During spring and summer 1993, record flooding inundated many of the stream and river valleys in the upper Mississippi and the Missouri River Basins. The flooding was the result of widespread and numerous intense thunderstorms that, together with saturated soils, produced large volumes of runoff. The magnitude of flooding exceeded the 100-year discharge values (1-percent chance of exceedance in any given year) at many streamflow-gaging stations in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The flooding was unusual because of its long duration and widespread severe damage. The Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers were above flood stage for more than 1 month at several locations along their lengths. Millions of acres of agricultural and urban lands were inundated for weeks, and unofficial damage estimates exceeded $10 billion in the flooded States (Parrett and others, 1993),
During summer 1993, large parts of Kansas City, Missouri, and Kansas City, Kansas, and vicinity were flooded from overflows of the Missouri and the Kansas Rivers and numerous smaller tributaries, This report provides flood-peak elevation data and delineates the arcalcktent of the 1993 floods in the Kansas City metropolitan area for July 10 and 27, 1993 (fig. 1A, sheet 1: B, sheet 2: C, sheet 3). The 1993 flood elevations and extent of flooding are compared with flood-plain boundaries defined by Flood Insurance Studies conducted by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for cities and counties in the area (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1975–95).
This report is one of a series of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigations that document the effects of the 1993 flooding of the upper Mississippi and the Missouri River Basins and that improve the technical base from which flood-plain management decisions can be made by other agencies.
The Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is a dependable source of ground water for many private well owners and some municipal-water-supply systems in northern Illinois (Hackett, 1960) and in Wisconsin. The carbonate lithology of the unit contributes to the availability of ground water and also to the susceptibility of the unit to ground-water contamination. Susceptibility to contamination is greatest in areas where the unit is overlain by only a thin layer (less than 50 feet) of soil or unconsolidated glacial deposits.
\nWithin the study area in Illinois and Wisconsin (fig. 1), volatile organic compounds and other contaminants have been detected in groundwater samples from various sites (Kay and others, 1989; Mills, 1993a, 1993b; Kay and others, 1994). Known and suspected sources of contaminants are numerous, including landfills and industrial facilities. To determine the possible effects of contamination on the ground-water supply, an understanding of the regional hydrogeologic framework of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is needed.
\nPublished map and point data describing the geologic and hydrologic properties of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit are available from many sources. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, has selected and compiled pertinent data. The objective of this study is to publish these data in a series of concise map reports and a bibliographic report listing available sources of information by county for the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit. Investigators involved in site-specific studies within the subcrop area will be able to utilize these reports to design effective site investigations.
\nThis report presents the rock-stratigraphic nomenclature of the lithologic units that make up the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit (fig.2) and provides a brief, generalized description of the lithologic characteristics of each unit. Sources with more detailed descriptions of lithology can be found below in SELECTED REFERENCES. Figure 3 is a map, created from published maps of various scales, showing the areal extent of the Galena-Platteville subcrop and major known geologic structural features in Illinois and Wisconsin. The subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit is that area where the unit crops out, or is the uppermost bedrock unit and is overlain by soil or glacial deposits. The unit is present at depth under younger bedrock units south and east of the subcrop area and is absent north and west of the subcrop area. Data sources used to prepare the map are included in SELECTED REFERENCES.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri974054B","usgsCitation":"Batten, W.G., Brown, T., Mills, P., and Sabin, T.J., 1997, Rock-stratigraphic nomenclature, lithology, and subcrop area of the Galena-Platteville bedrock unit in Illinois and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4054, 1 Plate: 36.00 x 47.59 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri974054B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.00 x 47.59 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82195,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1997/4054b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":407868,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48682.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 45.1433047394883\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 45.1433047394883\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ],\n [\n -91.20849609375,\n 41.53325414281322\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, T.A.","contributorId":12885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mills, P. C.","contributorId":69117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sabin, T. J.","contributorId":56698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sabin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38442,"text":"pp1404M - 1997 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19080,"text":"ofr90372 - 1991 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the coastal plain aquifer system of North Carolina","indexId":"ofr90372","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the coastal plain aquifer system of North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38442,"text":"pp1404M - 1997 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina","indexId":"pp1404M","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"M","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-17T20:16:24.659657","indexId":"pp1404M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1404","chapter":"M","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional finite-difference digital model was used to simulate ground-water flow in the 25,000-square-mile aquifer system of the North Carolina Coastal Plain. The model was developed from a hydrogeologic framework that is based on an alternating sequence of 10 aquifers and 9 confining units, which make up a seaward-thickening wedge of sediments that form the Coastal Plain aquifer system in the State of North Carolina.\r\n\r\nThe model was calibrated by comparing observed and simulated water levels. The model calibration was achieved by adjusting model parameters, primarily leakance of confining units and transmissivity of aquifers, until differences between observed and simulated water levels were within acceptable limits, generally within 15 feet. The maximum transmissivity of an individual aquifer in the calibrated model is 200,000 feet squared per day in a part of the Castle Hayne aquifer, which consists predominantly of limestone. The maximum value for simulated vertical hydraulic conductivity in a confining unit was 2.5 feet per day, in a part of the confining unit overlying the upper Cape Fear aquifer. The minimum value was 4.1x10-6 feet per day, in part of the confining unit overlying the lower Cape Fear aquifer. Analysis indicated the model is highly sensitive to changes in transmissivity and leakance near pumping centers; away from pumping centers, the model is only slightly sensitive to changes in transmissivity but is moderately sensitive to changes in leakance.\r\n\r\nRecharge from precipitation to the surficial aquifer ranges from about 12 inches per year in areas having clay at the surface to about 20 inches per year in areas having sand at the surface. Most of this recharge moves laterally to streams, and only about 1 inch per year moves downward to the confined parts of the aquifer system. Under predevelopment conditions, the confined aquifers were generally recharged in updip interstream areas and discharged through streambeds and in downdip coastward areas. Hydrologic analysis of the flow system using the calibrated model indicated that, because of ground-water withdrawals, areas of ground-water recharge have expanded and encroached upon some major stream valleys and into coastal area. Simulations of pumping conditions indicate that by 1980 large parts of the former coastal discharge areas had become areas of potential or actual recharge.\r\n\r\nDeclines of ground-water level, which are the result of water taken from storage, are extensive in some areas and minimal in others. Hydraulic head declines of more than 135 feet have occurred in the northern Coastal Plain since 1940 primarily due to withdrawals in the Franklin area in Virginia. Declines of ground-water levels greater than 110 feet have occurred in aquifers in the central Coastal Plain due to combined effects of pumpage for public and industrial water supplies. Water-level declines exceeding 100 feet have occurred in the Beaufort County area because of withdrawals for a mining operation and water supplies for a chemical plant. Head declines have been less than 10 feet in the shallow surficial and Yorktown aquifers and in the updip parts of the major confined aquifers distant from areas of major withdrawals. In 1980, contribution from aquifer storage was 14 cubic feet per second, which is about 4.8 percent of pumpage and about 0.05 percent of ground-water recharge.\r\n\r\nA water-budget analysis using the model simulations indicates that much of the water removed from the ground-water system by pumping ultimately is made up by a reduction in water leaving the aquifer system, which discharges to streams as base flow. The reduction in stream base flow was 294 cubic feet per second in 1980 and represents about 1.1 percent of the ground-water recharge. The net reduction to streamflow is not large, however, because most pumped ground water is eventually discharged to streams. In places, such as at rock quarries in Onslow and Craven Counties, water is lost from st","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1404M","usgsCitation":"Giese, G., Eimers, J.L., and Coble, R.W., 1997, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Coastal Plain aquifer system of North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1404, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1404M.","productDescription":"142 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":64917,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404m/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119766,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1404m/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"North Carolina coastal plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.386962890625,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -79.749755859375,\n 34.82282272723702\n ],\n [\n -78.37646484375,\n 33.715201644740844\n ],\n [\n -78.123779296875,\n 33.770015152780125\n ],\n [\n -77.860107421875,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -77.77221679687499,\n 33.93424531117312\n ],\n [\n -77.6513671875,\n 34.17090836352573\n ],\n [\n -77.464599609375,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -77.135009765625,\n 34.51560953848204\n ],\n [\n -76.871337890625,\n 34.56990638085636\n ],\n [\n -76.695556640625,\n 34.57895241036948\n ],\n [\n -76.519775390625,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n -76.35498046875,\n 34.642247047768535\n ],\n [\n -76.08032226562499,\n 34.831841149828655\n ],\n [\n -75.948486328125,\n 34.939985151560435\n ],\n [\n -75.73974609375,\n 35.06597313798418\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 35.11990857099681\n ],\n [\n -75.333251953125,\n 35.22767235493586\n ],\n [\n -75.333251953125,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -75.322265625,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -75.443115234375,\n 35.951329861522666\n ],\n [\n -75.56396484375,\n 36.19995805932895\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 36.43012234551576\n ],\n [\n -75.728759765625,\n 36.57142382346277\n ],\n [\n -77.2998046875,\n 36.55377524336089\n ],\n [\n -77.53051757812499,\n 36.34167804918315\n ],\n [\n -77.77221679687499,\n 36.13787471840729\n ],\n [\n -78.2666015625,\n 35.89795019335754\n ],\n [\n -79.288330078125,\n 35.46961797120201\n ],\n [\n -79.70581054687499,\n 35.380092992092145\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 35.15584570226544\n ],\n [\n -80.496826171875,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -80.386962890625,\n 34.813803317113155\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giese, G.I.","contributorId":56283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giese","given":"G.