{"pageNumber":"410","pageRowStart":"10225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16437,"records":[{"id":70156940,"text":"70156940 - 1996 - Regional differences in the origins of organic matter in the San Francisco Bay ecosystem: evidence from lipid biomarkers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-21T08:31:02","indexId":"70156940","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Regional differences in the origins of organic matter in the San Francisco Bay ecosystem: evidence from lipid biomarkers","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"San Francisco Bay: the ecosystem","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science Pacific Division","isbn":"0-934394-11-3","usgsCitation":"Canuel, E.A., and Cloern, J., 1996, Regional differences in the origins of organic matter in the San Francisco Bay ecosystem: evidence from lipid biomarkers, chap. <i>of</i> San Francisco Bay: the ecosystem, p. 305-324.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"305","endPage":"324","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307853,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://associations.sou.edu/aaaspd/WebPubs.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb6f2e4b058f706e53e3e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hollibaugh, J.T.","contributorId":22886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571200,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Canuel, E. A.","contributorId":52206,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canuel","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70162177,"text":"70162177 - 1996 - Flexible digestion strategies and trace metal assimilation in marine bivalves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:36:46","indexId":"70162177","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flexible digestion strategies and trace metal assimilation in marine bivalves","docAbstract":"<p>Pulse-chase experiments show that two marine bivalves take optimal advantage of different types of particulate food by varying food retention time in a flexible two-phase digestive system. For example, carbon is efficiently assimilated from bacteria by subjecting nearly all the ingested bacteria to prolonged digestion. Prolonging digestion also enhances assimilation of metals, many of which are toxic in minute quantities if they are biologically available. Detritus-feeding aquatic organisms have always lived in environments naturally rich in particle-reactive metals. We suggest that avoiding excess assimilation of metals could be a factor in the evolution of digestion strategies. We tested that suggestion by studying digestion of particles containing different Cr concentrations. We show that bivalves are capable of modifying the digestive processing of food to reduce exposure to high, biologically available, Cr concentrations. The evolution of a mechanism in some species to avoid high concentrations of metals in food could influence how effects of modern metal pollution are manifested in marine ecosystems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0568","usgsCitation":"Decho, A.W., and Luoma, S.N., 1996, Flexible digestion strategies and trace metal assimilation in marine bivalves: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 41, no. 3, p. 568-572, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0568.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"568","endPage":"572","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0568","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4c9e4b0fbd3f7fa4c38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan W.","contributorId":22107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70156918,"text":"70156918 - 1996 - Interannual climate variability and snowpack in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T06:10:47","indexId":"70156918","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2216,"text":"Journal of Climate","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interannual climate variability and snowpack in the western United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>An important part of the water supply in the western United States is derived from runoff fed by mountain snowmelt Snow accumulation responds to both precipitation and temperature variations, and forms an interesting climatic index, since it integrates these influences over the entire late fall-spring period. Here, effects of cool season climate variability upon snow water equivalent (SWE) over the western part of the conterminous United States are examined. The focus is on measurements on/and 1 April, when snow accumulation is typically greatest. The primary data, from a network of mountainous snow courses, provides a good description of interannual fluctuations in snow accumulations, since many snow courses have records of five decades or more. For any given year, the spring SWE anomaly at a particular snow course is likely to be 25%&ndash;60% of its long-term average. Five separate regions of anomalous SWE variability are distinguished, using a rotated principal components analysis. Although effects vary with region and with elevation, in general, the anomalous winter precipitation has the strongest influence on spring SWE fluctuations. Anomalous temperature has a weaker effect overall, but it has great influence in lower elevations such as in the coastal Northwest, and during spring in higher elevations. The regional snow anomaly patterns are associated with precipitation and temperature anomalies in winter and early spring. Patterns of the precipitation, temperature, and snow anomalies extend over broad regional areas, much larger than individual watersheds. These surface anomalies are organized by the atmospheric circulation, with primary anomaly centers over the North Pacific Ocean as well as over western North America. For most of the regions, anomalously low SWE is associated with a winter circulation resembling the PNA pattern. With a strong low in the central North Pacific and high pressure over the Pacific Northwest, this pattern diverts North Pacific storms northward, away from the region. Both warm and cool phases of El Ni&ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation tend to produce regional patterns with out-of-phase SWE anomalies in the Northwest and the Southwest.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AMS","doi":"10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0928:ICVASI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cayan, D.R., 1996, Interannual climate variability and snowpack in the western United States: Journal of Climate, v. 9, no. 5, p. 928-948, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0928:ICVASI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"928","endPage":"948","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<0928:icvasi>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":307814,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              32.58384932565662\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              49.06666839558117\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0625,\n              49.06666839558117\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0625,\n              32.58384932565662\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.541015625,\n              32.58384932565662\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e81db3e4b0dacf699e667a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70156946,"text":"70156946 - 1996 - Importance of dissolved sulfides and organic substances in controlling the chemical speciation of heavy metals in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:44:02","indexId":"70156946","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Importance of dissolved sulfides and organic substances in controlling the chemical speciation of heavy metals in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"San Francisco Bay: the ecosystem","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science Pacific Division","isbn":"0-934394-11-3","usgsCitation":"Kuwabara, J., Chang, C., Khechfe, A., and Hunter, Y., 1996, Importance of dissolved sulfides and organic substances in controlling the chemical speciation of heavy metals in San Francisco Bay, chap. <i>of</i> San Francisco Bay: the ecosystem, p. 157-172.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"172","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://associations.sou.edu/aaaspd/WebPubs.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb6bce4b058f706e53cf7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hollibaugh, J.T.","contributorId":22886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571222,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chang, C.C.Y.","contributorId":147324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chang","given":"C.C.Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Khechfe, A.I.","contributorId":147325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khechfe","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunter, Y.R.","contributorId":31542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Y.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70205269,"text":"70205269 - 1996 -  Effects of hydrologic disturbance on washout and recolonization of stream biota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-23T13:23:23","indexId":"70205269","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T16:16:12","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":" Effects of hydrologic disturbance on washout and recolonization of stream biota","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Sixth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Sixth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference","conferenceDate":"March 10-14, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Hambrook, J., and Koltun, G.F., 1996,  Effects of hydrologic disturbance on washout and recolonization of stream biota, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Sixth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, v. 2, Las Vegas, NV, March 10-14, 1996, p. VII-9-VII-16.