1966. Singing behavior on the ground and in trees is discussed. Swainson?s Warblers sing vigorously from the time they arrive on the breeding ground until the latter part of June, when the singing of most birds becomes more sporadic. At Macon, Georgia, in mid-April, morning song of one bird began about 20 minutes before sunrise; and evening song of the same bird ceased about 15 minutes after sunset. Songs were delivered at the rate of about 8-9 per minute for the first few minutes of morning song, decreasing to 5-6 per minute for most of the morning. Songs are given in courses or series. The rate of singing is usually faster at the beginning of a course. The number of songs sung by a territorial male in 1 day in the Dismal Swamp, Virginia, 2 June, was 1168. It produced 280 songs the first hour, and sang at a fairly constant rate from 5:00 to 8:00 AM, 192, 194, 198 songs per hour. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Meanley, B., 1968, Singing behavior of the Swainson's warbler: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 80, no. 1, p. 72-77.","productDescription":"72-77","startPage":"72","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196951,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15855,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v080n01/p0072-p0077.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"80","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1a5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meanley, B.","contributorId":43867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meanley","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5220597,"text":"5220597 - 1968 - Blood parasites in North American waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:12","indexId":"5220597","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:38","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blood parasites in North American waterfowl","docAbstract":"One thing seems to stand out in the overall knowledge we have of the blood parasites of waterfowl, as previously noted by Herman and Wehr, (1954): the greatest potential of losses is in the younger age groups, usually those birds 5-10 weeks old. In Leucocytozoon infections, death occurs as early as the first or second week of the bird's life. As a conclusion to this presentation, I wish to emphasize that there are many gaps in our knowledge of these parasites and that the answers are to be obtained by further studies in the young birds.  Data obtained from studies of birds shot by hunters or from specimens taken during fall or winter banding operations can be expected to be far less rewarding and significanf than studies of goslings and ducklings. We need much more knowledge of these parasites and their vectors and other relationships before we can develop management procedures to combat or contain them. It will require many more studies in depth to achieve this goal, but the facts are there waiting to be uncovered.  These parasites will have to be regulated along with breeding habitat, hunter take, and other factors that all add up to maintenance and management of waterfowl.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Herman, C.M., 1968, Blood parasites in North American waterfowl: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 33, p. 348-359.","productDescription":"348-359","startPage":"348","endPage":"359","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herman, C. M.","contributorId":101335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38821,"text":"pp544E - 1968 - Seismic seiches from the March 1964 Alaska earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-17T20:30:42.561793","indexId":"pp544E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"544","chapter":"E","title":"Seismic seiches from the March 1964 Alaska earthquake","docAbstract":"Seismic seiches caused by the Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, were recorded at more than 850 surface-water gaging stations in North America and at 4 in Australia. In the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, 763 of 6,435 gages registered seiches. Nearly all the seismic seiches were recorded at teleseismic distance. This is the first time such far-distant effects have been reported from surface-water bodies in North America. The densest occurrence of seiches was in States bordering the Gulf of Mexico. The seiches were recorded on bodies of water having a wide range in depth, width, and rate of flow. In a region containing many bodies of water, seiche distribution is more dependent on geologic and seismic factors than on hydro-dynamic ones. The concept that seiches are caused by the horizontal acceleration of water by seismic surface waves has been extended in this paper to show that the distribution of seiches is related to the amplitude distribution of short-period seismic surface waves. These waves have their greatest horizontal acceleration when their periods range from 5 to 15 seconds. Similarly, the water bodies on which seiches were recorded have low-order modes whose periods of oscillation also range from 5 to 15 seconds. Several factors seem to control the distribution of seiches. The most important is variations of thickness of low-rigidity sediments. This factor caused the abundance of seiches in the Gulf Coast area and along the edge of sedimentary overlaps. Major tectonic features such as thrust faults, basins, arches, and domes seem to control seismic waves