The average composition of the continental crust is more mafic than hitherto supposed. The conterminous United States can be divided, on the basis of seismic structure, into ten regions. The seven western and the three eastern regions can be termed western and eastern superprovinces. Seismic studies show that the crust is thinner and more silicic in tectonically active regions (western superprovince — average crustal thickness 34 km), than in stable regions (eastern superprovince — average crustal thickness 44 km). Mafic rocks are estimated to average 55% of the continental crust: 45% in the western and 59% in the eastern superprovince. These results express quantitatively the ideas expressed qualitatively by Pakiser and Zietz (1965). The computations of percentages of major oxides in the crust associate seismic velocities with rock compositions.
During the 10 to 15 years investigators from Europe and eastern United States have reported fish diseases of virus etiology. Rucker et al. in 1953 were the first to report a disease of possible virus origin in fish in the western United States. Since then many workers in the western states have described various epizootics caused by transmissible and filterable agents. The etiology and pathology of epizootics reported to date have been three viral diseases: (1) specific for sockeye salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka), (2) specific for chinook salmon (O. tshawytacha); and (3) isolated from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). brook trout (Salvalinus fontinalis). and cutthroat trout ( Salmo clarkii). The most recent historical, etiological and morphological study of diseases of viral and possible viral origin occurring the West has been reported in detail by Parisot et al.
\nWith the exception of two investigations, histopathological accounts have been brief and cursory and, to date, pathogenesos of these viral diseases have not been recorded.
\nThis study was undertaken to initiate a series concerning pathogeneses of infectious diseases of salmonids. The two viral diseases covered in this paper are the Oregon sockeye disease (OSD) and Sacramento River chinook disease (SRCD). Some preliminary data on pathology of the corresponding material from the hatchery epizootics will also be described and discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb14298.x","usgsCitation":"Yasutake, W.T., Parisot, T., and Klontz, G., 1965, Virus diseases of salmonidae in the western United States. II. Aspects of pathogenesis: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v. 126, no. 1, p. 520-530, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb14298.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"520","endPage":"530","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-12-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568cf74de4b0e7a44bc0f19c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yasutake, W. T.","contributorId":103222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yasutake","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":586074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parisot, T. J.","contributorId":43014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parisot","given":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":586075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klontz, G.W.","contributorId":113429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klontz","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":586076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047171,"text":"70047171 - 1965 - Ground water in the alluvium of Otter Creek Basin, Oklahoma","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52174,"text":"ofr6166 - 1961 - Ground water in the alluvium of Otter Creek basin, Oklahoma","indexId":"ofr6166","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Ground water in the alluvium of Otter Creek basin, Oklahoma"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047171,"text":"70047171 - 1965 - Ground water in the alluvium of Otter Creek Basin, Oklahoma","indexId":"70047171","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Ground water in the alluvium of Otter Creek Basin, Oklahoma"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-23T14:00:41","indexId":"70047171","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T13:42:31","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":242,"text":"Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"27","title":"Ground water in the alluvium of Otter Creek Basin, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Otter Creek basin comprises 287 square miles in Kiowa, Comanche, and Tillman Counties. The basin is not typical of southwestern Oklahoma in that it includes massive mountains and scattered knobs and peaks of the Wichita Mountains. Alluvium covers much of the southern half of the basin but is restricted to the major tributary valleys in the northern half. The upper part of the alluvium is predominantly silt and clay; the lower part is predominantly very fine to medium sand and has a basal stratum of coarse sand and gravel. The average thickness of the flood-plain deposit is about 37 feet. The flood-plain deposits and terrace deposits in the southern part of the basin occur together in the subsurface as an integral unit. Principal recharge to the flood-plain deposits is through infiltration of precipitation and surface runoff, and through percolation from adjoining aquifers, principally the terrace deposits. Principal discharge from the flood-plain deposits is through seepage into Otter Creek by transpiration by vegetation, and by pumping from wells. The city of Snyder pumps about 200,000 gallons per day (gpd) from the alluvium of East Otter Creek during the winter and spring, and about 400,000 gpd during the summer and fall. Irrigation is concentrated principally on the flood plain common to both Otter Creek and North Fork Red River.","language":"English","publisher":"Oklahoma Water Resources Board","publisherLocation":"Oklahoma City, OK","collaboration":"Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Hollowell, J.R., 1965, Ground water in the alluvium of Otter Creek Basin, Oklahoma: Bulletin 27, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":275311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047171.png"},{"id":275307,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.owrb.ok.gov/studies/reports/reports_pdf/bulletin%2027_otter%20creek.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Otter Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0,33.62 ], [ -103.0,37.0 ], [ -94.43,37.0 ], [ -94.43,33.62 ], [ -103.0,33.62 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51efa5f1e4b0b09fbe58f18e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollowell, Jerrald R.","contributorId":51278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollowell","given":"Jerrald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":481216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":34218,"text":"b1194L - 1965 - Carbonate rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age, Northampton and Bucks Counties, eastern Pennsylvania, and Warren and Hunterdon Counties, western New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T22:00:10.427847","indexId":"b1194L","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1194","chapter":"L","title":"Carbonate rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age, Northampton and Bucks Counties, eastern Pennsylvania, and Warren and Hunterdon Counties, western New Jersey","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b1194L","usgsCitation":"Drake, A., 1965, Carbonate rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age, Northampton and Bucks Counties, eastern Pennsylvania, and Warren and Hunterdon Counties, western New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1194, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1194L.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163740,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1194l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":411028,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93213.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":92624,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1194l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey, Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks County, Hunterdon County, Northampton County, Warren County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.2775,\n 40.9433\n ],\n [\n -75.2775,\n 40.5328\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 40.5328\n ],\n [\n -75,\n 40.9433\n ],\n [\n -75.2775,\n 40.9433\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f00c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, Avery Jr.","contributorId":62582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"Avery","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41420,"text":"ofr6520 - 1965 - Preliminary geologic map of the Eagle D-1 quadrangle, east central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-07T20:36:29.921844","indexId":"ofr6520","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-20","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Eagle D-1 quadrangle, east central Alaska","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6520","usgsCitation":"Brabb, E.E., and Churkin, M., 1965, Preliminary geologic map of the Eagle D-1 quadrangle, east central Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-20, 2 Plates: 37.35 × 22.90 inches and 22.14 × 27.01 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6520.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 37.35 × 22.90 inches and 22.14 × 27.01 inches","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":136916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":106355,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8097.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8097"},{"id":79163,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0020/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":79162,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0020/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Eagle D-1 quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.5,\n 64.75\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 64.75\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -141.5,\n 65\n ],\n [\n -141.5,\n 64.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b95a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabb, Earl E.","contributorId":48939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Churkin, Michael","contributorId":66677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Churkin","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13223,"text":"ofr6537 - 1965 - East Cortez coal area, Montezuma County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T17:11:46.547759","indexId":"ofr6537","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-37","title":"East Cortez coal area, Montezuma County, Colorado","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6537","usgsCitation":"Cullins, H.L., and Bowers, W.E., 1965, East Cortez coal area, Montezuma County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-37, Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 31.44 x 25.31 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6537.","productDescription":"Report: 21 p.; 1 Plate: 31.44 x 25.31 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":492840,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8102.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":41604,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0037/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41603,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0037/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0037/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Montezuma County","otherGeospatial":"East Cortez coal area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.546,\n 37.413\n ],\n [\n -108.546,\n 37.327\n ],\n [\n -108.423,\n 37.327\n ],\n [\n -108.423,\n 37.413\n ],\n [\n -108.546,\n 37.413\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db629377","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cullins, Henry L.","contributorId":23149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullins","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowers, William E.","contributorId":34129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1062,"text":"wsp1790A - 1965 - Floods of March-April 1960 in Eastern Nebraska and adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp1790A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1790","chapter":"A","title":"Floods of March-April 1960 in Eastern Nebraska and adjacent states","docAbstract":"Snowmelt floods, record breaking on many streams and outstanding in terms of total area affected and runoff volumes generated, occurred in late March and early April 1960 on Missouri River tributaries in adjacent parts of six states. In order of area affected, the States are Nebraska, South Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, and Missouri. \r\n\r\nFive lives were lost, and the estimated damage was $14 million. Main-stem reservoirs kept Missouri River stages substantially below potential unregulated levels. Without regulation by reservoirs, the stage at Sioux City and Omaha would have been about 9 feet higher than it was and the damage would have been many millions of dollars more than actually occurred. \r\n\r\nThe floods were caused by rapid melting of an extensive snow cover of unusual depth and water equivalent, augmented by light to moderate rains. Temperatures almost continuously below normal, beginning in late December and culminating in record lows at many places during the first half of March, resulted in the retention of record snow accumulations, much later and much farther south than normal. The snowfall in eastern Nebraska from December 27 to March 26 was about twice the annual average. The excessive snowfall and below-normal temperatures produced a record-breaking 75-day period of continuous snow cover at Omaha. \r\n\r\nA rapidly rising, eastward-moving temperature pattern late in March, in combination with an easterly orientation of many Nebraska streams, tended to magnify flood peaks. The rapid temperature rise started about March 18 in western Nebraska but not until March 26 in the eastern part of the State. As a consequence, flood discharges from the headwaters, often bearing heavy ice floes, arrived in the lower reaches simultaneously with or even ahead of the breakup of the unusually heavy ice cover and caused serious jamming. Comparisons of the peak discharges of the 1960 snowmelt floods with those of previous floods reveal several interesting facts. Peak discharges on the Missouri main stem were appreciably less than those in several other years, largely because of effective reservoir control of upstream runoff, but, many tributaries throughout the report area had maximum discharges for their periods of record. Particularly significant are comparisons at some stations for which historical flood data were available. For example, the peak discharge of the Platte River at Louisville, Nebr., was the greatest since at least 1881, and the peak on the Elkhorn River at Waterloo, Nebr., was the greatest snowmelt flood since at least 1912, although it was less than half of the rain peak of June 12, 1944. \r\n\r\nFollowing a characteristic pattern for snowmelt floods, the peaks on the smaller streams generally were not unusual, but the cumulative effect of widespread high runoff throughout the stream systems caused higher and more outstanding peaks in the larger basins. Peaks due to local rains of high intensity often are more significant for small areas. \r\n\r\nSnowmelt floods occur less frequently than rainfall floods in most basins of this flood area.. Studies made for this report show that an average of only about one out of every four maximum annual flood discharges in the report area results primarily from snowmelt. But for streams flowing from north to south in South Dakota and Iowa, the ratio of snowmelt peaks to rainfall peaks is higher. \r\n\r\nComparisons of 1960 flood volumes with those for previous floods are even more striking than peak-discharge comparisons. Flood volumes at eight selected stations for the maximum 20-day period during March and April 1960 exceeded all previous 20-day volumes with only one exception; the ratios ranged from 3.11 for Vermillion River near Wakonda, S. Dak., to 0.93 for Elkhorn River at Waterloo, Nebr. The ratio of the 20-day volume to the 1960 annual runoff for the same group of stations ranged from 20 percent at Niobrara River near Spencer, Nebr., to 74 percent on the Vermillion River. For the lat","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wsp1790A","usgsCitation":"Brice, H., and West, R., 1965, Floods of March-April 1960 in Eastern Nebraska and adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1790, v, 144 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1790A.","productDescription":"v, 144 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1790a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25740,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1790a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25741,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1790a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5df9c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brice, H.D.","contributorId":41406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brice","given":"H.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"West, R.E.","contributorId":27031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1193,"text":"wsp1759F - 1965 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the eastern Mesabi Iron Range and the Vermilion Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52314,"text":"ofr6322 - 1963 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the Eastern Mesabi Iron Range and the Vermilion Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ofr6322","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the Eastern Mesabi Iron Range and the Vermilion Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1193,"text":"wsp1759F - 1965 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the eastern Mesabi Iron Range and the Vermilion Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"wsp1759F","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"F","title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the eastern Mesabi Iron Range and the Vermilion Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-02T21:27:50.468028","indexId":"wsp1759F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1759","chapter":"F","title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the eastern Mesabi Iron Range and the Vermilion Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Additional supplies of water are available near the municipalities on the eastern Mesabi Iron Range and the Vermilion Iron Range. On the eastern Mesabi Range the potential for additional development of both ground-water and surface-water supplies are good, and on the Vermilion Range the best potential for development is from surface-water resources.
