{"pageNumber":"410","pageRowStart":"10225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10444,"records":[{"id":979,"text":"wsp1696A - 1963 - Determination of beta activity in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1696A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1696","chapter":"A","title":"Determination of beta activity in water","docAbstract":"Many elements have one or more naturally radioactive isotopes, and several hundred other radionuclides have been produced artificially. Radioactive substances may be present in natural water as a result of geochemical processes or the release of radioactive waste and other nuclear debris to the environment. The Geological Survey has developed methods for measuring certain of these .radioactive substances in water. \r\n\r\nRadioactive substances often are present in water samples in microgram quantities or less. Therefore, precautions must be taken to prevent loss of material and to assure that the sample truly represents its source at the time of collection. Addition of acids, complexing agents, or stable isotopes often aids in preventing loss of radioactivity on container walls, on sediment, or on other solid materials in contact with the sample. \r\n\r\nThe disintegration of radioactive atoms is a random process subject to established methods of statistical analysis. Because many water samples contain small amounts of radioactivity, low-level counting techniques must be used. The usual assumption that counting data follow a Gaussian distribution is invalid under these conditions, and statistical analyses must be based on the Poisson distribution. \r\n\r\nThe gross beta activity in water samples is determined from the residue left after evaporation of the sample to dryness. Evaporation is accomplished first in a teflon dish, then the residue is transferred with distilled water to a counting planchet and again is reduced to dryness. The radioactivity on the planchet is measured with an anticoincidence-shielded, low-background, beta counter and is compared with measurements of a strontium-90-yttrium-90 standard prepared and measured in the same manner. Control charts are used to assure consistent operation of the counting instrument.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1696A","usgsCitation":"Barker, F.B., and Robinson, B., 1963, Determination of beta activity in water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1696, iii, 32 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1696A.","productDescription":"iii, 32 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1696a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1696a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667865","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F. B.","contributorId":88709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, B.P.","contributorId":7685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"B.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":142958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2478,"text":"wsp1613A - 1963 - Geology and ground-water conditions in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, N.Y.","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51254,"text":"ofr5377 - 1953 - Water-level and chloride-content data at outpost observation wells in southwestern Nassau County, Long Island, New York","indexId":"ofr5377","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Water-level and chloride-content data at outpost observation wells in southwestern Nassau County, Long Island, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2478,"text":"wsp1613A - 1963 - Geology and ground-water conditions in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, N.Y.","indexId":"wsp1613A","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geology and ground-water conditions in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, N.Y."},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":51661,"text":"ofr5498 - 1954 - Supplementary data on water levels and chloride concentrations at outpost observation wells in southern Nassau County, Long Island, New York","indexId":"ofr5498","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Supplementary data on water levels and chloride concentrations at outpost observation wells in southern Nassau County, Long Island, New York"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2478,"text":"wsp1613A - 1963 - Geology and ground-water conditions in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, N.Y.","indexId":"wsp1613A","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geology and ground-water conditions in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, N.Y."},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-22T19:47:50.062941","indexId":"wsp1613A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1613","chapter":"A","title":"Geology and ground-water conditions in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, N.Y.","docAbstract":"Test drilling, electrical logging, and water sampling of 'outpost' and other \r\nwells have revealed the existence of a deep confined body of salt water in the \r\nMagothy(?) formation beneath southwestern Nassau and southeastern Queens \r\nCounties, Long Island, N.Y. In connection with a test-drilling program, cooperatively sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Nassau County Department \r\nof Public Works, and the New York State Water Resources Commission (formerly \r\nWater Power and Control Commission), 13 wells ranging in depth from about \r\n130 to 800 feet were drilled during 1952 and 1953 and screened at various depths \r\nin the Magothy(?) formation and Jameco gravel. On the basis of the preliminary \r\ngeologic, hydrologic, and chemical data from these wells, a detailed investigation \r\nof ground-water conditions from the water table to the bedrock was begun in a \r\n200-square-mile area in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens Counties. \r\nThe Inain purposes of the investigation were to delineate the bodies of fresh and \r\nsalty ground water in the project area, to relate their occurrence and movement \r\nto geologic and hydrologic conditions, to estimate the rate of encroachment, if \r\nany, of the salty water, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing network \r\nof outpost wells as detectors of salt-water encroachment. \r\nAbout a million people in the report area, residing mainly in southern Nassau \r\nCounty, are completely dependent on ground water as a source of supply. Fortunately, precipitation averages about 44 inches per year, of which approximately \r\nhalf is estimated to percolate into the ground-water reservoir. \r\nThe ground water is contained in and moves through eight differentiated geologic units composed of unconsolidated gravel, sand, and clay, of Late Cretaceous, \r\nPleistocene, and Recent age, having a maximum total thickness of about 1,700 \r\nfeet. The underlying metamorphic and igneous crystalline basement rocks are \r\nof Precambrian age and are not water bearing. \r\nThe water-yielding units from the surface down are (1) the upper Pleistocene \r\ndeposits, (2) the principal artesian aquifer, composed of the Jameco gravel and \r\nMagothy(?) formation, and (3) the Lloyd sand member of the Raritar formation. \r\nThe confining units are the '20-foot' clay, the Gardiners clay, and the clay member of the Raritan formation. The upper Pleistocene deposits contain an extensive unconfined body of fresh water. Fresh water under artesian conditions is \r\ncontained in the principal artesian aquifer and the Lloyd sand member. The \r\npiezometric surface of the principal artesian aquifer is similar in shape to the south-ward-sloping water table; it ranges in altitude from about sea level to 55 feet \r\nabove. \r\nThe chemical quality of the fresh ground water in most of the area in all aquifers \r\nis good to excellent, and concentrations of dissolved solids and of chloride generally \r\nare below 100 ppm (parts per million) and 10 ppm, respectively. Analyses of \r\nwater samples from selected wells show no progressive increase in concentration of \r\nchloride in most of the area. The data on quality of water have been used to \r\ndelineate one major and several minor bodies of salty ground water. The wedgeshaped main confined salt-water body, in which the concentration of chloride \r\nreaches about 17,000 ppm, is in the Magothy(?) formation and Jameco gravel in \r\nextreme southwestern Nassau County and southeastern Queens County. The \r\nbase of the salt-water wedge is about at the top of the clay member of the Raritan \r\nformation. Beneath the barrier beach in south-central and southeastern Nassau County a shallow extension of the main confined salt-water body contains as much as 4,000 ppm of chloride and is separated from the lower main salt-water body by fresh ground water. Shallow, thin bodies of unconfined salty ground water are common in the upper Pleistocene and Recent deposits adjacent to salty surface water in tidal creeks, bays, and the Atlantic","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1613A","usgsCitation":"Perlmutter, N.M., and Geraghty, J.J., 1963, Geology and ground-water conditions in southern Nassau and southeastern Queens Counties, Long Island, N.Y.: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1613, Report: vi, 205 p.; 7 Plates: 27.00 × 40.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1613A.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 205 p.; 7 Plates: 27.00 × 40.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":28560,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1613a/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28559,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1613a/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28557,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1613a/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28556,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1613a/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28555,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1613a/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1613a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28558,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1613a/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28561,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1613a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394230,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24803.htm"},{"id":28554,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1613a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"96200","country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County, Queens County","otherGeospatial":"Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.812,\n 40.583\n ],\n [\n -73.417,\n 40.583\n ],\n [\n -73.417,\n 40.727\n ],\n [\n -73.812,\n 40.727\n ],\n [\n -73.812,\n 40.583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685f9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perlmutter, N. M.","contributorId":38972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlmutter","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Geraghty, J. J.","contributorId":74738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geraghty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220603,"text":"5220603 - 1963 - Disease and infection in the Tetraonidae","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-05T16:09:43.720999","indexId":"5220603","displayToPublicDate":"1963-10-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disease and infection in the Tetraonidae","docAbstract":"Disease is one of many factors advanced to explain the fluctuations of grouse populations, but no profound study of natural disease losses in Tetraonidae exists. The literature contains frequent references to THE grouse disease, although many potential pathogens are listed in numerous surveys and limited investigations, and the relevant data indicate that no single etiologic agent is universally responsible for disease in grouse. Few experimental infections or related studies on parasite biology have been attempted. Well-trained personnel and specialized facilities are required for research and analysis (1) to develop new methods of interpretation to be used with existing census techniques, (2) to conduct intensive studies of ecological factors of host and habitat, and (3) to establish base lines for recognition of deviations from the norm. Disease in wildlife can be controlled only through management procedures based on information concerning the biology of pathogens, hosts, and environments. It cannot be studied as a separate entity if its impact on survival or population fluctuations of grouse is to be correctly assessed.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3798499","usgsCitation":"Herman, C.M., 1963, Disease and infection in the Tetraonidae: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 27, no. 4, p. 850-855, https://doi.org/10.2307/3798499.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"850","endPage":"855","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196345,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a59e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herman, C. M.","contributorId":101335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221120,"text":"70221120 - 1963 - Two pollen diagrams from southeastern Minnesota: Problems in the regional late-glacial and postglacial vegetational history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-02T16:23:13.324044","indexId":"70221120","displayToPublicDate":"1963-08-01T11:18:24","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two pollen diagrams from southeastern Minnesota: Problems in the regional late-glacial and postglacial vegetational history","docAbstract":"