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"VII-9","endPage":"VII-16","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367333,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hambrook, J.A.","contributorId":65888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hambrook","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960 gfkoltun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":140048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G.","email":"gfkoltun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70205394,"text":"70205394 - 1996 - Small watershed studies: Analytical approaches for understanding ecosystem response to environmental change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-20T10:47:25","indexId":"70205394","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T10:45:33","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Small watershed studies: Analytical approaches for understanding ecosystem response to environmental change","docAbstract":"<p>Biogeochemical studies in small watersheds provide an analytical approach to understand how&nbsp;ecosystems respond to natural climatic variations and human-induced environmental change. Small&nbsp;watersheds, usually less than 5 km2, are small enough to permit characterization and understanding of&nbsp;ecosystem processes within relatively simple, homogeneous biological and physical settings; yet they are&nbsp;large enough to incorporate more complex processes and element cycles than can be studied at plot&nbsp;scales. Watersheds comprise discrete hydrochemical environments allowing quantification of hydrologic,&nbsp;element, and energy budgets. Element budgets, or mass balances, can be quantified as the difference&nbsp;between the mass of a solute that enters a watershed in wet and dry deposition and leaves a watershed in&nbsp;streamflow. Element budgets are primary tools used to investigate biogeochemical processes. Monitoring&nbsp;various aspects of element budgets to assess ecosystem health and stability is analogous to measuring the&nbsp;pulse or blood chemistry of a patient. Monitoring streamwater chemistry, basic climate, soil, and biotic&nbsp;variables provide a means to integrate complex biogeochemical processes and evaluate trends in water&nbsp;quality. Small watershed studies provide a scientific basis to develop predictive models of watershed&nbsp;function.</p><p><br>Major emphases of small watershed studies include investigation of hydrologic and chemical responses to&nbsp;natural climate variation, anthropogenic stressors, and alternate forest-management practices. The nature&nbsp;and significance of biogeochemical research in small watersheds is reviewed by Moldan and Cerny&nbsp;(1994). The U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and other federal&nbsp;agencies support several long-term small watershed studies to provide insight into a variety of ecosystem&nbsp;processes. Long-term records are essential to distinguish trends resulting from natural climatic variations&nbsp;or other stressors. The following sites, with noted periods of records, are examples of intensively studied&nbsp;forested watersheds in eastern USA supported by federal agencies:<br>■ Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, (1939-present), Swank and Crossley (1988).<br>■ Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, (1956-present), Bormann and Likens&nbsp;(1979).<br>■ Sleepers River Research Watershed, Vermont, (1958-present), Shanley et al. (1995).<br>■ Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee, (1967-present), Johnson and Van Hook (1989).<br>■ Catoctin Mountains Research Site, Maryland, (1982-present), Rice and Bricker (1995).<br>■ Catskill Stream Network, New York, (1983- present), Murdoch and Stoddard (1992).<br>■ Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, (1985-present), Huntington et al. (1993).</p><p><br>Small watershed studies also provide essential baseline information for understanding variations in water&nbsp;quality and element cycling in \"pristine\" ecosystems that can be used as benchmarks to evaluate&nbsp;anthropogenic impacts and alternate watershed management practices. This paper provides examples of&nbsp;how analytical tools developed through watershed research provide insight into ecosystem processes and&nbsp;can contribute to the management of watershed resources.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Watershed '96 Conference--Moving ahead together","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Watershed '96 Conference--Moving Ahead Together, Technical Conference and Exposition","conferenceDate":"June 8-12, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore MD","language":"English","publisher":"Tetra Tech, Inc","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T.G., Hooper, R.P., and Murdoch, P.S., 1996, Small watershed studies: Analytical approaches for understanding ecosystem response to environmental change, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Watershed '96 Conference--Moving ahead together, Baltimore MD, June 8-12, 1996, p. 783-786.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"783","endPage":"786","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367474,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.epa.gov/water/test/web/pdf/2004_05_11_watershed_proceed_sess61-80.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":771040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S. 0000-0001-9243-505X pmurdoch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9243-505X","contributorId":2453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter","email":"pmurdoch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":771041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28226,"text":"wri964026 - 1996 - Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of gasoline contamination in the shallow aquifer, Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T21:50:41.000691","indexId":"wri964026","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4026","title":"Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of gasoline contamination in the shallow aquifer, Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>Laboratory, field, and digital solute-transport- modeling studies demonstrate that microorganisms indigenous to the shallow ground-water system at Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina, can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in gasoline released at the site. Microorganisms in aquifer sediments incubated in the laboratory under aerobic and anaerobic conditions mineralized radiolabeled carbon 14-toluene to <sup>14</sup>C-carbon dioxide with first-order rate constants of K<sub>bio</sub> = -0.640 per day and K<sub>bio</sub> = -0.003 per day, respectively. Digital solute- transport modeling using the numerical code SUTRA revealed that anaerobic biodegradation of benzene occurs with a first-order rate constant near K<sub>bio</sub> = -0.00025 per day. Sandy aquifer material beneath Laurel Bay Exchange is characterized by relatively high hydraulic conductivities (K<sub>aq</sub> = 8.9 to 17.3 feet per day), average ground-water flow rate of about 60 feet per year, and a relatively uniform hydraulic gradient of 0.004 feet per foot. The sandy aquifer material also has low adsorptive potentials for toluene and benzene (both about K<sub>ad</sub> = 2.0 x 10<sup>-9</sup> cubic feet per milligram), because of the lack of natural organic matter in the aquifer. The combination of this ground-water-flow rate and absence of significant adsorptive capacity in the aquifer permits toluene and benzene concentrations to be detected downgradient from the source area in monitoring wells, even though biodegradation of these compounds has been demonstrated. Solute-transport simulations, however, indicate that toluene and benzene will not reach the Broad River, the nearest point of contact with wildlife or human populations, about 3,600 feet west of the site boundary. These simulations also show that contamination will not be transported to the nearest Marine Corps property line about 2,400 feet south of the site. This is primarily because the source of contaminants has essentially been removed, and the low adsorptive capacity of the aquifer sediments has prevented the occurrence of an adsorbed, continuous source of petroleum hydrocarbons. Therefore, digital simulations of toluene and benzene transport at Laurel Bay Exchange indicate that intrinsic bioremediation could be a successful remediation alternative for prohibiting transport of dissolved toluene and benzene to the Broad River.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964026","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., Chapelle, F., and Bradley, P., 1996, Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of gasoline contamination in the shallow aquifer, Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4026, viii, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964026.","productDescription":"viii, 50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414514,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48392.