\nThe most productive aquifers in the area of this report are the Biwabik Iron-Formation and the stratified glacial drift; Bast of Colby Lake the Biwabik Iron-Formation is not an important aquifer, and it is entirely absent on the Vermilion Range. Also, on the Vermilion Range the glacial drift is generally too thin to yield the quantities of water found on the Mesabi Range.
\nSurface-water supplies in the area of this report are good. An extensive network of river systems and many lakes form a large untapped potential supply. Records of flow from eight gaging stations are presented as are data from many wells and test holes.
\nGround water commonly has a high concentration of iron and manganese and is hard. Surface water generally has a high concentration of iron and is colored. Analyses of water from many sources are included.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water resources of the Mesabi and Vermilion Iron Ranges","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1759F","usgsCitation":"Cotter, R.D., Young, H.L., Petri, L.R., and Prior, C.H., 1965, Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the eastern Mesabi Iron Range and the Vermilion Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1759, Report: iv, 27 p.; 1 Plate: 31.18 x 23.60 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1759F.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 27 p.; 1 Plate: 31.18 x 23.60 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26061,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":278838,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759f/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":391292,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24938.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.62548828125,\n 47.09630525444073\n ],\n [\n -91.99676513671875,\n 47.09630525444073\n ],\n [\n -91.99676513671875,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -93.62548828125,\n 47.945786463687185\n ],\n [\n -93.62548828125,\n 47.09630525444073\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotter, R. D.","contributorId":89874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":143334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, H. L.","contributorId":23922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petri, L. R.","contributorId":48944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petri","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prior, C. H.","contributorId":57827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prior","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1194,"text":"wsp1759C - 1965 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the west-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52315,"text":"ofr6323 - 1963 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the West-Central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ofr6323","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the West-Central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1194,"text":"wsp1759C - 1965 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the west-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"wsp1759C","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the west-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T10:07:58","indexId":"wsp1759C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1759","chapter":"C","title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the west-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Additional supplies of water are available near the municipalities or the west-central Mesabi Iron Range. The largest sources are the ground-water aquifers in the Biwabik Iron-Formation and the stratified glacial drift. Areas of stratified drift that probably have good water potential have been outlined. Surface-water supplies are negligible in the eastern part of this area but increase toward the west. Flow records from one gaging station, results of discharge measurements at two miscellaneous sites, and data from many wells and test holes are presented.
\nMost of the ground water is hard and has a high concentration of iron and manganese. The surface water generally has a high concentration of. iron and is colored. Analyses of water from many sources are .shown.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1759C","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation","usgsCitation":"Cotter, R.D., Young, H.L., Petri, L.R., and Prior, C.H., 1965, Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the west-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1759, Report: iv, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 24.50 x 28.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1759C.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 24.50 x 28.50 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26062,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26063,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.27667236328125,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -93.19839477539062,\n 47.31741394628156\n ],\n [\n -93.043212890625,\n 47.31741394628156\n ],\n [\n -92.86056518554688,\n 47.40764414848437\n ],\n [\n -92.779541015625,\n 47.48287279099342\n ],\n [\n -92.82073974609375,\n 47.51349065484327\n ],\n [\n -92.88803100585938,\n 47.52832925298343\n ],\n [\n -92.9608154296875,\n 47.53852835471765\n ],\n [\n -93.043212890625,\n 47.511635534978225\n ],\n [\n -93.1585693359375,\n 47.447593738482304\n ],\n [\n -93.2464599609375,\n 47.37975438400816\n ],\n [\n -93.27667236328125,\n 47.338822694822\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db648595","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotter, R. D.","contributorId":89874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":143338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, H. L.","contributorId":23922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petri, L. R.","contributorId":48944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petri","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prior, C. H.","contributorId":57827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prior","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":19703,"text":"ofr6589 - 1965 - Plant microfossils of the Hazard No. 7 coal, Perry County, Kentucky","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19703,"text":"ofr6589 - 1965 - Plant microfossils of the Hazard No. 7 coal, Perry County, Kentucky","indexId":"ofr6589","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Plant microfossils of the Hazard No. 7 coal, Perry County, Kentucky"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6135,"text":"pp839 - 1973 - Palynological studies of the coals of the Princess Reserve District in northeastern Kentucky","indexId":"pp839","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Palynological studies of the coals of the Princess Reserve District in northeastern Kentucky"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6135,"text":"pp839 - 1973 - Palynological studies of the coals of the Princess Reserve District in northeastern Kentucky","indexId":"pp839","publicationYear":"1973","noYear":false,"title":"Palynological studies of the coals of the Princess Reserve District in northeastern Kentucky"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-01T18:19:18.623313","indexId":"ofr6589","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-89","title":"Plant microfossils of the Hazard No. 7 coal, Perry County, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The cooperative mapping program between the Kentucky Geological Survey and the U. S. Geological Survey has yielded a number of interesting and valuable by-products. As a part of the stratigraphic studies involving Carboniferous coal fields, R. M. Kosanke has been involved in a detailed analysis of spore floras from various coal horizons. This study is aimed toward a correlation within the eastern coal field and, eventually, toward more accurate correlations with the western Kentucky coal fields.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6589","usgsCitation":"Kosanke, R.M., 1965, Plant microfossils of the Hazard No. 7 coal, Perry County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-89, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6589.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":491639,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153867,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0089/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","county":"Perry County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-89.485106,36.497692],[-89.5391,36.498201],[-89.570071,36.544387],[-89.571509,36.552569],[-89.563185,36.568749],[-89.546113,36.579989],[-89.527583,36.581147],[-89.480893,36.569771],[-89.465445,36.536163],[-89.47246,36.513741],[-89.485106,36.497692]]],[[[-82.333044,37.740969],[-82.319686,37.734404],[-82.307235,37.707669],[-82.298074,37.704143],[-82.301964,37.696223],[-82.297126,37.684228],[-82.303867,37.678392],[-82.296724,37.678071],[-82.291773,37.669143],[-82.284687,37.675277],[-82.257111,37.656749],[-82.23939,37.661465],[-82.226111,37.653092],[-82.209691,37.625103],[-82.187298,37.626935],[-82.191444,37.644378],[-82.174688,37.646529],[-82.172762,37.634008],[-82.18143,37.621842],[-82.164191,37.620192],[-82.168137,37.608495],[-82.158554,37.609546],[-82.156718,37.59279],[-82.131977,37.593537],[-82.127321,37.586667],[-82.127303,37.572681],[-82.144648,37.568315],[-82.133954,37.562245],[-82.133299,37.552996],[-82.121985,37.552763],[-82.116584,37.559588],[-82.103127,37.560097],[-82.098924,37.5533],[-82.07503,37.555824],[-82.064792,37.539021],[-82.049584,37.535222],[-82.048205,37.528972],[-82.042397,37.533916],[-82.04478,37.546713],[-82.038972,37.547926],[-82.028826,37.537667],[-82.021006,37.540526],[-82.009194,37.533243],[-81.999844,37.542579],[-81.992597,37.538323],[-81.970147,37.546504],[-81.964971,37.543026],[-82.309415,37.300066],[-82.324619,37.28318],[-82.341849,37.280886],[-82.342068,37.274109],[-82.350948,37.267077],[-82.449164,37.243908],[-82.486439,37.231204],[-82.491486,37.225086],[-82.498858,37.227044],[-82.520117,37.212906],[-82.528746,37.213742],[-82.592451,37.182847],[-82.633493,37.154264],[-82.651646,37.151908],[-82.676765,37.134965],[-82.722097,37.120168],[-82.726201,37.115882],[-82.721617,37.101276],[-82.724954,37.091905],[-82.717204,37.079544],[-82.727022,37.073019],[-82.722254,37.057948],[-82.724714,37.042758],[-82.742454,37.04298],[-82.747981,37.025214],[-82.759175,37.027333],[-82.782144,37.008242],[-82.828592,37.005707],[-82.836008,36.988837],[-82.866019,36.978272],[-82.870274,36.965993],[-82.855705,36.953808],[-82.861282,36.944848],[-82.857965,36.929529],[-82.876215,36.910218],[-82.873213,36.897263],[-82.878569,36.889585],[-82.910315,36.874055],[-82.970253,36.857686],[-82.998376,36.85663],[-83.006086,36.847889],[-83.021887,36.849989],[-83.025887,36.855289],[-83.07259,36.854589],[-83.07519,36.840889],[-83.101792,36.829089],[-83.098492,36.814289],[-83.103092,36.806689],[-83.131694,36.781488],[-83.131245,36.767105],[-83.125655,36.761407],[-83.127833,36.750828],[-83.136395,36.743088],[-83.194597,36.739487],[-83.311403,36.710287],[-83.386099,36.686589],[-83.423707,36.667