A comparison of 1987 water levels with historical (1940-49) water levels in the Edwards-Trinity (Plateau) aquifer indicated that water levels declined more than 50 feet in three locations in the Leon-Belding irrigation area, in an area north of Fort Stockton, and in a well east of Bakersfield. Maximum measured declines were 54 and 82 feet in the Leon-Belding irrigation area. The maximum measured rise was 55 feet in one well in east-central Pecos County.
\nThe chemical quality of water in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer of Pecos County varied greatly during 1987. Most wells in the eastern, southern, and southwestern parts of the county had water with a specific conductance of 1,000 μS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C) or less. Three areas that had anomalously large specific conductances in ground water in north-central Pecos County are associated with water issuing from Santa Rosa, Diamond Y, and Comanche Springs. Specific conductance in water from wells and springs ranged from 311 μS/cm in south-central Pecos County to 9,600 μS/cm in the north. Dissolved sulfate concentrations ranged from 17 to 2,300 mg/L (milligrams per liter), and dissolved chloride concentrations ranged from 12 to 1,400 mg/L. Dissolved-solids concentrations ranged from 251 to 5,580 mg/L. Total nitrite plus nitrate concentrations (considered to be all nitrate for this report) ranged from less than 0.1 to 8.9 mg/L. Chemical water types range from calcium bicarbonate to calcium sulfate to sodium chloride.
\nHistorical (1940-49) and 1987 dissolved-solids concentrations were compared to identify potential changes in water quality. In some local areas, dissolved-solids concentrations decreased as much as 1,630 mg/L. The increase in dissolved-solids concentrations in water from wells and springs ranged from 5 to 4,894 mg/L. Maximum increases in dissolved-solids concentrations were 3,290 mg/L in water from Comanche Springs and 4,894 mg/L in water from Santa Rosa Springs. The increases may represent a mixing of Edwards-Trinity water with moderately saline water from underlying rocks of Permian age, or an accumulation of salts from surface-water sources.
\nComanche Springs, dry since 1961, began flowing again in October 1986, following several weeks of record or near-record precipitation in Fort Stockton and the Trans-Pecos region. Accelerated recharge from the increased precipitation, combined with a cessation of irrigation pumpage in August 1986, probably were responsible. The springs ceased flowing in May 1987, following the start of irrigation pumpage in February 1987. Correlation between flow from Comanche Springs and water levels in Fort Stockton city well no. 2 in the Leon-Belding irrigation area indicates that the springs are unlikely to flow when the depth to water in this well exceeds about 232 feet.
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T. A.","contributorId":105731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Small","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ozuna, G. B.","contributorId":25205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ozuna","given":"G. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29655,"text":"wri934072 - 1993 - Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Humboldt Wildlife Management Area, Churchill and Pershing Counties, Nevada, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:56","indexId":"wri934072","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4072","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Humboldt Wildlife Management Area, Churchill and Pershing Counties, Nevada, 1990-91","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance investigation was begun in 1990 to determine whether the quality of irrigation drainage in and near the Humboldt Wildlife Management Area, Nevada, has caused or has the potential to cause harmful effects on human health, fish, and wildlife or to impair beneficial uses of water. Samples of surface and ground water, bottom sediment, and biota collected from sites upstream and downstream from the Lovelock agricultural area were analyzed for potentially toxic trace elements. Also analyzed were radioactive substances, major dissolved constitu- ents, and nutrients in water, as well as pesticide residues in bottom sediment and biota. In samples from areas affected by irrigation drainage, the following constituents equaled or exceeded baseline concentrations or recommended standards for protection of aquatic life or propagation of wildlife--in water: arsenic, boron, dissolved solids, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, sodium, and un-ionized ammonia; in bottom sediment; arsenic and uranium; and in biota; arsenic, boron, and selenium. Selenium appears to be biomagnified in the Humboldt Sink wetlands. Biological effects observed during the reconnaissance included reduced insect diversity in sites receiving irrigation drainage and acute toxicity of drain water and sediment to test organisms. The current drought and upstream consumption of water for irrigation have reduced water deliveries to the wetlands and caused habitat degradation at Humboldt Wildlife Management Area. During this investigation. Humboldt and Toulon Lakes evaporated to dryness because of the reduced water deliveries.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934072","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., Ekechukwu, G., and Hallock, R., 1993, Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in and near Humboldt Wildlife Management Area, Churchill and Pershing Counties, Nevada, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4072, ix, 115 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934072.","productDescription":"ix, 115 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4072/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58475,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4072/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63eb92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ekechukwu, G.A.","contributorId":91539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ekechukwu","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hallock, R.J.","contributorId":100413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hallock","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38346,"text":"pp1553B - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Public response: Chapter B in The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal Response (Professional Paper 1553)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38346,"text":"pp1553B - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Public response: Chapter B in The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal Response (Professional Paper 1553)","indexId":"pp1553B","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Public response: Chapter B in The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal Response (Professional Paper 1553)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77050,"text":"pp1553 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal response","indexId":"pp1553","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal response"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":77050,"text":"pp1553 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal response","indexId":"pp1553","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal response"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:23:25","indexId":"pp1553B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1553","chapter":"B","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Public response: Chapter B in The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal Response (Professional Paper 1553)","docAbstract":"Major earthquakes provide seismologists and engineers an opportunity to examine the performance of the Earth and the man-made structures in response to the forces of the quake. So, too, do they provide social scientists an opportunity to delve into human responses evoked by the ground shaking and its physical consequences. The findings from such research can serve to guide the development and application of programs and practices designed to reduce death, injury, property losses, and social disruption in subsequent earthquakes. This chapter contains findings from studies focused mainly on public response to the Loma Prieta earthquake; that is, on the behavior and perceptions of the general population rather than on the activities of specific organizations or on the impact on procedures or policies. A major feature of several of these studies is that the information was collected from the population throughout the Bay area, not just from persons in the most badly damaged communities or who had suffered the greatest losses. This wide range serves to provide comparisons of behavior for those most directly affected by the earthquake with others who were less directly affected by it but still had to consider it very “close to home.”
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal Response (Professional Paper 1553)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1553B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"1993, The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989 - Public response: Chapter B in The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989: Societal Response (Professional Paper 1553): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1553, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1553B.","productDescription":"69 p.","startPage":"B1","endPage":"B69","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123202,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1553_b.jpg"},{"id":3432,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1553/pp1553b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Loma Prieta","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e58a3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bolton, Patricia A.","contributorId":86015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolton","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726173,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38349,"text":"pp1570 - 1993 - The future of energy gases","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-01T19:15:51","indexId":"pp1570","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1570","title":"The future of energy gases","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1570","usgsCitation":"1993, The future of energy gases: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1570, 890 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1570.","productDescription":"890 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1570/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64690,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1570/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65da62","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Howell, David G.","contributorId":12091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":747038,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17839,"text":"ofr9367 - 1993 - Water resources activities in Florida 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:13","indexId":"ofr9367","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-67","title":"Water resources activities in Florida 1992-93","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9367","usgsCitation":"Glenn, M.E., 1993, Water resources activities in Florida 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-67, viii, 99 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9367.","productDescription":"viii, 99 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149514,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0067/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47077,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f970d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, M. E. (compiler)","contributorId":75162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"M.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29657,"text":"wri934118 - 1993 - Water-level changes and directions of ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer, Fallon area, Churchill County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-06T15:03:33","indexId":"wri934118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4118","title":"Water-level changes and directions of ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer, Fallon area, Churchill County, Nevada","docAbstract":"The Truckee-Carson-Pyramid Lake Water Rights Settlement Act of 1990 directed the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to acquire water for wetland areas in the Carson Desert. The public is concerned that this acquisition of water rights and delivery of the water directly to the wetland areas would reduce recharge to the shallow ground water in the Fallen area and cause domestic wells to go dry. In January 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, began a study of the shallow ground-water system in the Fallen area in Churchill County, Nevada.
A network of 126 wells in the study area was monitored. Water levels were measured in wells before, during, and after the 1992 irrigation season. Water levels in 24 of the wells were measured every 2 weeks beginning in January 1992. Many wells in the network had been monitored during earlier investigations, allowing determination of changes in water level during the last 15 years.