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4026/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.7944,\n              32.4547\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.7861,\n              32.4547\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.7861,\n              32.4639\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.7944,\n              32.4639\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.7944,\n              32.4547\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis","contributorId":102922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70203623,"text":"70203623 - 1996 - Plant succession and greentree reservoir management: Implications for management and restoration of bottomland hardwood wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-29T08:32:20","indexId":"70203623","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T09:17:04","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Plant succession and greentree reservoir management: Implications for management and restoration of bottomland hardwood wetlands","docAbstract":"<p><span>Bottomland hardwood forests are distributed along rivers and streams throughout the central and eastern United States, with the greatest concentration in the Southeast. Past and projected losses of bottomland hardwoods and degradation of remaining stands suggest that habitat management and/or restoration strategies that target multiple species and multiple uses will be necessary to maintain, enhance, and restore flora and fauna within bottomland hardwood wetlands. A greentree reservoir is a current management strategy that entails manipulating water regimes to provide habitat for wintering waterfowl. We conducted a literature review and synthesis to determine the potential impacts of greentree reservoir management on plant succession within bottomland hardwood wetlands. Greentree reservoirs can impact vegetation establishment through several processes. Despite shortcomings of greentree reservoirs, designs similar to them could be very beneficial in restoring bottomland hardwood plant and animal communities from degraded forests provided water-level control and maintenance are substantially improved. Emulation of natural hydrologic regimes, including natural variability, could produce diverse bottomland hardwood plant communities and provide habitat for a variety of wildlife species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF03161340","usgsCitation":"King, S.L., and Allen, J., 1996, Plant succession and greentree reservoir management: Implications for management and restoration of bottomland hardwood wetlands: Wetlands, v. 16, no. 4, p. 503-511, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161340.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":364172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":763305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, James A. 0000-0001-6459-5734","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6459-5734","contributorId":108095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":763306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22854,"text":"ofr96345 - 1996 - Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96345","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-345","title":"Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995","docAbstract":"Physical and chemical-related properties, concentrations of chemical constituents, which included major ions and nutrients, and concentrations of fecal-coliform bacteria were determined for 17 sites on 11 streams in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, during the period April-August 1995.  The streams were sampled to assess the effects of different streamflow conditions on the concentrations of water-quality constituents. The streams included in the study were Tchefuncte River, Bogue Falaya, Abita River, Bayou Chinchouba, Bayou Castine, Cane Bayou, Bayou Lacombe, Bayou Liberty, Bayou Bonfouca, Bogue Chitto, and West Pearl River. Water-quality samples were collected under several hydrologic conditions. These conditions included a period of wet weather and sustained high river stages; a period of local storms several days apart and river stages typical of that situation; and a period of dry weather and low river stages. The concentrations of inorganic chemical constituents in water from the upstream sites generally were low. Concentrations from the downstream sites varied and were higher. Nutrient and fecal-coliform bacteria concentrations varied and indicated that degraded water-quality conditions that typically occur during storms persisted less than 1-3 days. In general, the larger the drainage basin, the longer it takes for the stream to recover. Fecal-coliform concen- trations reflected the effects of small, isolated storms in the area. Bayou Castine, sampled immediately after a storm, had a fecal-coliform concentration of 26,000 colonies per 100 milliliters. The stream was resampled 24 hours later, and the fecal-coliform concentration had decreased to 1,700 colonies per 100 milliliters. This is an indication of the rapid water-quality changes that typically occur in small streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96345","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Demcheck, D.K., 1996, Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-345, iii, 59 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96345.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0345/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0345/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demcheck, Dennis K. 0000-0003-2981-078X ddemchec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-078X","contributorId":3273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demcheck","given":"Dennis","email":"ddemchec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24120,"text":"ofr96213 - 1996 - Analysis of well logs for borehole ANL-OBS-A-001 at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T14:32:57","indexId":"ofr96213","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-213","title":"Analysis of well logs for borehole ANL-OBS-A-001 at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96213","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Boyce, D., 1996, Analysis of well logs for borehole ANL-OBS-A-001 at the Idaho 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f5bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyce, Don","contributorId":33735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2204,"text":"wsp2453 - 1996 - Determination of hydraulic characteristics and yield of aquifers underlying Vekol Valley, Arizona, using several classical and current methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2453","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2453","title":"Determination of hydraulic characteristics and yield of aquifers underlying Vekol Valley, Arizona, using several classical and current methods","docAbstract":"Investigations were conducted in Arizona during the early 1980's to obtain hydrologic data in order to deliver 30,000 acre-feet of water annually to the Ak-Chin Indian Reservation. A recharge experiment produced infiltration rates for an ephemeral stream channel that ranged from 0.64 to 1.09 cubic feet per second per 1,000 feet of channel length. Water moved vertically through the 330-foot-thick unsaturated zone to the water table in less than 5 days.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2453","usgsCitation":"Marie, J.R., and Hollett, K.J., 1996, Determination of hydraulic characteristics and yield of aquifers underlying Vekol Valley, Arizona, using several classical and current methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2453, iv, 63 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2453.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2453/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27873,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2453/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667724","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marie, James R.","contributorId":50503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hollett, Kenneth J.","contributorId":40580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21875,"text":"ofr95151 - 1996 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1987-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:38:06","indexId":"ofr95151","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-151","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1987-93","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected from a precipitation-collection station and from two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland, as part of investigations of acidic deposition and episodic acidification, and their effects on streamwater quality. Detailed descriptions of the site instrumentation in the watersheds, field data-collection techniques, and laboratory methods used to conduct the studies are included. Data that were collected on precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, streamwater, and other surface and ground waters sampled during biannual synoptic surveys are given in tables. Data collected since October 1987 from one of the streamwater-quality monitoring sites and data collected since March 1988 from one of the ground-water quality monitoring sites are presented. Additional data collected since January 1987 from the precipitation station and data collected since June 1990 from all of the other water-quality monitoring sites are presented. Hydrologic data include tables of precipitation and throughfall quantities, streamflow, and synoptic measurements of ground-water levels. Selected hydrologic data are shown in graphs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95151","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., Kennedy, M.M., Carter, C.A., Anderson, R.T., and Bricker, O.P., 1996, Hydrologic and water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1987-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-151, vii, 195 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95151.","productDescription":"vii, 195 p.","numberOfPages":"202","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51364,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Frederick","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":186080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Margaret M.","contributorId":178170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Christiana A.","contributorId":178192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Christiana","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Robert T.","contributorId":178193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":29467,"text":"wri964124 - 1996 - Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:49:43.32201","indexId":"wri964124","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4124","title":"Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida","docAbstract":"<p>Methods for estimating low-flow frequency characteristics at ungaged sites were developed for two areas in northern Florida. In the Yellow, Blackwater, Escambia, and Perdido River Basins study area (northwestern Florida), regional regression equations were developed for estimating the 7- and 30-day, 2- and 10-year low-flow characteristic (Q7,2, Q7,10, Q30,2, and Q30,10) by determining values of basin characteristics from digital