385],[-83.466483,36.6647],[-83.498011,36.670485],[-83.531912,36.664984],[-83.577312,36.641784],[-83.607913,36.637083],[-83.628913,36.624083],[-83.648314,36.622683],[-83.649513,36.616683],[-83.673114,36.604682],[-83.690714,36.582581],[-84.543138,36.596277],[-84.843091,36.605127],[-85.024627,36.619354],[-85.195372,36.625498],[-85.290627,36.62645],[-85.488353,36.614994],[-85.677789,36.618157],[-86.03277,36.630367],[-86.333051,36.648778],[-86.507771,36.652445],[-86.543777,36.640536],[-86.550054,36.644817],[-86.551292,36.637985],[-86.564143,36.633472],[-86.589906,36.652486],[-87.853204,36.633247],[-87.849567,36.663701],[-88.070532,36.678118],[-88.068208,36.659747],[-88.045127,36.602939],[-88.032489,36.540662],[-88.037822,36.51385],[-88.053205,36.497129],[-89.300284,36.507147],[-89.417293,36.499033],[-89.382762,36.583603],[-89.376367,36.613868],[-89.365548,36.625059],[-89.327589,36.632194],[-89.27171,36.571387],[-89.259994,36.565149],[-89.236542,36.566824],[-89.213563,36.580119],[-89.202607,36.601576],[-89.197654,36.628936],[-89.15908,36.666352],[-89.168723,36.671892],[-89.169522,36.688878],[-89.19948,36.716045],[-89.199798,36.734217],[-89.184523,36.753638],[-89.169106,36.759473],[-89.130399,36.751702],[-89.119198,36.759802],[-89.116067,36.772423],[-89.123481,36.785258],[-89.155891,36.789126],[-89.171069,36.798119],[-89.179229,36.812915],[-89.178888,36.831368],[-89.1704,36.841522],[-89.137969,36.847349],[-89.117567,36.887356],[-89.099007,36.961389],[-89.11503,36.980335],[-89.132685,36.9822],[-89.17112,37.008072],[-89.180849,37.026843],[-89.181369,37.046305],[-89.168087,37.074218],[-89.154504,37.088907],[-89.14132,37.093865],[-89.111189,37.119052],[-89.086526,37.165602],[-89.029981,37.211144],[-89.000968,37.224401],[-88.966831,37.229891],[-88.933077,37.227749],[-88.80572,37.188595],[-88.732105,37.143956],[-88.693983,37.141155],[-88.625889,37.119458],[-88.545403,37.070003],[-88.504437,37.065265],[-88.458948,37.073796],[-88.424776,37.149901],[-88.447764,37.203527],[-88.471753,37.220155],[-88.487277,37.244077],[-88.508031,37.260261],[-88.515939,37.284043],[-88.484462,37.345609],[-88.476592,37.386875],[-88.456,37.408482],[-88.408808,37.425216],[-88.365471,37.401663],[-88.312585,37.440591],[-88.281667,37.452596],[-88.135142,37.471626],[-88.087664,37.471059],[-88.064234,37.484548],[-88.061292,37.505232],[-88.069018,37.525297],[-88.131622,37.572968],[-88.139973,37.586451],[-88.142225,37.603737],[-88.156827,37.632801],[-88.159372,37.661847],[-88.122412,37.709685],[-88.059588,37.742608],[-88.02803,37.799224],[-87.997102,37.797672],[-87.95259,37.771742],[-87.944506,37.775256],[-87.932554,37.797672],[-87.90681,37.807624],[-87.903804,37.817762],[-87.910276,37.843416],[-87.936228,37.867937],[-87.941021,37.879168],[-87.938365,37.890802],[-87.904789,37.924892],[-87.892471,37.92793],[-87.87254,37.920999],[-87.830578,37.876516],[-87.7909,37.875714],[-87.76226,37.890906],[-87.717971,37.89257],[-87.67573,37.90193],[-87.666481,37.895786],[-87.66282,37.881449],[-87.681633,37.855917],[-87.679188,37.836321],[-87.666522,37.827455],[-87.635806,37.827015],[-87.612426,37.83384],[-87.588729,37.860984],[-87.591582,37.887194],[-87.620272,37.906922],[-87.62896,37.926714],[-87.606216,37.949642],[-87.601416,37.972542],[-87.585916,37.975442],[-87.574715,37.967742],[-87.57203,37.947466],[-87.559342,37.931146],[-87.511499,37.906426],[-87.447786,37.942427],[-87.418585,37.944763],[-87.380247,37.935596],[-87.344933,37.911164],[-87.302599,37.898558],[-87.220944,37.849134],[-87.158878,37.837871],[-87.14195,37.816176],[-87.129629,37.786608],[-87.111133,37.782512],[-87.090636,37.787808],[-87.067836,37.806065],[-87.043854,37.870796],[-87.045101,37.893775],[-87.033444,37.906593],[-86.969044,37.932858],[-86.919329,37.936664],[-86.85595,37.987292],[-86.820071,37.999392],[-86.794985,37.988982],[-86.765054,37.93251],[-86.73146,37.89434],[-86.718462,37.893123],[-86.680929,37.91501],[-86.647081,37.908621],[-86.644754,37.894806],[-86.661233,37.862761],[-86.661637,37.849714],[-86.655286,37.842505],[-86.638265,37.842718],[-86.609163,37.855408],[-86.598108,37.867382],[-86.599848,37.906754],[-86.588581,37.921159],[-86.534156,37.917007],[-86.507831,37.928829],[-86.50939,37.942492],[-86.525174,37.968228],[-86.521825,38.038327],[-86.51176,38.044448],[-86.452192,38.05049],[-86.432789,38.067171],[-86.430091,38.078638],[-86.434046,38.086763],[-86.463858,38.101177],[-86.463248,38.119278],[-86.449793,38.127223],[-86.431749,38.126121],[-86.401653,38.105396],[-86.379775,38.129274],[-86.335145,38.129242],[-86.323453,38.139032],[-86.321274,38.147418],[-86.325941,38.154317],[-86.37174,38.164183],[-86.377434,38.171379],[-86.373801,38.193352],[-86.360377,38.198796],[-86.287773,38.15805],[-86.271802,38.137874],[-86.27872,38.089303],[-86.273584,38.067443],[-86.261273,38.052721],[-86.220371,38.027922],[-86.178983,38.011308],[-86.12757,38.016011],[-86.095766,38.00893],[-86.075393,37.996948],[-86.053912,37.963571],[-86.038188,37.95935],[-86.029509,37.99264],[-85.951467,38.005608],[-85.925418,38.023456],[-85.906163,38.08617],[-85.908764,38.161169],[-85.894764,38.188469],[-85.845464,38.23027],[-85.829364,38.276769],[-85.780963,38.288469],[-85.761062,38.27257],[-85.744862,38.26717],[-85.683561,38.295469],[-85.653641,38.327108],[-85.638777,38.361443],[-85.632937,38.395666],[-85.607629,38.439295],[-85.587758,38.450495],[-85.536542,38.456083],[-85.498866,38.468242],[-85.474354,38.504074],[-85.423077,38.531581],[-85.4156,38.546341],[-85.415821,38.563558],[-85.437446,38.601724],[-85.438742,38.659319],[-85.456978,38.689135],[-85.452114,38.709348],[-85.434065,38.729455],[-85.410925,38.73708],[-85.363827,38.730477],[-85.306049,38.741649],[-85.275454,38.741172],[-85.246505,38.731821],[-85.213257,38.695446],[-85.172528,38.688082],[-85.13868,38.699168],[-85.103313,38.725323],[-84.990006,38.778383],[-84.941071,38.775627],[-84.887919,38.794652],[-84.814641,38.784488],[-84.813939,38.800209],[-84.829958,38.830632],[-84.791002,38.860572],[-84.785234,38.880439],[-84.812746,38.895132],[-84.867778,38.899133],[-84.877029,38.909016],[-84.877762,38.920357],[-84.83516,38.957961],[-84.829857,38.969385],[-84.83712,38.988059],[-84.889065,39.04082],[-84.897364,39.057378],[-84.831197,39.10192],[-84.78768,39.115297],[-84.766749,39.138558],[-84.750749,39.147358],[-84.718548,39.137059],[-84.684847,39.100459],[-84.657246,39.09546],[-84.632446,39.07676],[-84.620112,39.073457],[-84.572144,39.08206],[-84.550844,39.09936],[-84.524644,39.09216],[-84.510076,39.093606],[-84.470542,39.12146],[-84.449793,39.117754],[-84.435541,39.102261],[-84.427913,39.054962],[-84.406941,39.045662],[-84.346039,39.036963],[-84.326539,39.027463],[-84.304698,39.006455],[-84.288164,38.955789],[-84.234453,38.893226],[-84.231306,38.830552],[-84.212904,38.805707],[-84.071491,38.770475],[-84.044486,38.770572],[-83.962123,38.787384],[-83.917217,38.769665],[-83.873168,38.762418],[-83.852085,38.751433],[-83.836696,38.717857],[-83.787113,38.699489],[-83.769347,38.65522],[-83.720779,38.646704],[-83.679484,38.630036],[-83.663911,38.62793],[-83.649737,38.632753],[-83.637377,38.66793],[-83.626922,38.679387],[-83.520953,38.703045],[-83.493342,38.694187],[-83.468059,38.67547],[-83.384755,38.663171],[-83.356445,38.654009],[-83.327636,38.637489],[-83.319101,38.612233],[-83.307832,38.600824],[-83.294193,38.596588],[-83.264011,38.621535],[-83.245572,38.627936],[-83.202453,38.616956],[-83.142836,38.625076],[-83.112372,38.671685],[-83.053104,38.695831],[-83.027917,38.727143],[-82.979395,38.725976],[-82.923694,38.750076],[-82.894193,38.756576],[-82.879492,38.751476],[-82.869892,38.728177],[-82.877592,38.690177],[-82.859391,38.660378],[-82.854291,38.613454],[-82.844306,38.590862],[-82.820161,38.572703],[-82.789776,38.559951],[-82.724846,38.5576],[-82.696621,38.542112],[-82.657051,38.496816],[-82.608202,38.468049],[-82.593673,38.421809],[-82.599737,38.39037],[-82.593008,38.375082],[-82.597979,38.344909],[-82.576936,38.328275],[-82.572691,38.318801],[-82.583056,38.296829],[-82.574656,38.263873],[-82.581796,38.248592],[-82.60423,38.247303],[-82.61226,38.236087],[-82.608944,38.22366],[-82.600353,38.218949],[-82.599326,38.197231],[-82.611343,38.171548],[-82.642997,38.16956],[-82.637306,38.13905],[-82.622125,38.133414],[-82.621164,38.123239],[-82.606589,38.120843],[-82.587782,38.108879],[-82.584039,38.090663],[-82.551259,38.070799],[-82.517351,38.001204],[-82.48978,37.998869],[-82.483871,37.984505],[-82.464257,37.983412],[-82.46938,37.973059],[-82.483836,37.971566],[-82.484758,37.965752],[-82.472669,37.960721],[-82.475096,37.954906],[-82.48512,37.946044],[-82.495294,37.946612],[-82.491182,37.93581],[-82.501948,37.934756],[-82.49814,37.9283],[-82.480338,37.925836],[-82.487616,37.919905],[-82.475534,37.911945],[-82.474574,37.900295],[-82.469058,37.90222],[-82.464297,37.915038],[-82.421484,37.885652],[-82.417679,37.870658],[-82.409799,37.865392],[-82.422127,37.863952],[-82.423513,37.860313],[-82.414651,37.85626],[-82.420484,37.847496],[-82.39968,37.829935],[-82.39871,37.808785],[-82.385259,37.81741],[-82.377393,37.803009],[-82.340455,37.786058],[-82.335981,37.7745],[-82.323004,37.773907],[-82.333816,37.765391],[-82.331162,37.763125],[-82.312824,37.765027],[-82.310893,37.762005],[-82.333044,37.740969]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kentucky\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68503a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kosanke, Robert M.","contributorId":29811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosanke","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6042,"text":"pp478 - 1965 - Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12748,"text":"ofr5426 - 1954 - Geologic map of the Wallace and vicinity quadrangle, Shoshone County, Idaho","indexId":"ofr5426","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Wallace and vicinity quadrangle, Shoshone County, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6042,"text":"pp478 - 1965 - Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho","indexId":"pp478","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":46653,"text":"ofr5329 - 1953 - Geologic map of the Smelterville and vicinity quadrangle, Idaho","indexId":"ofr5329","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Smelterville and vicinity quadrangle, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6042,"text":"pp478 - 1965 - Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho","indexId":"pp478","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":47270,"text":"ofr52162 - 1952 - Geologic map of the Pottsville quadrangle, northern Idaho","indexId":"ofr52162","publicationYear":"1952","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Pottsville quadrangle, northern Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6042,"text":"pp478 - 1965 - Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho","indexId":"pp478","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":51221,"text":"ofr5330 - 1953 - Geologic map of the Kellogg and vicinity quadrangle, Shoshone County, Idaho","indexId":"ofr5330","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Kellogg and vicinity quadrangle, Shoshone County, Idaho"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6042,"text":"pp478 - 1965 - Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho","indexId":"pp478","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho"},"id":4}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-22T18:29:49.053294","indexId":"pp478","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"478","title":"Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Coeur d'Alene district, near the base of the northern panhandle of Idaho, is one of the world's larger lead- zinc and silver-producing areas. The greater part of the dis~rict i~ included within five map areas, from east to west the Pottsville, Mullan, Wallace, Kellogg, and Smelterville, which were geologically mapped during this study. These quadrangles encompass an area about 26 miles long in an east-west direction and about 9 miles wide. The district lies wholly within the Coeur d'Alene Mountains, the part of the Bitterroot Range that is drained by the Coeur d'Alene River. The Bitterroot Range is a rugged, deeply dissected mountain mass which extends on both sides of the Idaho-Montana boundary for more than 200 miles and is a part of the Northern Rocky Mountains; within the district the range has a relief of 3,000-4,000 feet. The westward-flowing South Fork of the Coeur d'Alene River bisects the district, and roads along this river and its major tributaries generally provide easy access to the communities and many mines.