and thus affect the distribution of seiches. Lateral refraction of seismic surface waves due to variations in local phase-velocity values was responsible for increase in seiche density in certain areas. For example, the Rocky Mountains provided a wave guide along which seiches were more numerous than in areas to either side. In North America, neither direction nor distance from the epicenter had any apparent effect on the distribution of seiches. Where seismic surface waves propagated into an area with thicker sediment, the horizontal acceleration increased about in proportion to the increasing thickness of the sediment. In the Mississippi Embayment however, where the waves emerged from high rigidity crust into the sediment, the horizontal acceleration increased near the edge of the embayment but decreased in the central part and formed a shadow zone. Because both seiches and seismic intensity depend on the horizontal acceleration from surface waves, the distribution of seiches may be used to map the seismic intensity that can be expected from future local earthquakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: effects on the hydrologic regimen (Professional Paper 544)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp544E","usgsCitation":"McGarr, A., and Vorhis, R.C., 1968, Seismic seiches from the March 1964 Alaska earthquake: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 544, Report: 43 p.; 1 Plate: 39.97 inches x 27.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp544E.","productDescription":"Report: 43 p.; 1 Plate: 39.97 inches x 27.98 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. Office-Earthquake Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388056,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4595.htm"},{"id":65745,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544e/pp544e_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65744,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544e/pp544e_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":104508,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0544e/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4595"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa889","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGarr, Arthur","contributorId":102548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGarr","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vorhis, Robert C.","contributorId":52555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorhis","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":220497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2316,"text":"wsp1757I - 1968 - Ground-water hydrology of the Chad Basin in Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, northeastern Nigeria, with special emphasis on the flow life of the artesian system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp1757I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1757","chapter":"I","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the Chad Basin in Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, northeastern Nigeria, with special emphasis on the flow life of the artesian system","docAbstract":"Bornu and Dikwa Emirates lie in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin, a vast region of interior drainage encompassing about 600,000 square miles of north-central Africa. The report area includes about 25,000 square miles of the basin that lie in Nigeria. Most of the area is a featureless plain that slopes gently northeast and east from the uplands of central Nigeria towards Lake Chad. On its eastern side the lake has one surface outlet which overflows only during exceptionally high stages of the lake. This outlet spills into the channel of Bahr al Ghazal, which in turn drains into the Bod616 depression. Because the lake is shallow, the shoreline fluctuates markedly with high and low stages corresponding to the wet and dry seasons. The semiarid climate of Bornu and Dikwa Emirates is characterized by a long dry season and a short wet season that correspond to seasonal winds. Annual rainfall ranges from 15 inches in the northern part of the area to 32 inches in the southern. \r\n\r\nThe Chad Basin in Dikwa and Bornu Emirates is underlain by interbedded sand and clay, collectively termed the Chad Formation. These alluvial and lactustrine sediments were deposited in or near Lake Chad whet it occupied a much greater area during Pliocene and Pleistocene time. The Chad Formation has a very slight primary dip in the direction of Lake Chad and conforms to the gentle slope of land surface. The known thickness of the formation ranges from a few feet where it overlies bedrock on the periphery of the basin to at least 1,800 feet at Maiduguri; however, its total thickness probably exceeds 2,000 feet in the central part of the basin. \r\n\r\nThree water-bearing units termed upper, middle, and lower zones occur within the Chad Formation. The upper zone yields water to numerous dug wells throughout the rural areas and also is .the major source of the Maiduguri municipal water .supply. The middle zone yields water from flowing artesian boreholes that have heads ranging from a few feet to 70 feet above land surface throughout a 13,000 square-mile area of the basin in Nigeria. The lower zone also yields water from flowing boreholes ; however, its areal extent has not been proved beyond the environs of Maiduguri. \r\n\r\nThe present investigation is