Water quality in the 1,700-square-mile Anoka Sand Plain aquifer is affected by irrigated and nonirrigated agriculture and by residential land use. Concentrations of sulfate, chloride, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, and pesticides in ground water are related to human activities; nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations are affected more than concentrations of other chemical constituents. Of the water samples collected from 100 wells during this study, samples from 30 wells had concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen greater than 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter), which is the limit recommended for drinking water by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Analysis of 360 water samples indicated that the median concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen for undeveloped, nonirrigated-cultivated, irrigated, and residential lands were 0.22,2.0,5.3, and 4.2 mg/L, respectively.
\nDifferences in nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations at various depths below the water table were statistically significant. Median concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen in groundwater samples less than 10 feet, 10 to 20 feet, and more than 20 feet below the water table were 5.1 mg/L, 2.7 mg/L, and less than 0.1 mg/L, respectively.
\nSeasonal fluctuations in nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations at many wells were as great or greater than long-term change; however, the springtime median concentration of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen increased steadily from 1984 (4.8 mg/L) through 1987 (5.5 mg/L).
\nTriazine herbicides were detected in 11 of 18 samples analyzed for pesticides. Concentrations of atrazine were less than the 3 (J-g/L maximum contaminant level set for atrazine by the Minnesota Department of Health and by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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L.E.","contributorId":104945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbard","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrett, T.A.","contributorId":102944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herrett","given":"T.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kraus, R.L.","contributorId":108182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruppert, G.P.","contributorId":67111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Courts, M.L.","contributorId":93562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courts","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":26079,"text":"wri924141 - 1993 - Application of ground-penetrating radar methods in determining hydrogeologic conditions in a karst area, west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri924141","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4141","title":"Application of ground-penetrating radar methods in determining hydrogeologic conditions in a karst area, west-central Florida","docAbstract":"Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is useful as a surface geophysical method for exploring geology and subsurface features in karst settings. Interpretation of GPR data was used to infer lithology and hydrogeologic conditions in west-central Florida. This study demonstrates how GPR methods can be used to investigate the hydrogeology of an area. GPR transmits radio- frequency electromagnetic waves into the ground and receives reflected energy waves from subsurface interfaces. Subsurface profiles showing sediment thickness, depth to water table and clay beds, karst development, buried objects, and lake-bottom structure were produced from GPR traverses obtained during December 1987 and March 1990 in Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Hardee Counties in west-central Florida. Performance of the GPR method is site specific, and data collected are principally affected by the sediment and pore fluids, conductances and dielectric constants. Effective exploration depths of the GPR surveys through predominately unsaturated and saturated sand and clay sediments at five study sites ranged from a few feet to greater than 50 feet below land surface. Exploration depths were limited when high conductivity clay was encountered, whereas greater exploration depths were possible in material composed of sand. Application of GPR is useful in profiling subsurface conditions, but proper interpretation depends upon the user's knowledge of the equipment and the local hydrogeological setting, as well as the ability to interpret the graphic profile.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924141","usgsCitation":"Barr, G., 1993, Application of ground-penetrating radar methods in determining hydrogeologic conditions in a karst area, west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4141, iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924141.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123605,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54851,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4141/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a9e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barr, G. L.","contributorId":22312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21087,"text":"ofr9382 - 1993 - Ground Water in Kilauea Volcano and Adjacent Areas of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr9382","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-82","title":"Ground Water in Kilauea Volcano and Adjacent Areas of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"About 1,000 million gallons of water per day moves toward or into ground-water bodies of Kilauea Volcano from the lavas of Mauna Loa Volcano. This movement continues only to the northern boundaries of the east and southwest rift zones of Kilauea, where a substantial quantity of ground water is deflected downslope to other ground-water bodies or to the ocean. In the western part of Kilauea, the kaoiki fault system, which parallels the southwest rift zone, may be the main barrier to ground-water movement. The diversion of the ground water is manifested in the western part of Kilauea by the presence of large springs at the shore end of the Kaoiki fault system, and in the eastern part by the apparently large flow of unheated basal ground water north of the east rift zone. Thus, recharge to ground water in the rift zones of Kilauea and to the areas to the south of the rift zones may be largely by local rainfall. Recharge from rainfall for all of Kilauea is about 1,250 million gallons per day.\r\n\r\nBeneath the upper slopes of the Kilauea rift zones, ground-water levels are 2,000 feet or more above mean sea level, or more than 1,000 feet below land surface. Ground-water levels are at these high altitudes because numerous and closely spaced dikes at depth in the upper slopes impound the ground water. In the lower slopes, because the number of dikes decreases toward the surface, the presence of a sufficient number of dikes capable of impounding ground water at altitudes substantially above sea level is unlikely. In surrounding basal ground-water reservoirs, fresh basal ground water floats on seawater and, through a transition zone of mixed freshwater and seawater, discharges into the sea.