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp478","usgsCitation":"Hobbs, S., Griggs, A., Wallace, R.E., and Campbell, A., 1965, Geology of the Coeur d'Alene district, Shoshone County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 478, Report: v, 139 p.; 10 Plates: 45.04 x 36.56 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp478.","productDescription":"Report: v, 139 p.; 10 Plates: 45.04 x 36.56 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"145","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112695,"rank":12,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":495859,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4483.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":140260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":330374,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330373,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330372,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330371,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330370,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330369,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330368,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330367,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330366,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":330365,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0478/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Shoshone County","otherGeospatial":"Coeur d'Alene District","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-116.324,47.889],[-116.322,48.0176],[-116.32,48.0204],[-116.311,48.032],[-116.301,48.0363],[-116.296,48.0391],[-116.293,48.0433],[-116.288,48.0489],[-116.284,48.0517],[-116.277,48.0555],[-116.262,48.0631],[-116.241,48.0679],[-116.233,48.068],[-116.226,48.0649],[-116.216,48.0586],[-116.205,48.0486],[-116.198,48.0408],[-116.185,48.0368],[-116.178,48.0337],[-116.162,48.0251],[-116.147,48.0262],[-116.135,48.0259],[-116.127,48.032],[-116.119,48.0316],[-116.107,48.0281],[-116.103,48.0221],[-116.1,48.0162],[-116.074,47.9939],[-116.064,47.9889],[-116.056,47.978],[-116.052,47.9748],[-116.047,47.973],[-116.045,47.9714],[-116.043,47.9705],[-116.041,47.9696],[-116.033,47.9673],[-116.027,47.9668],[-116.022,47.965],[-116.022,47.9645],[-116.021,47.9639],[-116.017,47.96],[-116.011,47.9536],[-116.008,47.9487],[-116.008,47.9476],[-116.001,47.9375],[-116,47.9362],[-115.995,47.9275],[-115.991,47.9245],[-115.984,47.9182],[-115.982,47.9168],[-115.981,47.9163],[-115.977,47.9148],[-115.976,47.9143],[-115.966,47.9078],[-115.965,47.9072],[-115.964,47.9045],[-115.961,47.8969],[-115.957,47.8936],[-115.949,47.8882],[-115.942,47.8837],[-115.937,47.8782],[-115.926,47.8657],[-115.919,47.8587],[-115.914,47.8533],[-115.909,47.851],[-115.908,47.8498],[-115.904,47.8475],[-115.903,47.8468],[-115.902,47.845],[-115.9,47.8425],[-115.898,47.8427],[-115.896,47.8434],[-115.894,47.8443],[-115.89,47.8464],[-115.889,47.8468],[-115.883,47.8474],[-115.879,47.8449],[-115.878,47.8428],[-115.876,47.8402],[-115.874,47.8362],[-115.868,47.8333],[-115.85,47.8209],[-115.848,47.8154],[-115.848,47.8148],[-115.848,47.8108],[-115.848,47.8044],[-115.848,47.8015],[-115.848,47.7988],[-115.848,47.7936],[-115.848,47.7864],[-115.846,47.7823],[-115.844,47.7785],[-115.843,47.7779],[-115.838,47.7719],[-115.836,47.7675],[-115.836,47.7651],[-115.835,47.7615],[-115.833,47.7565],[-115.833,47.7547],[-115.831,47.7523],[-115.828,47.7508],[-115.823,47.7521],[-115.819,47.7548],[-115.814,47.7554],[-115.806,47.7563],[-115.799,47.7553],[-115.787,47.7478],[-115.785,47.7463],[-115.783,47.7432],[-115.784,47.7394],[-115.785,47.7338],[-115.785,47.7326],[-115.783,47.7249],[-115.782,47.7245],[-115.775,47.7179],[-115.771,47.7163],[-115.77,47.7163],[-115.764,47.7165],[-115.755,47.7158],[-115.753,47.7149],[-115.744,47.7119],[-115.743,47.7115],[-115.733,47.7063],[-115.729,47.7028],[-115.725,47.7],[-115.724,47.6963],[-115.724,47.6883],[-115.724,47.6866],[-115.725,47.6828],[-115.726,47.678],[-115.727,47.6763],[-115.729,47.6702],[-115.732,47.6654],[-115.733,47.662],[-115.734,47.6597],[-115.734,47.658],[-115.733,47.6558],[-115.732,47.6491],[-115.731,47.647],[-115.728,47.6425],[-115.722,47.6395],[-115.719,47.6378],[-115.716,47.6369],[-115.701,47.6307],[-115.697,47.6269],[-115.697,47.626],[-115.696,47.6234],[-115.696,47.6154],[-115.696,47.6143],[-115.696,47.6119],[-115.696,47.6101],[-115.695,47.6065],[-115.695,47.6051],[-115.693,47.6035],[-115.692,47.6019],[-115.691,47.6008],[-115.691,47.5988],[-115.69,47.5956],[-115.69,47.5926],[-115.693,47.5916],[-115.695,47.5911],[-115.697,47.5905],[-115.703,47.587],[-115.704,47.5844],[-115.705,47.5821],[-115.71,47.5805],[-115.713,47.5796],[-115.715,47.5792],[-115.716,47.5788],[-115.721,47.5756],[-115.723,47.5723],[-115.725,47.5715],[-115.725,47.5709],[-115.729,47.5699],[-115.73,47.5696],[-115.733,47.5683],[-115.736,47.5667],[-115.737,47.5661],[-115.744,47.5608],[-115.749,47.557],[-115.75,47.5561],[-115.752,47.5539],[-115.754,47.5494],[-115.754,47.5488],[-115.754,47.5453],[-115.75,47.5413],[-115.748,47.5407],[-115.743,47.5395],[-115.736,47.5377],[-115.734,47.5368],[-115.731,47.536],[-115.726,47.5339],[-115.721,47.5336],[-115.719,47.5335],[-115.711,47.534],[-115.706,47.534],[-115.701,47.5322],[-115.7,47.5298],[-115.702,47.5276],[-115.705,47.5249],[-115.709,47.5218],[-115.709,47.521],[-115.709,47.5174],[-115.709,47.5163],[-115.706,47.5122],[-115.705,47.5104],[-115.703,47.5088],[-115.7,47.5058],[-115.698,47.5046],[-115.697,47.5034],[-115.695,47.5015],[-115.694,47.5002],[-115.691,47.4965],[-115.691,47.4955],[-115.69,47.4897],[-115.69,47.4875],[-115.689,47.487],[-115.684,47.4848],[-115.682,47.4848],[-115.679,47.4852],[-115.668,47.4877],[-115.666,47.4866],[-115.663,47.4834],[-115.66,47.4795],[-115.659,47.479],[-115.658,47.4777],[-115.656,47.4774],[-115.655,47.4774],[-115.652,47.4773],[-115.641,47.478],[-115.637,47.4785],[-115.635,47.4774],[-115.635,47.4746],[-115.635,47.474],[-115.639,47.4659],[-115.644,47.4606],[-115.645,47.4591],[-115.646,47.4588],[-115.652,47.4567],[-115.659,47.4549],[-115.661,47.4542],[-115.665,47.4538],[-115.669,47.4534],[-115.677,47.455],[-115.682,47.4558],[-115.684,47.4561],[-115.691,47.456],[-115.705,47.4545],[-115.719,47.4518],[-115.72,47.4512],[-115.729,47.4477],[-115.732,47.4464],[-115.741,47.442],[-115.747,47.4394],[-115.752,47.4367],[-115.754,47.435],[-115.76,47.4256],[-115.758,47.4233],[-115.757,47.4231],[-115.752,47.4223],[-115.75,47.4222],[-115.744,47.423],[-115.74,47.4236],[-115.735,47.4247],[-115.733,47.425],[-115.73,47.4253],[-115.725,47.4258],[-115.72,47.4222],[-115.718,47.4202],[-115.714,47.4168],[-115.713,47.4168],[-115.708,47.4171],[-115.708,47.4172],[-115.698,47.4163],[-115.695,47.4153],[-115.692,47.4142],[-115.684,47.4113],[-115.682,47.4094],[-115.68,47.4077],[-115.678,47.4063],[-115.671,47.4037],[-115.667,47.4021],[-115.662,47.4001],[-115.657,47.3966],[-115.654,47.3921],[-115.653,47.3883],[-115.649,47.383],[-115.648,47.3827],[-115.647,47.3829],[-115.643,47.3833],[-115.632,47.3846],[-115.623,47.3835],[-115.619,47.3829],[-115.616,47.382],[-115.613,47.3811],[-115.609,47.3799],[-115.604,47.3787],[-115.603,47.378],[-115.596,47.3742],[-115.589,47.3689],[-115.586,47.3667],[-115.585,47.3659],[-115.581,47.3622],[-115.579,47.359],[-115.577,47.3567],[-115.574,47.3557],[-115.573,47.3555],[-115.57,47.3542],[-115.566,47.3529],[-115.561,47.3514],[-115.554,47.3468],[-115.554,47.3459],[-115.55,47.3382],[-115.549,47.3363],[-115.545,47.3293],[-115.545,47.328],[-115.538,47.319],[-115.537,47.318],[-115.531,47.3105],[-115.53,47.3093],[-115.527,47.3044],[-115.525,47.3026],[-115.521,47.2992],[-115.515,47.2944],[-115.51,47.2905],[-115.503,47.2873],[-115.502,47.2871],[-115.491,47.2848],[-115.485,47.2834],[-115.483,47.2834],[-115.478,47.2835],[-115.477,47.2835],[-115.471,47.2836],[-115.469,47.2837],[-115.468,47.2833],[-115.464,47.282],[-115.463,47.2812],[-115.462,47.2807],[-115.458,47.2785],[-115.456,47.2772],[-115.453,47.2769],[-115.448,47.2763],[-115.443,47.2771],[-115.44,47.2775],[-115.439,47.2781],[-115.432,47.2801],[-115.431,47.2802],[-115.427,47.2801],[-115.425,47.2798],[-115.421,47.2756],[-115.421,47.275],[-115.419,47.2723],[-115.413,47.2671],[-115.412,47.2667],[-115.408,47.2653],[-115.405,47.265],[-115.401,47.2648],[-115.4,47.2648],[-115.394,47.266],[-115.391,47.2666],[-115.386,47.2673],[-115.385,47.2674],[-115.379,47.2669],[-115.377,47.2666],[-115.375,47.2658],[-115.372,47.2648],[-115.363,47.2622],[-115.358,47.2618],[-115.355,47.2617],[-115.352,47.2617],[-115.345,47.2626],[-115.343,47.2625],[-115.338,47.262],[-115.332,47.2612],[-115.331,47.261],[-115.326,47.26],[-115.32,47.2581],[-115.319,47.2555],[-115.319,47.2535],[-115.32,47.2528],[-115.322,47.249],[-115.322,47.2446],[-115.321,47.2431],[-115.319,47.2387],[-115.318,47.2379],[-115.31,47.2313],[-115.31,47.231],[-115.3,47.227],[-115.297,47.2248],[-115.296,47.2243],[-115.293,47.2206],[-115.292,47.2163],[-115.292,47.2148],[-115.292,47.2118],[-115.292,47.2107],[-115.293,47.2093],[-115.293,47.2068],[-115.295,47.2039],[-115.299,47.2001],[-115.3,47.198],[-115.301,47.1941],[-115.299,47.1918],[-115.296,47.1886],[-115.29,47.1864],[-115.288,47.186],[-115.285,47.1856],[-115.279,47.1846],[-115.271,47.1834],[-115.27,47.1833],[-115.261,47.1799],[-115.26,47.1794],[-115.257,47.1748],[-115.257,47.1741],[-115.257,47.1716],[-115.256,47.167],[-115.256,47.1654],[-115.256,47.1639],[-115.254,47.162],[-115.252,47.16],[-115.251,47.1588],[-115.248,47.1572],[-115.239,47.1535],[-115.236,47.1531],[-115.226,47.1519],[-115.226,47.1515],[-115.219,47.1478],[-115.216,47.1463],[-115.214,47.1455],[-115.211,47.1441],[-115.209,47.1429],[-115.195,47.1366],[-115.192,47.1345],[-115.189,47.1319],[-115.184,47.128],[-115.184,47.1276],[-115.177,47.1187],[-115.175,47.1159],[-115.174,47.1151],[-115.168,47.1075],[-115.167,47.1066],[-115.163,47.1057],[-115.156,47.1043],[-115.155,47.1043],[-115.151,47.1039],[-115.148,47.1035],[-115.141,47.1019],[-115.14,47.1013],[-115.139,47.0996],[-115.14,47.0954],[-115.14,47.0947],[-115.142,47.0894],[-115.141,47