It is well known that the Boulder batholith region experienced intensive plutonism, volcanism, and tectonism that all began in Late Cretaceous time, after at least 700 m.y. of structural and igneous inactivity except for sporadic epeirogeny. Recent stratigraphic, structural, paleontologic, arid, especially, radiometric evidence makes it possible to date these dynamic events rather closely. The time relations that are revealed do not form a simple sequence of volcanism-folding-thrusting-batholith emplacement, as has often been supposed, but involve an intertwined complex.
Significant volcanism began ∼ 85 m.y. ago in late Coniacian or early Santonian time, with deposition of the thick, local tuffaceous Slim Sam Formation. Volcanism climaxed from 77 to 79 m.y. ago, in early Campanian time, when the region was buried under at least 10,000 feet of calc-alkalic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, which included many sheets of welded tuff - the Elkhorn Mountains Volcanics -, and a vast amount of contemporaneous ash was airborne beyond the region. Major volcanism ceased ∼ 73 m.y. ago, late in the Campanian, not to recur until early Eocene time, ∼ 50 m.y. ago.
The bulk of the batholith was emplaced beneath and within the volcanic edifice in early and middle Campanian time, during a 6 m.y. span from 78 to 72 m.y. ago, and some leucocratic masses were intruded during the next few million years, so that the whole batholith was emplaced within about 10 m.y.
Folding at and near the site of the batholith began in late Coniacian or Santonian time and culminated before middle Campanian time; the main folding north and east of the batholith was post-Campanian, probably Maestrichtian. Thrusting began before middle Santonian time, and recurred intermittently well into the Maestrichtian, or even a little later.
Thus volcanism, plutonism, folding, and thrusting began and ended within a few million years of each other, during the last 20 m.y. of the Cretaceous. Major folding, thrusting, and volcanism started about the same time, though not always at the same places, and a little earlier than plutonism. In any given locality, volcanism ended before major folding; the climax of plutonism followed the climax of volcanism; thrusting preceded and accompanied plutonism near the batholith, but followed plutonism farther away; thrusting ended a little later than folding. These dynamic processes so closely related in time and space must also be genetically related in the Boulder batholith region. Gilluly's (1965) conclusion that the orogeny which produced the great Cretaceous thrusts of Montana was \"essentially without plutonic associations\" is not tenable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of American","doi":"10.1130/MEM116-p557","usgsCitation":"Robinson, G., Klepper, M.R., and Obradovich, J.D., 1968, Overlapping plutonism, volcanism, and tectonism in the boulder batholith region, western Montana: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 116, p. 557-576, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM116-p557.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"557","endPage":"576","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":462214,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","city":"Helena, Boulder, Deer Lodge, Butte","otherGeospatial":"boulder batholith","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.01934814453125,\n 46.60982785835103\n ],\n [\n -112.57827758789062,\n 46.5720787149159\n ],\n [\n -112.72247314453124,\n 46.380096460287824\n ],\n [\n -112.7197265625,\n 46.059891147620725\n ],\n [\n -112.50274658203125,\n 46.01603873833416\n ],\n [\n -112.36129760742188,\n 46.21785176740299\n ],\n [\n -112.16903686523436,\n 46.308047059262954\n ],\n [\n -112.02209472656249,\n 46.605110653248275\n ],\n [\n -112.01934814453125,\n 46.60982785835103\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1968-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, G.D.","contributorId":26350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klepper, M. R.","contributorId":64278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klepper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Obradovich, J. D.","contributorId":48966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obradovich","given":"J.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171724,"text":"70171724 - 1968 - A preliminary report of a recently discovered aquifer at Sioux Falls, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-15T12:48:04","indexId":"70171724","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5088,"text":"South Dakota Academy of Science Proceedings","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A preliminary report of a recently discovered aquifer at Sioux Falls, South Dakota","docAbstract":"A hydrologic study of the Big Sioux aquifer system was begun July 1, 1966, by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Sioux Falls and the East Dakota Conservancy Sub-District.
\nTest drilling being done in the search for a southern outlet to the Big Sioux aquifer has led to the discovery of the outlet and of a deeper aquifer than was previously know to exist in this area. This aquifer, herein called the Sioux Falls aquifer, was first recognized as a very clean gravel in test hole USGS #1 between the depths of 60 to 83 feet.
\nSubsequent test drilling and aquifer testing has shown the Sioux Falls aquifer to be capable of producing several hundred gallons of water per minute. THe chemical quality of this water surpasses that currently being used for the city supply.
\nFurther investigation of the aquifer is planned as a part of the continuing expansion of the water-supply facilities for Sioux Falls.
\nThis publication has been authorized by the Director of the U.S. Geological Survey and Earl McCart, Commissioner, City of Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
","language":"English","publisher":"South Dakota Academy of Science","usgsCitation":"Vaughan, K.D., and Ackroyd, E.A., 1968, A preliminary report of a recently discovered aquifer at Sioux Falls, South Dakota: South Dakota Academy of Science Proceedings, v. 47, no. 16, p. 68-74.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"74","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323991,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":322193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sdaos.org/publications/?wpa-paged=113"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Sioux Falls","volume":"47","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576913aee4b07657d19fef86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vaughan, Kenneth D.","contributorId":170160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vaughan","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackroyd, Earl A.","contributorId":59425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackroyd","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":632208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000349,"text":"1000349 - 1968 - Movements of adult lake trout in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-18T13:49:34","indexId":"1000349","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements of adult lake trout in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Returns from mature lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) tagged in western Lake Superior in 1959 and 1962-65 described here suggest that trout disperse widely from the spawning grounds after spawning and return in subsequent years. Although the data were not extensive, returns from lake trout tagged near Keweenaw Point in 1950 and off Marquette, Michigan, in 1952 suggested similar movement. Loftus stated that river-spawning lake trout of eastern Lake Superior returned annually to the same spawning streams. Movements of lake trout must be understood to manage and evaluate the rehabilitation of lake trout stocks in Lake Superior, especially when the trout move across interstate and international boundaries and are subject to different fishing regulations and fishing pressures.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1968)97[481:MOALTI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rahrer, J.F., 1968, Movements of adult lake trout in Lake Superior: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 97, no. 4, p. 481-484, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1968)97[481:MOALTI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"484","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"97","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b482d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rahrer, Jerold F.","contributorId":76679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahrer","given":"Jerold","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2013,"text":"wsp1839L - 1968 - Geology and ground-water resources of Fillmore County, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-02T20:09:09.399812","indexId":"wsp1839L","displayToPublicDate":"1968-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1839","chapter":"L","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Fillmore County, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","docAbstract":"Fillmore County, an area 24 miles square, lies in the eastern part of the Nebraska loess plain. Although tributaries of the Big Blue River have eroded valleys into this plain, much of the original surface is intact. Broad flats and numerous shallow undrained depressions characterize the plain. \r\n\r\nThe county is underlain by unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age to depths ranging from about 80 to 450 feet. The upper part of this depositional sequence consists largely of wind-deposited clayey silt, and the lower part of stream-deposited sand and gravel. In part of the county, deposits of glacial till also are included. The Quaternary deposits mantle an eroded surface of marine-deposited strata of Cretaceous age. \r\n\r\nThe lower deposits of Quaternary age are saturated and constitute a highly productive aquifer throughout much of the county. The saturated zone ranges from about 20 to 350 feet in thickness. Replenishment to this aquifer, derived principally from precipitation, is believed to average about 1.4 inches per year. Because the quantity of ground water pumped per year exceeds the average annual quantity of recharge, some of the water used for irrigation is from storage. Consequently, water levels in wells .are declining. This trend is likely to continue. \r\n\r\nThe ground water is of the calcium bicarbonate type and is hard, but it is chemically suitable for irrigation use on most soils in the county.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1839L","usgsCitation":"Keech, C.F., Dreeszen, V., and Petri, L.R., 1968, Geology and ground-water resources of Fillmore County, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1839, Report: iv, 27 p.; 2 Plates: 45.81 x 36.50 inches and 37.00 x 16.49 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1839L.