\r\n\r\nThe hydraulic conductivity of the dike-free lavas ranges from about 3,000 to about 7,000 feet per day. The conductivity in the upper slopes of the rift ranges from about 5 to 30 feet per day and that of the lower slopes of the east rift zone was calculated at about 7,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nThe occurrence of heated basal water south of the lower east rift zone of Kilauea indicates the movement of a large quantity of geothermally heated ground water southward from the rift zone. There is little indication of similar movement of water from the upper slopes of the east rift zone, and there is no obvious movement of heated water from the lower east rift to the north because of the absence of heated ground water north of the rift zone.\r\n\r\nA broad range in temperature and chemical composition of geothermally modified ground water indicates several different sources. Four possible sources are (1) cold meteoric water, (2) cold seawater, (3) hydrothermal fluids of meteoric origin, and (4) hydrothermally modified seawater. The chloride-ion to magnesium-ion ratio of ground water indicates whether the water has been geothermally modified. A ratio greater than 15 to 1 generally denotes geothermally modified ground water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9382","usgsCitation":"Takasaki, K.J., 1993, Ground Water in Kilauea Volcano and Adjacent Areas of Mauna Loa Volcano, Island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-82, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9382.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0082/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50680,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545623","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Takasaki, Kiyoshi J.","contributorId":105700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takasaki","given":"Kiyoshi","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25900,"text":"wri924108 - 1993 - Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T19:06:30.133491","indexId":"wri924108","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4108","title":"Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924108","usgsCitation":"Allen, R.L., and Laenen, A., 1993, Preliminary results of the simulation of Oregon coastal basins using precipitation-runoff modeling system (PRMS): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4108, vi, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924108.","productDescription":"vi, 97 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408271,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47671.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54659,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.8872,\n 44.5083\n ],\n [\n -123.8333,\n 44.5083\n ],\n [\n -123.8333,\n 44.5583\n ],\n [\n -123.8872,\n 44.5583\n ],\n [\n -123.8872,\n 44.5083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b2c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, R. L.","contributorId":82356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54701,"text":"wdrMN921 - 1993 - Water Resources Data, Minnesota, Water Year 1992. Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:56","indexId":"wdrMN921","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MN-92-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Minnesota, Water Year 1992. Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMN921","usgsCitation":"Gunard, K., Hess, J., and Zirbel, J., 1993, Water Resources Data, Minnesota, Water Year 1992. Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MN-92-1, 245 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMN921.","productDescription":"245 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/mn-92-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":87907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/mn-92-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb5ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gunard, K.T.","contributorId":103733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunard","given":"K.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, J.H.","contributorId":100465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zirbel, J.L.","contributorId":70837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zirbel","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":61081,"text":"mf2207 - 1993 - Maps showing distribution of selected minerals in the nonmagnetic heavy-mineral fraction of stream-sediment samples, Medfra Quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:36","indexId":"mf2207","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2207","title":"Maps showing distribution of selected minerals in the nonmagnetic heavy-mineral fraction of stream-sediment samples, Medfra Quadrangle, Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2207","usgsCitation":"Tripp, R.B., and King, H.D., 1993, Maps showing distribution of selected minerals in the nonmagnetic heavy-mineral fraction of stream-sediment samples, Medfra Quadrangle, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2207, 2 maps ;each 45 x 61 cm., on sheet 104 x 135 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2207.","productDescription":"2 maps ;each 45 x 61 cm., on sheet 104 x 135 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105302,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5839.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5839"},{"id":180376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156,63 ], [ -156,64 ], [ -153,64 ], [ -153,63 ], [ -156,63 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db6057a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tripp, R. B.","contributorId":88707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tripp","given":"R.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, H. D.","contributorId":89113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25757,"text":"wri934087 - 1993 - A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:32:04","indexId":"wri934087","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4087","title":"A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"Upper Klamath Lake, and the connecting Agency Lake, is a large (140 square mile) lake in south-central Oregon. The lake has a recent history of long-duration, near-monoculture, blue-green algal blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Typically, the algal bloom causes nuisance and detrimental conditions, including a deep-green \"pea soup\" appearance, from mid-May to late October. Accompanying the blooms are foul odors, extremely high pH, widely varied dissolved-oxygen concentrations of supersaturation or near depletion, occasional but extensive fish kills, and elevated levels of toxic ammonia. In 1988, the Lost River sucker (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose sucker (Chasmistes brevirostris), long-term inhabitants of Upper Klamath Lake, were placed on the Federal endangered-species list. The endangering of the sucker species in recent years is hypothesized to be caused by degraded lake-water-quality conditions.