concerned primarily with the middle zone, which is the source of water for some 190 flowing boreholes used as little-watering points in the Nigerian sector of the Chad Basin. The thickness of loads of waterbearing sand in the middle zone ranges from less than 1 foot to 200 feet, and the artesian head ranges from land surface at Maiduguri to 70 feet above land surface at Lake Chad. The depth to the top of the middle zone in the area of flowing boreholes ranges from 500 to 1,250 feet below land surface. The waterbearing properties of the middle zone differ greatly from place to place. Also, the yields of individual flowing boreholes generally range from 50 to 20,000 imperial gallons per hour (gph). On the basis of water availability, the middle zone can be divided as follows : Areas of high-, moderate-, and low-yield artesian aquifer ; areas of low- and moderate-yield subartesian aquifer ; and an area where the yields from boreholes are insignificant or the aquifer is missing. Recommended maximum rates of long-term withdrawal from individual boreholes for the three artesian areas range from 100 to 5,000 gph with boreholes spaced 5 to 10 miles apart. By limiting flows to the recommended maximum rates, the boreholes should continue to flow for at least 30 years. The present average use per borehole (265 gph in 1965) is considerably less than the recommended maximum rates. \r\n\r\nRecharge to the upper zone occurs in significant but as yet unmeasured quantities, mostly in the vicinity of the major streams. Apparently, however, no significant amount of recharge reaches the middle zone from the Upper zone. Although the middle zone is, in effect, being 'mined' by existing flowing wells, the present (1965) rate of withdrawal i","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1757I","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.E., Johnston, R., Olowu, J., and Uzoma, J., 1968, Ground-water hydrology of the Chad Basin in Bornu and Dikwa Emirates, northeastern Nigeria, with special emphasis on the flow life of the artesian system: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1757, iv, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1757I.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28147,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28148,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28149,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28150,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28151,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28152,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28153,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28154,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28155,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1757i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668a99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Raymond E.","contributorId":67861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, R.H.","contributorId":19536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olowu, J.A.I.","contributorId":68709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olowu","given":"J.A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Uzoma, J.U.","contributorId":24327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzoma","given":"J.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":2341,"text":"wsp1854 - 1968 - Ground-water hydrology of the Sevier Desert, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T17:15:01","indexId":"wsp1854","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1854","title":"Ground-water hydrology of the Sevier Desert, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>The Sevier Desert, as used in this report, comprises the main part of the Sevier Desert, the Tintic Valley, and the southeastern part of the Old River Bed. It covers an area of about 3,000 square miles and occupies a large basin in the eastern part of the Basin and Range physiographic province.</p><p>Large alluvial fans extend from the mountain fronts into the basin where they interfinger with eolian and lacustrine deposits and with fluvial deposits of the Sevier River. These unconsolidated deposits form a multiaquifer artesian system that is more than 1,000 feet thick and that extends from near the area of main recharge along the east side of the basin to Sevier Lake.</p><p>Most of the recharge to the ground-water reservoir results from water entering alluvial fans as percolation from streams, irrigation ditches, and irrigated fields. Another important source may be water in the limestone, quartzite, and other consolidated rocks in the mountains that border the basin. Leakage from the Central Utah Canal is a major source of recharge to the water-table aquifer.</p><p>Flowing wells are common in the central lowland part of the Sevier Desert, but as a result of below-normal precipitation and an increase in withdrawals from wells during 1950-64, the area of flowing wells has decreased. The quantity of ground water being wasted from flowing wells is not more than a few hundred acre-feet a year.</p><p>The amount of water discharged by withdrawal from wells has increased nearly 15 times since 1950 (from 2,000 acre-feet in 1950 to 30,000 acre-feet in 1964). As a result of this increasing withdrawal, the water levels in observation wells have declined 4 feet in areas of small withdrawals to more than 7 feet near centers of pumping for public supplies and irrigation.