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eimers, J. L.","contributorId":95919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eimers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coble, R. W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68679,"text":"ha741 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":32075,"text":"ofr96465 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr96465","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":68679,"text":"ha741 - 1997 - Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ha741","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-02T21:57:08.310409","indexId":"ha741","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"741","title":"Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"
The aquifer of western Cape Cod consists of several hydrogeologic units composed of sand, gravel, silt, and clay (fig. 1) that were deposited during the late Wisconsinan glaciation of New England. The aquifer is a shallow, unconfined hydrologic system in which ground-water flows radially outward from the apex of the ground-water mound near the center of the peninsula toward the coast (fig.2). The aquifer is the sole source of water supply for the towns of Bourne, Sandwich, Falmouth, and Mashpee, and the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR).
Previous geologic studies summarized the characteristics and relative ages of the glacial moraines and meltwater deposits and the relation of these sediments to the extent of the ice-sheet lobes during the last glaciation of southern New England (Oldale and Barlow, 1986; Hartshorn and others, 1991). Hydrogeologic studies in western Cape Cod characterized the shallow regional ground-water-flow system (LeBlanc and others, 1986) and analyzed simulated responses of the aquifer to changes in hydrologic stresses (Guswa and LeBlanc, 1985; Barlow and Hess, 1993; Masterson and Barlow, 1994; and Masterson and others, 1996). Recent concerns about widespread ground-water contamination, especially from sources on the MMR, have resulted in extensive investigations to characterize the local hydrogeology of the aquifer near the MMR (ABB Environmental Services, 1992). Masterson and others (1996) illustrated the strong influence of geology on ground-water flow and the importance of characterizing the hydrogeology to predict the migration of the contaminant plumes beneath the MMR.
This report, a product of a cooperative study between the National Guard Bureau and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), characterizes the regional hydrogeology of the western Cape Cod aquifer on the basis of surficial glacial geology previously described by Mather and others (1940) and Oldale and Barlow (1986), and presents a new analysis of the subsurface hydrogeology. The characterization of the regional hydrogeologic framework includes a detailed analysis of the glacial sediments, including deltaic and lacustrine deposits and their sedimentary facies; a structure-contour analysis of the transition between the shallow sand and gravel deposits and the underlying fine sand, silt, and clay deposits; and a summary of the relation between lithologic characteristics (grain size and stratigraphy) and empirically determined hydraulic-conductivity values.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ha741","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Stone, B.D., Walter, D.A., and Savoie, J., 1997, Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 741, 1 Plate: 41.50 x 50.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha741.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.50 x 50.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":187640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406195,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16211.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":90389,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/741/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.66666666666667,41.516666666666666 ], [ -70.66666666666667,41.78333333333333 ], [ -70.38333333333334,41.78333333333333 ], [ -70.38333333333334,41.516666666666666 ], [ -70.66666666666667,41.516666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6279af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":278719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":278718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":278716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G. jsavoie@usgs.gov","contributorId":1691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","email":"jsavoie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":278717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54651,"text":"wdrMARI961 - 1997 - Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T19:16:34.329749","indexId":"wdrMARI961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MA-RI-96-1","title":"Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1996","docAbstract":"
Water resources data for the 1996 water year for Massachusetts and Rhode Island consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents of lakes and reservoirs; and ground-water levels. This report contains discharge records for 88 gaging stations, month end contents of 4 lakes and reservoirs, water quality at 16 gaging stations, and water levels for 143 observation wells. Data also are included for 35 low-flow partial-record stations. Miscellaneous hydrologic data were collected at various sites that were not a part of the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous discharge measurements. A few pertinent stations in bordering States are also included in this report. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMARI961","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Socolow, R., Murino, D., Casey, R., and Ramsbey, L., 1997, Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MA-RI-96-1, xvi, 367 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMARI961.","productDescription":"xvi, 367 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181400,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/mari-96-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492735,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1996/mari-96-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.61942990666182,\n 42.90282170145497\n ],\n [\n -73.61942990666182,\n 41.086508397370466\n ],\n [\n -69.6441324266006,\n 41.086508397370466\n ],\n [\n -69.6441324266006,\n 42.90282170145497\n ],\n [\n -73.61942990666182,\n 42.90282170145497\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb6d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Socolow, R.S.","contributorId":17639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Socolow","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murino, D. Jr.","contributorId":68398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murino","given":"D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casey, R.G.","contributorId":68823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ramsbey, L.R.","contributorId":78393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsbey","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23259,"text":"ofr97359 - 1997 - Dissolved nutrient data for the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California, January through November 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T10:55:19","indexId":"ofr97359","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-359","title":"Dissolved nutrient data for the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California, January through November 1995","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey conducted hydrologic investigations in San Francisco Bay between January and November of 1995. Dissolved inorganic plant nutrients, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, silica, and reactive phosphorus were measured in surface and in near-bottom waters at previously established locations in the channel portions of both northern and southern reaches of the bay, and at shallow water stations in the southern reach. This report presents the sampling and analytical methods and the data from these studies. Measured salinity values for the nutrient samples are also reported. Data on the variability due to sampling and sample handling procedures, and on the precision of the analytical methods are also presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Menlo Park, CA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97359","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hager, S.W., and Schemel, L.E., 1997, Dissolved nutrient data for the San Francisco Bay Estuary, California, January through November 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-359, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97359.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52547,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0359/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154508,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0359/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.52914428710938,\n 37.408346344484976\n ],\n [\n -122.52914428710938,\n 38.146437584588824\n ],\n [\n -121.71478271484375,\n 38.146437584588824\n ],\n [\n -121.71478271484375,\n 37.408346344484976\n ],\n [\n -122.52914428710938,\n 37.408346344484976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a27e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hager, Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":68159,"text":"ha730D - 1997 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":68159,"text":"ha730D - 1997 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska","indexId":"ha730D","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T14:35:11","indexId":"ha730D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"D","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska","docAbstract":"The three States-Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska-that comprise Segment 3 of this Atlas are in the central part of the United States. The major rivers that drain these States are the Niobrara, the Platte, the Kansas, the Arkansas, and the Missouri; the Mississippi River is the eastern boundary of the area. These rivers supply water for many uses but ground water is the source of slightly more than one-half of the total water withdrawn for all uses within the three-State area. The aquifers that contain the water consist of consolidated sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated deposits that range in age from Cambrian through Quaternary. This chapter describes the geology and hydrology of each of the principal aquifers throughout the three-State area.