Geographical Information System (GIS) coverages or hardcopy maps. A GIS, ARC-INFO, was used to quantify basin characteristics that were used in regression equations. Sources of digital data used in this analysis are elevation data, from a digital elevation model, stream length and location data from a digital hydrography coverage, and watershed boundaries digitized from topographic maps. </p><p>The most accurate regression equations employed a basin characteristic that was based on a simple conceptual model of one- dimensional ground-water flow using Darcy's law. Slightly less accurate equations were obtained using drainage area as the only explanatory variable. The standard error of prediction for the Darcy and drainage area equations of Q7,2 was 65 and 74 percent, respectively; Q7,10, 58 and 62 percent, respectively; Q30,2, 51 and, 54 percent, respectively; and Q30,10, 44 and 51 percent, respectively. In the Santa Fe River Basin study area (northeastern Florida), a flow-routing method was used to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites from low stream- flow analyses based on records at gaged sites. The use of the flow-routing method is suggested for areas where regression analysis proves unsuccessful, where low-flow characteristics have been defined at a significant number of sites, and where information about the basin characteristics has been thoroughly researched. Low-flow frequency characteristics determined at 40 sites and measurements made during five synoptic runs in 1989-91 were used to develop a flow-routing method.</p><p> Low-flow frequency characteristics and drainage areas were used to define river profiles for major streams within the Santa Fe River Basin. These river profiles serve as indicators of changes in a stream's low-flow characteristics with respect to change in drainage area. Unit low flows were also determined for each site where low-flow characteristics were determined. Areas of zero flow were defined for Q7,2 and Q7,10 conditions based on measurements made during synoptic runs and from low-flow frequency analyses. </p><p>The flow-routing method uses the drainage areas to interpolate low-flow values between or near gaged sites on the same stream. Low-flow values are transferred from a gaged site, either upstream or downstream, to the ungaged site. A step-by-step process for flow routing must be made when tributary or other inflow enter a stream. The strength of the flow-routing method is that the values at gaged sites reflect the overall basin characteristics in the vicinity of the gaged sites. However, the accuracy of low-flow estimates may be less in areas of decreasing and increasing flow if sufficient data are not available to assess changing hydraulic and hydrologic conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964124","usgsCitation":"Rumenik, R.P., and Grubbs, J.W., 1996, Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4124, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964124.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              30.977609093348686\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              30.977609093348686\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a1f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rumenik, Roger P.","contributorId":42626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumenik","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28601,"text":"wri954068 - 1996 - Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-18T22:44:15.196335","indexId":"wri954068","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4068","title":"Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington","docAbstract":"The surface-water hydrology in Clear, Clarks, and Clover Creek Basins in central Pierce County, Washington, is described with a conceptual model of the runoff processes and then simulated with the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF), a continuous, deterministic hydrologic model. The study area is currently undergoing a rapid conversion of rural, undeveloped land to urban and suburban land that often changes the flow characteristics of the streams that drain these lands. The complex interactions of land cover, climate, soils, topography, channel characteristics, and ground- water flow patterns determine the surface-water hydrology of the study area and require a complex numerical model to assess the impact of urbanization on streamflows. The U.S. Geological Survey completed this investigation in cooperation with the Storm Drainage and Surface Water Management Utility within the Pierce County Department of Public Works to describe the important rainfall-runoff processes within the study area and to develop a simulation model to be used as a tool to predict changes in runoff characteristics resulting from changes in land use. The conceptual model, a qualitative representation of the study basins, links the physical characteristics to the runoff process of the study basins. The model incorporates 11 generalizations identified by the investigation, eight of which describe runoff from hillslopes, and three that account for the effects of channel characteristics and ground-water flow patterns on runoff. Stream discharge was measured at 28 sites and precipitation was measured at six sites for 3 years in two overlapping phases during the period of October 1989 through September 1992 to calibrate and validate the simulation model. Comparison of rainfall data from October 1989 through September 1992 shows the data-collection period beginning with 2 wet water years followed by the relatively dry 1992 water year. Runoff was simulated with two basin models-the Clover Creek Basin model and the Clear-Clarks Basin model-by incorporating the generalizations of the conceptual model into the construction of two HSPF numerical models. Initially, the process-related parameters for runoff from glacial-till hillslopes were calibrated with numerical models for three catchment sites and one headwater basin where streamflows were continuously measured and little or no influence from ground water, channel storage, or channel losses affected runoff. At one of the catchments soil moisture was monitored and compared with simulated soil moisture. The values for these parameters were used in the basin models. Basin models were calibrated to the first year of observed streamflow data by adjusting other parameters in the numerical model that simulated channel losses, simulated channel storage in a few of the reaches in the headwaters and in the floodplain of the main stem of Clover Creek, and simulated volume and outflow of the ground-water reservoir representing the regional ground-water aquifers. The models were run for a second year without any adjustments, and simulated results were compared with observed results as a measure of validation of the models. The investigation showed the importance of defining the ground-water flow boundaries and demonstrated a simple method of simulating the influence of the regional ground-water aquifer on streamflows. In the Clover Creek Basin model, ground-water flow boundaries were used to define subbasins containing mostly glacial outwash soils and not containing any surface drainage channels. In the Clear-Clarks Basin model, ground-water flow boundaries outlined a recharge area outside the surface-water boundaries of the basin that was incorporated into the model in order to provide sufficient water to balance simulated ground-water outflows to the creeks. A simulated ground-water reservoir used to represent regional ground-water flow processes successfully provided the proper water balance of inflows and outfl","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954068","usgsCitation":"Mastin, M.C., 1996, Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4068, vi, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954068.","productDescription":"vi, 148 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412050,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48178.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57430,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4068/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Pierce County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.025\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.2111\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47.2111\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47.025\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.025\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, M. C.","contributorId":90782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26751,"text":"wri954296 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:20:28","indexId":"wri954296","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4296","title":"Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","docAbstract":"A 4-year investigation of the Upper Floridan aquifer and ground-water flow system in Leon County, Florida, and surrounding counties of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia began in 1990. The purpose of the investigation was to describe the ground-water flow system and to delineate the contributing areas to selected City of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells. The investigation was prompted by the detection of low levels of tetrachloroethylene in ground-water samples collected from several of the city's water-supply wells. Hydrologic data and previous studies indicate that; ground-water flow within the Upper Floridan aquifer can be considered steady-state; the Upper Floridan aquifer is a single water-bearing unit; recharge is from precipitation; and that discharge occurs as spring flow, leakage to rivers, leakage to the Gulf of Mexico, and pumpage. Measured transmissivities of the aquifer ranged from 1,300 ft2/d (feet squared per day) to 1,300,000 ft2/d. Steady-state ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer was simulated using a three-dimensional ground- water flow model. Transmissivities ranging from less than 5,000 ft2/d to greater than 11,000,000 ft2/d were required to calibrate to observed conditions. Recharge rates used in the model ranged from 18.0 inches per year in areas where the aquifer was unconfined to less than 2 inches per year in broad