.0846],[-115.14,47.0825],[-115.139,47.0812],[-115.137,47.0787],[-115.133,47.0739],[-115.132,47.0725],[-115.126,47.0666],[-115.119,47.0609],[-115.116,47.0588],[-115.109,47.0533],[-115.109,47.0531],[-115.1,47.0485],[-115.099,47.0483],[-115.093,47.0466],[-115.088,47.0455],[-115.084,47.0439],[-115.082,47.0417],[-115.08,47.0395],[-115.08,47.0349],[-115.078,47.0311],[-115.078,47.0304],[-115.073,47.0266],[-115.071,47.0247],[-115.07,47.017],[-115.07,47.0134],[-115.069,47.0091],[-115.068,47.0056],[-115.067,47.0052],[-115.066,47.0014],[-115.065,46.9974],[-115.065,46.9937],[-115.062,46.9897],[-115.057,46.986],[-115.054,46.9833],[-115.052,46.9817],[-115.052,46.9808],[-115.051,46.9777],[-115.051,46.9754],[-115.05,46.9715],[-115.047,46.97],[-115.043,46.9701],[-115.039,46.9703],[-115.037,46.9704],[-115.03,46.9723],[-115.025,46.9745],[-115.023,46.9748],[-115.019,46.9754],[-115.015,46.9752],[-115.01,46.9739],[-115.007,46.9726],[-114.998,46.9666],[-114.997,46.9655],[-114.989,46.9571],[-114.987,46.9532],[-114.986,46.9506],[-114.984,46.9488],[-114.981,46.9465],[-114.98,46.9459],[-114.978,46.9445],[-114.975,46.9426],[-114.97,46.9391],[-114.969,46.9388],[-114.963,46.9374],[-114.96,46.9332],[-115.049,46.9331],[-115.069,46.933],[-115.132,46.9328],[-115.259,46.9321],[-115.386,46.9314],[-115.6,46.9307],[-115.72,46.9311],[-115.764,46.9311],[-115.785,46.9314],[-115.807,46.9312],[-115.849,46.9313],[-115.871,46.9315],[-115.934,46.9313],[-116.016,46.9323],[-116.12,46.9329],[-116.14,46.9327],[-116.328,46.9326],[-116.327,46.9478],[-116.326,46.9625],[-116.326,46.9772],[-116.327,46.9919],[-116.326,47.007],[-116.327,47.0231],[-116.325,47.1081],[-116.325,47.1356],[-116.325,47.1503],[-116.325,47.1802],[-116.325,47.1944],[-116.325,47.2101],[-116.325,47.2394],[-116.325,47.2537],[-116.325,47.2684],[-116.325,47.2978],[-116.326,47.313],[-116.326,47.3199],[-116.325,47.3277],[-116.325,47.3424],[-116.325,47.3571],[-116.324,47.37],[-116.324,47.3838],[-116.325,47.3985],[-116.325,47.4137],[-116.325,47.4284],[-116.324,47.4422],[-116.324,47.4555],[-116.324,47.485],[-116.324,47.4997],[-116.324,47.5149],[-116.322,47.5857],[-116.324,47.889]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Shoshone\",\"state\":\"ID\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6830fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hobbs, S. Warren","contributorId":36420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"S. Warren","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griggs, Allan B.","contributorId":21929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griggs","given":"Allan B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, Robert E.","contributorId":15570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Campbell, Arthur B.","contributorId":29035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Arthur B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1488,"text":"wsp1641 - 1965 - Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1959, Parts 1 & 2, North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:14","indexId":"wsp1641","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1641","title":"Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1959, Parts 1 & 2, North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico Basins","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1641","usgsCitation":"Love, S.K., 1965, Quality of surface waters of the United States, 1959, Parts 1 & 2, North Atlantic slope basins and South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1641, xi, 460 p. :map ; 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1641.","productDescription":"xi, 460 p. :map ; 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":136924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1641/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26556,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1641/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651b64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, S. K.","contributorId":27419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1196,"text":"wsp1759D - 1965 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52312,"text":"ofr6320 - 1963 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the Central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ofr6320","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the Central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1196,"text":"wsp1759D - 1965 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"wsp1759D","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T12:35:10","indexId":"wsp1759D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1759","chapter":"D","title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Additional supplies of water are available near the municipalities on the central Mesabi Iron Range. Ground water presents the greatest potential yield, and most of the productive aquifers are in the Biwabik Iron-Formation and the stratified glacial drift. /k single body of ice-contact stratified drift underlies parts of all but one of the five municipality areas mapped. Surface-water supplies are generally inadequate. The Two River system in the eastern part of the area of this report offers some possibilities. Flow data from one discharge station and one miscellaneous gaging site are presented.
\nAnalyses of water from many sources are presented as are data from many wells and test holes. Ground water commonly has a concentration of high iron and manganese and is hard. Surface water generally has a high concentration of iron and is colored.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp1759D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation","usgsCitation":"Cotter, R.D., Young, H.L., Petri, L.R., and Prior, C.H., 1965, Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1759, Document: iv, 20 p.; Plate: 28.5 x 29.5 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1759D.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 20 p.; Plate: 28.5 x 29.5 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26066,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759d/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26067,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.925,\n 47.516667\n ],\n [\n -92.925,\n 47.452778\n ],\n [\n -92.833333,\n 47.452778\n ],\n [\n -92.833333,\n 47.425\n ],\n [\n -92.741667,\n 47.425\n ],\n [\n -92.741667,\n 47.46\n ],\n [\n -92.675,\n 47.46\n ],\n [\n -92.675,\n 47.383333\n ],\n [\n -92.583333,\n 47.383333\n ],\n [\n -92.583333,\n 47.566667\n ],\n [\n -92.675,\n 47.566667\n ],\n [\n -92.675,\n 47.53\n ],\n [\n -92.741667,\n 47.53\n ],\n [\n -92.741667,\n 47.516667\n ],\n [\n -92.925,\n 47.516667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6025b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotter, R. D.","contributorId":89874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":143346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, H. L.","contributorId":23922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petri, L. R.","contributorId":48944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petri","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prior, C. H.","contributorId":57827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prior","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":15753,"text":"ofr65141 - 1965 - Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15753,"text":"ofr65141 - 1965 - Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr65141","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6313,"text":"pp897 - 1977 - Geology of the western Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"pp897","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the western Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":15754,"text":"ofr59106 - 1959 - Preliminary report on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in part of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr59106","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary report on sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in part of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":15753,"text":"ofr65141 - 1965 - Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"ofr65141","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"id":2}],"supersededBy":{"id":6313,"text":"pp897 - 1977 - Geology of the western Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","indexId":"pp897","publicationYear":"1977","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the western Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-25T18:59:14.568941","indexId":"ofr65141","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-141","title":"Geology of the Romanzof Mountains, Brooks Range, northeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"This remote 700 square mile area in the Brooks Range is topographically rugged and geologically diverse; it contains a granitic pluton, low-grade metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and mafic igneous rocks, as well as glacial features.
Rocks of sedimentary origin include from oldest to youngest:
1.Neruokpuk Formation Middle and Upper Devonian(?), more than 4000 feet thick, a variety of units which represent the greenschist facies, including quartzitic- and schistose-feldspathic graywacke; phyllite, argillite, and slate, as well as dark limestone, sandy limestone, and silicified carbonate rocks. The succession of units in parts of the area is uncertain. Correlations between these units and with others in the eastern Brooks Range are provisional.
2.Kekiktuk Conglomerate and Kayak(?) Shale (Upper Devonian(?) to Upper Mississippian), a single map unit, from absent(?) to 400+ feet thick, containing dark shale Kayak(?) in its uppermost part and quartzite, interbedded dark shale, and some pebble- to boulder-conglomerate in the locally absent lower part (Kekiktuk). The unit overlies the Neruokpuk with angular unconformity, which may reflect either a pre-Kayak(?) or pre-Kekiktuk hiatus or both.
3.Lisburne Group, almost entirely carbonate rocks, and relatively thin in this area, 600 to 800 feet thick. Alapah Limestone (Upper Mississippian), to 560 feet thick, includes gray sandy, crystalline, and cherty limestone; minor dark shale; and dark cherty carbonate rocks in the upper part. The lower contact is gradational with the Kayak(?). Wahoo(?) Limestone (Pennsylvanian(?) to Permian) conformably overlies the Alapah, is absent to 200+ feet thick, and is characterized by light-gray crinoidal limestones in its upper part.
4. Sadlerochit Formation, consisting of three intraconformable units: ferruginous sandstone member (Permian) of ironstained orthoquartzite and dark slate, 175 to 240 feet thick which unconformably overlies the Wahoo(?) and Alapah Limestones; shale member of dark shale, slate, and minor quartzite averaging 400 feet in thickness; and quartzite member (Lower(?) Triassic), 700 feet thick, mostly orthoquartzite with minor shale and conglomerate. The basal clastics were probably shed from the north.
5.Shublik Formation (Middle(?) and Upper Triassic), 600 to 700 feet thick, with the thin phosphatic sandstone member overlain by dark phosphatic limestones and limy shales of the limestone member.