</p><p>An estimated 135,000-175,000 acre-feet of ground water is consumed by evapotranspiration each year in the 440,000 acres of desert that mainly support phreatophytes. This rate of discharge has changed little since 1950. The consumptive waste of ground water by undesirable phreatophytes, principally saltcedar and pickleweed, was not a serious problem in 1964 but could become a serious problem in the near future if saltcedar is permitted to spread.</p><p>Water levels in wells changed little during 1935-40. During 1941-50, however, water levels rose in response to the general above-normal precipitation during 1939-47. During 1950-64 water levels declined, partly in response to below-normal precipitation and partly in response to an increase in pumping from irrigation wells. Although the period 1961-63 was one of above-normal precipitation, water levels continued the overall decline that was started in 1950. The decline, therefore, probably is due to increased pumping.</p><p>The amount of water that could be obtained from storage if the piezometric surface in the artesian aquifer were lowered 20 feet is estimated to be 120,006 acre-feet. The specific capacities of wells used for irrigation and public supply range from 5 to 215 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. Specific capacities generally decrease with increasing distances away from the edge of the basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1854","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Mower, R.W., and Feltis, R., 1968, Ground-water hydrology of the Sevier Desert, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1854, Report: v, 75 p.; 7 Plates: 30.00 in. x 24.82 in. or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1854.","productDescription":"Report: v, 75 p.; 7 Plates: 30.00 in. x 24.82 in. or smaller","numberOfPages":"88","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28244,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-7.pdf","text":"Plate 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing areas of phreatophyte growth in 1963"},{"id":138337,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28238,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing location of selected wells and hydrogeochemical data"},{"id":28241,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing average annual precipitation (1931-60) and recharge areas along the north and east edges"},{"id":28242,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing areas of artesian flow during 1935 and March 1964 and water-level contours in the upper artesian and unconfined aquifers in March 1964"},{"id":28243,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing total dissolved solids in water from wells finished in the artesian aquifers, springs, and streams"},{"id":28239,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Generalized geologic map of the Sevier Desert and adjacent mountains, Utah"},{"id":28240,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Geologic section across the Sevier Desert, Utah, showing generalized stratigraphy and lithology and selected parts from an electrical log from an oil test"},{"id":28245,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1854/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Sevier Desert","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6682c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, R. W.","contributorId":34898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Feltis, R.D.","contributorId":93467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feltis","given":"R.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207280,"text":"70207280 - 1968 - On the maintenance of anomalous fluid pressures: I. thick sedimentary sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-15T16:12:30","indexId":"70207280","displayToPublicDate":"1968-12-31T16:07:40","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the maintenance of anomalous fluid pressures: I. thick sedimentary sequences","docAbstract":"<p><span>Various physical and chemical processes may be envisioned which will cause anomalous pressures on an underground fluid. In order to consider the maintenance of anomalous pressure, it is necessary to consider the problem as one of nonsteady fluid flow. The time rate of pressure change and maintenance depends upon the hydrodynamics of flow through porous media and the particular boundary conditions. This paper presents a series of general solutions to hydrodynamic models which are germane to the problem of creating and maintaining excess-fluid pressures in a thick sedimentary sequence. The creation and maintenance of fluid pressures approaching lithostatic pressure through a process of continuous sedimentation was evaluated. Our results indicate that a sedimentation rate of 500 m/10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;yr (reasonable for the Gulf Coast) will create fluid pressures approaching lithostatic in a sedimentary column that has a hydraulic conductivity of 10</span><sup>-8</sup><span>&nbsp;cm sec</span><sup>-1</sup><span>, or lower. It is apparent that the creation of anomalous pressure and its maintenance depends, to a large degree, upon the hydraulic conductivity and, to a lesser extent, upon the specific storage of clay layers within the system. © 1968, The Geological Society of America, Inc.