Kirchner Marsh and Lake Carlson are located 3 miles apart in Dakota County about 15 miles south of Minneapolis in the St. Croix moraine, which was formed by the Superior lobe during the Gary phase of the Wisconsin glaciation. During the Mankato phase that followed, the Des Moines lobe advanced to within a few miles of the sites. The region today is in a mixed-oak forest, with a maplebasswood forest 15 miles to the west and a re-entrant of the prairie on the sand plain south of the moraine. The general limit of coniferous trees is about 50 miles northeast of the sites, although outliers, especially of Pinus strobus, may be found along the Mississippi Valley a few miles to the east. One sediment core 12-13 m long from each site was analyzed for pollen content at 5-25-cm intervals. Diagrams based on percentage of total pollen (trees, shrubs, wind-pollinated herbs) show essentially identical sequences at the two sites, starting with the late-glacial phase of ice retreat. The diagrams have been subdivided into pollen zones according to the A-B-C sequence introduced by Deevey for New England. The late-glacial pollen record starts at Kirchner Marsh with a short Picea-Cyperaceae-Gramineae phase (Zone K), believed to represent a spruce parkland. Its C-14 date of 13,270 BP and the stratigraphy indicate a pre-Two Creeks and post- Gary correlation. Apparently the Kirchner site did not become established as a lake until this time owing to persistence of dead ice in the moraine. The absence of pollen of specific tundra indicators and the presence of pollen of such thermophilous plants as Fraxinus, Quercus, Corylus, Ambrosia, Humulus, and Typha latifolia imply that the climate was cool rather than cold. Zone A-a, which follows, correlates with the Two Creeks interstade. It is marked by the dominance of Picea, with appreciable percentages of Fraxinus and Ambrosia and with minor amounts of other thermophilous plants and the normal boreal associates of spruce like Betula, Larix, and Salix. Zone A-b, starting 12,050 C-14 years ago, correlates with the Valders ice advance. It is represented at both Kirchner and Carlson and shows the withdrawal of Fraxinus and Ambrosia and the slight rise of Artemisia. Except for the absence of pine in the late-glacial assemblage the vegetation implied by these three zones seems to have its closest modern counterpart in the southern fringe of the Boreal Forest of the Riding Mountain region of southwest Manitoba. It is concluded that pine did not migrate southward with the spruce during the Wisconsin glaciation, at least in the western Great Lakes region, and was thus eliminated from this region. During the lateglacial phases of ice retreat, herbs and spruce pioneered on the deglaciated terrain; pine did not follow until the destruction of the spruce forest at the end of the late-glacial phase. Zone B introduces postglacial time. It represents the time of rapid Vegetational succession following the deterioration of the spruce forest. Simultaneous maxima of Betula, Alnus, Fraxinus, and Abies occurred 10,230 years ago at Kirchner Marsh. These were followed rapidly by a Pinus maximum and then a rise of Ulmus, Quercus, and other deciduous types, dated as 9300 years ago at the correlative site of Madeha. This succession may represent differential rates of migration from refuges south and east of Minnesota. Deciduous trees dominate the C Zones. Zone C-a shows Ulmus and Ostrya /Carpinus followed by Quercus; it probably represents principally a mesic maple-basswood forest changing to oak. Zone C-b represents the advance of prairie into the region at the expense of the oak woodland or savanna. The large and abrupt fluctuations in the curves for Ambrosia-type and Chenopodiineae, especially at the Carlson site, may record encroachment of annual weeds onto intermittently dried lake bottoms. C-14 dates place Zone C-b between 7100 and 5100 years ago. In Zone C-c the Quercus again dominates until the abrupt increase in Ambrosiatype and Chenopodiineae that marks the time of forest clearance and land settlement 50-75 years ago. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[1371:TPDFSM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wright, H., Winter, T.C., and Patten, H.L., 1963, Two pollen diagrams from southeastern Minnesota: Problems in the regional late-glacial and postglacial vegetational history: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 74, no. 11, p. 1371-1396, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1963)74[1371:TPDFSM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1371","endPage":"1396","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 45.182036837015886\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 43.58039085560784\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, H.E. Jr.","contributorId":56369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"H.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patten, Harvey L.","contributorId":259197,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Patten","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70221071,"text":"70221071 - 1963 - Epigenetic, diplogenetic, syngenetic, and lithogene deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-01T17:20:18.286746","indexId":"70221071","displayToPublicDate":"1963-05-01T12:17:14","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epigenetic, diplogenetic, syngenetic, and lithogene deposits","docAbstract":"

Much of the disagreement over \"epigenetic\" And \"Syngenetic\" Deposits Is Semantic; Some Ores And altered rocks are in part syngenetic and in part epigenetic and for them the term \"diplogenetic\" is proposed. All these terms are primarily time terms related to the contemporaneity of the deposit and the enclosing rock, but in a secondary sense they are space terms; they do not, however, imply process of formation or source of the chemical constituents. Process or source terms such as \"magmatic,\" \"hydro-thermal,\" \"sedimentary\" are generally satisfactory, but the process term \"lateral secretion\" is now vague in meaning. A more precise term is needed for the process of mobilization of elements from a solid rock and their transportation and redeposition elsewhere; for this process I propose the term \" lithogene\" (\"stone-born\"), to stress the source and process as do \"magmatic\" and \"sedimentary.\" Such deposits could be derived from syngenetic, diplogenetic, or epigenetic deposits through the action of metamorphic, hydrothermal, supergene or other solutions. If one wishes, however, to emphasize the distance the mobilized elements have moved from the source rock, the resulting deposit can be described best as a locally derived lithogene deposit (\"lateral secretion\"), or as a regionally derived lithogene deposit (\"product of regional metamorphism\"). The classification of many deposits such as epigenetic replacement bodies of magnetite in limestone, and syngenetic gold in recent placers is not controversial; however, where large parts of the mineral deposit are made up both of syngenetic elements and introduced elements, the term \"diplogenetic\" is appropriate. Examples include mineral deposits in which syngenetic cations are united with epigenetic anions, as in fluorite replacements in limestones, or where the reverse relationship holds and epigenetic cations are united to syngenetic sulfur or other anions-as may be true of certain black cupriferous shales of the Mansfeld type. Guides for distinguishing the various types of mineral deposits are discussed at length and include: mineralogy; texture; isotopic composition of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and perhaps other elements; form; age relations; alteration; zoning; position and quantitative adequacy of supposed source rocks; lithology; structural geology; paleogeography; and regional geologic relations. The criteria developed are used in a critical review of several examples of controversial deposits-including the African Copper-belt deposits and those of the graphitic schists of Fenno-Scandia.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.58.3.315","usgsCitation":"Lovering, T.S., 1963, Epigenetic, diplogenetic, syngenetic, and lithogene deposits: Economic Geology, v. 58, no. 3, p. 315-331, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.58.3.315.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"331","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1963-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovering, T. S.","contributorId":108085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221066,"text":"70221066 - 1963 - The atomic ratios of natural ferruginous biotites with reference to 'the stability relations of the ferruginous biotite, annite'","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-01T16:49:03.824921","indexId":"70221066","displayToPublicDate":"1963-01-01T11:45:56","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The atomic ratios of natural ferruginous biotites with reference to 'the stability relations of the ferruginous biotite, annite'","docAbstract":"

