{"pageNumber":"410","pageRowStart":"10225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10951,"records":[{"id":6304,"text":"pp449 - 1964 - Geology of the central and northern parts of the Western Cascade Range in Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15363,"text":"ofr60110 - 1960 - Geologic reconnaissance of the Western Cascades in Oregon north of latitude 43 degrees","indexId":"ofr60110","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic reconnaissance of the Western Cascades in Oregon north of latitude 43 degrees"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6304,"text":"pp449 - 1964 - Geology of the central and northern parts of the Western Cascade Range in Oregon","indexId":"pp449","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of the central and northern parts of the Western Cascade Range in Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:35:34","indexId":"pp449","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"449","title":"Geology of the central and northern parts of the Western Cascade Range in Oregon","docAbstract":"This report pt·esents a description of the stratigraphy, structure, and petrology of the volcanic rocks of the central and northern parts of the Western Cascade Range of Oregon. The study is a part of a long-range cooperative program between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oregon State Department of Geology and Mineral Industries to prepare a geologic map of Oregon. The map area, about 7,500 square miles, lies in the densely forested western slope of the Cascade Range. It is bounded approximately by lat 43° N. and lat 45°30' N. on the south and north, the crest of the range on the east, and long 123° W. and the edge of the Willamette Valley on the west. The geology, which was mapped by reconnaissance methods, is chiefly based on examination of rock exposures along roads. The Cascade Range in Oregon comprises two physiographic divisions: the Western Cascade Range, which includes a wide, deeply dissected belt of volcanic formations making up the western slope of the range, and the High Cascade Range, which includes chiefly younger cones and lava flows forming the nearly undissected crest of the range. The volcanic rocks of the Western Cascade Range are deformed and partially altered flows and pyroclastic rocks that range in age from late Eocene t·o lute Miocene, as determined chiefly from fossil plants from more than 50 localities. These volcanic rocks overlie or interfinger westward with marine sedimentary rocks, and in the southwestern part of the map area they overlie pre-Tertiary plutonic and metamorphic rocks of the Klamath Mountains.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp449","usgsCitation":"Peck, D.L., Griggs, A., Schlicker, H.G., Wells, F., and Dole, H.M., 1964, Geology of the central and northern parts of the Western Cascade Range in Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 449, Report: iv, 56 p.; 1 Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp449.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 56 p.; 1 Plate","numberOfPages":"62","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":112791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0449/report.pdf","size":"11963","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0449/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":263467,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0449/plate-1.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascades","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.0,43.0 ], [ -123.0,45.5 ], [ -121.0,45.5 ], [ -121.0,43.0 ], [ -123.0,43.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c8b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, Dallas L.","contributorId":60187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"Dallas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griggs, Allan B.","contributorId":21929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griggs","given":"Allan B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schlicker, Herbert G.","contributorId":7151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlicker","given":"Herbert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wells, Francis G.","contributorId":40582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"Francis G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dole, Hollis M.","contributorId":68185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dole","given":"Hollis","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":2065,"text":"wsp1578 - 1964 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Bristol-Plainville-Southington area, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T19:59:47.775386","indexId":"wsp1578","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1578","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Bristol-Plainville-Southington area, Connecticut","docAbstract":"The Bristol-Plainville-Southington area straddles the boundary between the New England Upland and the Connecticut Valley Lowland sections of the New England physiographic province. The western parts of Bristol are Southington lie in the New England Upland section, an area of rugged topography underlain by metamorphic rocks of Palezoic age. The eastern part of the area, to the east of a prominent scarp marking the limit of the metamorphic rocks, is in the Connecticut Valley Lowland and is underlain by sedimentary rocks and interbedded basaltic lava flows of Triassic age. The lowland is characterized for the most part by broad valleys and low intervening linear hills, but in the eastern parts of Plainville and Southington, basaltic rocks form a rugged highland. The bedrock is largely mantled by glacial deposits of Wisconsin age. On hills the glacial deposits are mainly ground moraine, and in valleys mainly stratified. The metamorphic rocks comprise the Hartland Formation, Bristol Granite Gneiss of Gregory (1906), and Prospect Gneiss. These formations contain water in fractures, principally joints occurring in regular sets. The rocks generally yield supplies of 5 to 15 gpm (gallons per minute) to drilled wells averaging about 140 feet in depth. \r\n\r\nThe rocks of Triassic age in the area are the New Haven Arkose, Talcott Basalt, Shuttle Meadow Formation, Holyoke Basalt, and East Berlin Formation. The formations contain water principally in joints and other fractures and, to a lesser extent, in bedding-plane openings and pore spaces. Drilled wells penetrating these rocks generally range from 100 to 200 feet in depth and yield an average of nearly 20 gpm. The maximum yield obtained from a well in these rocks is 180 gpm. \r\n\r\nThe ground moraine of Pleistocene age is composed principally of till. The deposit averages about 24 feet in thickness, and wells penetrating it average about 16 feet in depth. The ground moraine yields small supplier of water suitable for household use when tapped by shallow large-diameter wells. The stratified glacial deposits, which are as much as 300 feet thick, comprise ice-contact and proglacial deposits and deposits of generally obscure origin termed 'undifferentiated stratified deposits.' The ice-contact and undifferentiated stratified deposits, some of which underlie proglacial deposits, are coarse grained and contain gravel beds from which supplies of as much as 1,400 gpm can be obtained. The proglacial deposits are, on the whole, finer grained than the other stratified deposits, but in places they allow development of wells producing as much as 500 gpm. However, the stratified glacial deposits throughout much of the Bristol-Plainville-Southington area are fine grained and provide only small supplies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1578","usgsCitation":"La Sala, A., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of the Bristol-Plainville-Southington area, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1578, Report: iv, 70 p.; 3 Plates: 31.00 × 37.03 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1578.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 70 p.; 3 Plates: 31.00 × 37.03 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":27619,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1578/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27618,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1578/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27617,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1578/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27616,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1578/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138433,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1578/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":397416,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24764.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","city":"Bristol, Plainville, Southington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.998,\n 41.546\n ],\n [\n -72.817,\n 41.546\n ],\n [\n -72.817,\n 41.723\n ],\n [\n -72.998,\n 41.723\n ],\n [\n -72.998,\n 41.546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5458ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Sala, A. M.","contributorId":103659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Sala","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221177,"text":"70221177 - 1964 - Geohydrologic analogies between the Jordan Valleys of Utah and the holy land","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-04T17:05:35.301848","indexId":"70221177","displayToPublicDate":"1964-09-01T12:01:39","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geohydrologic analogies between the Jordan Valleys of Utah and the holy land","docAbstract":"