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 27 p.; 2 Plates: 45.81 x 36.50 inches and 37.00 x 16.49 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110026,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25053.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25053"},{"id":27470,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839l/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27471,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137581,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27469,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1839l/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Fillmore County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.3685,40.699],[-97.3678,40.4376],[-97.3686,40.3514],[-97.4827,40.3506],[-97.8206,40.351],[-97.8236,40.3505],[-97.8246,40.4367],[-97.8256,40.5243],[-97.826,40.6105],[-97.8245,40.6985],[-97.7111,40.6983],[-97.3685,40.699]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Fillmore\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685b6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keech, Charles Franklin","contributorId":44123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keech","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dreeszen, V. H.","contributorId":8825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dreeszen","given":"V. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petri, L. R.","contributorId":48944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petri","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":887471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2345,"text":"wsp1859A - 1968 - Ground-water reconnaissance of the Santa Barbara-Montecito area, Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52612,"text":"ofr67164 - 1967 - Ground-water reconnaissance of the Santa Barbara-Montecito area, Santa Barbara County, California","indexId":"ofr67164","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water reconnaissance of the Santa Barbara-Montecito area, Santa Barbara County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2345,"text":"wsp1859A - 1968 - Ground-water reconnaissance of the Santa Barbara-Montecito area, Santa Barbara County, California","indexId":"wsp1859A","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Ground-water reconnaissance of the Santa Barbara-Montecito area, Santa Barbara County, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T20:35:14.098526","indexId":"wsp1859A","displayToPublicDate":"1965-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1968","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1859","chapter":"A","title":"Ground-water reconnaissance of the Santa Barbara-Montecito area, Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"This is the third interpretive report prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Santa Barbara County Water Agency on the groundwater resources of areas along the south coast of the county. The two previous reports--one by J. E. Upson in 1951 and another by R. E. Evenson, H. D. Wilson, Jr., and K. S. Muir--were on ground-water conditions in the Goleta and Carpinteria basins. The Santa Barbara-Montecito area is between those two basins-the Goleta basin on the west and the Carpinteria basin on the east. This area of about 30 square miles extends from the Pacific Ocean on the south to the Santa Inez Mountains on the north. The city of Santa Barbara and the towns of Montecito and Summerland are within the area. \r\n\r\nThe Santa Barbara-Montecito area is a low-lying flat section of the coastal plain. Farther inland are highlands of consolidated rock and terrace deposits. The highlands are areas of uplift, folding, and faulting, and the lowlands are structural depressions. Most of the urban development in the area has been in the lowlands. The unconsolidated deposits that have partly filled the structural depressions make up the ground-water reservoir of the Santa Barbara-Montecito area. They include the Santa Barbara Formation of Pliocene and Pleistocene age, the Casitas Formation of Pleistocene age, and the alluvium of late Pleistocene and Recent age. These deposits underlie an area of about 20 square miles \r\nand have a maximum thickness of about 2,000 feet. The consolidated rocks of Tertiary age that underlie and form the boundaries of the ground-water reservoir contain ground water in fractures and in sandstone beds. However, the consolidated rocks are not an important source of ground water. \r\n\r\nIn 1959, a year the ground-water basins were full and ground water in storage was at a maximum, storage in the Santa Barbara area was 184,000 acre-feet, and storage in the Montecito area was 97,000 acre-feet. By 1964, in response to below-average recharge and continued withdrawal by pumping, the quantity of ground water in storage in the Santa Barbara area had decreased to 178,000 acre-feet. Because of a reduction in pumpage, there was little change in storage in the Montecito area between 1959 and 1964. \r\n\r\nDeep percolation of rain, seepage from streams, and subsurface inflow from consolidated rocks are the main sources of recharge to the ground-water reservoir in the Santa Barbara-Montecito area. The most important discharge is by pumping.The long-term perennial yield of the ground-water reservoir of the Santa Barbara area is estimated to be 1,700-2,000 acre-feet. Present data are insufficient to accurately determine the perennial yield of the reservoir in the Montecito area, but it is estimated to be about 2,500 acre-feet. \r\n\r\nMost ground water in the Santa Barbara-Montecito area is suitable for general use. However, ground water in some of the consolidated rocks and in the shallow unconsolidated deposits adjacent to the coast is too saline for most uses. Seawater intrusion has occurred in the Santa Barbara area and the western part of the Montecito area. The intrusion, however, is limited to the upper part of the nearshore shallow alluvial deposits and contaminates only wells which were constructed without a near-surface seal.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1859A","usgsCitation":"Muir, K.S., 1968, Ground-water reconnaissance of the Santa Barbara-Montecito area, Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1859, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1859A.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137740,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28265,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1859a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414045,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25079.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Barbara County","otherGeospatial":"Santa Barbara-Montecito area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.565,\n 34.483\n ],\n [\n -119.77,\n 34.483\n ],\n [\n -119.77,\n 34.397\n ],\n [\n -119.565,\n 34.397\n ],\n [\n -119.565,\n 34.483\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db649dde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muir, K. S.","contributorId":53764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muir","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038234,"text":"70038234 - 1967 - Hydrogeologic data for the Shetucket River basin, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-09T12:36:03","indexId":"70038234","displayToPublicDate":"2012-04-22T10:17:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":108,"text":"Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"12","title":"Hydrogeologic data for the Shetucket River basin, Connecticut","docAbstract":"This report presents hydrologic and geologic data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during an investigation of water resources in the Shetucket River basin of Connecticut in cooperation with the Connecticut Water Resources Commission. The Shetucket River basin occupies about 507 square miles in the eastern part of the State, including the towns of Andover, Ashford, Chaplin, Coventry, Mansfield, Scotland, Sprague, Windham, and Willington, and parts of Bolton, Canterbury, Columbia, Eastford, Ellington, Franklin, Lebanon, Lisbon, Hampton, Hebron, Norwich, Pomfret, Stafford, Tolland, Union, Vernon, and Woodstock. A companion interpretive report, Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin ll, (Thomas, and others, 1967), evaluates the water resources of the basin. The data on the following pages serve to document and supplement that report and should be especially useful in planning the development of water resources at specific localities.\nData were collected as part of this investigation during the period July\n1962 through December 1964. Streamflow records from continuous-record gaging\nstations in the basin for this period have been published annually along with data\nfrom other parts of the State in a series of U.S. Geological Survey reports\nentitled \"Surface Water Records of Connecticut.\" Water-level measurements in\nwells throughout the State from 1960 through 1964, including those made as part\nof this investigation, are published in Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin 7\n(Meikle and Baker, 1965). Most other data collected during this investigation\nare tabulated on the following pages. Included are some well records and chemical\nanalyses of water samples collected prior to July 1962 and not previously published.\nThe locations of sites at which data were collected are shown on\nplate A in the pocket at the back of the report. Plate A includes the\nlocations of 98 sites where 2 to 6 miscellaneous measurements of streamflow\nwere made during 1963 and 13 other sites where continuous records are\nmaintained. Data for these sites have already been published in \"Surface\nWater Records of Connecticut\" and are not repeated here.\nData presented~ unless otherwise noted, were collected by U.S.