The atomic ratios given by Eugster and Wones (1962) for analyses of high FeO-low MgO micas cited by Foster (1960) are in error. The recalculated atomic ratios herein presented show that only three of the thirteen have low (OH+F), and only one has characteristics that may possibly be due to loss of water during determination. None of the analyses exhibit characteristics suggestive of oxidation of iron and loss of H, as in progression towards oxyannite.

The average recalculated octahedral occupancy is 2.69, not 2.91 as in the previous calculation.

The differences between atomic ratios calculated on the basis ot determined H2O+ and F and those calculated on the basis of the theoretical O10 (OH)2 content are not great enough to change the essential compositional character of these micas as interpreted by Foster (1960). However, they do affect significantly the calculated octahedral occupancy.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/4.2.302","usgsCitation":"Foster, M.D., Wones, D.R., and Eugster, H., 1963, The atomic ratios of natural ferruginous biotites with reference to 'the stability relations of the ferruginous biotite, annite': Journal of Petrology, v. 4, no. 2, p. 302-306, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/4.2.302.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"306","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386038,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, Margaret D.","contributorId":21141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wones, David R.","contributorId":47455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wones","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eugster, H.P.","contributorId":99992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1000063,"text":"1000063 - 1963 - Age, growth, and maturity of round whitefish of the Apostle Islands and Isle Royale Regions, Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T12:55:30","indexId":"1000063","displayToPublicDate":"1963-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age, growth, and maturity of round whitefish of the Apostle Islands and Isle Royale Regions, Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The round whitefish has been of some commercial importance in the upper Great Lakes but production in Lake Superior has generally been small; the United States average was 26,600 pounds for 1929-59. This study is based on 1,173 fish collected in the Apostle Islands in 1958-60 and 103 collected at Isle Royale in 1958 and 1960. The average age of 6.0 years at Isle Royale was concluded to be significantly higher than the mean of 4.2 years in the Apostle Islands. The body-scale relation is a straight line with an intercept of 1.1 inches on the length axis. Weight of Apostle Islands round whitefish captured in several months increased as the 3.22 power of the length. Growth in length was relatively slow; nearly or fully 7 years were required to reach an acceptable commercial length of 14 inches in both the Apostle Islands and at Isle Royale. The calculated weights at the end of the seventh year were 12.6 ounces in the Apostle Islands and 13.8 ounces at Isle Royale. Minimum length at maturity of male round whitefish (7.0-7.4 inches) was less than that of females (8.5-8.9 inches). At age-group II, 11.1 percent of male round whitefish, but only 1.5 percent of the females were mature. All males were mature as age-group V and all females as age-group VI. Males dominated the younger age groups but females were more numerous in the older ones. Estimates of the number of eggs in 37 round whitefish ovaries yielded an average of 5,330 eggs for fish 10.5-17.4 inches long.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fishery Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Bailey, M.M., 1963, Age, growth, and maturity of round whitefish of the Apostle Islands and Isle Royale Regions, Lake Superior: Fishery Bulletin, v. 63, no. 1, p. 63-75.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128524,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266929,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://fishbull.noaa.gov/63-1/bailey.pdf"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b8e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, Merryll M.","contributorId":47724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Merryll","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171207,"text":"70171207 - 1963 - Persistence of DDT and its metabolites in a farm pond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:13:47","indexId":"70171207","displayToPublicDate":"1963-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of DDT and its metabolites in a farm pond","docAbstract":"

A farm pond near Morrison, Colorado, was treated with 0.02 p.p.m. of DDT in June 1961. The persistence and distribution of the insecticide in materials sampled from the aquatic environment were studied until November 1962. Detectable amounts of DDT were not found in the water after 3 weeks. Residues in the mud had declined within 8 weeks after the treatment to levels not significantly higher than pre-treatment levels, but a sample of vegetation still contained relatively high levels of residues. From this time until the second summer, sufficient vegetation was not present to provide a sample for chemical analysis. A new crop of vegetation sampled 1 year after the treatment contained residues approximating pre-treatment levels. Fish accumulated 3 to 4 p.p.m. of DDT and its metabolites within 1 month after the treatment. The residue levels slowly declined after this, but when the study was terminated, 2 to 3 p.p.m. of the metabolites DDD and DDE still remained in the fish. The highest residue levels measured in crayfish were about one-half of those found in fish. Some mortality of the more susceptible fish and invertebrates occurred as a result of the DDT treatment; however, severe adverse effects were not demonstrated.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1963)92[421:PODAIM]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bridges, W., Kallman, B., and Andrews, A., 1963, Persistence of DDT and its metabolites in a farm pond: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 92, no. 4, p. 421-427, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1963)92[421:PODAIM]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"427","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321671,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5746ccbfe4b07e28b662dcff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, W.R.","contributorId":38097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kallman, B.J.","contributorId":22199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kallman","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andrews, A.K.","contributorId":44991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010787,"text":"70010787 - 1963 - Boron-oxygen polyanion in the crystal structure of tunellite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-19T19:02:14.950786","indexId":"70010787","displayToPublicDate":"1963-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boron-oxygen polyanion in the crystal structure of tunellite","docAbstract":"

The crystal structure of tunellite, SrO·3B2O3·4H2O, with infinite sheets of composition n[B6O9(OH)2]2-, has cations and water molecules in the spaces within the sheets. Adjacent sheets are held together by hydrogen bonding through the water molecules. The boron-oxygen polyanions provide the first example in hydrated borate crystals of one oxygen linked to three borons.

","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.141.3586.1178","usgsCitation":"Clark, J.R., 1963, Boron-oxygen polyanion in the crystal structure of tunellite: Science, v. 141, no. 3586, p. 1178-1179, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.141.3586.1178.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1178","endPage":"1179","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218663,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"3586","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f222e4b0c8380cd4b015","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J. R.","contributorId":55764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010835,"text":"70010835 - 1963 - Aromatic fluorine compounds. XI. Replacement of chlorine by fluorine in halopyridines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-19T18:45:33.233104","indexId":"70010835","displayToPublicDate":"1963-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2408,"text":"Journal of Organic Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aromatic fluorine compounds. XI. Replacement of chlorine by fluorine in halopyridines","docAbstract":"