\nUpper Klamath Lake has been eutrophic since it was first discovered. However, increases in algal abundance and changes in algal type over relatively recent years are evident, and can be correlated with agricultural development of the basin. The most common cause for an increased abundance of algae in lakes is increased enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.
\nTen possible causes for this excessive enrichment in nutrients are described. Three of these hypotheses are suggested for immediate testing because of large-scale changes in nutrient loading that may have occurred as a result of man’s activities. These three hypotheses relate nutrient enrichment to (1) conversion of marshland to agricultural land, (2) agricultural drainage from the basin, and (3) reservoir regulation. Eleven possible hypothetical causes for the decline in sucker populations also are described. The decline in sucker population may be related to excessive nutrient enrichment (eutrophication) of the lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri934087","usgsCitation":"Bortleson, G.C., and Fretwell, M.O., 1993, A review of possible causes of nutrient enrichment and decline of endangered sucker populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4087, vii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934087.","productDescription":"vii, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54518,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122642,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4087/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 42.19291648699529\n ],\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 42.75104599038353\n ],\n [\n -120.92239379882812,\n 42.75104599038353\n ],\n [\n -120.92239379882812,\n 42.19291648699529\n ],\n [\n -122.11029052734374,\n 42.19291648699529\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a800a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bortleson, Gilbert C.","contributorId":57472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bortleson","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fretwell, Marvin O.","contributorId":98999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fretwell","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25801,"text":"wri924081 - 1993 - Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a mountain stream, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-28T10:11:05","indexId":"wri924081","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4081","title":"Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a mountain stream, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924081","usgsCitation":"Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K., Kimball, B.A., and McKnight, D.M., 1993, Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a mountain stream, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4081, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924081.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4081/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54545,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4081/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Lake County","otherGeospatial":"Saint Kevin 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A two-layer finite-difference ground-water-flow model was developed to simulate the stream-aquifer system. Steady-state pumping rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 million gallons per day were simulated at three well sites 1,500 to 2,500 feet west of the river. No infiltration of water from the river to the aquifer was induced in any of the simulations. Maximum streamflow depletion along the river for the scenarios tested ranged from 3 to 15 percent of calculated steady-state prepumping streamflow. Mean monthly streamflow depletions determined by use of the transient model, for a constant withdrawal of 1.0 million gallons per day from a site 1,500 feet west of the river, range from 6 to 8 percent of the mean monthly streamflows measured at a gage located 0.3 miles from the mouth of the river. A particle-tracking postprocessor to the steady-state model was used to delineate contributing areas of the river and the proposed withdrawal sites. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924132","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., 1993, Glacier runoff and sediment transport and deposition, Eklutna Lake basin, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4132, Report: v, 47 p.; 1 Plate: 28.00 x 28.29 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924132.","productDescription":"Report: v, 47 p.; 1 Plate: 28.00 x 28.29 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55099,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4132/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55098,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4132/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122531,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4132/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":411737,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47685.