Some water enters Segment 3 as inflow from rivers and aquifers that cross the segment boundaries, but precipitation, as rain and snow, is the primary source of water within the area. Average annual precipitation (1951-80) increases from west to east and ranges from about 16 to 48 inches (fig. 1). The climate of the western one-third of Kansas and Nebraska, where the average annual precipitation generally is less than 20 inches per year, is considered to be semiarid. This area receives little precipitation chiefly because it is distant from the Gulf of Mexico, which is the principal source of moisture-laden air for the entire segment, but partly because it is located in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains. Average annual precipitation is greatest in southeastern Missouri.
Much of the precipitation is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, which is the combination of evaporation from the land surface and surface-water bodies, and transpiration from plants. Some of the precipitation either flows directly into streams as overland runoff or percolates into the soil and then moves downward into aquifers where it is stored for a time and subsequently released as base flow to streams. Average annual runoff, which is the total discharge into a stream from surface- and ground-water sources, ranges from about 0.2 inch in the western part of the area to about 20 inches in southeastern Missouri (fig. 2). Average annual runoff generally reflects the distribution of average annual precipitation during the same period. However, runoff is less than precipitation everywhere and ranges from less than 5 to about 35 percent of the average annual precipitation. Evapotranspiration rates are high, especially in the western one-half of the area; thus, only a small percentage of the precipitation is available to recharge aquifers in most places. Locally, however, runoff might be significantly less than shown in figure 2, and ground-water recharge, greater, especially where highly permeable rocks or deposits at the land surface allow precipitation to rapidly infiltrate. Examples of such places are the Sand Hills area of Nebraska, which is blanketed by permeable windblown sands, and parts of southern Missouri, where permeable limestone is at or near the land surface.
The land surface of Segment 3 generally slopes gradually from west to east. In the Great Plains Physiographic Province (fig. 3), the altitude of the flat land surface locally is about 5,000 feet above sea level in westernmost Nebraska. By contrast, in the flat Coastal Plain Physiographic Province of eastern Missouri, the altitude is about 500 feet above sea level. The land surface is gently rolling in the Central Lowland Province except where major rivers and their tributaries are deeply incised. In the Ozark Plateaus Physiographic Province, rugged topography has developed where the underlying rocks have been uplifted and deeply eroded.
","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730D","isbn":"0607883030","usgsCitation":"Miller, J.A., and Appel, C.L., 1997, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 3, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730D.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"D1","endPage":"D24","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11481,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_d/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":189283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":115253,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730d/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"55.86 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S. Geological Survey Program on the south Florida ecosystem - Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T15:02:19.787434","indexId":"ofr97385","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-385","title":"U. S. Geological Survey Program on the south Florida ecosystem - Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","conferenceTitle":"U. S. Geological Survey Program on the South Florida Ecosystem","conferenceDate":"August 25-27, 1997","conferenceLocation":"Ft. Lauderdale, Florida","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr97385","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, U. S. Geological Survey Program on the south Florida ecosystem - Proceedings of the technical symposium in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, August 25-27, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-385, x, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97385.","productDescription":"x, 99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0385/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51668,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0385/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 24.37712083961039\n ],\n [\n -80.0244140625,\n 24.37712083961039\n ],\n [\n -80.0244140625,\n 27.576460076262716\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 27.576460076262716\n ],\n [\n -82.705078125,\n 24.37712083961039\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db623408","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67963,"text":"ha730L - 1997 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 11, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":67963,"text":"ha730L - 1997 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 11, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","indexId":"ha730L","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 11, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T14:45:55","indexId":"ha730L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"L","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 11, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","docAbstract":"Segment 11 consists of the States of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, West Virginia, and the Commonwealths of Pennsylvania and Virginia. All but West Virginia border on the Atlantic Ocean or tidewater. Pennsylvania also borders on Lake Erie. Small parts of northwestern and north-central Pennsylvania drain to Lake Erie and Lake Ontario; the rest of the segment drains either to the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. Major rivers include the Hudson, the Delaware, the Susquehanna, the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the James, the Chowan, the Neuse, the Tar, the Cape Fear, and the Yadkin-Peedee, all of which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Ohio and its tributaries, which drain to the Gulf of Mexico.
Although rivers are important sources of water supply for many cities, such as Trenton, N.J.; Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pa.; Baltimore, Md.; Washington, D.C.; Richmond, Va.; and Raleigh, N.C., one-fourth of the population, particularly the people who live on the Coastal Plain, depends on ground water for supply. Such cities as Camden, N.J.; Dover, Del.; Salisbury and Annapolis, Md.; Parkersburg and Weirton, W.Va.; Norfolk, Va.; and New Bern and Kinston, N.C., use ground water as a source of public supply.
All the water in Segment 11 originates as precipitation. Average annual precipitation ranges from less than 36 inches in parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia to more than 80 inches in parts of southwestern North Carolina (fig. 1). In general, precipitation is greatest in mountainous areas (because water tends to condense from moisture-laden air masses as the air passes over the higher altitudes) and near the coast, where water vapor that has been evaporated from the ocean is picked up by onshore winds and falls as precipitation when it reaches the shoreline.