\nGeological Survey personnel.","language":"English","publisher":"Connecticut Water Resources Commission","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Connecticut Water Resources Commission","usgsCitation":"Thomas, C.E., Bednar, G.A., Thomas, M.P., and Wilson, W.E., 1967, Hydrogeologic data for the Shetucket River basin, Connecticut: Connecticut Water Resources Bulletin 12, Report: 48 p.; 1 Plate: 33.28 x 56.69 inches.","productDescription":"Report: 48 p.; 1 Plate: 33.28 x 56.69 inches","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258793,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0012/report.pdf","size":"1843","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ctwrb/0012/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":285974,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70038234/plate-a.pdf"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","otherGeospatial":"Shetucket River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.45,41.55 ], [ -72.45,42.066667 ], [ -72.016667,42.066667 ], [ -72.016667,41.55 ], [ -72.45,41.55 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a33b2e4b0c8380cd5f1bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Chester E. Jr.","contributorId":37182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Chester","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bednar, Gene A.","contributorId":81881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bednar","given":"Gene","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Mendall P.","contributorId":104314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Mendall","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilson, William E.","contributorId":46478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":463698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5220021,"text":"5220021 - 1967 - Aging mourning doves by outer primary wear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-13T19:53:36.772548","indexId":"5220021","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:37","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aging mourning doves by outer primary wear","docAbstract":"Many immature mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura) cannot be aged by the conventional white-tipped primary covert method if molt has proceeded beyond the 7th primary. A new method of aging doves in this group is based on the presence (immature) or absence (adult) of a buff-colored fringe on the tips of the 9th and 10th primaries. Experienced biologists were nearly 100 percent accurate in aging wings of 100 known-age doves from eastern and midwestern states. The technique is not as reliable for doves from southwestern United States because of added feather wear, apparently from harsh vegetative and soil conditions.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3797993","usgsCitation":"Wight, H.M., Blankenship, L.H., and Tomlinson, R.E., 1967, Aging mourning doves by outer primary wear: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 31, no. 4, p. 832-835, https://doi.org/10.2307/3797993.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"832","endPage":"835","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db689113","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wight, H. M.","contributorId":10497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wight","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blankenship, L. H.","contributorId":53489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blankenship","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tomlinson, R. E.","contributorId":78830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomlinson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5220430,"text":"5220430 - 1967 - Food habits of sea ducks from the north-eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:35","indexId":"5220430","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:37","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":805,"text":"Annual Report of the Wildfowl Trust","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food habits of sea ducks from the north-eastern United States","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Annual Report of the Wildfowl Trust","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"McGilvrey, F., 1967, Food habits of sea ducks from the north-eastern United States: Annual Report of the Wildfowl Trust, v. 18, p. 142-145.","productDescription":"142-145","startPage":"142","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGilvrey, Frank B.","contributorId":14908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGilvrey","given":"Frank B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010460,"text":"70010460 - 1967 - The petrography of some Illinois Pleistocene and recent sands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:53:24.908146","indexId":"70010460","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The petrography of some Illinois Pleistocene and recent sands","docAbstract":"Some Recent and Pleistocene sands of Illinois and the nearby Missouri River were separated into three groups by petrographic characteristics that reflect source material. The sands derived largely or entirely from the glacial material of Illinois and the upper Mississippi, Wabash, and Lake Michigan drainage basins contain types of feldspars and rock fragments that indicate derivation from the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Canadian Shield. The sands of the Ohio River at the southern boundary of Illinois contain relatively large amounts of polycrystalline quartz and nonfeldspathic rock fragments that may have been derived from Paleozoic sedimentary rocks largely of Appalachian derivation, from glacial drift of the eastern states, or from both sources. A significant portion of the Missouri River sands and the Mississippi River sands below the mouth of the Missouri River consists of feldspars and rock fragments derived from the Cretaceous and Tertiary igneous rocks of the western United States. The volcanic rock fragments are especially indicative of a western source.
Petrographic characteristics of 23 samples of these sands were determined. The sources of the sands were interpreted principally from their rock fragments and light minerals, especially the feldspars, taking into account the variation in composition with changing grain size. Much of the plagioclase was untwinned, but certain varietal features proved useful in its identification.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(67)90052-8","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Hunter, R.E., 1967, The petrography of some Illinois Pleistocene and recent sands: Sedimentary Geology, v. 1, p. 57-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(67)90052-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"75","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218951,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae8de4b08c986b32419c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunter, R. E.","contributorId":48148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38847,"text":"pp542F - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38847,"text":"pp542F - 1967 - Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands","indexId":"pp542F","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70048211,"text":"pp542 - 1969 - The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities","indexId":"pp542","publicationYear":"1969","noYear":false,"title":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-15T20:39:34.466499","indexId":"pp542F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"542","chapter":"F","title":"Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands","docAbstract":"The great earthquake (Richter magnitude of 8.4–8.5) that struck south-central Alaska at 5:36 p.m., Alaska standard time, on March 27, 1964 (03:36, March 28, Greenwich mean time), was felt in every community on Kodiak Island and the nearby islands. It was the most severe earthquake to strike this part of Alaska in modern time, and took the lives of 18 persons in the area by drowning; this includes two in Kodiak and three at Kaguyak. Property damage and loss of income to the communities is estimated at more than $45 million.
\n\nThe largest community, Kodiak, had the greatest loss from the earthquake. Damage was caused chiefly by 5.6 feet of tectonic subsidence and a train of 10 seismic sea waves that inundated the low-lying areas of the town. The seismic sea waves destroyed all but one of the docking facilities and more than 215 structures; many other structures were severely damaged. The waves struck the town during the evening hours of March 27 and early morning hours of March 28. They moved from the southwest and northeast: and reached their maximum height of 20–30 feet above mean lower low water at Shahafka Cove between 11:00 and 11:45 p.m., March 27. The violently destructive seismic sea waves not only severely damaged homes, shops, and naval-station structures but also temporarily crippled the fishing industry in Kodiak by destroying the processing plants and most of the fishing vessels. The waves scoured out 10 feet of sediments in the channel between Kodiak Island and Near Island and exposed bedrock. This bedrock presented a major post-earthquake construction problem because no sediments remained into which piles could be driven for foundations of waterfront facilities.
\n\nBecause of tectonic subsidence, high tides now flood Mission and Potatopatch Lakes which, before the earthquake, had not been subject to tidal action. The subsidence also accelerated erosion of the unconsolidated sediments along the shoreline in the city of Kodiak.
\n\nSeismic shaking lasted 4½–5½ minutes at Kodiak and had a rolling motion. Inasmuch as most of Kodiak is underlain by bedrock or by only a thin veneer of unconsolidated sediments, very little if any damage occurred from ground motion or seismic shaking. The ground motion, however, did cause a massive short circuit and power failure at Kodiak.
\n\nThe Kodiak Naval Station, 5 miles southwest of Kodiak, was also severely damaged by the earthquake. The station was inundated by at least 10 seismic sea waves which reached a maximum height of 25 feet above post-earthquake mean lower low water between 11:16 and 11:34 p.m. on March 27, 1964. The first seismic sea wave that inundated the station did not do severe damage because it behaved much like a rapid rise of tide, but the subsequent and more violent waves destroyed most of the docking facilities and several other shoreline structures. The waves struck the station from the southwest and from the east.
\n\nThe shoreline structures that were not destroyed required rehabilitation because the 5.6 feet of tectonic subsidence put them under water during the highest tides. Furthermore the subsidence accelerated erosion during high tide of the soft unconsolidated sediments and fill in the low-lying areas of the station.
\n\nSeismic shaking did little damage to the station housing facility, but it was responsible for compaction of sediments, lateral displacement of a seawall, and the development of fissures in the aircraft parking area. The ground motion was as south-southeast–north-northwest to north-south in direction.
\n\nAn unusual case of radioactive contamination was reported at the naval station. The inundating seismic sea waves entered a building in which radionuclides were stored. The contamination was restricted to the building only, however, and did not spread throughout the station.
\n\nAfognak was abandoned because of the extensive damage incurred from tectonic subsistence and seismic sea waves. The seismic effects, estimated Mercalli intensity VI-VII, did not directly cause any significant property damage at Afognak Serious long-term damage, however, resulted from tectonic subsidence estimated to be from 3½ to 5½ feet. The subsidence has resulted in rapid erosion of the coast, landward shift and building up of bench berms to the new higher sea levels, and flooding of extensive low-lying areas behind the barrier beaches. Inundation of low-lying parts of the village by a train of seismic sea waves having maximum heights of 10.8 feet above post-earthquake tide level (14.5 ft above post-earthquake mean lower low water) caused losses of about half a million dollars to homes, vehicles, bridges, and personal possessions.