areas where the aquifer was confined. Contributing areas to five Tallahassee water-supply wells were simulated by particle- tracking techniques. Particles were seeded in model cells containing pumping wells then tracked backwards in time toward recharge areas. The contributing area for each well was simulated twice, once assuming a porosity of 25 percent and once assuming a porosity of 5 percent. A porosity of 25 percent is considered a reasonable average value for the Upper Floridan aquifer; the 5 percent porosity simulated the movement of ground-water through only solution-enhanced bedding plains and fractures. The contributing areas were generally elliptical in shape, reflecting the influence of the sloping potentiometric surface. The contributing areas delineated for a 5 percent porosity were always much larger than those determined using a 25 percent porosity. The lowest average ground-water velocity computed within a contributing area, using a 25 percent porosity, was 1.0 ft/d (foot per day) and the highest velocity was 1.6 ft/d. The lowest average ground-water velocity, determined using a 5  percent porosity, was 2.4 ft/d and the highest was 7.4 ft/d. The contributing areas for each of the five wells was also determined analytically and compared to the model-derived areas. The upgradient width of the simulated contributing areas were larger than the upgradient width of the analytically determined contributing areas for four of the five wells. The model could more accurately delineate contributing areas because of the ability to simulate wells as partially penetrating and by incorporating complex, three-dimensional aquifer characteristics, which the analytical method could not.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954296","usgsCitation":"Davis, J.H., 1996, Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4296, v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954296.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2070,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954296","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4296.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","county":"Leon County","city":"Tallahassee","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.0835,30.677],[-84.0073,30.6734],[-84.0084,30.6263],[-84.0057,30.6049],[-84.0025,30.593],[-84.002,30.5834],[-83.9962,30.5729],[-83.9893,30.5619],[-83.9818,30.5546],[-83.9819,30.5477],[-83.9834,30.5445],[-83.9829,30.5367],[-83.9813,30.5299],[-83.9776,30.5221],[-83.9999,30.5217],[-84.0413,30.5221],[-84.0418,30.4631],[-84.0746,30.4343],[-84.0756,30.3725],[-84.0755,30.2893],[-84.0755,30.2833],[-84.076,30.2737],[-84.2416,30.2739],[-84.2421,30.2776],[-84.2464,30.2959],[-84.248,30.3032],[-84.2501,30.3037],[-84.3432,30.3034],[-84.375,30.3033],[-84.594,30.3005],[-84.7135,30.3003],[-84.701,30.3182],[-84.702,30.3214],[-84.7063,30.3223],[-84.7106,30.3259],[-84.7138,30.3313],[-84.7096,30.3346],[-84.7048,30.3374],[-84.7007,30.3433],[-84.6912,30.3484],[-84.687,30.3517],[-84.683,30.3611],[-84.6771,30.3657],[-84.6737,30.3652],[-84.6662,30.3671],[-84.6647,30.3712],[-84.6631,30.3803],[-84.6465,30.388],[-84.6454,30.3912],[-84.6413,30.3958],[-84.6365,30.3986],[-84.6333,30.4014],[-84.6223,30.4101],[-84.6133,30.4106],[-84.6054,30.4153],[-84.59,30.4126],[-84.5784,30.4195],[-84.5663,30.4319],[-84.5578,30.4361],[-84.5457,30.4384],[-84.5298,30.4394],[-84.5251,30.4491],[-84.5087,30.4514],[-84.4992,30.4547],[-84.4944,30.4597],[-84.4859,30.4593],[-84.4811,30.457],[-84.4722,30.4589],[-84.4621,30.4571],[-84.4526,30.4617],[-84.4393,30.4622],[-84.4314,30.4659],[-84.4224,30.466],[-84.4113,30.4724],[-84.4028,30.4784],[-84.3975,30.4866],[-84.3992,30.4939],[-84.4034,30.5003],[-84.4061,30.5035],[-84.4061,30.509],[-84.3945,30.5159],[-84.3914,30.5269],[-84.3935,30.5296],[-84.3893,30.5429],[-84.3878,30.5512],[-84.382,30.5567],[-84.3814,30.5603],[-84.3815,30.5644],[-84.3778,30.574],[-84.3709,30.5809],[-84.3593,30.5869],[-84.3513,30.591],[-84.3445,30.5965],[-84.3381,30.5975],[-84.3344,30.598],[-84.3307,30.6048],[-84.3254,30.6149],[-84.3169,30.6231],[-84.3101,30.6319],[-84.3027,30.6383],[-84.3011,30.6456],[-84.3017,30.6547],[-84.3017,30.663],[-84.3049,30.6694],[-84.3033,30.6748],[-84.2975,30.6794],[-84.2901,30.6813],[-84.2842,30.6836],[-84.2811,30.6863],[-84.1803,30.6816],[-84.0835,30.677]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Leon\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J. Hal hdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.","email":"hdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Hal","affiliations":[{"id":5052,"text":"FLWSC-Tallahassee","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31960,"text":"ofr96199 - 1996 - Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"ofr96199","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-199","title":"Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","docAbstract":"The occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water is of national concern because of their relatively high aqueous solubility, mobility, and persistence, because many are known or suspected carcinogens, because of their widespread use, and because they have been found in drinking-water supplies. Because of this national concern, VOCs were selected for National investigation (hereafter termed &quot;National Synthesis&quot;) by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in 1994. The broad goals of this National Synthesis are to: (1) describe current water- quality conditions with respect to VOCs; (2) define trends, or lack of trends, in VOCs in surface and ground water; and (3) identify, describe, and explain causal relations among the occurrence and distribution of VOCs in surface water and ground water, and natural and human factors. The National Synthesis of VOCs in ground water has three objectives: (1) to describe their occurrence, status, and distribution; (2) to determine relations among VOCs in shallow ground water and natural and human factors; and (3) to determine, compare, and contrast the occurrence, transformation, transport, and fate of selected VOCs in the hydrologic cycle for several regionally or nationally important aquifer systems. The description of VOC occurrence, status, and distribution in ground water focuses on major aquifers of the United States. Occurrence describes the presence or absence of VOCs, their frequency of occurrence, and their ranges of concentrations. Status compares the concentrations of VOCs detected in relation to water-quality regulations or advisories, such as Maximum Contaminant Levels, Proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels, Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, and Health Advisories. Distribution describes the variability of VOCs in ground water, areally and by depth. This report describes the study design for conducting such an assessment. The assessment focuses on aquifers, or parts of aquifers, that are currently used or have the potential to be used as sources of water supplies, using data collected as part of local, State, and Federal ground-water monitoring programs since 1985. Assessment by aquifer and comparison of results among aquifers will be completed for those aquifers for which adequate spatial or depth-related data are available. Assessment of VOCs in aquifers also will be completed at regional and national scales. A set of criteria for well-network design, well construction, sample-collection methods, and methods of laboratory analysis must be met before VOC data are used for assessment. An appropriate well-network design will provide a generally unbiased, random, equal-area distribution of sampling sites throughout the aquifer, or part of the aquifer, of interest. Well-construction information must be sufficient to ensure that the hydrogeologic unit (or units) represented by the water level measured and the hydrologic unit (or units) contributing water to the well are known. In addition, the well construction and pumping equipment in the well need to be of a type that are not likely to affect concentrations of VOCs in the water sample. VOC data will be considered suitable for use in the occurrence assessment if nationally accepted methods for collection and analysis were used and if the quantitation level for VOC analytes was less than about 5 micrograms per liter; laboratory analysis was done by a laboratory certified by the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency; and the sample was collected from untreated (raw) water at or near the well head before being held in a pressure tank or holding tank.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96199","usgsCitation":"Lapham, W., and Tadayon, S., 1996, Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-199, 44 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96199.","productDescription":"44 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6856b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26364,"text":"wri964036 - 1996 - Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri964036","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4036","title":"Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","docAbstract":"The city of Sarasota, Florida, operates a downtown well field that pumps mineralized water from ground water sources to supply a reverse osmosis plant. Because of the close proximity of the well field to Sarasota Bay and the high sulfate and chloride concentrations of ground-water supplies, a growing concern exists about the possibility of lateral movement of saltwater in a landward direction (intrusion) and vertical movement of relict sea water (upconing).  In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey began a 3-year study to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics and water quality of ground-water resources within the downtown well field and the surrounding 235-square-mile study area. Delineation of the hydrogeology of the study area was based on water- quality data, aquifer test data, and extensive borehole geophysical surveys (including gamma, caliper, temperature, electrical resistivity, and flow meter logs) from the six existing production wells and from a corehole drilled as part of the study, as well as from published and unpublished reports on file at the U.S. Geological Survey, the Southwest Florida Water Management District, and consultant's reports.  