Some of the precipitation returns to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration (evaporation plus transpiration by plants), but much of it either flows overland into streams as direct runoff or enters streams as base flow (discharge from one or more aquifers). The distribution of average annual runoff (fig. 2) is similar to the distribution of precipitation; that is, runoff is generally greatest where precipitation is greatest. Runoff rates range from more than 50 inches per year in parts of western North Carolina to less than 12 inches in parts of North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Parts of the seven following physiographic provinces are in Segment 11: the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, the Blue Ridge, the New England, the Valley and Ridge, the Appalachian Plateaus, and the Central Lowland. The provinces generally trend northeastward (fig. 3). The northeastern terminus of the Blue Ridge Province is in south-central Pennsylvania, and the southwestern part of the New England Province, the Reading Prong, ends in east-central Pennsylvania. The topography, lithology, and water-bearing characteristics of the rocks that underlie the Blue Ridge Province and the Reading Prong are similar. Accordingly, for purposes of this study, the hydrology of the Reading Prong is discussed with that of the Blue Ridge Province.
The Coastal Plain Province is a lowland that borders the Atlantic Ocean. The Coastal Plain is as much as 140 miles wide in North Carolina but narrows northeastward to New Jersey where it terminates in Segment 11 at the south shore of Raritan Bay. Although it is generally a flat, seaward-sloping lowland, this province has areas of moderately steep local relief, and its surface locally reaches altitudes of 350 feet in the southwestern part of the North Carolina Coastal Plain.
The Coastal Plain mostly is underlain by semiconsolidated to unconsolidated sediments that consist of silt, clay, and sand, with some gravel and lignite. Some consolidated beds of limestone and sandstone are present. The Coastal Plain sediments range in age from Jurassic to Holocene and dip gently toward the ocean.
The boundary between the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont Provinces is called the Fall Line (fig. 3) because falls and rapids commonly form where streams cross the contact between the consolidated rocks of the Piedmont (fig. 4) and the soft, semiconsolidated to unconsolidated sediments of the Coastal Plain. The increase in stream gradient at the Fall Line provided favorable locations for mills and other installations that harnessed water power during the early years of the Industrial Revolution, and on most major rivers, the Fall Line coincides with the head of navigation.
The Piedmont Province is an area of varied topography that ranges from lowlands to peaks and ridges of moderate altitude and relief. The metamorphic and igneous rocks of this province range in age from Precambrian to Paleozoic and have been sheared, fractured, and folded. Included in this province, however, are sedimentary basins that formed along rifts in the Earth's crust and contain shale, sandstone, and conglomerate of early Mesozoic age, interbedded locally with basaltic lava flows and minor coal beds. The sedimentary rocks and basalt flows are intruded in places by diabase dikes and sills.
The mountain belt of the Blue Ridge Province forms the northwestern margin of the Piedmont in most of Segment 11. This belt consists mostly of igneous and high-rank metamorphic rocks but also includes low-rank metamorphic rocks of late Precambrian age and small areas of sedimentary rocks of Early Cambrian age along its western margin. In this report, the Reading Prong of the New England Province, which is an upland that extends from east of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania northeastward into New Jersey (fig. 3), is treated as part of the Blue Ridge Province. Part of the Reading Prong in Pennsylvania and New Jersey and a small part of the Piedmont Province in northeastern New Jersey have been glaciated. Glacial deposits completely or partly fill some of the valleys, and the eroding action of the glacial ice removed some of the rock from the ridges. Thus, the glaciated parts of the province have a smoother topography and less relief than other parts.
The Valley and Ridge Province is characterized by layered sedimentary rock that has been complexly folded and locally thrust faulted. As the result of repeated cycles of uplift and erosion, resistant layers of well-cemented sandstone and conglomerate form elongate mountain ridges and less resistant, easily eroded layers of limestone, dolomite, and shale form valleys. The rocks of the province range in age from Cambrian to Pennsylvanian. Parts of this province from central Pennsylvania into New Jersey have been glaciated, and glacial deposits fill or partially fill some of the valleys.
The Appalachian Plateaus Province is underlain by rocks that are continuous with those of the Valley and Ridge Province, but in the Appalachian Plateaus the layered rocks are nearly flat-lying or gently tilted and warped, rather than being intensively folded and faulted. The boundary between the two provinces is a prominent southeast-facing scarp called the Allegheny Front in most of the northern part of Segment 11 (fig_ 5) and the Cumberland Escarpment in the southern part. The scarp faces the Valley and Ridge Province, and throughout most of the segment, the eastern edge of the Appalachian Plateaus Province is higher than the ridges in the Valley and Ridge. Like parts of the Reading Prong and the Valley and Ridge Province, the northern part of the Appalachian Plateaus Province in Pennsylvania has been glaciated. In the glaciated section, the surface is mantled by glacial drift, and the valleys are partly filled with glacial deposits.
The northwestern corner of Segment 11 contains a small part of the Central Lowland Province. This flat lowland is underlain by gently dipping sedimentary rocks, some of which are the same geologic formations as those of the Appalachian Plateaus Province. The two provinces are separated by a northwest- facing scarp. Because of the small area of the Central Lowland Province within the segment and the similarity of aquifer properties with those of the glaciated part of the Appalachian Plateaus Province, the two provinces are discussed together in this report.
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For nearly\n100 years, the U.S. Geological Survey\nhas studied the occurrence, quantity,\nquality, distribution, and movement of\nthe surface and ground water that constitutes\nthe Nation's water resources. As\nthe principal Federal water-data agency,\nthe U.S. Geological Survey collects and\ndisseminates about 70 percent of the\nwater data currently being used by\nnumerous State, local, private, and\nother Federal agencies to develop and\nmanage our water resources. This\nnationwide program, which is carried\nout through the Water Resources Division's\n48 District offices and 4 Regional\noffices, includes the collection, analysis,\nand dissemination of hydrologic\ndata and water-use information, areal\nhydrologic resource appraisals and\nother interpretive studies, and research\nprojects. Much of this work is a cooperative\neffort in which planning and financial\nsupport are shared by State and\nlocal governments and other Federal\nagencies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs02897","usgsCitation":"Snyder, E., 1997, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 028-97, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs02897.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs02897.jpg"},{"id":285361,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0028-97/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.45,51.21 ], [ 172.45,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ 172.45,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9f35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Elisabeth F.","contributorId":40616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Elisabeth F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25601,"text":"wri964215 - 1997 - Hydrological and biogeochemical research in the Shingobee River headwaters area, north-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T20:20:12.828835","indexId":"wri964215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4215","title":"Hydrological and biogeochemical research in the Shingobee River headwaters area, north-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964215","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., 1997, Hydrological and biogeochemical research in the Shingobee River headwaters area, north-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4215, Report: x, 210 p.; 1 Plate: 21.79 x 26.30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964215.","productDescription":"Report: x, 210 p.; 1 Plate: 21.79 x 26.30 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423713,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48549.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":95544,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4215/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":95545,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4215/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157221,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4215/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Shingobee River headwaters area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.7272,\n 47.0167\n ],\n [\n -94.7272,\n 46.9278\n ],\n [\n -94.6333,\n 46.9278\n ],\n [\n -94.6333,\n 47.0167\n ],\n [\n -94.7272,\n 47.0167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e956","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6923,"text":"fs05797 - 1997 - Tree rings record 100 years of hydrologic change within a wetland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-03T10:29:18","indexId":"fs05797","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"057-97","title":"Tree rings record 100 years of hydrologic change within a wetland","docAbstract":"One of the primary responsibilities of the Water Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey is to monitor the amount and quality of waters in our rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Hydrologists can evaluate these important resources in the present day, but how can they determine what conditions were like in past decades or even centuries? Moreover, are conditions part of a natural cycle or caused primarily by human activities? It is sometimes possible to answer these questions by examining the annual growth rings of trees. Each ring can be assigned an exact year of formation, and yearly differences in ring widths can be used to compare past and present conditions on a flood plain, along a river, or within a wetland. Thus, tree rings provide information that otherwise might be difficult or even impossible to obtain.