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1097:OTMOAF]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Bredehoeft, J., and Hanshaw, B., 1968, On the maintenance of anomalous fluid pressures: I. thick sedimentary sequences: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, no. 9, p. 1097-1106, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1097:OTMOAF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"1097","endPage":"1106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bredehoeft, J.D.","contributorId":12836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanshaw, B.B.","contributorId":25928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanshaw","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70209118,"text":"70209118 - 1968 - O18/O16 ratios of coexisting minerals in glaucophane-bearing metamorphic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-16T19:45:09.972784","indexId":"70209118","displayToPublicDate":"1968-12-31T11:33:38","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"O<sup>18</sup>/O<sup>16</sup> ratios of coexisting minerals in glaucophane-bearing metamorphic rocks","title":"O18/O16 ratios of coexisting minerals in glaucophane-bearing metamorphic rocks","docAbstract":"<p>Oxygen isotope analyses have been obtained for coexisting minerals in several blue-schist-facies metamorphic rocks from California, Oregon, and New Caledonia. Detailed isotopic studies were made on a continuous exposure of schist in Ward Creek, California, previously described by Coleman and Lee (1962). The oxygen isotope fractionations among coexisting minerals in a variety of rock types, including metasediments and metabasalts, are systematic and larger than those measured in pelitic schists metamorphosed at the grade of biotite zone or higher. Therefore, these Ward Creek rocks (termed Type III) must have formed at lower temperatures than have such pelitic schists.</p><p>Evidence for significant isotopic equilibration and homogenization is observed in the Ward Creek sequence. Six different metasediments and metavolcanics collected within 25 m of one another show almost identical mineral<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ;</i>-values: quartz (15.8 to 16.3), aragonite (13.1 to 13.3), glaucophane (9.8 to 10.0), muscovite (10.9 to 11.3), lawsonite (9.3 to 9.5), and garnet (8.0 to 8.4), given as per mil enrichment in O<sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>relative to mean ocean water. These rocks seem to have reached equilibrium at about the same temperature in contact with abundant metamorphic pore fluids.</p><p>Not all the Ward Creek rocks have completely equilibrated with the postulated metamorphic pore fluids. In particular, the metacherts seem to have been relatively impermeable to the aqueous fluids during metamorphism, as indicated by the large<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i>-values of quartz in such rocks (17 to 19.2) and by their appreciably higher Fe<sup>+3</sup>/Fe<sup>+2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios. Gradients in O<sup>18</sup>/O<sup>16</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and Fe<sup>+3</sup>/Fe<sup>+2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>have been generally “smoothed out” in the rocks during metamorphism, but the process has gone to completion only locally. Cherts and limestones have apparently been lowered in O<sup>18</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>content by 10 to 15 per mil, and the metabasalts are enriched by 3 to 4 per mil over their unmetamorphosed parent rocks.</p><p>Using the calibrated quartz-muscovite and quartz—CaCO<sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>geothermometers, the measured quartz-muscovite and quartz-aragonite fractionations indicate essentially “concordant” temperatures of formation for the Type III rocks of 270° to 315° C. Inasmuch as aragonite is part of the equilibrium assemblage, these rocks must therefore have been metamorphosed at pressures of at least 6.4 to 7.0 kb. Oxygen isotope fractionations for the mineral pairs aragonite-lawsonite, quartz-muscovite, and quartz-glaucophane progressively decrease from Type II (low-grade) through Type III to Type IV (high-grade tectonic blocks) metabasalts.</p><p>The higher-grade blueschists from New Caledonia exhibit quartz-muscovite and quartz-glaucophane fractionations similar to the Type IV metabasalts at Ward Creek, indicating temperatures of formation of 400° to 550° C. Thus, glaucophane-bearing metamorphic rocks apparently form over a temperature range of 200° C to 550° C, encompassing the probable temperature range of the entire greenschist and epidote-amphibolite facies. This suggests that glaucophane schists should be separated into at least two metamorphic facies, a lower-grade, lawsonite-aragonite blueschist facies and a higher-grade, epidote-rutile blueschist facies, both representing higher pressures than are attained during ordinary low-rank and middle-rank regional metamorphism.