The biblical Jordan River Valley, which extends from Lake Tiberias (the Sea of Galilee) to the Dead Sea, is decidedly similar to the Jordan River Valley of Utah, which joins Lake Utah and Great Salt Lake. Both Jordan Rivers drain relatively large fresh-water lakes and also are major sources of discharge into large salty lakes that have no outlets to the ocean.The two Jordan River valleys and the highlands and mountains that surround them, have many physiographic, geologic, and hydrologic similarities as well as some noteworthy differences. For example, an hypothesis for the formation of the Dead Sea-Jordan Valley rift is that the east Jordan block slid northward with respect to the west Jordan block. The amount of displacement is estimated to be about 65 miles and took place partly in Miocene and possible Pliocène and partly in Pleistocene time. Tectonc activity has also been a major factor in the formation of the Jordan valley of Utah, but the movement here probably was along large normal faults in late Tertiary and Quaternary time. The sediments underlying both Jordan River valleys were deposited in ancestral lacustrine and fluvial environments. Abundant supplies of ground water are found under both valleys, but probably larger supplies of better quality water can be obtained in Utah. Both valleys contain numerous small nonthermal and a few large thermal springs. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666409493666","usgsCitation":"Bradley, E., 1964, Geohydrologic analogies between the Jordan Valleys of Utah and the holy land: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 9, no. 3, p. 12-23, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666409493666.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"12","endPage":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666409493666","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":386209,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 37.07271048132943\n ],\n [\n -109.05029296875,\n 37.03763967977139\n ],\n [\n -109.1162109375,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 41.02964338716638\n ],\n [\n -111.07177734375,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -114.06005859375,\n 42.00032514831621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Edward","contributorId":67071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221185,"text":"70221185 - 1964 - Officer's cave, a pseudokarst feature in altered tuff and volcanic ash of the John Day formation in eastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-04T17:54:08.787144","indexId":"70221185","displayToPublicDate":"1964-08-01T12:50:37","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Officer's cave, a pseudokarst feature in altered tuff and volcanic ash of the John Day formation in eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"