\n\nUzinki was damaged by tectonic subsidence and seismic sea waves. No significant damage resulted from the ground motion during the earthquake; the Mercalli intensity was about VI. However, tectonic subsidence, estimated to be 5 feet, caused inundation of a narrow zone along the waterfront. Structures and vessels were damaged as a result of the seismic sea waves that repeatedly flooded the waterfront area after the earthquake.
\n\nOld Harbor was damaged by seismic shock, subsidence, and seismic sea waves. The tremors, which had a Mercalli intensity estimated at VII-VIII, toppled two concrete-block chimneys, cracked interior walls, and caused minor breakage of personal property in the homes. Regional tectonic subsidence and superficial subsidence of the unconsolidated deposits on which the village is situated apparently caused incursion of salt water into the school well. A quarter of million yards of fill was required to raise the waterfront areas to their pre-earthquake elevations relative to sea level. Seismic sea waves having a maximum runup of about 12 feet above tide level (16 ft above post-earthquake mean lower low water) destroyed 34 of the 35 residences in the village and presumably drowned one man who lived immediately across the strait from Old Harbor.
\n\nAt Kaguyak, seismic sea waves having a maximum runup of about 25 feet above mean lower low water carried away all 10 buildings in the village, took three lives, and damaged an unknown number of fishing vessels. The village site has been abandoned. The communities of Akhiok, Karluk, and Larsen Bay were virtually undamaged by the earthquake tremors, which had estimated Mercalli intensities of VI-VII, but tectonic subsidence of about 2–2½ feet at Larsen Bay made it necessary to raise the cannery dock level at an estimated cost of $80,000.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on communities (Professional Paper 542)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp542F","usgsCitation":"Kachadoorian, R., and Plafker, G., 1967, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542, Report: vi, 41 p.; 1 Plate: 20.53 x 16.53 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp542F.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 41 p.; 1 Plate: 20.53 x 16.53 inches","numberOfPages":"49","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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Aerial photographic investigations indicate that no snow and ice avalanches of large size occurred on glaciers despite the violent shaking. Rockslide avalanches extended onto the glaciers in many localities, seven very large ones occurring in the Copper River region 160 kilometers east of the epicenter. Some of these avalanches traveled several kilometers at low gradients; compressed air may have provided a lubricating layer. If long-term changes in glaciers due to tectonic changes in altitude and slope occur, they will probably be very small. No evidence of large-scale dynamic response of any glacier to earthquake shaking or avalanche loading was found in either the Chugach or Kenai Mountains 16 months after the 1964 earthquake, nor was there any evidence of surges (rapid advances) as postulated by the Earthquake-Advance Theory of Tarr and Martin.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Alaska earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on the hydrologic regimen (Professional Paper 544)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/pp544D","usgsCitation":"Post, A., 1967, Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on glaciers: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 544, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp544D.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"42","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":380,"text":"Menlo ParkCalif. 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The climate, surface drainage, and land forms of the study area are typical of the southern part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Precipitation is normally abundant and fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, and the mean annual temperature is moderately warm (64?F). The major streams that drain the area (the Savannah, Salkehatchie, and Edisto Rivers) have low gradients and flow in a southeasterly direction toward the Atlantic Ocean. Surface features of the area include narrow, flat-bottomed, steep-sided valleys and broad gently rolling interfluvial areas. Those parts of the Coastal Plain included within the report area can be subdivided into the Aiken Plateau, the Congaree Sandhills, and the Coastal Terraces. The area is underlain by a sequence of unconsolidated and partly consolidated sediments of Late Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary age. The unconsolidated sediments were deposited unconformably on a basement of igneous and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian and Paleozoic age and sedimentary rocks of Triassic age. The basement rocks are similar to the granite-diorite complex of the Charlotte Belt, the metamorphosed rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt, and the consolidated sediments of the Newark Group. The unconsolidated sediments strike about N. 60 ? E. and dip 6-20 feet per mile to the southeast. They form a wedge-shaped mass that increases in thickness toward the southeast to slightly more than 1,200 feet in the vicinity of Allendale, S.C., on the southeast or downdip side of the study area. The oldest or lowermost unconsolidated sedimentary unit, the Tuscaloosa Formation of Late Cretaceous age, is overlain in the subsurface by beds that are also probably Late Cretaceous in age and that herein are named the Ellenton Formation. The Upper Cretaceous deposits are, in turn, overlain by the, McBean Formation and the Congaree(?) Formation of middle Eocene age, the Barnwell Formation of late Eocene age, the Hawthorn Formation of early and middle Miocene age, and by fluvial and marine(?) terrace deposits of Pliocene(?), Pleistocene, and Recent age. In the mapped area, the Congaree(?) Formation includes undifferentiated rocks (mostly Congaree and Barnwell Formations and some Mcbean outliers). (See map explanation.) Structurally, the Upper Cretaceous sediments are overlapped to the northwest by Tertiary deposits. A preliminary geologic map of the general area is included in the report. The principal aquifer in the area is composed of the beds of medium to coarse sand and gravel contained in the Tuscaloosa and Ellenton Formations. Subordinate aquifers include deposits of sand and limestone of Tertiary and Quaternary age. The ground water in the principal aquifer occurs under water-table conditions in the outcrop area of the Tuscaloosa Formation in the northern and western parts of the study area, but it is under artesian pressure downdip in the southern and eastern parts of the study area. Contours drawn on the piezometric surface of the water in the principal aquifer indicate that water is recharged to the aquifer mainly by leakage through the overlying Tertiary formations. Likewise, the piezometric contours show that the outcrop area of the Tuscaloosa Formation functions chiefly as an area of discharge. Doubtless, water is also discharged from the aquifer by moving downdip to areas near the coast where the prevailing hydraulic gradient may favor the upward leakage of water through the upper confining beds. The hydraulic properties of the principal aquifer were determined by a series of pumping tests. The results indicate that the aquifer is highly productive and could supply 15 million gallons per day in the vicinity of the Savannah River Plant without exceeding the available drawdown.
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George E.","contributorId":94282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siple","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40730,"text":"ofr6721 - 1967 - Water-resources of the Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-07T20:12:11.899667","indexId":"ofr6721","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-21","title":"Water-resources of the Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency area, California","docAbstract":"The Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency (AVEK) area, most of which is within the Mojave Desert region of southern California, lacks adequate water resources to sustain the existing rate of ground-water pumpage for irrigation, industrial, and domestic use. However, by 1972 the California Aqueduct, a part of the California Water Plan, will be completed and will begin to convey water from northern California into the area. \r\n\r\nThe chief economic pursuits in the area are irrigated agriculture and poultry production. At present, the major industries are related to national defense and mining. In the future, industry will increase and probably become the major economic activity. \r\n\r\nThe Mojave Desert region, part of which lies within the AVEK area, is characterized by fault-block mountains and fault-block basins. The Tehachapi and San Gabriel Mountains are the major bordering fault blocks. The adjacent lowland areas of Antelope and Fremont Valleys have been depressed by movements along major faults. There are two major ground-water basins in the AVEK area: Antelope Valley and Fremont Valley basins. Each large basin is divided by faults or bodies of consolidated rock into several groundwater subunits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6721","usgsCitation":"Bloyd, R., 1967, Water-resources of the Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-21, Report: v, 69 p.; 4 Plates: 38.03 x 37.66 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6721.","productDescription":"Report: v, 69 p.; 4 Plates: 38.03 x 37.66 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":78007,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0021/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":78005,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0021/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":78006,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0021/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":78008,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110343,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52175.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52175"},{"id":78004,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0021/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":171426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0021/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.8603,\n 35.3603\n ],\n [\n -118.8603,\n 34.3833\n ],\n [\n -117.6333,\n 34.3833\n ],\n [\n -117.6333,\n 35.3603\n ],\n [\n -118.8603,\n 35.3603\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cbe4b07f02db543823","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bloyd, R. M. Jr.","contributorId":73243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bloyd","given":"R. M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40718,"text":"ofr673 - 1967 - Geohydrologic reconnaissance of the Soquel-Aptos area, Santa Cruz County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T17:04:47","indexId":"ofr673","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-3","title":"Geohydrologic reconnaissance of the Soquel-Aptos area, Santa Cruz County, California","docAbstract":"This report summarizes existing knowledge on the geohydrology of the Soquel-Aptos area, near, and including the eastern part, of Santa Cruz, California, and outlines work necessary for making a complete appraisal of the water resources of the area.