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1727:OROCMI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Taylor, H.P., and Coleman, R.G., 1968, O18/O16 ratios of coexisting minerals in glaucophane-bearing metamorphic rocks: GSA Bulletin, v. 79, no. 12, p. 1727-1756, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1727:OROCMI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1727","endPage":"1756","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":373316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, 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Jr.","contributorId":101028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Hugh","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coleman, Robert G.","contributorId":88022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":784980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70233751,"text":"70233751 - 1968 - A method for estimating the uncertainty of seismic velocities measured by refraction techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-27T17:14:44.377534","indexId":"70233751","displayToPublicDate":"1968-12-01T12:02:26","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A method for estimating the uncertainty of seismic velocities measured by refraction techniques","docAbstract":"<p>Time residuals from&nbsp;<i>7</i>5-km segments of 18 crustal seismic-refraction profiles in the Basin and Range province are used to investigate the validity of the linear-regression model and to make large sample estimates of the variance in the travel time distributions.</p><p>A formula for unbiased estimates of velocity uncertainty is derived, assuming a linear trend with distance for the variances of the travel-time distributions. If the recording units are symmetric about the center of the recording interval, this formula is equivalent to the one derived assuming the variances are equal.</p><p>At the 95-per cent confidence level the chi-squared test implied 84 per cent of the time-residual samples were inconsistent with the hypothesis that their parent populations had Gaussian distributions. If the number of recording locations expceeds 8, confidence limits computed without the Gaussian assumption suggest the departures from normality are not significant for velocity uncertainty estimates.</p><p>The large sample estimates of the time-residual populations may be applicable to other areas. This evidence motivated the development of a method, requiring very little numerical calculation, for estimating uncertainties in velocities. The method requires, in addition to the large sample estimates of the travel time variances, information on the quality of the data, the location of the recording interval, and the number of recording units. The method is useful for the design of new experiments and independent estimates of uncertainty reported in the literature.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0580061769","usgsCitation":"Borcherdt, R.D., and Healy, J.H., 1968, A method for estimating the uncertainty of seismic velocities measured by refraction techniques: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 58, no. 6, p. 1769-1790, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0580061769.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1769","endPage":"1790","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404500,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Basin and Range province","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.57568359374999,\n              32.45415593941475\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.20361328125,\n              32.713355353177555\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.07177734375,\n              44.29240108529005\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.33251953125,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.28857421875,\n              37.70120736474139\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.46484375,\n              34.32529192442733\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.67431640625,\n              32.41706632846282\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.57568359374999,\n              32.45415593941475\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, J. H.","contributorId":48968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":847628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221424,"text":"70221424 - 1968 - Stratigraphy and structure of the tatum salt dome area, southeastern Mississippi and northeastern Washington Parish, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-16T12:17:13.169348","indexId":"70221424","displayToPublicDate":"1968-12-01T08:50:51","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the tatum salt dome area, southeastern Mississippi and northeastern Washington Parish, Louisiana","docAbstract":"<p><span>In the 3000-square-mile&nbsp;</span>area<span>&nbsp;of&nbsp;</span>southeastern<span>&nbsp;</span>Mississippi<span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span>northeastern<span>&nbsp;</span>Washington<span>&nbsp;</span>Parish<span>,&nbsp;</span>Louisiana<span>, which has&nbsp;</span>Tatum<span>&nbsp;</span>dome<span>&nbsp;in its center, rocks of known Jurassic to Recent age are more than 20,000 feet thick. They are underlain by an unknown thickness of Louann&nbsp;</span>Salt<span>&nbsp;of Jurassic (?) age. The age, thickness, and nature of the sedimentary rocks between the&nbsp;</span>salt<span>&nbsp;and the basement, as well as the character of the basement, are unknown. The&nbsp;</span>salt<span>&nbsp;in the northern half of the&nbsp;</span>area<span>&nbsp;has moved upward to shallow depths as diapirs in overlying rocks. Outside of the&nbsp;</span>area<span>&nbsp;of shallow-piercement domes there are more deeply seated domes, ridges, and anticlines that may be the result of vertical movement of the&nbsp;</span>salt<span>. The Wiggins anticline in the south and, southwest of it, an&nbsp;</span>area<span>&nbsp;dipping more steeply