\nHydrology and tree growth were investigated within a small wetland in the Tully Valley of central New York, about 20 miles south of Syracuse. In late 1994 it was noted that some wetland trees were dying, and local residents reported that flow of a small stream draining the wetland seemingly increased and became more brackish since the mid to late 1980s. The wetland is about 3 miles north of an extensive salt mining operation known to have degraded local water quality, but no effects of mining had been confirmed previously near the wetland. The oldest wetland trees started to grow before the onset of mining in 1889, and thus tree-ring studies were undertaken not only to investi-gate recent hydrologic change within the wetland, but also to search for evidence of any other changes during the last 100 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs05797","usgsCitation":"Yanosky, T.M., and Kappel, W.M., 1997, Tree rings record 100 years of hydrologic change within a wetland: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 057-97, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs05797.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0057/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":704,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/0057/fs19970057.pdf","text":"Report","size":"104 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1997-57"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Tully Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.15104675292969,\n 42.85960815223624\n ],\n [\n -76.15259170532227,\n 42.867157590830914\n ],\n [\n -76.15533828735352,\n 42.87369969085678\n ],\n [\n -76.15859985351561,\n 42.88137319358506\n ],\n [\n -76.16340637207031,\n 42.887410688792286\n ],\n [\n -76.16666793823242,\n 42.893573355685106\n ],\n [\n -76.17319107055664,\n 42.89759762210229\n ],\n [\n -76.18160247802733,\n 42.90262758581905\n ],\n [\n -76.18640899658203,\n 42.90237609737882\n ],\n [\n -76.18606567382812,\n 42.907782872769076\n ],\n [\n -76.15774154663086,\n 42.9071542023206\n ],\n [\n -76.15190505981445,\n 42.9035077872812\n ],\n [\n -76.14744186401367,\n 42.89835214281899\n ],\n [\n -76.14091873168945,\n 42.89281877649548\n ],\n [\n -76.14023208618164,\n 42.88816533414773\n ],\n [\n -76.14091873168945,\n 42.88388888839478\n ],\n [\n -76.1385154724121,\n 42.87772525390291\n ],\n [\n -76.13697052001953,\n 42.87231584291014\n ],\n [\n -76.13594055175781,\n 42.86866736776782\n ],\n [\n -76.13199234008789,\n 42.86539613773223\n ],\n [\n -76.13130569458006,\n 42.86212473434316\n ],\n [\n -76.12907409667969,\n 42.86300551384724\n ],\n [\n -76.12632751464844,\n 42.86313133846493\n ],\n [\n -76.12752914428711,\n 42.86174725356628\n ],\n [\n -76.13027572631836,\n 42.85960815223624\n ],\n [\n -76.1301040649414,\n 42.85520388672973\n ],\n [\n -76.12907409667969,\n 42.848785680348875\n ],\n [\n -76.12924575805664,\n 42.84394012197174\n ],\n [\n -76.12915992736816,\n 42.83953473907401\n ],\n [\n -76.11705780029297,\n 42.83884243605947\n ],\n [\n -76.1161994934082,\n 42.815173596321614\n ],\n [\n -76.12031936645508,\n 42.81416621062551\n ],\n [\n -76.12152099609375,\n 42.81202546153518\n ],\n [\n -76.1294174194336,\n 42.81089209378219\n ],\n [\n -76.13971710205078,\n 42.80975870526056\n ],\n [\n -76.14521026611328,\n 42.81076616274986\n ],\n [\n -76.14606857299805,\n 42.80925497036223\n ],\n [\n -76.1601448059082,\n 42.809506838324204\n ],\n [\n -76.18246078491211,\n 42.81630688561467\n ],\n [\n -76.18246078491211,\n 42.81882523190782\n ],\n [\n -76.15911483764648,\n 42.81567728301592\n ],\n [\n -76.16031646728516,\n 42.83846481296399\n ],\n [\n -76.14847183227539,\n 42.83959767532706\n ],\n [\n -76.15070343017577,\n 42.84425478015883\n ],\n [\n -76.15001678466797,\n 42.85029590656093\n ],\n [\n -76.15070343017577,\n 42.855329727246435\n ],\n [\n -76.16168975830078,\n 42.860614797387974\n ],\n [\n -76.15104675292969,\n 42.85960815223624\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New York Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
425 Jordan Rd
Troy, NY 12180
(518) 285-5695
http://ny.water.usgs.gov/
Mudboil activity in the Tully Valley, in central New York, is causing turbidity in nearby Onondaga Creek, where it has caused a bridge to collapse; it also has threatened or damaged other structures and has caused extensive land subsidence. Mudboil activity was intermittent from its first reported appearance in the 1890's until the 1970's, when the rates of mudboil discharge and land subsidence began to increase. Historically, the water discharged from mudboils was reported as fresh, but chemical analyses in the late 1970's indicated an increase in specific conductance and chloride concentration.
Mudboil discharge is driven by artesian pressure in unconsolidated sediments that are confined by a 60-foot layer of silt and red clay. This process, once begun, has been self-propagating. Artesian pressures are about 20 feet above land surface over most of the valley floor but exceed 30 feet above land surface along Onondaga Creek where Rattlesnake Gulf and Rainbow Creek enter the Tully Valley. The source of artesian pressure is recharge from the Tully (Valley Heads) Moraine at the south end of the valley, and the alluvial fans of Rattlesnake Gulf and Rainbow Creek. The mudboils are found within a 300-foot-wide by 1,500-foot-long corridor along Onondaga Creek just upstream from the two alluvial fans, and in a 5-acre subsided area just west of that corridor.
Remediation efforts have entailed (1) diversion of flow from the tributary that feeds the subsided area, (2) installation of depressurizing wells at several locations, and (3) construction of a dam and settling impoundment to detain mudboil sediment that would normally discharge to Onondaga Creek. These efforts have been partly successful, but further work is needed to slow the mudboil activity, which is expected to persist in both areas. Mudboil activity is normally greatest during the early spring and late fall, when artesian pressures increase in response to seasonal ground-water recharge.
Suspended-sediment concentrations at the out-flow of the subsidence area ranged from 31,210 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in October 1991 to 17 mg/L after remediation efforts in the summer of 1993. Yearly average suspended-sediment loads to Onondaga Creek from the subsidence area for water years 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 were 29.8, 9.75, 1.41, and 1.80 tons per day, respectively. Sediment discharged from the mudboils initially was 30 to 60 percent clay and 80 to 100 percent silt-sized or smaller sediment, and the sand fraction never exceeded 20 percent. After the remediation projects, 50 to 80 percent was clay, and nearly all sediment was silt size or smaller.