The area is underlain mostly by marine and continental sedimentary deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary age. A small section in the northeastern part of the area on the eastern side of the San Andreas fault is underlain by sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of Cretaceous or older age. Quartz diorite, probably of Cretaceous age, underlies a considerable part of the area, but crops out only in small exposures along canyon bottom south of the Zayante fault.
The Soquel-Aptos area consists of two main structural blocks?one, downthrown on the northeast side of the Zayante fault; the other, upthrown on the southwest side of the fault. The main water-bearing formations in the southwestern structural block are the Santa Margarita and Purisima Formations. The Purisima, the most widespread of these units in this area, contains water under water-table and artesian conditions and furnishes water to most wells. The water-bearing character of the rocks in the northern structural block is unknown.
Presently available geohydrologic data are too limited for detailed evaluation of the ground-water potential in the Soquel-Aptos area. Work needed for a detailed evaluation includes: (1) Geophysical exploration and test drilling at selected locations, (2) pumping tests of selected existing wells and possibly of specially drilled test wells, (3) study and reconnaissance measurements of spring and streamflow, (4) chemical analysis of water samples from selected wells, and (5) establishment of a program for monitoring water quality and water levels in key wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr673","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Soquel Creek County [Watershed District?], the City of Santa Cruz, and the county of Santa Cruz","usgsCitation":"Akers, J.P., and Hickey, J., 1967, Geohydrologic reconnaissance of the Soquel-Aptos area, Santa Cruz County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-3, Report: 58 p.; 1 Figure: 27.84 x 32.26 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr673.","productDescription":"Report: 58 p.; 1 Figure: 27.84 x 32.26 inches","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":77992,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0003/plate-1.pdf","text":"Figure 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Geologic map of the Soquel-Aptos area, California, showing location of hydrologic data stations"},{"id":77993,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":110367,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_53760.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"53760"},{"id":171208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0003/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"Soquel-Aptos area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aedf1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Akers, J. P.","contributorId":82678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Akers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickey, J.J.","contributorId":57010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":223849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14165,"text":"ofr67118 - 1967 - Preliminary materials map of the East Lee quadrangle, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-06T21:46:36.655522","indexId":"ofr67118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-118","title":"Preliminary materials map of the East Lee quadrangle, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr67118","usgsCitation":"Holmes, G.W., 1967, Preliminary materials map of the East Lee quadrangle, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-118, Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 27.00 × 26.86 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr67118.","productDescription":"Report: 18 p.; 1 Plate: 27.00 × 26.86 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397563,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8155.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":145986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0118/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42819,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0118/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":42818,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0118/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"East Lee quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.25,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -73.125,\n 42.25\n ],\n [\n -73.125,\n 42.375\n ],\n [\n -73.25,\n 42.375\n ],\n [\n -73.25,\n 42.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, George William","contributorId":79107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":37500,"text":"ssrw102 - 1967 - The breeding bird survey, 1966","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T15:22:31","indexId":"ssrw102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":83,"text":"Special Scientific Report - Wildlife","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"102","title":"The breeding bird survey, 1966","docAbstract":"A Breeding Bird Survey of a large section on North America was conducted during June 1966. Cooperators ran a total of 585 Survey routes in 26 eastern States and 4 Canadian Provinces. Future coverage of established routes will enable changes in the abundance of North American breeding birds to be measured. Routes are selected at random on the basis of one-degree blocks of latitude and longitude. Each 241/2-mile route, with 3-minute stops spaced one-half mile apart, is driven by automobile. All birds heard or seen at the stops are recorded on special forms and the data are then transferred to machine punch cards. The average number of birds per route is tabulated by State, along with the total number of each species and the percent of routes and stops upon which they were recorded. Maps are presented showing the range and abundance of selected species. Also, a year-to-year comparison is made of populations of selected species on Maryland routes in 1965 and 1966.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C.S., and Van Velzen, W.T., 1967, The breeding bird survey, 1966: Special Scientific Report - Wildlife 102, 43 p.","productDescription":"43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":165366,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94324,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015013567543?urlappend=%3Bseq=5"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629d78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, Chandler S. crobbins@usgs.gov","contributorId":4275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"Chandler","email":"crobbins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":218181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Velzen, Willet T.","contributorId":100448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Velzen","given":"Willet","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":218182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3034,"text":"wsp1686 - 1967 - Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States: Part 11. Pacific slope basins in California — Volume 2. Klamath and Smith River basins and Central Valley drainage from the east","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-25T22:08:51.344244","indexId":"wsp1686","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1686","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States: Part 11. Pacific slope basins in California — Volume 2. Klamath and Smith River basins and Central Valley drainage from the east","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1686","usgsCitation":"Young, L.E., and Cruff, R., 1967, Magnitude and frequency of floods in the United States: Part 11. Pacific slope basins in California — Volume 2. Klamath and Smith River basins and Central Valley drainage from the east: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1686, Report: xii, 308 p.; 2 Plates: 28.00 × 42.47 inches and 28.00 × 42.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1686.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 308 p.; 2 Plates: 28.00 × 42.47 inches and 28.00 × 42.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394848,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24895.htm"},{"id":29870,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1686/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29869,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1686/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29868,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1686/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1686/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Central Valley drainage from the east, Klamath and Smith River basins and","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -116.43310546875,\n 32.62087018318113\n ],\n [\n -116.43310546875,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 32.62087018318113\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649601","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, L. E.","contributorId":105288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cruff, R.W.","contributorId":77510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cruff","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":34336,"text":"b1241F - 1967 - Geology and petrology of the Greenville quadrangle, Piscataquis and Somerset Counties, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T13:08:31","indexId":"b1241F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1241","chapter":"F","title":"Geology and petrology of the Greenville quadrangle, Piscataquis and Somerset Counties, Maine","docAbstract":"In the Greenville quadrangle, west-central Maine, slate, siltstone, and sandstone (calcareous and noncalcareous) of probable Silurian to Early Devonian age are intruded by a large mafic pluton and two granitic stocks of probable Early Devonian age. Ages of the sedimentary rocks are based upon tentative correlations with fossiliferous beds in adjacent quadrangles because the few fossils in the Greenville quadrangle are nondiagnostic; ages of the intrusive rocks are based upon radiometric age determinations. The sedimentary rocks are tightly folded about northeast-trending axes and have strong slaty cleavage. Widespread graded bedding is very useful in determining the tops of beds and thus the location of fold axes. The sedimentary rocks are in the chlorite zone of metamorphism except in the contact aureoles where the metamorphism ranges from the biotite zone, through the andalusiite-amphibole zone, to the sillimanite-cordierite zone adjacent to the intrusions; retrograde metamorphism is a minor local feature.