The α-halogenated pyridines react with potassium fluoride in various solvents to give replacement of the α-halogen by fluorine. A 50% yield of 2-fluoropyridine was obtained from 2-chloropyridine by heating with potassium fluoride in dimethyl sulfone or tetramethylene sulfone for twenty-one days; 2-bromopyridine gave a similar yield with a heating period of only seven days. The α-halogens of the polyhalopyridines undergo the exchange reaction more readily than do the halogens of the α-monohalopyridines. The proposed structures of the fluoropyridines are supported by alternate syntheses and by n.m.r. studies.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/jo01041a058","usgsCitation":"Finger, G.C., Starr, L.D., Dickerson, D.R., Gutowsky, H.S., and Hamer, J., 1963, Aromatic fluorine compounds. XI. Replacement of chlorine by fluorine in halopyridines: Journal of Organic Chemistry, v. 28, no. 6, p. 1666-1668, https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01041a058.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1666","endPage":"1668","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218956,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed81e4b0c8380cd49854","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finger, G. C.","contributorId":89277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starr, L. D.","contributorId":74872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starr","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickerson, D. R.","contributorId":66837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gutowsky, H. S.","contributorId":13110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutowsky","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hamer, J.","contributorId":30099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000140,"text":"1000140 - 1963 - Age and growth of the whitefish in Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T11:54:57","indexId":"1000140","displayToPublicDate":"1963-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and growth of the whitefish in Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The average annual commercial production of whitefish in the U.S. waters of Lake Superior dropped from 2,194,000 pounds in 1879-1908 to 504,000 pounds in 1911-59. The modern production, though far below the earlier, has accounted for more than 10 percent of the total value of the fishery in all but one of the last 20 years. Data are given on growth rate, age and year-class composition, size distribution, and length-weight relation of 1,800 fish collected in 1957-59 at Bayfield, Wis., and Marquette, Whitefish Point, and Dollar Settlement, Mich. Studies of the body-scale relation, sex ratio, and age and size at maturity were limited to fish collected at Bayfield. The age composition and mean age varied widely by port and year of capture. Oldest fish were those of the 1957 Bayfield samples which were dominated by age group VII and averaged 5.5 years old. The youngest were from Whitefish Point in 1959; age-group III was dominant, and the mean age was 3.2 years. The evidence on the strength of year classes was not clear-cut, but it was obvious that fluctuations in stocks of different areas were largely independent. The percentage of legal-size fish (17 inches or longer) in age groups ranged widely; only 8.6 percent of the V group were legal in the 1957 Bayfield collections, whereas 100 percent of fish of the same age were legal in the 1957-59 collections from Whitefish Point. The weight of whitefish in the combined samples increased as the 3.2408 power of the length. The growth rate from the fastest to the slowest growing stocks ranked as follows: Whitefish Point; Dollar Settlement and Marquette (fish from the two ports reversed ranks after 3 years); Bayfield. The major differences in growth in length among the various stocks occurred during the first years of life. Beyond the fifth year the annual increments were nearly the same in all stocks. The whitefish from Whitefish Point, Dollar Settlement, and Marquette are among the fastest growing in the Great Lakes. The differences among the Lake Superior stocks in age and year-class composition, and in growth rate offer convincing evidence that populations of different areas are entirely independent. The sexes were almost equally represented (51.5 percent males) in the combined Bayfield samples, but males were scarce in age groups older than VIII. Whitefish from Bayfield shorter than 14.5 inches were immature and those larger than 17.4 inches were mature. The youngest mature fish belonged to age-group V,and all older than the VII group were mature.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fishery Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Dryer, W.R., 1963, Age and growth of the whitefish in Lake Superior: Fishery Bulletin, v. 63, no. 1, p. 77-95.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"95","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266925,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://fishbull.noaa.gov/63-1/dryer.pdf"}],"volume":"63","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6896d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dryer, William R.","contributorId":71921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dryer","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19550,"text":"ofr6269 - 1962 - Glacier observations, Glacier National Park, Montana, 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-10T14:21:41.145862","indexId":"ofr6269","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"62-69","title":"Glacier observations, Glacier National Park, Montana, 1961","docAbstract":"

This report records the results obtained during the 1961 season in the continuing program of glacier observations in Glacier National Park. The investigations currently in progress relate to the Grinnell and Sperry Glaciers. This program is carried on cooperatively by the Geological Survey, the National Park Service and the Weather Bureau. The program includes the determination of annual changes in the surface elevation of the glaciers by the measurement of profiles, and changes during the summer months by the establishment of and observations at ablation stakes; rapping the glacier termini in selected years to record advance or recession; determination of annual movement by the location of marked rocks; the operation of two storage-precipitation gages in the immediate vicinity of the Grinnell Glacier to record annual precipitation; the operation of two gaging stations, one just below the Grinnell Glacier during the summer months and one Just below the outlet of Grinnell Lake on a year round basis; temperature data near the Grinnell Glacier and temperature and precipitation data at the Sperry Chalet near the Sperry Glacier during the summer months. The results of the work are described in the following sections.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6269","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., 1962, Glacier observations, Glacier National Park, Montana, 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 62-69, iii, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6269.","productDescription":"iii, 16 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":497297,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0069/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152368,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0069/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"29\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Montana\",\"nation\":\"USA 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Arthur","contributorId":76720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":62028,"text":"mr13 - 1962 - Copper in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":40124,"text":"ofr6184 - 1961 - Copper in the United States","indexId":"ofr6184","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Copper in the United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":62028,"text":"mr13 - 1962 - Copper in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii","indexId":"mr13","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Copper in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-02T15:56:39.841636","indexId":"mr13","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":324,"text":"Mineral Investigations Resource Map","code":"MR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"13","title":"Copper in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii","docAbstract":"

The copper districts in the United States (exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii) are shown on the accompanying map. In compiling the map, the estimated total quantity of copper present before mining was used to assign districts to size categories, and both production and reserves are included without distinction as to the status of exploitation. Four categories have been distinguished: deposits that contain 50+ to 1,000 tons; 1,000 to 50,000 tons; 50,000 to 1 million tons; and over 1 million tons of copper respectively. In many of the smaller deposits copper occurs with other metals, as gold, silver; lead, or zinc, that may be quantitatively and economically more important than the contained copper. Thus, for example, a deposit that contains large values in gold or zinc may contain only a small amount of copper and is shown on this map as a small copper deposit.

Five principal morphologic types of deposits have been distinguished on the map by letter symbols. These are disseminated, replacement, vein, massive sulfide, and native copper deposits (see Explanation). They are not strictly genetic types, however, for the disseminated deposits, the massive sulfide deposits, and many of the vein deposits were formed largely or entirely by replacement processes.

The symbols show either individual mines or the approximate centers of districts. Some of the more prominent districts are identified by name on the map, and all with over 1,000 tons of copper are numbered to correspond to the Locality Index. As mining district names do not always correspond to locality names, and a name established through common usage may not be the legal name of the mining district, several names are given in the index for some localities. The index is arranged alphabetically by States. Both published and unpublished data were used, and at least one reference is given for each locality if reports on it have been published.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mr13","usgsCitation":"Kinkel, A.R., and Peterson, N.P., 1962, Copper in the United States, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Investigations Resource Map 13, Report: 15 p.; 1 Plate: 64.20 x 42.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mr13.","productDescription":"Report: 15 p.; 1 Plate: 64.20 x 42.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":485338,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mr/13/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":260477,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mr/13/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mr/13/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"3168000","country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -127.25,24.25 ], [ -127.25,49.25 ], [ -66.5,49.25 ], [ -66.5,24.25 ], [ -127.25,24.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685bf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinkel, Arthur R. Jr.","contributorId":27440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinkel","given":"Arthur","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, N. P.","contributorId":29827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":266743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38914,"text":"pp450B - 1962 - Short papers in geology, hydrology, and topography; Articles 1-59: Geological Survey Research 1962","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-09T21:14:22.507435","indexId":"pp450B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"450","chapter":"B","title":"Short papers in geology, hydrology, and topography; Articles 1-59: Geological Survey Research 1962","docAbstract":"