Analyses of water from upstream and downstream of the subsidence area, as well as from mudboil vents within that area, indicate that the source of water for some mudboils is a confined freshwater aquifer, whereas for others it is an underlying, brackish-water aquifer. Water from the freshwater aquifer has specific conductance values ranging from about 400 (μS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25° Celsius) to almost 900 (μS/cm, dissolved chloride concentrations range from 37 to 430 mg/L, and dissolved-solids concentrations range from 215 to 463 mg/L. Specific conductance of water from the brackish-water aquifer ranges from 17,000 to 28,000 (μS/cm, chloride concentrations range from 2,000 to 7,100 mg/L, and dissolved-solids concentrations range from 4,200 to 12,800 mg/L.
The largest landslide in New York State in the last 75 years occurred at the foot of Bare Mountain, 1 mile downstream from the mudboil area, in April 1993 and was the fourth in a series of slides that have occurred at the base of this hill. Slope instability was reported as early as May 1990. After the slide, intermittent mudboil-like activity was observed at several springs within the backscarp of the slide; water from these springs ranged from fresh to brackish. The chemical similarity between water from some springs in the backscarp area and water in the lower (brackish) aquifer beneath the mudboil area may indicate a hydraulic connection between this aquifer and the surficial deposits.
Hydrologic changes in the valley during the last 100 years have been attributed to salt-solution mining in the upstream (southern) end of the valley. The removal of nearly 150 feet of salt from four evaporite beds in the Syracuse Shale of the Salina Group has caused the collapse of bedrock and unconsolidated deposits in and near the brine field, 3 miles south of the mudboil area. These collapses have created a hydraulic connection among bedding plane aquifers in the bedrock and increased the hydraulic connection with unconsolidated aquifers. The ground-water flow system after brine field closure in 1988 may have reached a new semiequilibrium, but mudboil activity will likely continue because artesian pressures remain. Whether mudboils were present before salt solution-mining began is unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964043","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Onondaga Lake Management Conference and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2","usgsCitation":"Kappel, W.M., Sherwood, D.A., and Johnston, W.H., 1996, Hydrogeology of the Tully Valley and characterization of mudboil activity, Onondaga County, New York (ver. 1.1, June 2026): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96–4043, viii, 71 p.,\nhttps://doi.org/10.3133/wri964043.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 71 p.","numberOfPages":"71","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":504889,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4043/images"},{"id":411595,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48410.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56791,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4043/wrir964043.pdf","size":"31.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 96-4043 PDF"},{"id":504888,"rank":4,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4043/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":504887,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4043/wrir964043_versionhist.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Onondaga County","otherGeospatial":"Tully Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.175,\n 42.8972\n ],\n [\n -76.175,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -76.125,\n 42.8\n ],\n [\n -76.125,\n 42.8972\n ],\n [\n -76.175,\n 42.8972\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0: 1996; Version 1.1: June 2, 2026","tableOfContents":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Plans to import water to Juab Valley, Utah, primarily for irrigation, are part of the Central Utah Project. A better understanding of the hydrology of the valley is needed to help manage the water resources and to develop conjunctive-use plans.
The saturated unconsolidated basin-fill deposits form the ground-water system in Juab Valley. Recharge is by seepage from streams, unconsumed irrigation water, and distribution systems; infiltration of precipitation; and subsurface inflow from consolidated rocks that surround the valley. Discharge is by wells, springs, seeps, evapotranspiration, and subsurface outflow to consolidated rocks. Ground-water pumpage is used to supplement surface water for irrigation in most of the valley and has altered the direction of groundwater flow from that of pre-ground-water development time in areas near and in Nephi and Levan.
Greater-than-average precipitation during 1980-87 corresponds with a rise in water levels measured in most wells in the valley and the highest water level measured in some wells. Less-than average precipitation during 1988-91 corresponds with a decline in water levels measured during 1988-93 in most wells. Geochemical analyses indicate that the sources of dissolved ions in water sampled from the southern part of the valley are the Arapien Shale, evaporite deposits that occur in the unconsolidated basin-fill deposits, and possibly residual sea water that has undergone evaporation in unconsolidated basin-fill deposits in selected areas. Water discharging from a spring at Burriston Ponds is a mixture of about 70 percent ground water from a hypothesized flow path that extends downgradient from where Salt Creek enters Juab Valley and 30 percent from a hypothesized flow path from the base of the southern Wasatch Range.
The ground-water system of Juab Valley was simulated by using the U.S. Geological Survey modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model. The numerical model was calibrated to simulate the steady-state conditions of 1949, multi-year transient-state conditions during 1949-92, and seasonal transient-state conditions during 1992-94. Calibration parameters were adjusted until model-computed water levels reasonably matched measured water levels. Parameters important to the calibration process include horizontal hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and the spatial distribution and amount of recharge from subsurface inflow and seepage from ephemeral streams to the east side of Juab Valley.
One of the central problems in regional monitoring is choosing a station array that accurately reflects the distribution of values for the entire region of interest. For time-consuming or expensive measurements, an additional goal is to make the number of sampling locations and times as small as possible. These problems are probably most difficult in estuaries because of the relatively large variability on many different spatial and temporal scales. This high variability often means that comprehensive historical data are not available for accurately assessing sparser sampling efforts. It also implies that a higher frequency of sampling in space and time is required compared to other water bodies.