6.Kingak Formation (Jurassic), more than 1000 feet thick. The siltstone member, resistant sandstone and siltstone 75 to 150 feet thick, is overlain by an undetermined thickness of black shale. The basal part contrasts sharply with the underlying Shublik, indicating possible disconformity.
7.Ignek(?) Formation (Cretaceous), represented in the foothills where lithic graywacke, shale, and coaly shale constitute the few exposures examined.
8.Glacial and glaciofluvial materials of five advances recognized on the basis of morphology and position, which are tentatively correlated with five glaciations 15 miles west of the area.
9. Recent alluvial and colluvial deposits including fans which appear to represent at least three stages of encroachment.
The Ramanzof granite, exposed in the Okpilak batholith and Jago stock, is mostly light-gray quartz monzonite to granite, and contains essential quartz, perthitic microcline, albite-oligoclase, and partly chloritized biotite. Limited modal and chemical data are presented. Three textural facies are: 1) porphyritic (marginal), with abundant large microcline megacrysts; 2) variable (middle to marginal), which exhibits textural and mineralogical banding; and 3) coarse (inner to marginal), which is gneissoid to equigranular. Facies relationships appear to be mostly gradational but may be locally intrusive. Some schistose metasedimentary(?) rock occurs in the granite. Aplite dikes, inclusions, tourmaline veins and replacements, and chlorite and quartz veins are locally common, as well as quartz monzonite and mafic igneous dikes. Contacts with Neruokpuk Formation rocks are mostly abrupt, concordant to cross-cutting, and locally adjoin tactite and hornfels of the albite-epidote-hornfels and hornblende-hornfels facies. Contacts with Kekiktuk Conglomerate are apparently gradational through a schistoze zone. Both primary and secondary structural elements are present in the Romanzof in granite. Textural and mineralogical banding and, in general, feldspar foliation are considered to be primary in origin; biotite foliation, gneissic and schistose foliation, and schistose zones are considered secondary. Lead-alpha age of zircons appears to be Late Devonian, K-Ar age of biotite is Cretaceous, possibly indicating updating by later reheating. Field age relationships are inconclusive but suggest pre-Kayak(?) (Upper Devonian) granite emplacement. The pluton is interpreted to be essentially the product of melt crystallization, synorogenically emplaced by forceful injection with minor stoping, and may include marginally granitized rock.
Mafic igneous rocks of altered basaltic composition (greenstones) include dikes in granitic and Neruokpuk Formation rocks, and volcanics(?). A late Paleozoic age is suggested for them.
Structural grain strikes east-northeast; south-dipping elements are common. Structures include the major positive nature of the area (first order), relatively broad folds (second order) which contain small tight folds (third order). Related south-dipping cleavage, schistosity, and biotite foliation in granite in the northern part of the area are cut by prominent sets of transverse joints and faults. Other features are longitudinal normal and reverse faults, at least one large-scale overthrust fault, and sheared zones in granite with possible attendant retrograde metamorphism.
Although Mesozoic and Tertiary deformational features are dominant in northern Alaska, the Romanzof area may have been part of a Late Devonian orogenic belt continuous with one in northern Canada. Three alternate trends of such a belt in northern Alaska are discussed, but evidence is inconclusive.
The mineral potential of the area is largely unknown. Minor amounts of metallic sulfides and oxides are present in granite and Neruokpuk Formation rocks. Analyses of stream silt samples suggest the possibility of tin and beryllium potential. The Shublik Formation contains rock phosphate.
This report describes the most outstanding floods in the United States during 1960. No major floods occurred during the year, although two floods caused severe damage the first in March and April in eastern Nebraska and adjacent areas, and the second in September in Puerto Rico.
Unseasonal rains in mid-March caused extensive flooding in north-central Florida. Several thousand persons were evacuated from their homes, and damage to homes, roads, and crops was extensive.
The most widespread flooding ever known in Nebraska occurred late in March and early in April as a result of rapid melting of a heavy snow cover. Most of the flood damage, estimated at about $3 million, was to roads and bridges. The flood area extended into South Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Wisconsin.
Snowmelt in April supplemented by rains and later heavy rains in early May caused severe flooding in northern Wisconsin and in Michigan Upper Peninsula.
The most destructive flood of the year was in eastern Puerto Rico as the result of hurricane Donna. More than one hundred persons died, and considerably more than one hundred persons were injured; property damage was f.bout $7 million. Hurricane Donna also caused severe flooding as it passed over Florida and along the Atlantic coastline.
In addition to these floods mentioned, 31 others of lesser magnitude were significant enough to report in this annual summary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1790B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies","usgsCitation":"Rostvedt, J., 1965, Summary of floods in the United States during 1960: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1790, vi, 147 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1790B.","productDescription":"vi, 147 p.","numberOfPages":"150","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1790b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1790b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostvedt, J.O.","contributorId":24757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostvedt","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1197,"text":"wsp1759E - 1965 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the east-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52313,"text":"ofr6321 - 1963 - Water resources in the vicinity of muncipalities on the East-Central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"ofr6321","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources in the vicinity of muncipalities on the East-Central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1197,"text":"wsp1759E - 1965 - Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the east-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","indexId":"wsp1759E","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the east-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T12:34:53","indexId":"wsp1759E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1759","chapter":"E","title":"Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the east-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Additional supplies of water are available near the municipalities on the east-central Mesabi Iron Range. Both ground water and surface water offer good potential supplies. For the ground-water supplies, the most productive aquifers are the Biwabik Iron Formation and the stratified glacial drift. Surface-water supplies are variable. Streams in the western part of the report area are too small to yield supplies of importance, but lakes are a good potential supply. Eveleth and Gilbert are the only towns presently utilizing this source. In the eastern part of the area of this report, the Pike and Embarrass Rivers offer good potential supplies. Flow records from two gaging stations are presented as are data from many wells and test holes. Surface water generally has a high concentration of iron and is colored. Most ground water has a high concentration of iron and manganese and is hard. Analyses of water from many sources are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Publishing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp1759E","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation","usgsCitation":"Cotter, R.D., Young, H.L., Petri, L.R., and Prior, C.H., 1965, Water resources in the vicinity of municipalities on the east-central Mesabi Iron Range, northeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1759, Document: iv, 23 p.; Plate: 28.00 x 27.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1759E.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 23 p.; Plate: 28.00 x 27.25 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26068,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26069,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1759e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.6,\n 47.583333\n ],\n [\n -92.6,\n 47.491667\n ],\n [\n -92.583333,\n 47.491667\n ],\n [\n -92.583333,\n 47.391667\n ],\n [\n -92.491667,\n 47.391667\n ],\n [\n -92.491667,\n 47.441667\n ],\n [\n -92.375,\n 47.441667\n ],\n [\n -92.375,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -92.3,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -92.3,\n 47.558333\n ],\n [\n -92.458333,\n 47.558333\n ],\n [\n -92.458333,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -92.491667,\n 47.5\n ],\n [\n -92.491667,\n 47.491667\n ],\n [\n -92.508333,\n 47.491667\n ],\n [\n -92.508333,\n 47.583333\n ],\n [\n -92.6,\n 47.583333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotter, R. D.","contributorId":89874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":143350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, H. L.","contributorId":23922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petri, L. R.","contributorId":48944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petri","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prior, C. H.","contributorId":57827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prior","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2626,"text":"wsp1810 - 1965 - Summary of floods in the United States during 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T16:28:04","indexId":"wsp1810","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1810","title":"Summary of floods in the United States during 1961","docAbstract":"This report describes the most outstanding floods in the United States during 1961. The most damaging floods during the year were those caused by snowmelt in March and April in the upper Mississippi River basin and those accompanying Hurricane Carla in September.
Hurricane Carla traveled northward along the east edge of Texas and then northeastward through southeastern Oklahoma, northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Missouri, and central Illinois. Heavy rains and floods occurred east of the hurricane's path in Texas and west of its path for the remainder of its journey.
Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia had moderate to severe floods in February and March from a series of large-area rainstorms. Many maximum peak discharges occurred, and streams remained at high stages for periods longer than any known before. Property damage was high and four lives were lost.
Extensive flooding took place in May from southeastern Kansas and northeastern Oklahoma through northern Arkansas, southern Missouri, northern Kentucky, and the southern parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Maximum discharges occurred at many sites throughout the area.
Heavy flooding was experienced on Kootenai River at Bonners Ferry, Idaho, in May and June. These floods were noteworthy for their duration.
The most tragic flood of the year was in July in Charleston, W. Va. A small area cloudburst flood caused 22 deaths and damage of more than \\$1 million.
Severe flooding occurred in December in the Tombigbee River, Pearl River, and Pascagoula River basins in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama. Much damage resulted, and from two to three thousand persons were evacuated from large flooded areas.