This collection of 59 short papers on subjects in the fields of geology, hydrology, topography, and related sciences is one of a, series to be relea~ed during the year as chapters of Professional Paper 450. The papers in this chapter report on the scientific and economic· results of current work by members of the Geologic, Topographic, and 'Vater Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey. Some of the pa.pers annom1ce new discoveries or present observations on problems of limited scope; other papers draw conclusions from more extensive or continuing investigations that in large part will be discussed in greater detail in reports to be published in the future.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp450B","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1962, Short papers in geology, hydrology, and topography; Articles 1-59: Geological Survey Research 1962: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 450, vi, 145 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp450B.","productDescription":"vi, 145 p.","numberOfPages":"150","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":402035,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_28123.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":252065,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0450b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247696,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0450b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687fca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52231,"text":"ofr6231 - 1962 - Test holes drilled in support of ground-water investigations, Project Gnome, Eddy County, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:35","indexId":"ofr6231","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"62-31","title":"Test holes drilled in support of ground-water investigations, Project Gnome, Eddy County, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Project Gnome is a proposed underground nuclear shot to be detonated within a massive salt bed in Eddy County, N. Mex. Potable and neat potable ground water is present in rocks above the salt and is being studied in relation to this nuclear event. This report presents details of two test holes which were drilled to determine ground-water conditions in the near vicinity of the shot point.\r\n\r\nA well-defined aquifer is present at the site of USGS test hole 1, about 1,000 feet south of the access shaft to the underground shot point. Water with 75 feet of artesian pressure head is contained in the Culebra dolomite member of the Rustler formation. The dolomite aquifer is 32 feet thick and its top lies at a depth of 517 feet below land surface. The aquifer yielded 100 gpm (gallons per minute) with a drawdown of 40 feet during a pumping period of 24 hours. Water was not found in rocks above or below the Culebra dolomite.\r\n\r\nAt the site of USGS test hole 2, about 2 miles southwest of the access shaft no distinctive aquifer exists. About one-half gpm was yielded to the well from the rocks between the Culebra dolomite and the top of the salt. Water could not be detected in the Culebra dolomite or overlying rocks.\r\n\r\nThe report contains drawdown and recovery curves of yield tests, drilling-time charts, and electric logs. The data are given in tables; they include summaries of hole construction, sample description logs, water measurements, drilling-time logs, and water analyses.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr6231","usgsCitation":"Cooper, J., 1962, Test holes drilled in support of ground-water investigations, Project Gnome, Eddy County, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 62-31, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6231.","productDescription":"116 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0031/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86752,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0031/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86753,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0031/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86754,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0031/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86755,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0031/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86756,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0031/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86757,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0031/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":86758,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0031/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684d41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, J.B.","contributorId":92316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207274,"text":"70207274 - 1962 - Origin of erosional surfaces in the Lebanon Valley, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-16T06:50:14","indexId":"70207274","displayToPublicDate":"1962-12-31T14:14:50","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of erosional surfaces in the Lebanon Valley, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"

Summit elevations in the Lebanon Valley, part of the Great Valley, range from 440 to 720 feet above msl (mean sea level). This range cannot be accounted for adequately by the peneplain concept. Although accordant summits, the chief evidence for peneplains, occur over large areas, summits are not accordant between adjacent areas within the valley. The Lebanon Valley is underlain in the south by carbonate rocks and in the north by shale. The major stream valley in the carbonate area is now partly occupied by segments of two streams, but at one time it was the location of one major stream -the ancestral Quittapahilla Creek-which was beheaded by a tributary to Swatara Creek. Landforms of the Lebanon Valley are probably the result of erosion within two separate stream systems-Swatara and ancestral Quittapahilla creeks-in which streams and interfluvial areas were in a state of erosional equilibrium. The land surface in equilibrium with the ancestral Quittapahilla Creek lies at a higher elevation than adjacent land surfaces that were in equilibrium with Swatara Creek. The land surface on the carbonate rocks, which is in the ancestral Quittapahilla Creek system, lies at a lower elevation than shale within the same system, but it commonly lies at a higher elevation than shale in adjacent parts of the Swatara Creek system. Accordance of summits is the result of uniform erosion of uniform rocks in basins whose discharge points are at the same elevation. Lack of accordant summits on uniform rocks is the result of erosion in basins whose discharge points differ in elevation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1962)73[1071:OOESIT]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Meisler, H., 1962, Origin of erosional surfaces in the Lebanon Valley, Pennsylvania: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 73, no. 9, p. 1071-1082, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1962)73[1071:OOESIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1071","endPage":"1082","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370280,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Pennsylvania 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\"}}]}","volume":"73","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meisler, Harold","contributorId":34103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meisler","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220652,"text":"70220652 - 1962 - Stability relations of the ferruginous biotite, annite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-24T11:54:17.595358","indexId":"70220652","displayToPublicDate":"1962-12-31T06:49:51","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stability relations of the ferruginous biotite, annite","docAbstract":"

Annite, KFe3AISi3O10(OH)2 a member of the iron biotites and the ferrous analogue of phlogopite, has been synthesized and its phase relations have been determined as functions of temperature, fugacity of oxygen (fo2), and total pressure (Ptotal≈PH2O+PH2). A method for controlling fo2at high total pressures is described, and data for the 'oxygen buffers' used are given. Buffers range from quartz+iron+fayalite assemblages (low fo2) to magnetite-hematite assemblages (high fo2). Optical properties and unit-cell dimensions of synthetic annites depend on the conditions of synthesis.By recalculating published analyses of natural iron-rich biotites it can be shown that one cannot assume a constant hydrogen content for such biotites. Oxidation may have occurred by drying at 115°C. Octahedral occupancy therefore cannot be calculated from such data.Phase relations of annite are presented in 2,070 and 1,035 bar sections. Depending on fo2-T values annite was found to decompose to one of the following assemblages: hematite+ sanidine, magnetite+sanidine, fayalite+leucite+kalsilite, iron+sanidine. All decompositions are dehydration and redox reactions and are sensitive to changes in fH20 and fo2 (or fH20 and fH2). At 2, 070 bars total pressure annite+magnetite+sanidine can coexist between 425°C and 825° C, depending upon the magnitude of fo2.In the presence of quartz the stability field of annite is more restricted. Phase equilibria in the system KAlSiO4-SiO2-Fe-O2-H2 have been summarized schematically.Wherever possible, thermodynamic extrapolations are made to test the internal consistency of the data. Enthalpies of formation are calculated for both annite and phlogopite. Ranges of fo2 values in nature as well as mechanisms for changes in fo2 are investigated. It is useful to distinguish between assemblages which are internally buffered with respect to fo2changes and those which are not buffered. The applications of individual reactions involving annite to specific geologic problems are discussed with respect to igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/3.1.82","usgsCitation":"Eugster, H., and Wones, D.R., 1962, Stability relations of the ferruginous biotite, annite: Journal of Petrology, v. 3, no. 1, p. 82-125, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/3.1.82.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"82","endPage":"125","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eugster, H.P.","contributorId":99992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eugster","given":"H.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wones, D. R.","contributorId":104079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220768,"text":"70220768 - 1962 - Limiting parameters in the magnetic interpretation of a geologic structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-25T17:13:30.803418","indexId":"70220768","displayToPublicDate":"1962-06-01T12:07:16","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limiting parameters in the magnetic interpretation of a geologic structure","docAbstract":"