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Ekutna Lake basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.15460819862795,\n 61.41239219351124\n ],\n [\n -149.15460819862795,\n 61.33419948659963\n ],\n [\n -148.98324059703114,\n 61.33419948659963\n ],\n [\n -148.98324059703114,\n 61.41239219351124\n ],\n [\n -149.15460819862795,\n 61.41239219351124\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679bc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, T. P.","contributorId":103289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17140,"text":"ofr93504 - 1993 - Geologic constraints on metallogeny of magmatically underplated lower crust in the Ivrea-Verbano zone, northern Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:21","indexId":"ofr93504","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-504","title":"Geologic constraints on metallogeny of magmatically underplated lower crust in the Ivrea-Verbano zone, northern Italy","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr93504","usgsCitation":"Thornber, C., Quick, J.E., Mayer, A., and Sinigoi, S., 1993, Geologic constraints on metallogeny of magmatically underplated lower crust in the Ivrea-Verbano zone, northern Italy: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-504, 22 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93504.","productDescription":"22 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149856,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0504/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46262,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0504/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a63db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thornber, C.R.","contributorId":69302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thornber","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quick, J. E.","contributorId":48563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mayer, Adriano","contributorId":76991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"Adriano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sinigoi, Silvano","contributorId":51726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinigoi","given":"Silvano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":61094,"text":"mf2221 - 1993 - Bathymetry, sidescan sonar image, and surficial geological interpretation of the inner shelf off Little Egg Inlet, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:48","indexId":"mf2221","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2221","title":"Bathymetry, sidescan sonar image, and surficial geological interpretation of the inner shelf off Little Egg Inlet, New Jersey","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/mf2221","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., and Able, K., 1993, Bathymetry, sidescan sonar image, and surficial geological interpretation of the inner shelf off Little Egg Inlet, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2221, 3 maps and 1 photomap ;each 48 x 50 cm., on sheets 126 x 86 cm. and 66 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2221.","productDescription":"3 maps and 1 photomap ;each 48 x 50 cm., on sheets 126 x 86 cm. and 66 x 112 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":105311,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5856.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"5856"},{"id":186772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.28333333333333,39.45 ], [ -74.28333333333333,39.5 ], [ -74.21666666666667,39.5 ], [ -74.21666666666667,39.45 ], [ -74.28333333333333,39.45 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e17a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Able, K.W.","contributorId":66786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Able","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25135,"text":"cir930M - 1993 - International strategic minerals inventory summary report; niobium (columbium) and tantalum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"cir930M","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"M","title":"International strategic minerals inventory summary report; niobium (columbium) and tantalum","docAbstract":"Major world resources of niobium and tantalum are described in this summary report of information in the International Strategic Minerals Inventory (ISMI). ISMI is a cooperative data-collection effort of earth-science and mineral-resource agencies in Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Part I of this report presents an overview of the resources and potential supply of niobium and tantalum based on inventory information; Part II contains tables of both geologic and mineral-resource information and includes production data collected by ISMI participants. \r\n\r\nNiobium is used principally as an alloying element in special steels and superalloys, and tantalum is used mainly in electronics. Minerals in the columbite-tantalite series are principal ore minerals of niobium and tantalum. Pyrochlore is a principal source of niobium. These minerals are found in carbonatite, certain rocks in alkaline igneous complexes, pegmatite, and placer deposits. ISMI estimates show that there are over 7 million metric tons of niobium and almost 0.5 million metric tons of tantalum in known deposits, outside of China and the former Soviet Union, for which reliable estimates have been made. \r\n\r\nBrazilian deposits, followed by Canadian deposits, contain by far the largest source of niobium. Tantalum production is spread widely among several countries, and Brazil and Canada are the most significant of these producers. Brazil's position is further strengthened by potential byproduct columbite from tin mining. Present economically exploitable resources of niobium appear to be sufficient for the near future, but Brazil will continue to be the predominant world supplier of ferrocolumbium. Tantalum, a byproduct of tin production, has been captive to the fluctuations of that market, but resources in pegmatite in Canada and Australia make it likely that future increases in the present modest demand will be met.