Newlands Project water deliveries to the study area began soon after the turn of the century. Since then, water levels have risen more than 15 feet across much of the study area. Water lost from unlined irrigation canals caused Big Soda Lake to rise nearly 60 feet; ground-water levels near the lake have risen 30 to 40 feet. The depth to water in most irrigated areas is now less than 10 feet.
The net change in water level over the 15- year period between early 1977 and early 1992 has been small in spite of 6 years of drought. Water levels in most wells for which data are available declined less than 1 foot. Some wells in the south and north parts of the study area showed rises in water level during this period. The lake level in Big Soda Lake declined slightly more than 3 feet between 1971 and 1992.
Between January and November 1992, water levels in most wells declined, generally less than 2 feet. The maximum measured decline over this period was 2.68 feet in a well in the Stillwater area. Between April and July, however, water levels rose in irrigated areas typically 1 to 2 feet.
When the upper reaches of the T-Line Canal were lined in 1983-84 to reduce seepage to ground water, the water levels declined from 7.5 feet to more than 10 feet in wells near the canal. Water levels in a well near an unlined reach of the canal are essentially unchanged from what they were before the upper reaches of the canal were lined.
The altitude of the water table ranges from 4,025 feet above sea level 11 miles west of Fallon to 3,865 feet in the Stillwater Marsh area. The hydraulic gradient is small and ranges from about 6 to 9 feet per mile from west to east.
The principal recharge area is in the west part of the study area along the Carson River and major canals. Ground water flows eastward and divides; some flow goes northeast toward the Carson Sink and Stillwater areas, and some goes southeast to Carson Lake. Carson Lake is a regional discharge area.
Future declines in water level can be expected in irrigated areas if canals are lined or if the amount of water carried in the canals is greatly reduced. The amount and rate of water-level change at a particular site will depend on sitespecific geohydrologic factors. The effect of these water-level changes at a specific shallow well will depend on the depth and condition of the well.
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Frequently, discharge measurements cannot be made in tide-affected rivers and estuaries using conventional discharge-measurement techniques because of dynamic discharge conditions. The acoustic Doppler discharge-measurement system (ADDMS) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey using a vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler coupled with specialized computer software to measure horizontal water velocity at 1-meter vertical intervals in the water column. The system computes discharge from water-and vessel-velocity data supplied by the ADDMS using vector-algebra algorithms included in the discharge-measurement software. With this system, a discharge measurement can be obtained by engaging the computer software and traversing a river or estuary from bank to bank; discharge in parts of the river or estuarine cross sections that cannot be measured because of ADDMS depth limitations are estimated by the system. Comparisons of ADDMS-measured discharges with ultrasonic-velocity-meter-measured discharges, along with error-analysis data, have confirmed that discharges provided by the ADDMS are at least as accurate as those produced using conventional methods. In addition, the advantage of a much shorter measurement time (2 minutes using the ADDMS compared with 1 hour or longer using conventional methods) has enabled use of the ADDMS for several applications where conventional discharge methods could not have been used with the required accuracy because of dynamic discharge conditions.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2395","usgsCitation":"Simpson, M.R., and Oltmann, R.N., 1993, Discharge-measurement system using an acoustic Doppler current profiler with applications to large rivers and estuaries: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2395, iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2395.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13683,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/wsp2395/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a36d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Simpson, Michael R.","contributorId":90704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oltmann, Richard N.","contributorId":63377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oltmann","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20323,"text":"ofr93701 - 1993 - Laboratory measurements of the radiofrequency electrical and magnetic properties of soils from near Yuma, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:38","indexId":"ofr93701","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-701","title":"Laboratory measurements of the radiofrequency electrical and magnetic properties of soils from near Yuma, Arizona","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93701","usgsCitation":"Olhoeft, G., and Capron, D., 1993, Laboratory measurements of the radiofrequency electrical and magnetic properties of soils from near Yuma, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-701, 214 p. :chiefly ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93701.","productDescription":"214 p. :chiefly ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0701/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49854,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0701/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capron, D.E.","contributorId":82338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capron","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17808,"text":"ofr93311 - 1993 - Uranium-series and radiocarbon dates on tufas from Searles Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:16","indexId":"ofr93311","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-311","title":"Uranium-series and radiocarbon dates on tufas from Searles Lake, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93311","usgsCitation":"Garcia, J.F., Bischoff, J.L., Smith, G., and Trimble, D., 1993, Uranium-series and radiocarbon dates on tufas from Searles Lake, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-311, 