Water-quality data were examined for spatial and temporal trends that might relate to the mechanism for observed water-quality changes. Water quality in the study area appears to be dependent upon several mechanisms, including upconing of higher salinity water from deeper zones within the aquifer system, interbore-hole flow between zones of varying water quality through improperly cased and corroded wells, migration of highly mineralized waters through structural deformities, and the presence of unflushed relict seawater.  A numerical ground-water flow model was developed as an interpretative tool where field-derived hydrologic characteristics could be tested. The conceptual model consisted of seven layers to represent the multilayered aquifer systems underlying the study area. Particle tracking was utilized to delineate the travel path of water as it enters the model area under a set of given conditions. Within the model area, simulated flow in the intermediate aquifer system originates primarily from the northwestern boundary. Simulated flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer originates in lower model layers (deeper flow zones) and ultimately can be traced to the southeastern and northwestern boundaries.  Volumetric budgets calculated from numerical simulation of a hypothetical well field indicate that the area of contribution to the well field changes seasonally. Although ground-water flow patterns change with wet and dry seasons, most water enters the well-field flow system through lower parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer from a southeastern direction. Moreover, particle tracking indicated that ground-water flow paths with strictly lateral pathlines in model layers correspond to the intermediate aquifer system, whereas particles traced through model layers corresponding to the Upper Floridan aquifer had components of vertical and lateral flow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964036","usgsCitation":"Broska, J.C., and Knochenmus, L.A., 1996, Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4036, vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964036.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55158,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broska, J. C.","contributorId":62628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broska","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25826,"text":"wri964098 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T21:53:18.888967","indexId":"wri964098","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4098","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","docAbstract":"<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin is diverse in ways that can control the areal distribution and flow of water and the distribution and concentration of constituents that affect water quality. A review of the environmental setting of the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program is intended to put water quality in perspective with the geology, soils, climate, hydrology, ecology and historical uses of the land and provides a basis for the sampling design of the study.</p>\n<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit encompasses about 47,000 square miles and includes all of the basin upstream from Lake Pepin. The climate of the study unit is subhumid continental with cold dry winters and warm, moist summers. Average annual precipitation ranges from 22 inches in the western part of the study unit to 32 inches in the east. Annual runoff ranges from less than 2 inches in the west to 14 inches in the northeast.</p>\n<p>The physiography of the study unit includes the Superior Upland and the Central Lowland Provinces. The Wisconsin Driftless Area and the Dissected Till Plains are unique physiographic sections of the Central Lowland Province. Hydrogeologic units in glacial deposits include surficial and buried sand and gravel aquifers and confining units. Bedrock aquifers and confining units are part of a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks that can be divided into major aquifers separated by confining units.</p>\n<p>The population of the study unit was about 3,640,000 as of 1990 and increased 16 percent between 1970 and 1990. Seventy-five percent of the population lives in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. An average of 413 million gallons of water per day was used 59 percent from ground water and 41 percent from surface water. Land use and land cover in the study unit consists of forested, agricultural, and urban areas. About 63 percent of the land area is agricultural.</p>\n<p>The quality of water in streams and ground water are affected by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The quality of water is generally satisfactory for most domestic, public, industrial, and irrigation uses. Most water is of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type.</p>\n<p>The initial six-year phase of the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment, lasting from 1994 to 1999, focuses on data collection and analysis in a 19,500 square-mile area in Minnesota and Wisconsin that includes the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The study design focuses on factors that have an influence on or a potential influence on the water quality in that area. The most significant contaminants include nutrients, pesticides, synthetic-organic compounds, and trace metals.</p>\n<p>Environmental stratification consists of dividing the study unit into subareas with homogeneous characteristics to assess natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality. The assessment of water quality in streams and in aquifers is based on the sampling design that compares water quality within homogeneous subareas defined by subbasins or aquifer boundaries. The study unit is stratified at four levels for the surface-water component: glacial deposit composition, surficial geology, general land use and land cover, and secondary land use. Ground-water studies emphasize shallow ground water where quality is most likely influenced by overlying land use and land cover. Stratification for ground-water sampling is superimposed on the distribution of shallow aquifers. For each aquifer and surface-water basin this stratification forms the basis for the proposed sampling design used in the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964098","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Andrews, W., Fallon, J.D., Fong, A.L., Goldstein, R.M., Hanson, P.E., Kroening, S., and Lee, K.E., 1996, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4098, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964098.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410743,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e694f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hanson, P. E.","contributorId":58683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lee, K. E.","contributorId":100014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":29983,"text":"wri954246 - 1996 - Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T12:48:19","indexId":"wri954246","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4246","title":"Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents the results of a study conducted at Picatinny Arsenal, Morris County, New Jersey, to (1) determine whether streambed sediments in Green Pond Brook and its tributaries are contaminated with inorganic or organic constituents, (2) determine the extent of contamination in those reaches, and (3) characterize the quality of water in the brook. Shallow auger samples and results of an electromagnetic-conductivity and natural-gamma-ray survey were used to describe the distribution of streambed and substreambed sediment types and particle sizes.</p><p>Forty-five streambed samples were analyzed for trace elements, base/neutral- and acid-extractable compounds, organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes to determine whether contaminants have migrated to the brook from the surrounding area. Historical results of analyses of 63 surface-water and 27 streambed samples also are presented. Samples of streambed material collected from three areas in Green Pond Brook and its tributaries Green Pond Brook, from the area near the outflow of Picatinny Lake downstream to Parley Avenue; Bear Swamp Brook, from the area near building 241 downstream to the confluence with Green Pond Brook; and Green Pond Brook, from the open burning area downstream to the dam near building 1178 contained organic and (or) inorganic constituents in concentrations greater than those found under natural conditions and greater than those found in other areas sampled at the arsenal. Contaminants identified include trace elements, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine insecticides.