A prominent aeromagnetic anomaly in Randolph County, Indiana, suggests the existence of a dikelike structure within the Precambrian basement rocks. Because of the ambiguity inherent in magnetic interpretation, a unique solution for the parameters involved (depth of burial, geometric configuration, and magnetic susceptibility of the mass producing the anomaly) is impossible. However, if one of the parameters is known it is sometimes possible to indicate a range of plausible values for each of the remaining parameters. The depth to the surface of the Precambrian rocks in Randolph County is known from drill-hole data to be about 3,000 ft. As the depth of burial is known, limits need be set only on the thickness, angle of dip, and susceptibility contrast of the assumed dike. These limits are determined by a graphical method. Theoretical anomalies over the postulated dike are computed for different dike thicknesses, angles of dip, and susceptibility contrasts. The computed profiles are then fitted to an observed magnetic profile flown at right angles to the trend of the feature. Numerical values for the \"goodness of fit\" are calculated by using the statistical method of sums of squares. Two plots, one of the index of goodness of fit and the other of susceptibility as functions of dip angle and dike thickness, are made to show graphically the interdependence of the variables and the plausible range of each. The contoured plots of the goodness of fit and the susceptibility contrast show that the range of best fit is between dip angles of 30 and 60 degrees and dike thickness of 1,000 to over 4,000 ft. The contoured plot of the susceptibility contrast, translated into percentage of magnetite, shows this parameter to be independent of the dip angle, varying only with thickness.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1439104","usgsCitation":"Andreasen, G.E., and Zietz, I., 1962, Limiting parameters in the magnetic interpretation of a geologic structure: Geophysics, v. 27, no. 6, p. 807-814, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1439104.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"807","endPage":"814","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Randolph County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.23056030273438,\n 40.01499435375046\n ],\n [\n -84.79934692382812,\n 40.01499435375046\n ],\n [\n -84.79934692382812,\n 40.310948849735\n ],\n [\n -85.23056030273438,\n 40.310948849735\n ],\n [\n -85.23056030273438,\n 40.01499435375046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andreasen, G. E.","contributorId":105315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zietz, I.","contributorId":59937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220651,"text":"70220651 - 1962 - Lower temperature terminations of the three-phase region plagioclase-alkali feldspar-liquid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-24T11:47:18.288311","indexId":"70220651","displayToPublicDate":"1962-01-01T06:43:05","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower temperature terminations of the three-phase region plagioclase-alkali feldspar-liquid","docAbstract":"

Geological and experimental evidence indicate that the three-phase field, plagioclase-alkalifeldspar-liquid, may terminate in several different ways. The possible terminations have been developed from Schreinemakers' rules governing the disappearance of three-phase fields. In igncous rocks, these different terminations may arise from variations in the relative amounts of additional components in magmas, or from changes of total pressure, or from structural changes that effect the extent of solid solution in feldspar.The three-phase region originates from the intersection of the solidus and the feldspar solvus. The available evidence regarding this intersection is reviewed, as is the evidence for the existence and form of the boundary curve on the feldspar liquidus. The data are used to project a series of isobaric polythermal and isobaric isothermal diagrams for each possible termination. Subsequent discussions relate the theoretical arguments to the natural evidence, suggest the more probable geological environments of some of the terminations, and indicate characteristic features of each termination.It may be possible to identify the type of termination involved in the crystallization of some rocks. The necessary data are the amounts and compositions of both kinds of coexisting feldspars and of the feldspar components of the coexisting liquid at one or more stages of the crystallization process. Volcanic rocks are most suitable for such studies.The terminations explain many of the compositional relationships possible between feldspar crystals and silicate melt under geological and experimental conditions. These compositional relationships are fundamental to understanding the crystallization of igneous rocks and the formation of melts by partial fusion. Other geological applications include a simple explanation for some resorbed feldspars, the separation, correlation, and comparison of porphyritic rock units, interpretation of compositional changes of successive zones of zoned feldspars, and mantling of one feldspar by another. With all types of termination, extensive fractionation yields a liquid rich in Or and Ab that may crystallize to alkali feldspar or feldspars. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/3.3.280","usgsCitation":"Stewart, D.B., and Roseboom, E.H., 1962, Lower temperature terminations of the three-phase region plagioclase-alkali feldspar-liquid: Journal of Petrology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 280-315, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/3.3.280.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"280","endPage":"315","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385877,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, D. B.","contributorId":41809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roseboom, E. H. Jr.","contributorId":40730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roseboom","given":"E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010448,"text":"70010448 - 1962 - The solubility of quartz in water in the temperature interval from 25° to 300° C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-22T09:01:28","indexId":"70010448","displayToPublicDate":"1962-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The solubility of quartz in water in the temperature interval from 25° to 300° C","docAbstract":"

The solubility of quartz in water was investigated by three sets of experiments

\n
    \n
  1. at 1000 atm PH2O and temperatures ranging from 45° to 300°C
    2. \n
  2. at water pressures appropriate for the coexistence of three phases, gaseous water, liquid, and quartz, at temperatures ranging from 69° to 240°C
    3. \n
  3. a long term study of the dissolution of quartz grains which were continuously tumbled in water at room temperature.
    4. \n
\n

Saturated silica solutions in equilibrium with quartz were obtained in a few days at temperatures above 100°C. Equilibrium is shown by reproducible results for runs of different durations and by the precipitation of quartz from initially supersaturated solutions. The differential heat of solution derived from the data obtained at 1000 atm pressure is 5.38 kcal/mole.

\n

At room temperature and pressure, highly supersaturated silica solutions were obtained by continuously rotating quartz grains and water in plastic bottles at 75 rev/min. In one run the amount of silica in solution increased to a maximum value of 395 p.p.m. after 370 days. Another run reached 80 p.p.m. silica after 386 days and then dropped to 6 p.p.m. silica. It is concluded that quartz was precipitated at room temperature from this supersaturated solution and that 6 p.p.m. is essentially the true solubility of quartz at 25°C.

\n

In contrast to the runs rotated at 75 rev/min, quartz grains, and also silica glass grains, continuously rotated in water at\"\" rev/min, each contributed less than 1 p.p.m. colorimetric silica into solution after 1 year. Thus, vigorous agitation of the liquid is necessary to remove dissolved silica from the vicinity of surfaces of both quartz and glass.

\n

Two significant factors that may have contributed to the formation of supersaturated silica solutions in the runs rotated at 75 rev/min at room temperature are

\n
    \n
  1. stresses and structural irregularities at the surfaces of the crushed quartz grains, which contributed silica into solution more readily than well crystallized quartz
    2. \n
  2. the very slow rate at which dissolved silica polymerizes to species appropriate to act as nuclei for quartz growth. At the termination of the runs rotated at 75 rev/min, spikelike projections were present on many of the quartz grains. These are interpreted as indicating that abrasion was not the dominant cause for the great supersaturations which were obtained.
    3. \n
\n

 

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(62)90027-3","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Morey, G., Fournier, R., and Rowe, J., 1962, The solubility of quartz in water in the temperature interval from 25° to 300° C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 26, no. 10, p. 1029-1040, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(62)90027-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1029","endPage":"1040","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218798,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb043e4b08c986b324d40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morey, G.W.","contributorId":108155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fournier, R.O.","contributorId":73584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, J.J.","contributorId":29460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"J.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015409,"text":"1015409 - 1962 - Disease-protective symbiosis among fishes and other aquatic animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-10-03T17:16:15","indexId":"1015409","displayToPublicDate":"1962-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Disease-protective symbiosis among fishes and other aquatic animals","docAbstract":"There have been numerous observations of one species of animal removing parasites from another. These are, however, generally regarded as biological curiosities rather than as significant factors in the control of parasites or disease.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1962)24[59:DSAFAO]2.0.CO;2","collaboration":"112/FH","usgsCitation":"Snieszko, S.F., 1962, Disease-protective symbiosis among fishes and other aquatic animals: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 24, no. 2, p. 59-59, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1962)24[59:DSAFAO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":262273,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1962)24[59:DSAFAO]2.0.CO;2","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a47e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snieszko, S. F.","contributorId":13169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieszko","given":"S.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010741,"text":"70010741 - 1962 - The detection of sulphur in contamination spots in electron probe X-ray microanalysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:16","indexId":"70010741","displayToPublicDate":"1962-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1081,"text":"British Journal of Applied Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The detection of sulphur in contamination spots in electron probe X-ray microanalysis","docAbstract":"Sulphur has been identified as one of the elements present in the contamination spot which forms under the electron beam in the microprobe. The presence of the sulphur results in a rapid change in intensity measurements causing a loss of observed intensity for elements other than sulphur. The source of sulphur has been traced at least in part to the Apiezon B diffusion pump oil. A comparative X-ray fluorescence study of the Apiezon B and Octoil diffusion pump oils showed substantial amounts of sulphur in the Apiezon B. The Octoil was relatively free of sulphur.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"British Journal of Applied Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1088/0508-3443/13/5/314","issn":"05083443","usgsCitation":"Adler, I., Dwornik, E., and Rose, H.J., 1962, The detection of sulphur in contamination spots in electron probe X-ray microanalysis: British Journal of Applied Physics, v. 13, no. 5, p. 245-246, https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/13/5/314.","startPage":"245","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":204957,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/13/5/314"},{"id":219634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa94e4b08c986b3228bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adler, I.","contributorId":13371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adler","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwornik, E.J.","contributorId":99128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwornik","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, H. J. Jr.","contributorId":79465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71747,"text":"tei791 - 1961 - Geologic summary of the Appalachian basin, with reference to the subsurface disposal of radioactive waste solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T09:25:01","indexId":"tei791","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-16T09:38:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"791","title":"Geologic summary of the Appalachian basin, with reference to the subsurface disposal of radioactive waste solutions","docAbstract":"