The mafic rocks are part of the Moxie pluton, which extends southwest and northeast of the Greenville quadrangle for a total distance of about 45 miles. Troctolite and norite are the principal rock types; gabbro is less common. Plagioclase is the dominant mineral; it usually makes up 50-75 percent of the rock. Olivine and orthopyroxene are widespread, clinopyroxene is uncommon and biotite and hornblende are generally present in small amounts. The rocks can be separated into magnesium-rich and iron-rich varieties; magnesium-rich olivine and orthopyroxene are usually accompanied by plagioclase containing from 57 to 77 percent anorthite, and iron-rich olivine and orthopyroxene are associated with plagioclase containing about 50-62 percent anorithite. Compositional layering is rare, but flow structure is very common. Flow structure generally dips northward to eastward, whereas geophysical data indicate that the contacts of the pluton dip southeastward. The granitic stocks are discordant pipelike bodies that range from granodiorite to quartz monzonite in composition. Both the mafic and the felsic intrusions are undeformed and unmetamorphosed.
Slate quarrying was once an important industry in the region, but in 1965 only one quarry was active at Monson just east of the report area. Slate is a potential source of raw material for lightweight concrete aggregate. There are several possible sites for stone quarries in the intrusive masses. Sand and gravel resources seem to be limited. Small amounts of sulfides that have low copper and nickel values are known at a few places in the mafic pluton.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to general geology, 1966","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/b1241F","usgsCitation":"Espenshade, G.H., and Boudette, E.L., 1967, Geology and petrology of the Greenville quadrangle, Piscataquis and Somerset Counties, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1241, Report: v, 60 p.; Plate: 16.83 x 21.42 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1241F.","productDescription":"Report: v, 60 p.; Plate: 16.83 x 21.42 inches","startPage":"F1","endPage":"F60","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":96360,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1241f/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.43 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":96361,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1241f/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.89 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":165889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1241f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.5,\n 45.4\n ],\n [\n -69.75,\n 45.4\n ],\n [\n -69.75,\n 45.50\n ],\n [\n -69.5,\n 45.5\n ],\n [\n -69.5,\n 45.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db6842de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Espenshade, Gilbert H.","contributorId":97474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Espenshade","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boudette, Eugene L.","contributorId":65085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boudette","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2232,"text":"wsp1835 - 1967 - Chemical quality of surface water in the Allegheny River basin, Pennsylvania and New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T11:05:53","indexId":"wsp1835","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1835","title":"Chemical quality of surface water in the Allegheny River basin, Pennsylvania and New York","docAbstract":"The Allegheny River is the principal source of water to many industries and to communities in the upper Ohio River Valley. The river and its many tributaries pass through 19 counties in northwestern and western Pennsylvania. The population in these counties exceeds 3 million. A major user of the Allegheny River is the city of Pittsburgh, which has a population greater than The Allegheny River is as basic to the economy of the upper Ohio River Valley in western Pennsylvania as are the rich deposits of bituminous coal, gas, and oil that underlie the drainage basin. During the past 5 years many streams that flow into the Allegheny have been low flowing because of droughts affecting much of the eastern United States. Consequently, the concentration of solutes in some streams has been unusually high because of wastes from coal mines and oil wells. These and other water-quality problems in the Allegheny River drainage basin are affecting the economic future of some areas in western Pennsylvania. \r\n\r\nBecause of environmental factors such as climate, geology, and land and water uses, surface-water quality varies considerably throughout the river basin. The natural quality of headwater streams, for example, is affected by saltwater wastes from petroleum production. One of the streams most affected is Kinzua Creek, which had 2,900 parts per million chloride in a sample taken at Westline on September 2, 1959. However, after such streams as the Conewango, Brokenstraw, Tionesta, Oil, and French Creeks merge with the Allegheny River, the dissolved-solids and chloride concentrations are reduced by dilution. Central segments of the main river receive water from the Clarion River, Redbank, Mahoning, and Crooked Creeks after they have crossed the coal fields of west-central Pennsylvania. At times, therefore, these streams carry coal-mine wastes that are acidic. The Kiskiminetas River, which crosses these coal fields, discharged sulfuric acid into the Allegheny at a rate of 299 tons a day during the 1962 water year (October 1, 1961, to September 30, 1962). Mine water affects the quality of the Allegheny River most noticeably in its lower part where large withdrawals are made by the Pittsburgh Water Company at Aspinwall and the Wilkinsburg-Penn Joint Water Authority at Nadine. At these places raw river water is chemically .treated in modern treatment plants to control such objectionable characteristics as acidity and excessive concentrations of iron and manganese.\r\n\r\nDissolved-solids content in the river varies along its entire length. In its upper reaches the water of the Allegheny River is a sodium chloride type, and at low flow, the sodium chloride is more than half the dissolved solids. In its lower reaches the water is a calcium sulfate .type, and at low flow the calcium sulfate is more than half the dissolved solids. In middle segments of the river from Franklin to Kittanning, water is more dilute and of a mixed type. Many small and several larger streams in the upper basin--such as the Conewango, Brokenstraw, Kinzua, Tionesta, and French Creeks--support large populations of game-fish. Even in segments of the Clarion River, Mahoning, and Redbank Creeks, which are at times affected by coal-mine wastes, fish are present. Although different species withstand varying amounts of contaminants in water, the continued presence of the fish indicates that the water is relatively pure and suitable for recreation and many other uses.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1835","usgsCitation":"McCarren, E.F., 1967, Chemical quality of surface water in the Allegheny River basin, Pennsylvania and New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1835, v, 74 p. :illus., maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1835.","productDescription":"v, 74 p. :illus., maps (1 fold. col. in pocket) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27989,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1835/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27990,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1835/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1835/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e338a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarren, Edward F.","contributorId":106472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarren","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8889,"text":"ofr6791 - 1967 - Locations and descriptions of lode prospecting in the Livengood area, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T18:17:50.660308","indexId":"ofr6791","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"67-91","title":"Locations and descriptions of lode prospecting in the Livengood area, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6791","usgsCitation":"Foster, R., and Chapman, R., 1967, Locations and descriptions of lode prospecting in the Livengood area, east-central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 67-91, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6791.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":404676,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8240.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":36457,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":142692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1967/0091/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Livengood area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.583,\n 65.475\n ],\n [\n -148.383,\n 65.475\n ],\n [\n -148.383,\n 65.5380\n ],\n [\n -148.583,\n 65.5380\n ],\n [\n -148.583,\n 65.475\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63bf8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Robert L.","contributorId":74002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Robert L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Robert M.","contributorId":81888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Robert M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5737,"text":"pp559A - 1967 - Stratigraphy of the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks of east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-11T20:26:49.541415","indexId":"pp559A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"559","chapter":"A","title":"Stratigraphy of the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks of east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabb, Earl E.","contributorId":48939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3075,"text":"wsp1881 - 1967 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1961, Parts 1 and 2: North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and Eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:38","indexId":"wsp1881","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1881","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1961, Parts 1 and 2: North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and Eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1881","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1967, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1961, Parts 1 and 2: North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and Eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1881, xi, 412 p. :ill. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1881.","productDescription":"xi, 412 p. :ill. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139410,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1881/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29947,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1881/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651adb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":3093,"text":"wsp1947 - 1967 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1963, Parts 1 and 2, North Atlantic slope basins and south Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"wsp1947","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1947","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1963, Parts 1 and 2, North Atlantic slope basins and south Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1947","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1967, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1963, Parts 1 and 2, North Atlantic slope basins and south Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1947, xi, 472 p. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1947.","productDescription":"xi, 472 p. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1947/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29975,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1947/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29976,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1947/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651af5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1112,"text":"wsp1836 - 1967 - Ground-water conditions and geologic reconnaissance of the Upper Sevier River basin, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-04T17:41:05","indexId":"wsp1836","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1836","title":"Ground-water conditions and geologic reconnaissance of the Upper Sevier River basin, Utah","docAbstract":"The upper Sevier River basin is in south-central Utah and includes an area of about 2,400 .square miles of high plateaus and valleys. It comprises the entire Sevier River drainage basin above Kingston, including the East Fork Sevier River and its tributaries. The basin was investigated to determine general ground-water conditions, the interrelation of ground water and surface water, the effects of increasing the pumping of ground water, and the amount of ground water in storage.