8 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93311.","productDescription":"8 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0311/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47048,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0311/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6052e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, Jose Francisco","contributorId":11629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"Francisco","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.I.","contributorId":103694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trimble, D.A.","contributorId":9664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trimble","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":16784,"text":"ofr93281 - 1993 - Analysis of soil reference materials PL-1 and BPGM-1 for the Polish Committee on Standardization Measures and Quality Control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:12","indexId":"ofr93281","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-281","title":"Analysis of soil reference materials PL-1 and BPGM-1 for the Polish Committee on Standardization Measures and Quality Control","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93281","usgsCitation":"Wilson, S., Briggs, P., Mee, J.S., and Siems, D.F., 1993, Analysis of soil reference materials PL-1 and BPGM-1 for the Polish Committee on Standardization Measures and Quality Control: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-281, 18 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93281.","productDescription":"18 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0281/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45847,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0281/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680198","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, S. A. 0000-0002-9468-0005","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-0005","contributorId":23561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mee, J. S.","contributorId":25168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mee","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Siems, D. F.","contributorId":101239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Siems","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":77046,"text":"pp1550 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":38245,"text":"pp1550A - 1996 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics","indexId":"pp1550A","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Main shock characteristics"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77046,"text":"pp1550 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","indexId":"pp1550","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":38251,"text":"pp1550B - 1998 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Forecasts","indexId":"pp1550B","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Forecasts"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":77046,"text":"pp1550 - 1993 - The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","indexId":"pp1550","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-18T13:33:55","indexId":"pp1550","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1550","title":"The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence","docAbstract":"Professional Paper 1550 seeks to understand the M6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake itself. It examines how the fault that generated the earthquake ruptured, searches for and evaluates precursors that may have indicated an earthquake was coming, reviews forecasts of the earthquake, and describes the geology of the earthquake area and the crustal forces that affect this geology. Some significant findings were:\r\n\r\n * Slip during the earthquake occurred on 35 km of fault at depths ranging from 7 to 20 km. Maximum slip was approximately 2.3 m. The earthquake may not have released all of the strain stored in rocks next to the fault and indicates a potential for another damaging earthquake in the Santa Cruz Mountains in the near future may still exist.\r\n\r\n * The earthquake involved a large amount of uplift on a dipping fault plane. Pre-earthquake conventional wisdom was that large earthquakes in the Bay area occurred as horizontal displacements on predominantly vertical faults.\r\n\r\n * The fault segment that ruptured approximately coincided with a fault segment identified in 1988 as having a 30% probability of generating a M7 earthquake in the next 30 years. This was one of more than 20 relevant earthquake forecasts made in the 83 years before the earthquake.\r\n\r\n * Calculations show that the Loma Prieta earthquake changed stresses on nearby faults in the Bay area. In particular, the earthquake reduced stresses on the Hayward Fault which decreased the frequency of small earthquakes on it.\r\n\r\n * Geological and geophysical mapping indicate that, although the San Andreas Fault can be mapped as a through going fault in the epicentral region, the southwest dipping Loma Prieta rupture surface is a separate fault strand and one of several along this part of the San Andreas that may be capable of generating earthquakes. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1550","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Science Foundation","usgsCitation":"Coordinated by Bakun, W.H., and Prescott, W.H., 1993, The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989: Earthquake occurrence: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1550, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1550.