Officer's Cave is the uppermost of four rapidly eroding cave levels constituting a cavern complex about 700 feet long developed chiefly in clay and silt. Its outer room is 35 feet by 43.5 feet by 100 feet and slopes about 45° east into the western end of a narrow linear hill called Officer's Cave Ridge. Dry valleys, blind valleys, hanging valleys, sinkholes, pipes, caves, and natural bridges are abundant. These, together with subterranean drainage, give the area a karstlike development. For such terrains the term \"pseudokarst\" is applied. These pseudokarsts are the product of piping and are fairly widespread over the world's drylands.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[393:OCAPFI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Parker, G., Shown, L.M., and Ratzlaff, K.W., 1964, Officer's cave, a pseudokarst feature in altered tuff and volcanic ash of the John Day formation in eastern Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 75, no. 5, p. 393-402, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[393:OCAPFI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"402","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386230,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"eastern Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -116.5869140625,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -116.5869140625,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 46.01222384063236\n ],\n [\n -119.3115234375,\n 41.934976500546604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"75","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, Garald G.","contributorId":106880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Garald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shown, Lynn M.","contributorId":7326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shown","given":"Lynn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ratzlaff, Karl W.","contributorId":99177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratzlaff","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70010765,"text":"70010765 - 1964 - Ancient granite gneiss in the Black Hills, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-12T17:29:58.784272","indexId":"70010765","displayToPublicDate":"1964-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient granite gneiss in the Black Hills, South Dakota","docAbstract":"Granite gneiss, with an age of approximately 2.5 billion years, in the Black Hills, South Dakota , provides a link betweeen ancient rocks in western Wyoming and Montana and in eastern North and South Dakota and Minnesota. The discovery suggests that early Precambrian rocks covered an extensive area in northcentral United States and were not restricted to several small nuclei.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.145.3631.479","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Zartman, R., Norton, J., and Stern, T.W., 1964, Ancient granite gneiss in the Black Hills, South Dakota: Science, v. 145, no. 3631, p. 479-481, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.145.3631.479.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"479","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218653,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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W.","contributorId":36122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2353,"text":"wsp1600 - 1964 - Geology and ground-water conditions of Clark County, Washington, with a description of a major alluvial aquifer along the Columbia River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T21:07:44.77317","indexId":"wsp1600","displayToPublicDate":"1964-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1600","title":"Geology and ground-water conditions of Clark County, Washington, with a description of a major alluvial aquifer along the Columbia River","docAbstract":"