\nIn this report, we focus on selection of an “optimum” station configuration for the channel of San Francisco Bay for vertical profiling of water quality. Our analysis is based on the monthly cruises conducted by the USGS under the auspices of the Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (Caffrey et al. 1994; SFEI 1994). The underlying rationale for undertaking the analysis is that the distribution of trace substances is structured, at least in part, by the same forces acting on water quality parameters. This must be true to some extent, as trace substance concentrations are partially dependent on water quality characteristics such as salinity. On the other hand, the quantitative importance of these parameters in accounting for overall variability in individual trace substances is unknown. Furthermore, trace substances have their own unique sources, and these sources may dominate their distribution.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"1994 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute and the Aquatic Science Center","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., Cole, B.E., Caffrey, J., and Jassby, A., 1996, Choosing optimum station configurations for summarizing water quality characteristics, in 1994 Annual Report, San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances: San Francisco Estuary Institute, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"197","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/1994_RMP_Annual_Report.pdf","text":"1994 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances","size":"3.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"1994 Annual Report: San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 38.30933576918588\n ],\n [\n -121.2506103515625,\n 37.14499280340638\n ],\n [\n -123.03314208984374,\n 37.14499280340638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5787662ee4b0d27deb36e17d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, Brian E.","contributorId":18357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caffrey, J.M.","contributorId":98750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caffrey","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jassby, A.D.","contributorId":43798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":744654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70175055,"text":"70175055 - 1996 - The developing framework of marine ecotoxicology: Pollutants as a variable in marine ecosystems?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T06:46:48","indexId":"70175055","displayToPublicDate":"2015-12-30T08:15:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2277,"text":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The developing framework of marine ecotoxicology: Pollutants as a variable in marine ecosystems?","docAbstract":"Marine ecosystems include a subset in which at least some interrelated geochemical, biochemical, physiological, population and community characteristics are changed by pollutants. Moderate contamination is relatively widespread in coastal and estuarine ecosystems, so the subset of ecosystems with at least some processes affected could be relatively large. Pollutant influences have changed and will probably continue to change on time scales of decades. Biological exposures and dose in such ecosystems are species-specific and determined by how the species is exposed to different environmental media and the geochemistry of individual pollutants within those media. Bioaccumulation models offer significant promise for interpreting such exposures. Biological responses to pollutants need to be more directly linked to exposure and dose. At the level of the individual this might be improved by better understanding relationships between tissue concentrations of pollutants and responses to pollutants. Multi-discipline field and laboratory studies combined with advanced understanding of some basic processes have reduced the ambiguities in interpreting a few physiological/organismic responses to pollutants in nature. Recognition of pollutant-induced patterns in population responses could lead to similar advances. A rational framework for ecotoxicology is developing, but its further advance is dependent upon better integration of ecotoxicology with basic marine ecology and biology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02679-2","usgsCitation":"Luoma, S.N., 1996, The developing framework of marine ecotoxicology: Pollutants as a variable in marine ecosystems?: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, v. 200, no. 1, p. 29-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02679-2.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325739,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"200","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db7de4b0589fa1c7eb55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70157481,"text":"70157481 - 1996 - The application of an analytic element model to investigate groundwater-lake interactions at Pretty Lake, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T17:05:30","indexId":"70157481","displayToPublicDate":"2015-03-01T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2592,"text":"Lake and Reservoir Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The application of an analytic element model to investigate groundwater-lake interactions at Pretty Lake, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Pretty Lake is a 64 acre, sandy-bottomed groundwater flow-through lake that has a history of hydrologic disturbance. Residents and regulators require a better understanding of lake-groundwater interaction to develop measures to protect the lake's hydrologic system and water quality. A groundwater flow model was constructed as a tool to synthesize field data collected at the site, delineate recharge areas that supply groundwater to the lake, and predict die effect of dredging an adjacent drainage ditch. The one layer, two-dimensional steady-state areal model used analytic element (AE) methods because they are quick to apply and include sophisticated simulation of groundwater-surface water interaction. The model calibrated well to groundwater heads (mean absolute difference = 0.05 m), lake stage (within 0.05 m) and ditch fluxes (mean absolute difference = 0.0023 m3·s−1). Model results showed that a single 1000 m wide recharge area supplies all the groundwater inflow to the lake. In addition, the model predicted that dredging an adjacent ditch by 3.0 m would lower the lake level by 0.31 m. The analytic element model was verified using a widely accepted finite-difference (FD) code; differences were less than ±0.015 m near die lake area and reached a maximum of 0.08 m at far corners of the FD grid. These differences are likely a result of die nodal interpolation inherent to FD techniques and error associated with applying a discrete boundary to die AE infinite aquifer. Although developed recently, AE methods have great potential to aid characterizations of groundwater-lake systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07438149609354289","usgsCitation":"Hunt, R.J., and Krohelski, J.T., 1996, The application of an analytic element model to investigate groundwater-lake interactions at Pretty Lake, Wisconsin: Lake and Reservoir Management, v. 12, no. 4, p. 487-495, https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149609354289.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"487","endPage":"495","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149609354289","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":308513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha","otherGeospatial":"Pretty Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.5333251953125,\n 42.93770016964464\n ],\n [\n -88.5333251953125,\n 42.97827897704351\n ],\n [\n -88.46620559692383,\n 42.97827897704351\n ],\n [\n -88.46620559692383,\n 42.93770016964464\n ],\n [\n -88.5333251953125,\n 42.93770016964464\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56051ee8e4b058f706e51320","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, Randall J. 0000-0001-6465-9304 rjhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-9304","contributorId":1129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Randall","email":"rjhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krohelski, James T.","contributorId":52223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":573280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70038380,"text":"70038380 - 1996 - Pesticides in the atmosphere: distribution, trends, and governing factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-05-18T01:01:33","indexId":"70038380","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T15:38:32","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Pesticides in the atmosphere: distribution, trends, and governing factors","docAbstract":"Most people know about the presence and health effects of pesticide residues in the water they drink. However, they may not realize the impact of atmospheric transportation and deposition of pesticides on water quality. Scientific studies of pesticides in various atmospheric matrices (air, rain, snow, aerosols, and fog) provide some of the answers. Pesticides in the Atmosphere focuses on the review and interpretation of direct measurements of pesticides in the environment. An exhaustive compilation, the book examines hundreds of studies in detailed tabular listings, with accompanying maps that include such features as spatial and temporal domain studies, target analytes, detection limits, and compounds detected. Working with the foundation of forty years of scientific studies, the editors synthesize this research to characterize the common threads and main conclusions. They use this information to identify where we need to improve our understanding of pesticides in the atmosphere and their significance to water quality. Pesticides in the Atmosphere serves as a resource, text, and reference to a wide spectrum of scientists, water managers, and students. It includes extensive compilations of references, interpretive analyses and conclusions. For those not familiar with the atmospheric transportation and deposition of pesticides it provides a comprehensive introduction.","largerWorkTitle":"Pesticides in the Hydrologic System","language":"English","publisher":"Ann Arbor Press, Inc.; CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Chelsea, MI; Boca Raton, FL","usgsCitation":"Majewski, M.S., and Capel, P.D., 1996, Pesticides in the atmosphere: distribution, trends, and governing factors, v. 1, 215 p.","productDescription":"215 p.","numberOfPages":"215","costCenters":[{"id":453,"text":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":256880,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781575040042","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a776ee4b0c8380cd784c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Majewski, Michael