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8206,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1550/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bb92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coordinated by Bakun, William H.","contributorId":103374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coordinated by Bakun","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prescott, William H.","contributorId":63788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18422,"text":"ofr93199 - 1993 - Annotated bibliography of graptolite references from Oklahoma, Arkansas, and adjacent areas, with a list of cited species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:25","indexId":"ofr93199","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-199","title":"Annotated bibliography of graptolite references from Oklahoma, Arkansas, and adjacent areas, with a list of cited species","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93199","usgsCitation":"Carter, C., 1993, Annotated bibliography of graptolite references from Oklahoma, Arkansas, and adjacent areas, with a list of cited species: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-199, 22 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93199.","productDescription":"22 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47771,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, Claire","contributorId":88336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Claire","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55101,"text":"wdrWV921 - 1993 - Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-19T14:32:17.417249","indexId":"wdrWV921","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WV-92-1","title":"Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1992","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 1992 water year for West Virginia consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents of reservoirs; and water levels of observation wells. This report contains discharge records for 82 streamflow-gaging stations; stage only records for 8 gaging stations; annual maximum discharge at 2 crest-stage partial-record stations; change in contents for 1 reservoir; water-quality records for 13 stations; and water-level records for 29 observation wells. Locations of these sites are shown on figures 4 and 5. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in West Virginia.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWV921","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of West Virginia and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Ward, S., Taylor, B., and Mathes, M., 1993, Water resources data, West Virginia, water year 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WV-92-1, xvi, 292 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWV921.","productDescription":"xvi, 292 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181094,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/wv-92-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":482191,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/wv-92-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"West 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Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:15","indexId":"ofr93119","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-119","title":"Ground-water withdrawal in 1990; Midwestern Basins and Arches Regional Aquifer Systems Study Area","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93119","usgsCitation":"Beary, E., 1993, Ground-water withdrawal in 1990; Midwestern Basins and Arches Regional Aquifer Systems Study Area: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-119, 2 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93119.","productDescription":"2 p. :ill. ;28 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1972-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T10:35:35","indexId":"ofr93478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-478","title":"National Water Quality Assessment Program; preliminary assessment of nitrate distribution in ground water in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1972-90","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has implemented the National Water Quality Assessment program to describe the quality of the surface- and ground- water resources in 60 large areas or study units in the Nation. The Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit was one of the first 20 selected for study when the full-scale program was implemented in 1991. The study unit has an area of about 54,000 square miles and is located on the south- eastern coast of the United States. The primary source of water supply in this study unit is ground-water from the Upper Floridan aquifer of the Floridan aquifer system. The Upper Floridan aquifer is unconfined or semiconfined in some parts of the study unit, but in other parts is confined by the overlying surficial aquifer system and other confining units. The surficial aquifer system is also used for water supply in some parts of the study unit. Three land-resource areas have been delineated in the study unit on the basis of generalized soil classifications: the Central Florida Ridge, Coastal Flatwoods, and Southern Coastal Plain. Predominant land use and land cover as classified in the 1970's, are forest, agriculture, wetlands, and urban. Nitrate data for water from the Upper Floridan aquifer and the surficial aquifer system were obtained from the National Water Information System data base of the U.S. Geological Survey for the years 1972- 90. In the Upper Floridan aquifer, the highest median nitrate (as nitrogen) concentrations (0.43 and 0.26 milligrams per liter) were in water samples from wells in agricultural and urban areas where the aquifer was unconfined or semiconfined. The maximum contaminant level for nitrate (as nitrogen) in drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter was exceeded in 25 of the 726 water samples from this aquifer. These 25 samples were from wells in urban areas. In water samples from the surficial aquifer system, the highest median nitrate concentration, 8.7 milligrams per liter, was for water samples from agricultural areas in the Central Florida Ridge area. Nitrate (as nitrogen) concentrations exceeded 10 milligrams per liter in 50 of the 421 water samples from wells completed in the surficial aquifer system. Most of these 50 water samples were from wells in agricultural and urban areas (sewage spraying areas) in the Central Florida Ridge area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93478","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M.P., 1993, National Water Quality Assessment Program; preliminary assessment of nitrate distribution in ground water in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit, 1972-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-478, 8 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93478.","productDescription":"8 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149217,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0478/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":1067,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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