In addition to the floods mentioned above, 19 others of lesser magnitude are considered important enough to be included in this annual summary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1810","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Federal, State, and local agencies","usgsCitation":"Rostvedt, J., 1965, Summary of floods in the United States during 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1810, vi, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1810.","productDescription":"vi, 123 p.","numberOfPages":"128","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28943,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1810/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1810/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699281","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostvedt, J.O.","contributorId":24757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostvedt","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2330,"text":"wsp1809F - 1965 - Geology and hydrology of the Claiborne Group in western Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp1809F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1809","chapter":"F","title":"Geology and hydrology of the Claiborne Group in western Tennessee","docAbstract":"The area of western Tennessee underlain by the Claiborne Group is about 7,200 square miles and lies on the east flank of the syncline that forms the Mississippi embayment. It includes the Mississippi Alluvial Plain and part of a dissected upland plateau. The Claiborne Group dips to the northwest at 10-25 feet per mile and ranges in altitude from 600 feet above mean sea level in the outcrop area to 900 feet below mean sea level near the embayment axis. The Claiborne Group is tentatively subdivided into five units including, in ascending order, the Meridian Sand Member of the Tallahatta Formation, the Basic City Shale Member of the Tallahatta Formation, the Sparta Sand, an unnamed clay unit, and an unnamed sand unit. The two major aquifers in the Claiborne Group are the '500-foot' sand and the unnamed sand unit. The top of the '500-foot' sand is correlated with the top of the Sparta Sand; and the base, with the base of the Claiborne Group. The '500-foot' sand ranges in thickness from 200 to 750 feet and consists mainly of very fine to coarse sand or gravel. It also contains layers of white to blue, pink, gray, or brown clay, which constitute only a small percentage of the total thickness. The unnamed sand unit ranges from 0 to 210 feet in thickness and consists mostly of white, gray, or brown fine-grained lignitic sand. An estimated 75 percent of the ground water withdrawn in western Tennessee (west of the northward-flowing segment of the Tennessee River) is taken from the '500-foot' sand and the unnamed sand unit. \r\n\r\nThe quantities of water available to wells from the '500-foot' sand are currently adequate for all municipal and industrial needs. The permeability of this aquifer is about 570 gallons per day per square foot. An estimated 155 mgd (million gallons per day) is pumped from the '500-foot' sand, about 140 mgd is discharged from the aquifer as the base flow of surface streams, and about 40 mgd is discharged from the report area as underflow. Water from the '500-foot' sand contains objectionable quantities of iron in the western half of the report area. Otherwise the quality of the water is suitable for most needs. \r\n\r\nQuantities of water adequate for domestic use and for small municipal systems can be obtained from the unnamed sand unit in most of the report area. The field permeability of this aquifer is probably about 270 gallons per day per square foot. About 8 mgd is discharged into adjacent formations, and about 2 mgd is withdrawn by pumping. Water from the unnamed sand unit contains objectionable quantities of iron in the western half of the report area. Otherwise the water from this aquifer is of good quality. \r\n\r\nGround-water supplies in both the '500-foot' sand and the unnamed sand unit will be adequate for the predicted rate of municipal growth and economic development for many years to come. If the hydraulic gradient in the '500-foot' sand were increased to 19 feet per mile, the average dip of the top of the aquifer, about 578 mgd would be transmitted downdip. Similarly, the unnamed sand unit would transmit about 34 mgd downdip \r\nunder a hydraulic gradient of 10 feet per mile. Furthermore, additional \r\namounts of water could be induced into the report area as underflow from \r\nadjacent States. \r\n\r\nThe anticipated effects of additional large scale development are (1) a drop in local and regional water levels in proportion to the increase in pumpage, (2) an increase in the net inflow of ground water from adjacent States, and (3) an increase of recharge to the aquifers at the expense of streamflow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1809F","usgsCitation":"Moore, G.K., 1965, Geology and hydrology of the Claiborne Group in western Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1809, v, 44 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1809F.","productDescription":"v, 44 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28174,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28175,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28176,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28177,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28178,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28179,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28180,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28181,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28182,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1809f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4676","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Gerald K.","contributorId":14377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35401,"text":"b1186 - 1965 - Geology of the Cedar Mesa-Boundary Butte area, San Juan County, Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15313,"text":"ofr61115 - 1961 - Geologic map of the Cedar Mesa-Boundary Butte area, San Juan County, Utah","indexId":"ofr61115","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Cedar Mesa-Boundary Butte area, San Juan County, Utah"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35401,"text":"b1186 - 1965 - Geology of the Cedar Mesa-Boundary Butte area, San Juan County, Utah","indexId":"b1186","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the Cedar Mesa-Boundary Butte area, San Juan County, Utah"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-09T20:06:38.285577","indexId":"b1186","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1186","title":"Geology of the Cedar Mesa-Boundary Butte area, San Juan County, Utah","docAbstract":"The Cedar Mesa-Boundary Butte area lies within the Colorado Plateau and includes about 650 square miles in southern San Juan County, Utah. Altitudes ranges from 3,890 feet on the westward-flowing San Juan River, the major and only perennial stream, to more than 6,400 feet on Cedar Mesa in the northwest. Bare rocks, high mesas, sheer cliffs, and deep canyons characterize the area. Comb Ridge, a prominent hogback of eastward-dipping rocks, trends north through the middle part of the area and is the most conspicuous topographic feature. The only permanent settlements are Bluff in the east and Mexican Hat in the west, both on the San Juan River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1186","usgsCitation":"O’Sullivan, R.B., 1965, Geology of the Cedar Mesa-Boundary Butte area, San Juan County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1186, Report: iv, 128 p.; 1 Plate: 43.00 x 29.50 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1186.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 128 p.; 1 Plate: 43.00 x 29.50 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109483,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_20964.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"20964"},{"id":63274,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1186/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":63275,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165334,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1186/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"San Juan County","otherGeospatial":"Cedar Mesa-Boundary Butte area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110,\n 37.345\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -109.5,\n 37.345\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 37.345\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6831fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Sullivan, Robert B. rosull@usgs.gov","contributorId":3797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Sullivan","given":"Robert","email":"rosull@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":214570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1909,"text":"wsp1796 - 1965 - Geology and water resources of Portage County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-22T18:54:59.782431","indexId":"wsp1796","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1796","title":"Geology and water resources of Portage County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Portage County has abundant resources of generally good quality water and, although water problems exist locally, depletion or general scarcity of water is not likely in the foreseeable future.
\nThe county receives annually about 31 inches of precipitation, of which about 21 inches is lost as evaportranspiration. The average annual water yield is about 10.6 inches and consists of about 10.3 inches of runoff to streams, about 0.2 inch of water which leaves the county as underflow, and about 0.1 inch of water which is used consumptively.
\nThe surface-water resources include 104 lakes, about 110 miles of streams that discharge about 600 cfs (cubic feet per second) to the Wisconsin, Waupaca, and Little Wolf Rivers, and the Wisconsin River which has an average flow of about 2.400 cfs. Extensive deposits of outwash sand and gravel, sandy till, and alluvium release annually about 460 cfs of ground water to the streams.
\nThe principal source of ground water is thick deposits of glacial drift that occur over all but the northwestern part of the county. Although as much as 100 feet of sandstone underlies the drift in the southern part, it is not an important aquifer. Impermeable crystalline rocks of Precambrian age underlie all the aquifers and limit the downward movement of water.
\nThe county has been divided into areas having similar geologic and hydrologic conditions. These areas are here named the \"sand-plain province,\" the \"drift province,\" and the \"drift-crystalline-rock province.\" The sand-plain province and the eastern part of the drift province have the greatest potential for development of large ground-water supplies. Wells yielding 1,000 to 2,000 gpm (gallons per minute) can be developed in the sand-plain province and wells yielding about 500 gpm can be developed in the drift province. Nearly all the communities in the county have water resources adequate for future expansion. An exception to this is Junction City where only a limited supply of poor quality water is readily available. Additional supplies can be developed from ground water in the Mill Creek area or from the Wisconsin River.
\nIn the sand-plain and drift provinces, ground-water runoff is about 9 inches a year and surface runoff is about 1 inch a year and of short duration. In the drift-crystalline-rock province, however, ground-water runoff is about 2 inches a year and surface runoff is about 8 inches a year and varies greatly in rate of flow.
\nSurface and ground water are closely interrelated throughout the county and constitute a single resource. Streams, lakes, and marshes are the visible part of the ground-water surface and ground water moves slowly and continuously toward these surface points of discharge.
\nPumping for irrigation has temporarily lowered water levels in the vicinity of wells but has not lowered regional water levels. Pumpage has intercepted and utilized some of the recharge that would have been rapidly discharged from the aquifer, but it has not materially depleted the flow of streams. The 1955-59 decline in water levels and lake stages is attributed to a deficiency in precipitation and not to the increased pumpage from irrigation wells. To prevent excessive declines in water levels, high-capacity wells should be adequately spaced about 2,500 feet between wells pumping 1,000 gpm for 90 days.
\nIn the Stevens Point area, heavy pumping of wells near the Plover River induces recharge to ground water and thus reduces local declines in the water level.
\nThe chemical quality of ground water is generally good, but, locally, hard water and undesirable amounts of iron require treatment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1796","usgsCitation":"Holt, C., 1965, Geology and water resources of Portage County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1796, Report: v, 77 p.; 2 Plates: 34.00 x 41.50 inches and 34.50 x 32.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1796.","productDescription":"Report: v, 77 p.; 2 Plates: 34.00 x 41.50 inches and 34.50 x 32.00 inches","numberOfPages":"83","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27213,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1796/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27212,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1796/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27214,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1796/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397414,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24983.htm"},{"id":138563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1796/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Portage County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-89.2234,44.6814],[-89.2231,44.5916],[-89.2235,44.504],[-89.2238,44.4174],[-89.2242,44.3308],[-89.2245,44.2433],[-89.2469,44.2438],[-89.3464,44.2439],[-89.3649,44.2439],[-89.4835,44.244],[-89.488,44.244],[-89.5977,44.2458],[-89.606,44.2458],[-89.717,44.2475],[-89.7247,44.2479],[-89.7243,44.3372],[-89.7259,44.4239],[-89.7268,44.5114],[-89.8447,44.5116],[-89.8451,44.5983],[-89.8449,44.6849],[-89.7268,44.6852],[-89.608,44.6853],[-89.4899,44.6858],[-89.346,44.6812],[-89.2234,44.6814]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Portage\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684139","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holt, Charles Lee Roy","contributorId":19139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holt","given":"Charles Lee Roy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2342,"text":"wsp1794 - 1965 - Ground-water resources of Pavant Valley, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T16:23:09","indexId":"wsp1794","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1794","title":"Ground-water resources of Pavant Valley, Utah","docAbstract":"Pavant Valley, in eastern Millard County in west-central Utah, is in the Great Basin section of the Basin and Range province. The area of investigation is 34 miles long from north to south and 9 miles wide from east to west and comprises about 300 square miles. Agriculture, tourist trade, and mining are the principal industries. The population of the valley is about 3,500, of which about half live in Fillmore, the county seat of Millard County.
The climate is semiarid and temperatures are moderate. Average normal annual precipitation in the lowlands is estimated to range from 10 to 14 inches. Precipitation is heaviest during the late winter and spring, January through May. The average monthly temperature at Fillmore ranges from 29°F in January to 76°F in July; the average annual temperature is 52°F.
Because of the aridity, most crops cannot be grown successfully without irrigation. Irrigation requirements were satisfied for about 60 years after the valley was settled by diverting streams tributary to the valley. Artesian water was discovered near Flowell in 1915. By 1920 flowing artesian wells supplied about 10 percent of the irrigation water used in the valley, not including water from the Central Utah Canal. The Central Utah Canal was constructed in 1916 to convey water to the Pavant Valley from the Sevier River. Especially since 1916, the quantity of surface water available each year for irrigation has changed with the vagaries of nature. The total percentage of irrigation water contributed by ground water, on the other hand, gradually increased to about 15 percent in 1945 and then increased rapidly to 45 percent in 1960; it will probably stabilize at about 50 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1794","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah State Engineer","usgsCitation":"Mower, R.W., 1965, Ground-water resources of Pavant Valley, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1794, Report: v, 78 p.; 10 Plates: 36.50 x 39.00 or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1794.","productDescription":"Report: v, 78 p.; 10 Plates: 36.50 x 39.00 or smaller","numberOfPages":"93","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28251,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-06.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing decline of ground-water level from March 1959 to March 1960 in Pavant Valley, Utah"},{"id":28246,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-01.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of Pavant Valley, Utah, showing location of selected wells and hydrogeochemical data"},{"id":28252,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-07.pdf","text":"Plate 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Hydrographs of selected observation wells in Pavant Valley, Utah, 1929-62"},{"id":28253,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-08.pdf","text":"Plate 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing decline of ground-water level from March 1950 to March 1960 in Pavant Valley, Utah"},{"id":28254,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-09.pdf","text":"Plate 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing areas of artesian flow and phreatophyte occupation during 1960 in Pavant Valley, Utah"},{"id":28255,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-10.pdf","text":"Plate 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing land irrigated during 1960 in Pavant Valley, Utah"},{"id":28256,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28247,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-02.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Generalized geologic map of Pavant Valley, Utah"},{"id":28248,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-03.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Strip logs from drillers' logs of wells in Pavant Valley, Utah"},{"id":28249,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-04.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map of Pavant Valley, Utah, showing ground-water contours, March 1960"},{"id":28250,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1794/plate-05.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Map showing decline of ground-water level from March to September 1960 in Pavant Valley, Utah"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Millard County","otherGeospatial":"Pavant Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db659403","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mower, R. W.","contributorId":34898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mower","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14567,"text":"ofr6592 - 1965 - Gravity survey in southern Cascade Range, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T14:31:18.311662","indexId":"ofr6592","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-92","title":"Gravity survey in southern Cascade Range, California","docAbstract":"A regional gravity survey in the southern Cascade Range and environs was made during the summers of 1962 and 1963. Twelve hundred gravity stations were established within the area enclosed by lat 41°00'N, lat 42°301N, long 120°00'W, and long 124°00'W. Most of the stations are concentrated in an area overlapping the axis of the High Cascades in the vicinity of Mount Shasta. An average station density of one station in 7 square miles was obtained. A Bouguer-anomaly gravity map has been made of the area by standard methods.