S. majewski@usgs.gov","contributorId":440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Majewski","given":"Michael","email":"majewski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":464018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006450,"text":"70006450 - 1996 - Seepage measurements from Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-11T09:44:30","indexId":"70006450","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1539,"text":"Environmental Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seepage measurements from Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","docAbstract":"Long Lake, located near Lake Michigan within the dune-complexes of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, USA, was formed some time during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. A surficial aquifer underlies Long Lake, which is either a source or sink for the later. The hydrologic processes in the lakeshore and surrounding environs have been significantly altered during the agricultural, municipal, and industrial development of the region. Limited data suggest that the organisms of Long Lake have elevated levels of several contaminants. This study attempts to quantify seepage within the lake to assess the potential threat to groundwater quality. Seepage measurements and minipiezometric tests were used to determine seepage within the lake. Seepage measurements and minipiezometric tests suggest that water seeps out of Long Lake, thus recharging the groundwater that flows southwest away from the lake. There is a great deal of variability in the seepage rate, with a mean of 11.5×10-4±11.2×10-4 m d-1. The mean seepage rate of 0.3 m yr-1 for Long Lake is greater than the 0.2 m yr-1 recharge rate estimated for the drainage basin area. The Long Lake recharge volume of 2.5 × 105 m3 yr-1 is approximately 22% of the volume of the lake and is significant when compared to the total surface recharge volume of 4.8 × 105 m3 yr-1 to the upper aquifer of the drainage area. There is a potential for contamination of the groundwater system through seepage from the lake from contaminants derived from aerial depositions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s002540050082","usgsCitation":"Isiorho, S., Beeching, F., Stewart, P., and Whitman, R., 1996, Seepage measurements from Long Lake, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore: Environmental Geology, v. 28, no. 2, p. 99-105, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050082.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":263233,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050082"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Long Lake;Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.461803,41.507463 ], [ -87.461803,41.716787 ], [ -86.832332,41.716787 ], [ -86.832332,41.507463 ], [ -87.461803,41.507463 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50a76ee0e4b0e93eb366eea9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isiorho, S.A.","contributorId":101524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isiorho","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeching, F.M.","contributorId":48048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeching","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, P.M.","contributorId":14756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitman, R.L.","contributorId":69750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70205366,"text":"70205366 - 1996 - Processes of wetland loss in India","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-16T11:02:14","indexId":"70205366","displayToPublicDate":"2009-10-15T10:57:31","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1531,"text":"Environmental Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes of wetland loss in India","docAbstract":"Wetlands in India supply crucial human and animal needs such as drinking water, protein production, fodder, water purification, wildlife habitat, and flood storage. Increased appreciation of uses and threats is essential to protect wetlands where justified. Three quarters of India's population is rural, it places great demands on India's wetlands and losses continue to occur. This paper is based on extensive discussions with natural resource managers, government employees, farmers, academicians, and resource users at dozens of sites in India, as well as an extensive literature search. Twelve important kinds of wetland loss are identified and mechanisms believed to be causing them discussed: (1) agricultural conversion, (2) direct deforestation, (3) hydrologie alteration, (4) inundation, (5) defoliation, (6) altered upper watersheds, (7) accumulative water demands, (8) water quality degradation, (9) wetland consolidation, (10) global climate change, (11) ground-water depletion, (12) exotic species and biodiversity. Wetland understanding, management, and Public awareness in India must continue growing if wetland resources are to remain functional.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0376892900038248","usgsCitation":"Foote, A.L., Pandey, S., and Krogman, N., 1996, Processes of wetland loss in India: Environmental Conservation, v. 23, no. 1, p. 45-54, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900038248.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"India","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[77.83745,35.49401],[78.91227,34.32194],[78.81109,33.5062],[79.20889,32.99439],[79.17613,32.48378],[78.45845,32.61816],[78.73889,31.51591],[79.72137,30.88271],[81.11126,30.18348],[80.47672,29.72987],[80.08842,28.79447],[81.0572,28.4161],[81.99999,27.92548],[83.30425,27.36451],[84.67502,27.2349],[85.25178,26.7262],[86.02439,26.63098],[87.22747,26.3979],[88.06024,26.41462],[88.1748,26.81041],[88.04313,27.44582],[88.12044,27.87654],[88.73033,28.08686],[88.81425,27.29932],[88.83564,27.09897],[89.74453,26.7194],[90.37327,26.87572],[91.21751,26.80865],[92.03348,26.83831],[92.10371,27.45261],[91.69666,27.77174],[92.50312,27.89688],[93.41335,28.64063],[94.56599,29.27744],[95.4048,29.03172],[96.11768,29.4528],[96.58659,28.83098],[96.24883,28.41103],[97.32711,28.26158],[97.40256,27.88254],[97.05199,27.69906],[97.134,27.08377],[96.41937,27.26459],[95.12477,26.57357],[95.15515,26.00131],[94.60325,25.1625],[94.55266,24.67524],[94.10674,23.85074],[93.32519,24.07856],[93.28633,23.04366],[93.06029,22.70311],[93.16613,22.27846],[92.67272,22.04124],[92.14603,23.6275],[91.86993,23.62435],[91.70648,22.98526],[91.15896,23.50353],[91.46773,24.07264],[91.91509,24.13041],[92.3762,24.97669],[91.7996,25.14743],[90.87221,25.1326],[89.92069,25.26975],[89.83248,25.96508],[89.35509,26.01441],[88.56305,26.44653],[88.20979,25.76807],[88.93155,25.23869],[88.30637,24.86608],[88.08442,24.50166],[88.69994,24.23371],[88.52977,23.63114],[88.87631,22.87915],[89.03196,22.05571],[88.88877,21.69059],[88.2085,21.70317],[86.9757,21.49556],[87.03317,20.74331],[86.49935,20.15164],[85.06027,19.47858],[83.94101,18.30201],[83.18922,17.67122],[82.19279,17.01664],[82.19124,16.55666],[81.69272,16.31022],[80.792,15.95197],[80.3249,15.89918],[80.02507,15.13641],[80.23327,13.83577],[80.28629,13.00626],[79.86255,12.05622],[79.858,10.35728],[79.34051,10.30885],[78.88535,9.54614],[79.18972,9.21654],[78.27794,8.93305],[77.94117,8.25296],[77.5399,7.96553],[76.59298,8.89928],[76.13006,10.29963],[75.74647,11.30825],[75.3961,11.78125],[74.86482,12.74194],[74.61672,13.99258],[74.44386,14.61722],[73.5342,15.99065],[73.11991,17.92857],[72.82091,19.20823],[72.82448,20.4195],[72.63053,21.35601],[71.17527,20.75744],[70.47046,20.87733],[69.16413,22.0893],[69.64493,22.45077],[69.3496,22.84318],[68.17665,23.69197],[68.8426,24.35913],[71.04324,24.35652],[70.8447,25.2151],[70.28287,25.72223],[70.16893,26.49187],[69.51439,26.94097],[70.6165,27.9892],[71.77767,27.91318],[72.82375,28.96159],[73.45064,29.97641],[74.42138,30.97981],[74.40593,31.69264],[75.25864,32.27111],[74.45156,32.7649],[74.10429,33.44147],[73.74995,34.3177],[74.2402,34.74889],[75.75706,34.50492],[76.87172,34.65354],[77.83745,35.49401]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"India\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foote, A. Lee","contributorId":216145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foote","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pandey, Sanjeeva","contributorId":218995,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pandey","given":"Sanjeeva","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krogman, N.","contributorId":58862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krogman","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":40014,"text":"fs17496 - 1996 - South Florida Ecosystem Program database development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-25T14:54:27.274883","indexId":"fs17496","displayToPublicDate":"2002-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"174-96","displayTitle":"South Florida Ecosystem Program Database Development","title":"South Florida Ecosystem Program database development","docAbstract":"The South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Program is an intergovernmental effort to reestablish and maintain the ecosystem of south Florida. One element of the restoration effort is the development of a firm scientific basis for resource decision making. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is one of the agencies that provides scientific information as part of the South Florida Ecosystem Program (SFEP). The program, which was begun in fiscal year 1995, provides multidisciplinary hydrologic, cartographic, geologic, and biologic data that relate to the mainland of south Florida, the Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys and Reef ecosystems.
A database with established transfer formats, definitions, and spatial registration greatly promotes dissemination of scientific data and information in a cost-effective manner.
Shared databases may help elevate the quality and quantity of available information. By acquiring data from the database, individual users can certify and evaluate data. With appropriate management oversight, this generally leads to improved consistency and increased reliability in the database.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs17496","usgsCitation":"South Florida Ecosystem Program database development; 1996; FS; 174-96; Stapleton, J. A.; Sonenshein, Roy; Halley, Bob","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3525,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0174/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.00367070894046,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -81.87874513277362,\n 27\n ],\n [\n -81.87874513277362,\n 24.358839683418125\n ],\n [\n -80.00367070894046,\n 24.358839683418125\n ],\n [\n -80.00367070894046,\n 27\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
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