</p><p>Surface-water samples from Green Pond Brook contained several volatile organic compounds, including trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethylene, at maximum concentrations of 3.8,4.6, and 11 micrograms per liter, respectively. Volatilization and dilution by surface- water and ground-water inflow reduce concentrations of volatile organic compounds from surface water in the steep, fast-flowing reaches of the brook at the southern end of the arsenal. No organic or inorganic constituents were detected in surface-water samples in concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking-water regulations. Only two constituents, iron and manganese, were detected in concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary drinking-water regulations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954246","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Armament Research Development and Engineering Center","usgsCitation":"Storck, D.A., and Lacombe, P., 1996, Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4246, Report: v, 56 p.; 2 Plates: 22.43 x 43.97 inches and 35.58 x 16.48 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954246.","productDescription":"Report: v, 56 p.; 2 Plates: 22.43 x 43.97 inches and 35.58 x 16.48 inches","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358957,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358958,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              40.88333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.45,\n              40.88333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.45,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              40.88333333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0c71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storck, Donald A. dstorck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storck","given":"Donald","email":"dstorck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29891,"text":"wri964041 - 1996 - Hydrologic feasibility of water-supply-development alternatives in Cape May County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri964041","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4041","title":"Hydrologic feasibility of water-supply-development alternatives in Cape May County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Increasing public-supply withdrawals in Cape May County, New Jersey associated with increasing residential and seasonal tourist populations have led to regionally lowered ground-water levels, a reversal of ground-water flow directions toward onshore, and landward encroachment of saltwater in the shallow aquifer system. The three aquifers composing the shallow system are, in order of increasing depth, the unconfined Holly Beach water-bearing zone and the confined estuarine sand and Cohansey aquifers. The changes to the ground-water system have been greatest in the confined aquifers near the three major well fields on the Cape May peninsula. Formerly productive water-supply wells have been abandoned because of saltwater contamination. Concern about anthropogenic contamination has prevented shifting of withdrawals to the unconfined aquifer. Surface- water sources have also been little used. Further development on the peninsula involving increased water demand will exacerbate the current saltwater-encroachment problems. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of possible water-supply-development alternatives by use of predictive ground-water flow simulations. The alternatives involve (1) injection of tertiary- treated wastewater to replenish aquifer storage and create a hydraulic barrier to saltwater encroachment, (2) withdrawal of brackish water in order to create a hydraulic barrier, (3) conjunctive use of ground water and surface water, enabling the reduction of ground-water withdrawals, and (4) redistribution of withdrawals inland to the unconfined aquifer. Results of these simulations can potentially be used in the design of a water-supply-development strategy that preserves supply and a monitoring program that ensures early warning of saltwater encroachment, thereby allowing sufficient time for development of an alternative supply. The water-supply- development alternatives were evaluated by comparison of results of predictive simulations made with a previously calibrated ground-water flow model of the shallow aquifer system. The quasi-three-dimensional sharp-interface model was calibrated to 1988 annual average hydrologic conditions. The planning period for the predictive simulations is 1989-2049. For the planning period, total public-supply withdrawals were increased 100 percent over average 1983-88 withdrawals. Results of a baseline simulation involving only the increased withdrawals were compared to each of the simulated alternatives, which also include the withdrawals. Hydraulic heads, saltwater- freshwater interface movement, and ground-water flows were compared. Simulation results indicate that the barrier-injection or barrier-withdrawal scheme could be useful in managing the water supply for a specific location. The conjunctive- use scheme would provide a marginal regional hydrologic benefit. Redistribution of withdrawals appears to be the only regional alternative that would result in recovery of ground-water levels and would substantially slow saltwater encroachment; however, anthropogenic land-surface contamination of the unconfined aquifer would have to be considered if the redistribution alternative is acted upon.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964041","usgsCitation":"Spitz, F., 1996, Hydrologic feasibility of water-supply-development alternatives in Cape May County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4041, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964041.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58708,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606b46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spitz, F. J.","contributorId":56682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitz","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24703,"text":"ofr96349 - 1996 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1994 through March 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"ofr96349","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-349","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1994 through March 1996","docAbstract":"This report describes the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1994 through March 1996, with a focus on data from January through March 1996 (first quarter of 1996). A complete database of ground-water withdrawals and chloride-concentration records since 1985 is maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey. Cumulative rainfall for January through March 1996 was about 30 inches, which is 9 percent less than the mean cumulative rainfall of about 33 inches for January through March. The period January through February is the end of the annual wet season, while March marks the start of the annual dry season. Ground-water withdrawal during January through March 1996 averaged 970,300 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1995 averaged 894,600 gallons per day. With- drawal patterns during the first quarter of 1996 did not change significantly since 1991, with the Cantonment and Air Operations areas supplying about 99 percent of total islandwide pumpage. At the end of March 1996, the chloride concentration of water from the elevated tanks at Cantonment and Air Operations were 47 and 80 milligrams per liter, respectively. The chloride data from all five production areas showed no significant upward or downward trends throughout the first quarter of 1996. Potable levels of chloride concentrations have been maintained by adjusting individual pumping rates, and also because of the absence of long-term droughts. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations also showed no significant trends throughout the first quarter of 1996. Chloride concentrations have been about the same since the last quarter of 1995. A fuel-pipeline leak at Air Operations in May 1991 decreased total islandwide withdrawals by 15 percent. This lost pumping capacity is being offset by increased pumpage at Cantonment. Six wells do not contribute to the water supply because they are being used to hydraulically divert fuel migration away from water-supply wells by a program of ground-water withdrawal and injection.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96349","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1996, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1994 through March 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-349, v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96349.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0349/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53736,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0349/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486fe4b07f02db50ca07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25420,"text":"wri964049 - 1996 - Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"wri964049","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4049","title":"Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Commercial and industrial activities in the Railroad Industrial Area in Fairbanks, Alaska, have resulted in accidental releases of chemicals to the subsurface. Such releases have generated concern regarding local ground-water quality and the potential impact on nearby water-supply wells. Consequently, a study is being conducted to characterize the environmental and hydrologic conditions in the area. Existing reports from numerous previous investigations in the area were reviewed and relevant information from these documents was compiled. Both ground- and surface-water elevations were measured approximately monthly at as many as 50 sites during mass measurements. Selected sites were measured more frequently to assess short-term changes in the ground- and surface-water systems. Supplemental data were also collected outside of the study area to aid in interpretation. Ground water was sampled and analyzed to define the extent of the area affected by petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. Data show that water levels in nearby rivers and sloughs have a considerable influence on ground-water flow in the study area. Seasonal and shorter term changes in river stage frequently alter and even reverse the direction of ground-water flow. The local ground-water system typically has an upward flow component, but this component is reversed in the upper part of the aquifer during periods of high water levels in the Chena River. These periodic changes in the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow have a considerable influence on the transport of dissolved hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Both petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents were found in ground water at the study area. Typical degradation products of these compounds were also found, indicating that biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms is occurring.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964049","usgsCitation":"Lilly, M.R., McCarthy, K.A., Kriegler, A., Vohden, J., and Burno, G., 1996, Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4049, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964049.