The basin includes four main valleys - Panguitch Valley, Circle Valley, East Fork Valley, and Grass Valley - which are drained by the Sevier River, the East Fork Sevier River, and Otter Creek. The plateaus surrounding the valleys consist of sedimentary and igneous rocks that range in age from Triassic to Quaternary. The valley fill, which is predominantly alluvial gravel, sand, silt, and clay, has a maximum thickness of more than 800 feet.
The four main valleys constitute separate ground-water basins. East Fork Valley basin is divided into Emery Valley, Johns Valley, and Antimony subbasins, and Grass Valley basin is divided into Koosharem and Angle subbasins. Ground water occurs under both artesian and water-table conditions in all the basins and subbasins except Johns Valley, Emery Valley, and Angle subbasins, where water is only under water-table conditions. The water is under artesian pressure in beds of gravel and sand confined by overlying beds of silt and clay in the downstream parts of Panguitch Valley basin, Circle Valley basin, and Antimony subbasin, and in most of Koosharem subbasin. Along the sides and upstream ends of these basins, water is usually under water-table conditions.
About 1 million acre-feet of ground water that is readily available to wells is stored in the gravel and sand of the upper 200 feet of saturated valley fill. About 570,000 acre-feet is stored in Panguitch Valley basin, about 210,000 in Circle Valley basin, about 6,000 in Emery Valley subbasin, about 90,000 in Johns Valley subbasin, about 36,000 in Antimony subbasin, about 90,000 in Koosharem subbasin, and about 60,000 in Angle subbasin. Additional water, although it is not readily available to wells, is stored in beds of silt and clay. Some ground water also is available in the bedrock underlying and surrounding the basins, although the bedrock formations generally are poor aquifers.
The principal source of recharge to the valley fill in the upper Sevier River basin is infiltration from streams, canals, and irrigated fields. Some ground water also miles into the valley till from the bedrock surrounding the basins.
The basin contains about 300 wells, most of which are less than 4 inches in diameter, are less than 250 feet deep, and are used for domestic purposes and stock watering. More than half the wells are flowing wells in Koosharem subbasin.
Approximately 82,000 acre-feet of ground water was discharged in 1962 from the valley till. Springs discharged about 33,000 acre-feet, wells about 3,000, and drains about 3,000; and evapotranspiration from phreatophyte areas about 43,000 acre-feet. Springs in bedrock discharged an additional 75,000 acre-feet. Most of the water discharged by springs, wells, and drains was used for irrigation.
The ground water in the basin generally is of good chemical quality. The water is excellent for irrigation and stock but is not as desirable for most domestic and industrial uses because of its hardness. The dissolved-solids content of the ground water generally increases slightly from the upstream end of the individual ground-water basins to. the downstream end owing mostly to repeated use of the water for irrigation.
Surface water and ground water in the upper Sevier River basin are inter- connected, and the base flows of streams are affected by changes in ground- water levels. Increased pumping of ground water would result in (1) an increase in the recharge to the aquifers from surface-water sources or (2) a decrease in the discharge from streams, springs, flowing wells, and areas of phreatophytes or (3) a combination of these.
About 43,000 acre-feet of ground water is now discharged annually by evapotranspiration from phreatophyte areas, and perhaps one-third of this loss, or about 14,000 acre-feet, could be salvaged by eliminating wet areas and phreatophytes. The areas where water could be salvaged are at the downstream ends of Panguitch Valley basin, Circle Valley basin, and Antimony subbasin. Most of the 14,000 acre-feet 'of water could be pumped from large-diameter wells or developed by properly designed drains without greatly affecting stream- flow and with only moderate effect on 'spring discharge. If the wells were properly located, the pumping would lower water levels and dry up wet areas where phreatophytes grow. Conjunctive use of ground water and surface water would facilitate the more efficient use of all water resources in the basin
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1836","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, C.H., Robinson, G., and Bjorklund, L.J., 1967, Ground-water conditions and geologic reconnaissance of the Upper Sevier River basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1836, Report: vi, 91 p.; 3 Plates: 35.00 in. x 49.87 in. or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1836.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 91 p.; 3 Plates: 35.00 in. x 49.87 in. or smaller","numberOfPages":"98","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1836/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25869,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1836/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Reconnaissance geologic map and sections of the Upper Sevier River Basin, Utah"},{"id":25870,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1836/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing hydrologic data and phreatophyte areas in the Upper Sevier River Basin, Utah"},{"id":25871,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1836/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Graphs of water levels in selected wells and selected analyses of ground and surface water in the Upper Sevier River Basin, Utah"},{"id":25872,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1836/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Upper Sevier River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d2be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, Carl H.","contributorId":46074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, Gerald B.","contributorId":46497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Gerald B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bjorklund, Louis Jay","contributorId":21138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjorklund","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"Jay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2768,"text":"wsp1829 - 1967 - Swatara Creek basin of southeastern Pennsylvania: An evaluation of its hydrologic system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-11T18:58:56.606167","indexId":"wsp1829","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1967","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1829","title":"Swatara Creek basin of southeastern Pennsylvania: An evaluation of its hydrologic system","docAbstract":"Local concentrations of population in the Swatara Creek basin of Pennsylvania find it necessary to store, transport, and treat water because local supplies are either deficient or have been contaminated by disposal of wastes in upstream areas. Water in the basin is available for the deficient areas and for dilution of the coal-mine drainage in the northern parts and the sewage wastes in the southern parts.
\nSwatara Creek drains 576 square miles just east of Harrisburg, Pa., and is the largest tributary to the Susquehanna River from the north side below Harrisburg. It rises in the southern Pocono Mountains and flows southwestward across the Lebanon Plateau. On an average day Swatara Creek discharges more than 630 million gallons into the Susquehanna River at Middletown, Pa. In a year this amounts to about 23 inches of water over the entire basin and is the residual from an average annual precipitation of 45.5 inches. During an average year the flow in Swatara Creek from the upper third of the basin above Harper Tavern is always greater than 1,300 mgd (million gallons per day) for at least 15 days and is always greater than 25 mgd for at least 350 days. The daily streamflow from the basin averages 1.1 mgd per sq mi, but yields from different areas range from 0.97 to 1.22 mgd per sq mi. These variations are caused chiefly by differences in precipitation and land cover. The area of lowest yield is in the valleys west of Tremont, and the highest yields are in the Upper and Lower Little Swatara Creek subbasins.
\nAt high and medium stages the chemical character of the water in the streams is suitable for public and private supplies. At lower stages, defending on the areas and the amounts of contamination by coal-mine drainage and sewage pollution, the natural flow may require some treatment. At low stages the chemical characteristics of the natural flow not affected by man is almost identical with that of the ground water in the area drained by the stream. In general, the total dissolved solids range from about 25 to 400 parts per million and the hardness is as much as about 300 parts per million.
\nThe ground-water increment to the base flow of Swatara Creek averages about 240 mgd, or about 8.8 inches annually, for the basin. Generally, ground-water supplies in amounts of less than 0.5 mgd can be developed south of Blue Mountain. Supplies of several million gallons per day have been developed for industrial use from the permeable limestones in the south-central part of the basin. More intensive investigation in other parts of the basin would indicate areas where supplies of more than 0.5 mgd could be developed from properly spaced wells. The chemical character of water from wells depends largely on the host rock. In highly soluble rocks water contains large amount of dissolved solids; in more resistant rocks concentrations are lower. The chemical character of unpolluted ground water generally reflects the composition of the more readily soluble minerals in the local geologic environment. Areas contaminated by septic- tank effluent may have above normal amounts of nitrate and detergent products. Except where polluted, most ground water is suitable for public and industrial uses without extensive treatment.