The major gravity feature is a .100-mgal eastward decrease across the Klamath Mountain-Cascade Range contact. A residual negative anomaly of about 35 mgal is associated with the Cascade volcanic rocks and a residual positive anomaly of about 40 mgal is associated with the Klamath Mountain rocks.
A preliminary interpretation suggests a regionally-compensated crust beneath the Interior Platform (a large volcanic plateau) and a net mass excess in the crust beneath the Klamath Mountains (a region of crustal shortening). Depth estimates suggest that the disturbing masses are, at least in part, relatively shallow in the earth's crust. Under Shasta Valley the top surface of the disturbing mass must be within the upper 10 km.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6592","usgsCitation":"LaFehr, T.R., 1965, Gravity survey in southern Cascade Range, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-92, Report: 60 p.; 1 Plate: 14.13 x 10.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6592.","productDescription":"Report: 60 p.; 1 Plate: 14.13 x 10.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146545,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":490828,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":490829,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0092/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -123,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671fee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaFehr, Thomas R.","contributorId":65858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaFehr","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52498,"text":"ofr65145 - 1965 - The 1965 Mississippi River flood in Iowa","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52498,"text":"ofr65145 - 1965 - The 1965 Mississippi River flood in Iowa","indexId":"ofr65145","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"title":"The 1965 Mississippi River flood in Iowa"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":941,"text":"wsp1850A - 1970 - Floods of March-May 1965 in the upper Mississippi River basin","indexId":"wsp1850A","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Floods of March-May 1965 in the upper Mississippi River basin"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":941,"text":"wsp1850A - 1970 - Floods of March-May 1965 in the upper Mississippi River basin","indexId":"wsp1850A","publicationYear":"1970","noYear":false,"title":"Floods of March-May 1965 in the upper Mississippi River basin"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-22T10:07:18","indexId":"ofr65145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-145","title":"The 1965 Mississippi River flood in Iowa","docAbstract":"The great flood of 1965 on the Mississippi River, along the eastern border if the State, exceeded any flood known in 139 years. It cause damages probably in excess of ten millions of dollars in the State of Iowa. Studied now in progress will more thoroughly cover this and other phases of the flood.
\nThe underlying cause of the flood was an abnormally cold winter which prevented the melting of an excessive snow cover in the upper reaches of the basin. Heavy rains late in March followed by rapid melting triggered the runoff which caused the floods. Peak discharges experienced ranged from 276,000 cfs (cubic feet per second) at McGregor near the northern boundary of the State to 327,000 cfs at Keokuk near the southern boundary. Tributary streams in Iowa were receding as the main-stem flood peak passed their mouths. The discharge they contributed was generally insignificant except for the larger streams.
\nFlood data compiled for the part of the River along the eastern border include flood discharges, flood elevations, and the frequency of floods of varying magnitudes. They also include the daily or more frequent stage and discharge data for both the Mississippi River and the downstream gaging stations on Iowa tributaries for the period March-May 1965. Sufficient data are presented to permit studied for preparation of plans for protective works and plans for zoning or for flood plain regulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/ofr65145","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Schwob, H., and Myers, R.E., 1965, The 1965 Mississippi River flood in Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-145, Report: iv, 39 p.; 7 Plates: 19.79 x 10.66 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr65145.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 39 p.; 7 Plates: 19.79 x 10.66 inches and smaller","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":286610,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":286601,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0145/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":286603,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0145/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":286602,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0145/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":286604,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0145/plate-5.pdf"},{"id":286605,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0145/plate-6.pdf"},{"id":286606,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0145/plate-7.pdf"},{"id":286607,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0145/plate-8.pdf"},{"id":286609,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0145/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.5,40.5 ], [ -92.5,43.5 ], [ -89.5,43.5 ], [ -89.5,40.5 ], [ -92.5,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db68368c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwob, Harlan H.","contributorId":15532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwob","given":"Harlan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, Richard E.","contributorId":58573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":52503,"text":"ofr65151 - 1965 - Water resources appraisal of the Anchorage area, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-20T20:27:13.82275","indexId":"ofr65151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-151","title":"Water resources appraisal of the Anchorage area, Alaska","docAbstract":"At the present, water use in the Anchorage area amounts to about 21 mgd (million gallons per day); of this amount ground water accounts for about 10 mgd. By 1980, 60 mgd may be required to meet the demand.
The greatest potential problem is overpumping the ground-water reservoir resulting in excessive declines in water levels, which, in turn, might lead to salt-water intrusion. A well-laid plan for conjunctive use of surface and ground water seems to be the most promising means of supplying the expected need of 60 mgd, and of preventing saltwater intrusion of the aquifers.
Total inflow into the Anchorage hydrologic system amounts to about 180 mgd. Of this amount Ship and South Fork Campbell Creeks contribute about 130 mgd, North Fork Campbell Creek and other streams contribute an estimated 24 mgd, and precipitation and ground-water inflow contribute an estimated 26 mgd.
Of the total outflow, which must be equivalent to the inflow, Ship and Chester Creeks contribute about 94 mgd, Campbell Creek about 25 mgd, and ground-water pumpage contributes an assumed amount of approximately 10 mgd. The difference of 50 mgd between inflow and outflow presumably is accounted for; by submarine discharge beneath Cook Inlet and evapotranspiration.
Surface and subsurface storage of excess stream discharge during periods of high flow can overcome the problem of water shortages during periods of greatest demand. Surface storage can be accomplished by construction of an additional dam on Ship Creek. Natural ground-water storage can be supplemented by spreading techniques to increase the amount of ground-water recharge. Additional recharge can be provided by returning air-conditioning water to the aquifer through recharge wells. Recharge along the coastline would be a means of maintaining a fresh-water barrier against salt-water intrusion.
The area with the greatest potential for ground-water development is along Ship Creek east and north of Mountain View. The alluvial fan east of Mountain View seems favorable for installation of deep wells; and withdrawal of ground water in this area is not likely to result in salt-water intrusion. Similar favorable conditions exist in the alluvial fan areas of North and South Forks Campbell Creek. Infiltration galleries in alluvial deposits along Ship Creek are a relatively inexpensive and convenient means of withdrawing water.
To plan for orderly and economical development of the Anchorage area's water resources, geologic and hydrologic studies are needed. An expanded network of stream-gaging stations and observation wells is needed. Deep wells near the coastline are needed to monitor any changes in chemical quality of ground water that would indicate impending salt-water intrusion. Borehole geophysical studies and pumping tests are needed to define the boundaries and hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers. The primary goal of these and other supplementing studies would be to provide the information needed to construct an electric-analog model of the Anchorage hydrologic system. Such a model would provide a means of assessing quantitatively alternative methods of water development.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr65151","usgsCitation":"Sommers, D.A., and Marcher, M.V., 1965, Water resources appraisal of the Anchorage area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-151, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr65151.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0151/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.0148756092472,\n 61.267767521656054\n ],\n [\n -150.0148756092472,\n 61.119542274353336\n ],\n [\n -149.69627209362233,\n 61.119542274353336\n ],\n [\n -149.69627209362233,\n 61.267767521656054\n ],\n [\n -150.0148756092472,\n 61.267767521656054\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f8302","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sommers, David A.","contributorId":96761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommers","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marcher, Melvin V.","contributorId":11590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcher","given":"Melvin","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":52505,"text":"ofr65153 - 1965 - Preliminary report on investigation of salt springs and seeps in a portion of the Permian Basin in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T16:49:47","indexId":"ofr65153","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1965","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"65-153","title":"Preliminary report on investigation of salt springs and seeps in a portion of the Permian Basin in Texas","docAbstract":"The Permian Basin (fig. 1) comprises a large area in the southern midcontinent region and includes major portions of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Within this basin brine springs and seeps discharge more than 20,000 tons per day of sodium chloride (common table salt). This brine contaminates many streams greatly impairing the utility of their waters. The water in some streams is of such poor quality it cannot be used for municipal and industrial purposes and for irrigation. Nor is the problem limited to the Permian Basin. The contaminated streams leaving the Permian Basin bring salty water to downstream areas of Arkansas and Louisiana, as well as to other parts of Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas. In no comparable area of the interior United States are natural sources of salt water so widespread or deleterious to the fresh water supply of so large a segment of the nation's population and industry.
The Brazos River traverses the eastern part of the Permian Basin, and is potentially one of the principal sources of water in Texas. It carries an average daily load of 1,650 tons of sodium chloride (common table salt) into Possum Kingdom Reservoir, about 110 miles west of Dallas. More than 85 percent of this salt is contributed by the Salt Fork Brazos River, and more than one-half originates from Springs and seeps in Croton and Salt Croton Creeks, tributaries to the Salt Fork Brazos River. The undesirably high chloride content of the water impounded in Possum Kingdom Reservoir limits the utility of this water, although it is used for irrigation and by some industries.
Understanding of the origin and hydrology of the natural brine is fundamental to consideration of engineering measures to control the flow of salt water to streams, or to general plans to alleviate the situation in any way that includes altering the brine-discharge system.
Previous investigations of natural brine features have been directed toward describing the local details of individual problem areas. Thus the occurrence of brine features has been described strictly in terms of the local environment. The origin and discharge of brine have been ascribed invariably to local sources and to local hydraulic controls. The case for local origin of the brine has been stated by Ward and Leonard (1961). According to their hypothesis brines evolve in the circulation of ground water in local hydraulic systems which feature the following conditions: (a) halite deposits or halite-bearing rocks at relatively shallow depth; (b) ground water that circulates to the halite-bearing zones; and (c) a local topographically low area where the water can emerge as a mineral spring.
An alternate hypothesis (Greenman and Stevens, 1963) is that the salt springs originate as outcrops of a regional body of brine and that the primary factors determining their distribution are regional hydrologic controls, such as physiography, geology, and climate. The precise location of springs, the nature and amount of discharge, as well as their salinity, depend on secondary hydrologic factors, such as local geologic conditions, local topography that governs the movement of the overlying fresh water, and the hydrologic environment in the vicinity of the springs, which determines the amount of mixing of the brine and the fresh water at each locality. In general, the brine is a water body separate and distinct from the overlying fresh water. The salinity of individual springs is determined by the amount of mixing of the brine with the fresh water not by solution of salt-bearing materials in local hydraulic systems. The geographic zone in which all of the brine springs and seeps occur is determined by regional topographic and perhaps climatic conditions. If the regional hypothesis is true, remedial measures must take into account a set of hydraulic and hydrologic circumstances that is fundamentally different from that postulated previously.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr65153","usgsCitation":"Stevens, P.R., and Hardt, W.F., 1965, Preliminary report on investigation of salt springs and seeps in a portion of the Permian Basin in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 65-153, Document: 19 p.; 5 Plates: 25.85 x 12.59 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr65153.","productDescription":"Document: 19 p.; 5 Plates: 25.85 x 12.59 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0153/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86930,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0153/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86931,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0153/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86932,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0153/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86933,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0153/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86934,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0153/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86935,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1965/0153/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6680cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stevens, P. R.","contributorId":90289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardt, W. F.","contributorId":12455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardt","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}