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54139,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54140,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa1bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lilly, M. R.","contributorId":38594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kriegler, A.T.","contributorId":83955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kriegler","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vohden, James","contributorId":101281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vohden","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burno, G.E.","contributorId":18026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burno","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":29343,"text":"wri954155 - 1996 - Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting the chemistry of small headwater streams in response to acidic deposition on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:38:27","indexId":"wri954155","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4155","title":"Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting the chemistry of small headwater streams in response to acidic deposition on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected at a precipitation-collection station and from two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, north- central Maryland, as part of an investigation of episodic acidification and its effects on streamwater quality. Data were collected from June 1990 through December 1993. Descriptions of the water shed instrumentation, data-collection techniques, and laboratory methods used to conduct the studies are included. Data that were collected on precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and streamwater during base flow and stormflow indicate that the streams undergo episodic acidification during storms. Both streams showed decreases in pH to less than 5.0 standard units during stormflow. The acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) of both streams decreased during stormflow, and the ANC of one of the streams, Bear Branch, became negative. The chemistries of the different types of waters that were sampled indicate that shallow subsurface water with minimal residence time in the watersheds is routed to the streams to become stormflow and is the cause of the episodic acidification observed. Three-component hydrograph separations were performed on the data collected during several storms in each watershed. The hydrograph separations of all of the storms indicate that throughfall contributed 0 to 50 percent of the stormflow, soil water contributed 0 to 80 percent, and ground water contributed 20 to 90 percent. The results of the hydrograph separations indicate that, in general, the watershed with higher hydraulic gradients tends to have shallower and shorter flow paths than the watershed with lower hydraulic gradients.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Towson, MD","doi":"10.3133/wri954155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Department of the Environment and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., and Bricker, O.P., 1996, Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting the chemistry of small headwater streams in response to acidic deposition on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4155, vii, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954155.","productDescription":"vii, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4155/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Frederick","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25614,"text":"wri964186 - 1996 - Instream investigations in the Beaver Creek Watershed in West Tennessee, 1991-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri964186","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4186","title":"Instream investigations in the Beaver Creek Watershed in West Tennessee, 1991-95","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Agriculture, began a long-term scientific investigation in 1989 to evaluate the effect of agricultural activities on water quality and the effectiveness of agricultural best management practices in the Beaver Creek watershed, West Tennessee. In 1993 as a part of this study, the USGS, in cooperation with the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Shelby County Soil Conservation District, and the Tennessee Soybean Promotion Board, began an evaluation of the physical, chemical, biological and hydrological factors that affect water quality in streams and wetlands, and instream resource-management systems to treat agricultural nonpoint-source runoff and improve water quality. The purpose of this report is to present the results of three studies of stream and wetland investigations and a study on the transport of aldicarb from an agricultural field in the Beaver Creek watershed. A natural bottomland hardwood wetland and an artificially constructed wetland were evaluated as instream resource-management systems. These two studies showed that wetlands are an effective way to improve the quality of agricultural nonpoint-source runoff. The wetlands reduced concentrations and loads of suspended sediments, nutrients, and pesticides in the streams. A third paper documents the influence of riparian vegetation on the biological structure and water quality of a small stream draining an agricultural field. A comparison of the upper reach lined with herbaceous plants and the lower reach with mature woody vegetation showed a more stable biological community structure and Water- quality characteristics in the woody reach than in the herbaceous reach. The water-quality characteristics monitored were pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and specific conductance. The herbaceous reach had a greater diversity and abundance of organisms during spring and early summer, but the abundance dropped by approximately 85 percent during late summer. A fourth study describes the transport of aldicarb and its metabolites--aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone-in runoff at a small stream draining a cotton field. During 1991 to 1995, aldicarb and its metabolites were detected in runoff events. The highest concentrations occurred when aldicarb was applied to the field just hours before a rain storm. Aldicarb was not detectable in runoff a few weeks after application. The metabolites of aldicarb were detectable for 76 days after application. These studies demonstrate streambank vegetation and wetlands have a significant influence on stream water quality. The importance of weather conditions to herbicide application and runoff also is evident. This information can be used by resource managers to sustain and improve our Nation's streams for future generations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964186","usgsCitation":"Byl, T., and Carney, K., 1996, Instream investigations in the Beaver Creek Watershed in West Tennessee, 1991-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4186, vi, 34 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964186.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54361,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4939e4b07f02db587f63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byl, T.D.","contributorId":86373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byl","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carney, K.A.","contributorId":7735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carney","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29311,"text":"wri964143 - 1996 - Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri964143","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4143","title":"Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models","docAbstract":"A system of functional utilities and computer routines, collectively identified as the Time-Dependent Data System CI DDS), has been developed and documented by the U.S. Geological Survey. The TDDS is designed for processing time sequences of discrete, fixed-interval, time-varying geophysical data--in particular, hydrologic data. Such data include various, dependent variables and related parameters typically needed as input for execution of one-, two-, and three-dimensional hydrodynamic/transport and associated water-quality simulation models. Such data can also include time sequences of results generated by numerical simulation models. Specifically, TDDS provides the functional capabilities to process, store, retrieve, and compile data in a Time-Dependent Data Base (TDDB) in response to interactive user commands or pre-programmed directives. Thus, the TDDS, in conjunction with a companion TDDB, provides a ready means for processing, preparation, and assembly of time sequences of data for input to models; collection, categorization, and storage of simulation results from models; and intercomparison of field data and simulation results.  The TDDS can be used to edit and verify prototype, time-dependent data to affirm that selected sequences of data are accurate, contiguous, and appropriate for numerical simulation modeling. It can be used to prepare time-varying data in a variety of formats, such as tabular lists, sequential files, arrays, graphical displays, as well as line-printer plots of single or multiparameter data sets. The TDDB is organized and maintained as a direct-access data base by the TDDS, thus providing simple, yet efficient, data management and access. A single, easily used, program interface that provides all access to and from a particular TDDB is available for use directly within models, other user-provided programs, and other data systems. This interface, together with each major functional utility of the TDDS, is described and documented in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964143","usgsCitation":"Regan, R., Schaffranek, R., and Baltzer, R., 1996, Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4143, vii, 104 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964143.","productDescription":"vii, 104 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regan, R.S.","contributorId":51794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, R.W.","contributorId":61468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baltzer, R.A.","contributorId":86321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltzer","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}