The Appalachian basin is an elongate depression in the crystalline basement complex which contains a great volume of predominantly sedimentary stratified rocks. As defined in this paper it extends from the Adirondack Mountains in New York to central Alabama. From east to west it extends from the west flank of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the crest of the Findlay and Cincinnati arches and the Nashville dome. It encompasses an area of about 207,000 square miles, including all of West Virginia and parts of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.

The stratified rocks that occupy the basin constitute a wedge-shaped mass whose axis of greatest thickness lies close to and parallel to the east edge of the basin. The maximum thickness of stratified rocks preserved in any one part of the basin today is between 35,000 and 40,000 feet. The volume of the sedimentary rocks is approximately 510,000 cubic miles and of volcanic rocks is a few thousand cubic miles. The sedimentary rocks are predominantly Paleozoic in age, whereas the volcanic rocks are predominantly Late Precambrian.

On the basis of gross lithology the stratified rocks overlying the crystalline basement complex can be divided into nine vertically sequential units, which are designated \"sequences\" in this report. The boundaries between contiguous sequences do not necessarily coincide with the commonly recognized boundaries between systems or series. All sequences are grossly wedge shaped, being thickest along the eastern margin of the basin and thinnest along the western margin.

The lowermost unit the Late Precambrian stratified sequence is present only along part of the eastern margin of the basin, where it lies unconformably on the basement complex. It consists largely of volcanic tuffs and flows but contains some interbedded sedimentary rocks. The Late Precambrian sequence is overlain by the Early Cambrian clastic sequence. Where the older sequence is absent, the Early Cambrian sequence rests on the basement complex. Interbedded fine- to coarse-grained noncarbonate detrital rocks comprise the bulk of the sequence, but some volcanic and carbonate rocks are included. Next above is the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate sequence which consists largely of limestone and dolomite. Some quartzose sandstone is present in the lower part in the western half of the basin, and much shale is present in the upper part in the southeast part of the basin. The next higher sequence is the Late Ordovician clastic sequence, which consists largely of shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Coarse-grained light-gray to red rocks are common in the sequence along the eastern side of the basin, whereas fine-grained dark-gray to black calcareous rocks are common along the west side. The Late Ordovician clastic sequence is overlain unconformably in many places by the Early Silurian clastic sequence. The latter comprises a relatively thin wedge of coarse-grained clastic rocks. Some of the most prolific oil- and gas-producing sandstones in the Appalachian basin are included. Among these are the \"Clinton\" sands of Ohio, the Medina Sandstones of New York and Pennsylvania, and the Keefer or \"Big Six\" Sandstone of West Virginia and Kentucky. Conformably overlying the Early Silurian clastic sequence is the Silurian-Devonian carbonate sequence, which consists predominantly of limestone and dolomite. It also contains a salt-bearing unit in the north-central part of the basin and a thick wedge of coarse-grained red beds in the northeastern part. The sequence is absent in much of the southern part of the basin. Large volumes of gas and much oil are obtained from some of its rocks, especially from the Oriskany Sandstone and the Huntersville Ghert. The Silurian-Devonian carbonate sequence is abruptly overlain by the Devonian clastic sequence a thick succession of interbedded shale, mudrock, siltstone, and sandstone. Colors range from predominantly purple and red in the northeastern part of the basin to predominantly dark gray and black in the southwestern part. Many rocks in the upper part contain hydrocarbons in commercial quantities. The next higher sequence is a heterogeneous succession that comprises most rocks of Mississippian age in the basin. It is composed largely of fine-grained to very coarse-grained noncalcareous clastic rocks in the northern half of the basin, and largely of carbonate rocks in the southern part. Large quantities of oil and gas are produced from the sequence. The youngest sequence consists of coarse-grained clastic rocks largely of Pennsylvanian age. In the center of the basin a relatively small volume of lithologically similar rocks of Permian age are included. The sequence has been intensively mined for coal throughout most of its extent.

The waste-disposal possibilities of the stratified rocks in the Appalachian basin are considered in terms of the following: 1) gross lithology of the sequences; 2) general lithology of the rock units composing the sequences; and 3) the structural attitudes of the sequences in different parts of the basin. The degree of exploitation of economically significant mineral* resources is considered briefly where such exploitation may affect waste-disposal possibilities. Hydrologic aspects are not in general considered. Based largely on consideration of the above geologic factors the following types of reservoirs associated with particular geologic environments offer some prospects for the disposal of radioactive waste solutions. They are: 1) artificially created cavities in thick salt beds; 2) artificially fractured thin lenticular sandstone bodies isolated in shale or mudrock sequences; 3) portions of thick noncarbonate clastic sequences possessing appreciable natural porosity and permeability; 4) thin clastic units (with natural or artificially created openings) in the plate of a thrust fault overlain by impermeable strata.

Considered in its entirety the Late Ordovician clastic sequence appears to have a greater number of favorable geologic factors for waste-disposal purposes than the others. The Early Silurian clastic sequence, the Silurian-Devonian carbonate sequence, and the Devonian clastic sequence offer fewer possibilities. The Late Precambrian stratified sequence, Early Cambrian, and the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate sequence offer few possibilities. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sequences appear to be generally unsuitable.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei791","collaboration":"Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Colton, G.W., 1961, Geologic summary of the Appalachian basin, with reference to the subsurface disposal of radioactive waste solutions: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 791, Report: 121 p.; 15 Maps; 1 Illustration, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei791.","productDescription":"Report: 121 p.; 15 Maps; 1 Illustration","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":358066,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358065,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358067,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358068,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358069,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358070,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358071,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358072,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358073,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358074,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358075,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358076,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358077,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358078,"rank":15,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-13.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358079,"rank":16,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-14.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358080,"rank":17,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-15.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358081,"rank":18,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/plate-16.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":290249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1962/0028/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.71,35.8 ], [ -84.71,43.91 ], [ -74.13,43.91 ], [ -74.13,35.8 ], [ -84.71,35.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c79ef3e4b0194841642446","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colton, George Willis","contributorId":12015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colton","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Willis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1260,"text":"wsp1534 - 1961 - Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55762,"text":"ofr5732 - 1957 - Records of selected artesian wells in South Dakota","indexId":"ofr5732","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Records of selected artesian wells in South Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1260,"text":"wsp1534 - 1961 - Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota","indexId":"wsp1534","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T09:41:30","indexId":"wsp1534","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1534","title":"Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota","docAbstract":"