to the southwest probably were not affected by&nbsp;</span>salt<span>&nbsp;movement. Structural maps of four horizons and isopach maps of rocks in the three intervals between them give information about the sedimentary and structural history of the region since the end of Early Cretaceous time. The horizons contoured mark either unconformities or the upper boundaries of zones of fairly uniform structural history. The top of the Lower Cretaceous rocks dips generally to the west. Upper Cretaceous rocks dip to the west-southwest and thicken to the northeast. Pre-Miocene Tertiary rocks dip to the southwest and thicken to the northwest. Miocene and later rocks dip and thicken to the south-southwest. The&nbsp;</span>structure<span>&nbsp;of the older formations is considerably more irregular than that of the younger ones; domes, ridges, and basins that were conspicuous in the Early Cretaceous became less pronounced as younger sediments progressively covered them. Of the eight shallow-piercement domes with which the author is familiar, three are known to have penetrated Oligocene rocks; two, middle Eocene; one, lower Eocene; one, Upper Cretaceous; and one, Lower Cretaceous. Some movement has taken place at&nbsp;</span>Tatum<span>&nbsp;</span>dome<span>&nbsp;since the sandy, gravelly Citronelle Formation was laid down.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE88-p381","usgsCitation":"Eargle, D.H., 1968, Stratigraphy and structure of the tatum salt dome area, southeastern Mississippi and northeastern Washington Parish, Louisiana: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 88, p. 381-405, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE88-p381.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"381","endPage":"405","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386491,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Mississippi and northeastern Washington Parish, Louisiana","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.52685546875,\n              32.11980111179328\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.021728515625,\n              32.11980111179328\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.021728515625,\n              33.797408767572485\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.52685546875,\n              33.797408767572485\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.52685546875,\n              32.11980111179328\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"88","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eargle, D. H.","contributorId":28649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eargle","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70221431,"text":"70221431 - 1968 - A further contribution to the petrology of Haleakala volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-15T17:54:45.41248","indexId":"70221431","displayToPublicDate":"1968-07-01T12:50:53","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A further contribution to the petrology of Haleakala volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sixteen new chemical analyses of the later rocks of&nbsp;</span>Haleakala<span>&nbsp;</span>Volcano<span>, on the island of Maui,&nbsp;</span>Hawaii<span>, add to the differentiation picture for that&nbsp;</span>volcano<span>. The early rocks of the&nbsp;</span>volcano<span>&nbsp;are tholeiitic. These are followed by dominant hawaiites with less abundant alkalic olivine basalts, picrite-basalts of ankaramite type, and&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;few mugearites. Still later rocks, separated from earlier ones by&nbsp;</span>a<span>&nbsp;profound erosional unconformity, include some hawaiites and ankaramites, but are dominantly alkalic olivine basalts (basanitoids) containing as much as 16.5 percent normative nepheline, some of them transitional to ankaramite. The progression toward ultramafic, strongly undersaturated rocks (nephelinites), characteristic of the post-erosional lavas of other Hawaiian volcanoes, appears to have just begun at&nbsp;</span>Haleakala<span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[877:AFCTTP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Macdonald, G.A., and Powers, H., 1968, A further contribution to the petrology of Haleakala volcano, Hawaii: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 79, no. 7, p. 877-888, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[877:AFCTTP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"888","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Maui","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.73095703125,\n              20.555652403773365\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.775146484375,\n              20.555652403773365\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.775146484375,\n              21.058870866501536\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.73095703125,\n              21.058870866501536\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.73095703125,\n              20.555652403773365\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Macdonald, G. A.","contributorId":86824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macdonald","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powers, H. A.","contributorId":68363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"H. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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