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir930M","usgsCitation":"Crockett, R., and Sutphin, D.M., 1993, International strategic minerals inventory summary report; niobium (columbium) and tantalum: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930, v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir930M.","productDescription":"v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/0930m/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54115,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/0930m/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b1e4b07f02db53052d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crockett, R.N.","contributorId":6890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crockett","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutphin, D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":61304,"text":"mf2081D - 1993 - Maps showing distribution of gold, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, and zinc in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T19:09:59.166591","indexId":"mf2081D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2081","chapter":"D","title":"Maps showing distribution of gold, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, and zinc in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2081D","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., 1993, Maps showing distribution of gold, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, and zinc in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1 degree by 2 degrees quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2081, 2 Plates: 41.42 x 57.32 inches and 40.97 x 57.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2081D.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 41.42 x 57.32 inches and 40.97 x 57.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":364417,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-D/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":487167,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5685.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":186908,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-D/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":364416,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081-D/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Delta quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,39 ], [ -114,40 ], [ -112,40 ], [ -112,39 ], [ -114,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db60576c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26018,"text":"wri924146 - 1993 - Hydrology of the Jackson, Tennessee, area and delineation of areas contributing ground water to the Jackson well fields","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"wri924146","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4146","title":"Hydrology of the Jackson, Tennessee, area and delineation of areas contributing ground water to the Jackson well fields","docAbstract":"A comprehensive hydrologic investigation of the Jackson area in Madison County, Tennessee, was conducted to provide information for the development of a wellhead-protection program for two municipal well fields. The136-square-mile study area is between the Middle Fork Forked Deer and South Fork Forked Deer Rivers and includes the city of Jackson.\r\n\r\nThe formations that underlie and crop out in the study area, in descending order, are the Memphis Sand, Fort Pillow Sand, and Porters Creek Clay. The saturated thickness of the Memphis Sand ranges from 0 to 270 feet; the Fort Pillow Sand, from 0 to 180 feet. The Porters Creek Clay, which ranges from 130 to 320 feet thick, separates a deeper formation, the McNairy Sand, from the shallower units. Estimates by other investigators of hydraulic conductivity for the Memphis Sand range from 80 to 202 feet per day. Estimates of transmissivity of the Memphis Sand range from 2,700 to 33,000 feet squared per day. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity for the Fort Pillow Sand range from 68 to 167 feet per day, and estimates of transmissivity of that unit range from 6,700 to 10,050 feet squared per day.\r\n\r\nA finite-difference, ground-water flow model was calibrated to steady-state hydrologic conditions of April 1989, and was used to simulate hypothetical pumping plans for the North and South Well Fields. The aquifers were represented as three layers in the model to simulate the ground-water flow system. Layer 1 is the saturated part of the Memphis Sand; layer 2 is the upper half of the Fort Pillow Sand; and layer 3 is the lower half of the Fort Pillow Sand.\r\n\r\nThe steady-state water budget of the simulated system showed that more than half of the inflow to the ground-water system is underflow from the model boundaries. Most of this inflow is discharged as seepage to the rivers and to pumping wells. Slightly less than half of the inflow is from areal recharge and recharge from streams. About 75 percent of the discharge from the system is into the streams, lakes, and out of the model area through a small quantity of ground-water underflow. The remaining 25 percent is discharge to pumping wells.\r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was modified to simulate the effects on the ground-water system of three hypothetical pumping plans that increased pumping from the North Well Field to up to 20 million gallons per day, and from the South Well Field, to up to 15 million gallons per day. Maximum drawdown resulting from the 20 million-gallons-per-day rate of simulated pumping was 44.7 feet in a node containing a pumping well, and maximum drawdown over an extended area was about 38 feet. Up to 34 percent of ground-water seepage to streams in the calibrated model was intercepted by pumping in the simulations. A maximum of 9 percent more water was induced through model boundaries.\r\n\r\nA particle-tracking program, MODPATH, was used to delineate areas contributing water to the North and South Well Fields for the calibrated model and the three pumping simulations, and to estimate distances for different times-of-travel to the wells. The size of the area contributing water to the North Well Field, defined by the 5-year time-of-travel capture zone, is about 0.8 by 1.8 miles for the calibrated model and pumping plan 1. The size of the area for pumping plan 2 is 1.1 by 2.0 miles and, for pumping plan 3, 1.6 by 2.2 miles. The range of distance for l-year time-of-travel to individual wells is 200 to 800 feet for the calibrated model and plan 1, and 350 to 950 feet for plans 2 and 3.