Artesian aquifers underlie most of South Dakota and large areas in adjacent States. About 15,000 wells have been completed since 1881 in these aquifers within South Dakota. Many wells that originally flowed have ceased to flow and have been abandoned, and others have been equipped with pumps. Many thousands, however, continue to flow. This report presents data collected through June 1958 and includes records of 1,045 flowing and nonflowing artesian wells

\n

Sufficient information is not available at present (1958) to permit a detailed description of the geologic and hydrologic properties of artesian aquifers or their correlation in South Dakota. The description of the various aquifers given in this report is, therefore, necessarily a general one.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1534","usgsCitation":"Davis, R.W., Dyer, C., and Powell, J., 1961, Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1534, Report: iv, 100 p.; 3 Plates: 26.00 x 17.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1534.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 100 p.; 3 Plates: 26.00 x 17.50 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26208,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26209,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26210,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26211,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.029541015625,\n 45.935870621190546\n ],\n [\n -104.08447265624999,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -98.536376953125,\n 42.99661231842139\n ],\n [\n -98.031005859375,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -97.811279296875,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -97.23999023437499,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -96.976318359375,\n 42.73894375124379\n ],\n [\n -96.624755859375,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -96.40502929687499,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -96.317138671875,\n 42.25291778330197\n ],\n [\n -96.40502929687499,\n 42.39912215986002\n ],\n [\n -96.45996093749999,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -96.64672851562499,\n 42.73087427928485\n ],\n [\n -96.5478515625,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -96.492919921875,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -96.427001953125,\n 43.15710884095329\n ],\n [\n -96.51489257812499,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -96.51489257812499,\n 43.381097587278596\n ],\n [\n -96.602783203125,\n 43.50872101129684\n ],\n [\n -96.448974609375,\n 43.492782808225\n ],\n [\n -96.43798828125,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -96.51489257812499,\n 45.38301927899065\n ],\n [\n -96.64672851562499,\n 45.40616374516014\n ],\n [\n -96.778564453125,\n 45.51404592560424\n ],\n [\n -96.866455078125,\n 45.63708709571876\n ],\n [\n -96.624755859375,\n 45.767522962149904\n ],\n [\n -96.56982421875,\n 45.94351068030587\n ],\n [\n -104.029541015625,\n 45.935870621190546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, R. W.","contributorId":93459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyer, C.F.","contributorId":23917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyer","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, J.E.","contributorId":27030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":52228,"text":"ofr6228 - 1961 - Geologic summary of the Appalachian Basin, with reference to the subsurface disposal of radioactive waste solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-03T09:24:58","indexId":"ofr6228","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"62-28","title":"Geologic summary of the Appalachian Basin, with reference to the subsurface disposal of radioactive waste solutions","docAbstract":"

The Appalachian basin is an elongate depression in the crystalline basement complex which contains a great volume of predominantly sedimentary stratified rocks. As defined in this paper it extends from the Adirondack Mountains in New York to central Alabama. From east to west it extends from the west flank of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the crest of the Findlay and Cincinnati arches and the Nashville dome. It encompasses an area of about 207,000 square miles, including all of West Virginia and parts of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama.

The stratified rocks that occupy the basin constitute a wedge-shaped mass whose axis of greatest thickness lies close to and parallel to the east edge of the basin. The maximum thickness of stratified rocks preserved in any one part of the basin today is between 35,000 and 40,000 feet. The volume of the sedimentary rocks is approximately 510,000 cubic miles and of volcanic rocks is a few thousand cubic miles. The sedimentary rocks are predominantly Paleozoic in age, whereas the volcanic rocks are predominantly Late Precambrian.

On the basis of gross lithology the stratified rocks overlying the crystalline basement complex can be divided into nine vertically sequential units, which are designated \"sequences\" in this report. The boundaries between contiguous sequences do not necessarily coincide with the commonly recognized boundaries between systems or series. All sequences are grossly wedge shaped, being thickest along the eastern margin of the basin and thinnest along the western margin.

The lowermost unit the Late Precambrian stratified sequence is present only along part of the eastern margin of the basin, where it lies unconformably on the basement complex. It consists largely of volcanic tuffs and flows but contains some interbedded sedimentary rocks. The Late Precambrian sequence is overlain by the Early Cambrian clastic sequence. Where the older sequence is absent, the Early Cambrian sequence rests on the basement complex. Interbedded fine- to coarse-grained noncarbonate detrital rocks comprise the bulk of the sequence, but some volcanic and carbonate rocks are included. Next above is the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate sequence which consists largely of limestone and dolomite. Some quartzose sandstone is present in the lower part in the western half of the basin, and much shale is present in the upper part in the southeast part of the basin. The next higher sequence is the Late Ordovician clastic sequence, which consists largely of shale, siltstone, and sandstone. Coarse-grained light-gray to red rocks are common in the sequence along the eastern side of the basin, whereas fine-grained dark-gray to black calcareous rocks are common along the west side. The Late Ordovician clastic sequence is overlain unconformably in many places by the Early Silurian clastic sequence. The latter comprises a relatively thin wedge of coarse-grained clastic rocks. Some of the most prolific oil- and gas-producing sandstones in the Appalachian basin are included. Among these are the \"Clinton\" sands of Ohio, the Medina Sandstones of New York and Pennsylvania, and the Keefer or \"Big Six\" Sandstone of West Virginia and Kentucky. Conformably overlying the Early Silurian clastic sequence is the Silurian-Devonian carbonate sequence, which consists predominantly of limestone and dolomite. It also contains a salt-bearing unit in the north-central part of the basin and a thick wedge of coarse-grained red beds in the northeastern part. The sequence is absent in much of the southern part of the basin. Large volumes of gas and much oil are obtained from some of its rocks, especially from the Oriskany Sandstone and the Huntersville Ghert. The Silurian-Devonian carbonate sequence is abruptly overlain by the Devonian clastic sequence a thick succession of interbedded shale, mudrock, siltstone, and sandstone. Colors range from predominantly purple and red in the northeastern part of the basin to predominantly dark gray and black in the southwestern part. Many rocks in the upper part contain hydrocarbons in commercial quantities. The next higher sequence is a heterogeneous succession that comprises most rocks of Mississippian age in the basin. It is composed largely of fine-grained to very coarse-grained noncalcareous clastic rocks in the northern half of the basin, and largely of carbonate rocks in the southern part. Large quantities of oil and gas are produced from the sequence. The youngest sequence consists of coarse-grained clastic rocks largely of Pennsylvanian age. In the center of the basin a relatively small volume of lithologically similar rocks of Permian age are included. The sequence has been intensively mined for coal throughout most of its extent.

The waste-disposal possibilities of the stratified rocks in the Appalachian basin are considered in terms of the following: 1) gross lithology of the sequences; 2) general lithology of the rock units composing the sequences; and 3) the structural attitudes of the sequences in different parts of the basin. The degree of exploitation of economically significant mineral* resources is considered briefly where such exploitation may affect waste-disposal possibilities. Hydrologic aspects are not in general considered. Based largely on consideration of the above geologic factors the following types of reservoirs associated with particular geologic environments offer some prospects for the disposal of radioactive waste solutions. They are: 1) artificially created cavities in thick salt beds; 2) artificially fractured thin lenticular sandstone bodies isolated in shale or mudrock sequences; 3) portions of thick noncarbonate clastic sequences possessing appreciable natural porosity and permeability; 4) thin clastic units (with natural or artificially created openings) in the plate of a thrust fault overlain by impermeable strata.

Considered in its entirety the Late Ordovician clastic sequence appears to have a greater number of favorable geologic factors for waste-disposal purposes than the others. The Early Silurian clastic sequence, the Silurian-Devonian carbonate sequence, and the Devonian clastic sequence offer fewer possibilities. The Late Precambrian stratified sequence, Early Cambrian, and the Cambrian-Ordovician carbonate sequence offer few possibilities. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sequences appear to be generally unsuitable.

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