This report presents the results of an investigation of the ground-water resources of the populated parts of Clark County. Yields adequate for irrigation can be obtained from wells inmost farmed areas in Clark County, Wash. The total available supply is sufficient for all foreseeable irrigation developments. In a few local areas aquifers are fine-grained, and yields of individual wells are low. An enormous ground-water supply is available from a major alluvial aquifer underlying the flood plain of the Columbia River in the vicinity of Vancouver, Camas, and Washougal, where the aquifer is recharged, in part, by infiltration from the river. Yields of individual wells are large, ranging to as much as 4,000 gpm (gallons per minute). Clark County lies along the western flank of the Cascade Range. in the structural lowland (Willamette-Puget trough) between those mountains and the Coast Ranges to the west. The area covered by the report includes the urban, the suburban, and most of the agricultural lands in the county. These lands lie on a Series of nearly fiat plains and benches which rise steplike from the level of the Columbia River (a few feet above sea level) to about 800 feet above sea level. Clark County is-drained by the Columbia River (the trunk stream of the Pacific Northwest) and its tributaries. The Columbia River forms the southern and western boundaries of the county. Although the climate of the county is considered to be humid, the precipitation ranging from about 37 to more than 110 inches annually in various parts of the county, the unequal seasonal distribution (about 1.5 inches total for ;July and August in the agricultural area) makes irrigation highly desirable for most .crops and essential for some specialized crops. Consolidated rocks of Eocene to Miocene age, chiefly volcanic lava flows and pyroclastics but including some sedimentary strata, crop out in the foothills of the Cascades in the eastern part of the county and underlie the younger, unconsolidated rocks in the lowlands to the west At most places small to moderate quantities of water can be obtained from fractures in the older consolidated rocks. However, in the populated parts of the county, these rocks generally are overlain by considerable thicknesses of more permeable materials, and few wells have been drilled in them. Springs and dug wells yield an ample domestic supply at a number of outlying farms in the foothills. The younger (Pliocene to Recent) unconsolidated materials were deposited chiefly by streams in the basin formed by downwarping of the older rocks. However, some lake deposits and glacial drift also are included. The oldest unit of this group, the lower member of the Troutdale formation of Pliocene age, consists chiefly of clay, silt, and fine sand but includes lenses of coarser sand and, rarely, gravel. The maximum known thickness of the lower member of the Troutdale formation is about 660 feet. This unit is not a good aquifer because most of the strata are fine grained. However, at a few places drilled wells have penetrated lenses of coarser grained materials in these deposits and have obtained small to moderate amounts of water from them. The upper member of the Troutdale formation consists almost entirely of lightly to moderately cemented gravel, of which the most striking feature is the presence of a considerable percentage of quartzite pebbles. The average thickness of the upper member of the Troutdale may originally have been 300 to 400 feet. The member crops out over considerable areas in the county and, where conditions of topography and exposure are optimum, has beer very deeply weathered. It is suggested that the upper member of the Troutdale formation may prove to be of early Pleistocene age. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1600","usgsCitation":"Mundorff, M.J., 1964, Geology and ground-water conditions of Clark County, Washington, with a description of a major alluvial aquifer along the Columbia River: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1600, Report: vi, 268 p.; 3 Plates: 35.00 x 50.19 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1600.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 268 p.; 3 Plates: 35.00 x 50.19 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":28281,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1600/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28280,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1600/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28279,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1600/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414663,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Maurice John","contributorId":41404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mundorff","given":"Maurice","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2404,"text":"wsp1749 - 1964 - Geology and ground-water resources of Nobles County, and part of Jackson County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-11T18:27:13.54031","indexId":"wsp1749","displayToPublicDate":"1964-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1749","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Nobles County, and part of Jackson County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"

The area described in this report is in southwestern Minnesota, about 130 miles southwest of Minneapolis and St. Paul. It includes; Nobles County and the western tier of townships in Jackson County, a total of 864 square miles. Worthington, the Nobles County seat, is the largest city in the area, having a population of 9,015 persons (1960 census). Farming is the leading occupation, and food processing is the major industry. Critical water shortages have occurred in several parts of the area.

\n

The climate is characterized by mild, subhumid summers and relatively long, severe winters. Mean monthly temperatures range from 15.1 °F in January to 73.3 °F in July. The mean annual precipitation is 26.75 inches.

\n

The crest of the Coteau des Prairies, a broad highland belt, traverses Nobles County from northwest to southeast. Three glacial end moraines and their associated ground moraines trend south to southeast across the area. Altitudes range from about 1,820 feet on the crest of the coteau in the northwestern part of the area to about 1,390 feet above mean sea level in the Jack and Okabena Creek valleys in the northeast.

\n

The Mississippi-Missouri River drainage divide crosses the area from north to east. The Gary outer end moraine trends southeast through central Nobles County. East of this moraine the land is poorly drained and contains numerous lakes and swamps; west of this moraine the land is well drained and contains few, if any, undrained depressions.