\r\n\r\nThe size of the area contributing water to the South Well Field, defined by the 5-year time-of-travel capture zone, is about 0.8 by 1.4 miles for the calibrated model. The size of the area for pumping plans 1 and 3 is 1.6 by 2.2 miles and, for pumping plan 2, 1.1 by 1.7 miles. The range of distance for l-year time-of-travel to individual wells is 120 to 530 feet for the calibrated model, 670 to 1,300 feet for pumping plans 1 and 3, and 260 to 850 feet","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924146","usgsCitation":"Bailey, Z., 1993, Hydrology of the Jackson, Tennessee, area and delineation of areas contributing ground water to the Jackson well fields: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4146, v, 54 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924146.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2020,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924146/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":121577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_92_4146.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db683531","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Z. C.","contributorId":54587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Z. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61308,"text":"mf2081C - 1993 - Maps showing the distribution of barium, beryllium, copper, lead, molybdenum, silver, and tin in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T18:52:43.34414","indexId":"mf2081C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2081","chapter":"C","title":"Maps showing the distribution of barium, beryllium, copper, lead, molybdenum, silver, and tin in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2081C","usgsCitation":"Zimbelman, D.R., 1993, Maps showing the distribution of barium, beryllium, copper, lead, molybdenum, silver, and tin in stream-sediment samples, Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2081, 3 Plates: 41.53 × 57.97 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2081C.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 41.53 × 57.97 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180281,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":282179,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081c/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":282180,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081c/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":282178,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2081c/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":390905,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5684.htm"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Delta 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114,39 ], [ -114,40 ], [ -112,40 ], [ -112,39 ], [ -114,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimbelman, D. R.","contributorId":43768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimbelman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25136,"text":"cir930N - 1993 - International strategic minerals inventory summary report; rare-earth oxides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"cir930N","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"N","title":"International strategic minerals inventory summary report; rare-earth oxides","docAbstract":"Bastnaesite, monazite, and xenotime are currently the most important rare-earth minerals. Bastnaesite occurs as a primary mineral in carbonatites. Monazite and xenotime also can be found in primary deposits but are recovered principally from heavy-mineral placers that are mined for titanium or tin. Each of these minerals has a different composition of the 15 rare-earth elements. \r\n\r\nWorld resources of economically exploitable rare-earth oxides (REO) are estimated at 93.4 million metric tons in place, composed of 93 percent in primary deposits and 7 percent in placers. The average mineral composition is 83 percent bastnaesite, 13 percent monazite, and 4 percent of 10 other minerals. Annual global production is about 67,000 metric tons of which 41 percent is from placers and 59 percent is from primary deposits; mining methods consist of open pits (94 percent) and dredging (6 percent). This output could be doubled if the operations that do not currently recover rare earths would do so. \r\n\r\nResources are more than sufficient to meet the demand for the predictable future. About 52 percent of the world's REO resources are located in China. Ranking of other countries is as follows: Namibia (22 percent), the United States (15 percent), Australia (6 percent), and India (3 percent); the remainder is in several other countries. Conversely, 38 percent of the production is in China, 33 percent in the United States, 12 percent in Australia, and 5 percent each in Malaysia and India. Several other countries, including Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, make up the remainder. Markets for rare earths are mainly in the metallurgical, magnet, ceramic, electronic, chemical, and optical industries. Rare earths improve the physical and rolling properties of iron and steel and add corrosion resistance and strength to structural members at high temperatures. Samarium and neodymium are used in lightweight, powerful magnets for electric motors. Cerium and yttrium increase the density and heat resistance of sintered ceramics. Yttrium and gadolinium contribute to the efficiency of electronic switches and sensors. Cerium improves the effectiveness of catalysts in the petroleum and automotive industries. Cerium oxides speed glass melting and are used to polish glass by chemical, rather than mechanical, means. Cerium, europium, terbium, and yttrium, as phosphoric compounds, promote the vivid colors of television screens. 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