\nSites for storage of surface water exist in the part of the basin lying in the valley and ridge area. As much as 30 to 40 percent of the annual flow could be impounded for release as low-flow augmentation for dilution of mine drainage and other wastes in the basin. Low sediment yields of supplying drainage areas would ensure a long life expectancy of reservoirs at these sites.
\nOverbank flooding of the main stem of the Swatara Creek and its tributaries has occurred many times in the past. However, it has not been a hazard because urban development has not encroached on the flood plain. An inundation map of the August 1933 flood provides a basis that urban planners may use to avoid future damage. As water in the Swatara Creek moves downstream to the Susquehanna River, the flow is influenced consecutively by a large annual rainfall on the northern valley and ridge area, the wastes of surface and subsurface coal-mining activities, and less annual rainfall on the part of the basin lying in the Lebanon Plateau area; the flow is supplemented and further influenced by many tributaries and by the industrial and domestic wastes that are carried by these secondary streams.
\nThe annual precipitation ranges from 52 inches at the east edge and 49 inches at the west edge of the mountainous part of the basin to about 41 inches at the southwestern part at Middletown. The rainfall generally is adequate during the growing season to mature the crops. The mean annual temperature at Lebanon is about 52°F, and the growing season is about 180 days.
\nIn this report the basin has been divided into eight hydrologic zones, leased on runoff, natural use of water, and chemical character of water. Four zones lie in the valley and ridge area, three lie in the Lebanon Plateau area, and one lies in the highland along the southeastern basin boundary. In each of the zones the hydrologic characteristics are virtually the same, but they may be completely different from those in adjacent zones. The boundaries of the zones generally coincide with boundaries between geologic formations, and the areas in each zone include rocks of similar influence on water.
\nStreams in zone 4 at the northeast edge of the plateau have the highest average surface runoff from 1.2 to 1.1 mgd per sq mi whereas those in zone 2 at the northwest edge of the valley and ridge area have the lowest, about 1.0 mgd. Streams in zone 8, along the southeast edge of the basin, have the largest sustained low-flow yield, about 0.26 to 0.19 mgd per sq mi; those in zone 5 overlying the Martinsburg Shale east of Harrisburg have the smallest sustained low-flow yields, 0.03 to 0.01 mgd. Streams in the limestone area of zone 7 have the greatest range in low-flow yields in any one zone from 0.60 to 0 mgd per sq mi. Low-flow yields in zones 1 through 4 range from 0.13 to 0.03 mgd per sq mi.
\nSurface flows from zones 1 and 2 are generally acidic and contain high concentrations of sulfate, iron, and total dissolved solids especially where contaminated with mine wastes. Surface flows from zones 3 and 4 are dilute, slightly alkaline, and suitable for public water supplies. Surface flows from zones 5, 6, and 7 are alkaline and contain moderate concentrations of dissolved solids with waters of highest hardness occurring in zone 7. Surface flows from zone 8 are dilute to moderately mineralized and are relatively high in silica concentration. Nitrate concentrations are high in surf Fee flows below sewage outfalls and in ground water contaminated by septic tank effluent and industrial wastes.
\nAverage annual sediment yields of 550 to 650 tons per square mile are characteristic of zones 1 and 2 where strip mining has destroyed the forest cover and coal culm is carried into the streams. From agricultural lands on the Martinsburg Shale in zones 5 and 6, annual sediment yields range from 300 to 350 tons per square mile; but from agricultural lands on the siliceous rocks in zone 8 and zones 3 and 4 in the valley and ridge area, the sediment yield ranges from 200 to 250 tons annually per square mile. Lowest annual sediment yields in the basin are in the forested areas of siliceous rocks in zones 2, 3, 4, and 5, and in the sinkhole topography of the limestones in zone 7 where the yield ranges from 30 to 35 tons and 50 to 60 tons per square mile, respectively.
\nThe amount of ground water that can be developed in the basin is dependent on the ability of the underlying rocks to yield water to wells. More than 300 gpm (gallons per minute) can be obtained from wells in alluvial materials in the valley bottoms and in some of the limestones where large solution channels and fractures are penetrated by the wells. From 50 to 300 gpm can be obtained from wells in loosely cemented sandstones and in fractured limestones. From 10 to 50 gpm can be developed from wells in the shales and harder sandstones. The most dense rocks will yield from 1 to 10 gpm from fractures and crevices. Most wells yield water from the upper 350 feet of the formation, for this part contains the most fractures or solution channels.
\nStudies show that the velocity at which a contaminant will move downstream in the basin is related to the discharge of the stream at the time. At a stream discharge of about 400 mgd at Pine Grove, a contaminant in Swatara Creek would require about 40 hours to move from Pine Grove to Middletown. As a result of dispersion and dilution, the maximum concentration of the contaminant at Middletown would be less than 20 percent the concentration at Pine Grove under these conditions.
\nAn evaluation of the availability of water in the basin indicates that about I,239 mgd enters as precipitation, 630 mgd leaves as streamflow, 580 mgd is evaporated and transpired, and 56 mgd is diverted for use by man. Not all the diversions for man's use are lost to the basin, as about 27 mgd is returned as sewage for reuse. About one-fourth of the waste water is returned to the ground and the remainder to stream drainageways. Of that diverted by man, 11.6 mgd is used for public supply and 44.4 mgd for industrial and private supplies. Diversions of streamflow furnish 86 percent of the public supply and 27 percent of the industrial supply, and ground-water sources yield the remainder.
\nMunicipal and private sewage treatment plants are upgrading the waste water in many places, but no provisions are being made for treatment other than natural dilution and assimilation for the 15 mgd of coal-nine drainage in the northern part of the basin. Technology for economic treatment of mine water is not available at this time, although research in this field is being done.
\nUrbanization eastward from Harrisburg and around Lebanon has increased the population density of the basin. Densities of 500 people per square mile and water use exceeding 2.0 mgd per sq mi can be expected in the future. By the year 2000 the population of the basin may increase 60 percent; and if the per capita rate of use increases 0.5 percent per year the domestic requirements for water will be about two times the present use, or 23 mgd. Similarly, if the present 1:4 ratio of domestic use to industrial use of water continues, at least 89 mgd will be needed for industry in the future. Although an increase to twice the present use of water can be foreseen, or 112 mgd, water for the dilution and assimilation of wastes from treatment systems are not included.
\nProviding water for dilution of wastes from treatment plants has not been a problem, but in the future the amounts needed for this purpose will be greater as the population increases. As water becomes more valuable, treatment of sewage wastes to reduce the biochemical-oxygen-demand load by at least 80 to 90 percent will be necessary to conserve water for more productive uses. As much as 100 mgd may be needed for waste dilution in the basin by year 2000.
\nThe present trends in suburban and light industrial development will probably persist in the basin. Problems arising through changes in economic value of water, conflicts in use, and alternatives in development are typical of those confronting the manager of a water-resource system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1829","usgsCitation":"Stuart, W.T., Schneider, W.J., and Crooks, J., 1967, Swatara Creek basin of southeastern Pennsylvania: An evaluation of its hydrologic system: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1829, Report: vii, 79 p.; 3 Plates: 37.50 x 44.76 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1829.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 79 p.; 3 Plates: 37.50 x 44.76 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":29207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1829/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":400539,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25034.htm"},{"id":29206,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1829/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 3"},{"id":29205,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1829/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":29204,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1829/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":138606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1829/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Swatara Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.809,\n 40.669\n ],\n [\n -76.809,\n 40.178\n ],\n [\n -76.19,\n 40.178\n ],\n [\n -76.19,\n 40.669\n ],\n [\n -76.809,\n 40.669\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687ed9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuart, Wilbur Tennant","contributorId":77513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"Wilbur","email":"","middleInitial":"Tennant","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, William J.","contributorId":47349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crooks, James W.","contributorId":46078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crooks","given":"James W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}