\n

Within the area, granite and Sioux Quartzite of Precambrian age are overlain by Cretaceous strata, except locally in the northeast and northwest parts of the area where the quartzite is directly overlain by glacial drift. The Cretaceous strata are composed of interbedded shale, siltstone, and sandstone. The surface of the area is composed of Pleistocene deposits of glacial drift and some thin, patchy deposits of Recent age. Bedrock is not known to crop out in the area. The drift ranges in thickness from about 150 feet in the southwest and northeast corners to about 500 feet on the highest part of the Coteau des Prairies.

\n

The Precambrian granite is not a source of ground water in this area. The Sioux Quartzite yields moderate supplies in adjacent counties to the north and west, but because of its sporadic occurrence it does not constitute an important water source in this area. The Cretaceous sandstone units are a secondary source of ground water and yield adequate supplies 'to at least 24 farm wells, which range in depth from 283 to 586 feet below land surface.

\n

The primary source of ground water in the Nobles-Jackson County area is the glacial drift. Buried outwash deposits supply water to 7 of the 10 municipalities and to most of the farms in the area. Two Worthington city wells, completed in a buried outwash deposit underlying East Okabena dry lake bed, were tested for short periods at 500 gallons per minute. The estimated coefficient of transmissibility for the aquifer at one of the wells was 70,000 gpd (gallons per day) per ft.

\n

The buried outwash deposits may occur anywhere within the drift from about 15 feet below land surface to bedrock which is as much as 500 feet below land surface. The outwash ranges from a fraction of a foot to more than 25 feet in thickness where permeable; below the water table it generally will supply ample quantities of water to properly constructed wells.

\n

Surflcial outwash deposits fill the valley bottoms and form the terrace deposits associated with the present-day drainage channels. The thicker, more extensive, and continuous deposits occur in the proglacial stream channels that drained the fronts of the ice sheets rather than in those channels that now drain the backs of the moraines. The surflcial outwash deposits generally are made up of sand, gravel and some silt and clay, and range in thickness from 0 to more than 60 feet; they range in width from a few feet in the narrow tributaries to about one mile in the larger stream valleys.

\n

Four municipalities and many farms obtain part or all of their water supplies from surficial outwash. An Adrian municipal well, completed in this source, was pumped at a rate of 400 gpm. At the confluence of two streams which drain Ocheda Lake in southeastern Nobles County, the sand and gravel section is more than 60 feet thick in places. Results of a pumping test here showed an average coefficient of transmissibility of 150,000 gpd per ft. Coefficients of transmissibility may be as much as 500,000 gdp per ft in the thickest part of the deposit if the permeability of the sand and gravel is uniform.

\n

Recharge to the surflcial outwash deposits is relatively rapid; it is slower to the buried outwash deposits where the descending water must percolate through till of low permeability before entering the aquifers.

\n

The quality of water in the Precambrian crystalline rocks, the Cretaceous strata, and the buried Pleistocene aquifers is poor. Chemical analyses of 22 water samples showed that dissolved solids ranged from 1,100 ppm (parts per million) to 3,050 ppm. Water from the surficial outwash deposits is good by comparison; dissolved solids in water from these aquifers ranged from 425 to 870 ppm.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1749","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Division of Waters, Minnesota Department of Conservation, and the city of Worthington","usgsCitation":"Norvitch, R.F., 1964, Geology and ground-water resources of Nobles County, and part of Jackson County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1749, Document: iv, 70 p.; 5 Plates: 23.0 x 23.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1749.","productDescription":"Document: iv, 70 p.; 5 Plates: 23.0 x 23.5 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28402,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1749/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28399,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1749/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28404,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1749/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415582,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24926.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28403,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1749/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28400,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1749/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139050,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1749/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28401,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1749/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Jackson County, Nobles County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.051,\n 43.847\n ],\n [\n -96.051,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -95.336,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -95.336,\n 43.847\n ],\n [\n -96.051,\n 43.847\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685a7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norvitch, Ralph F.","contributorId":65456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norvitch","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52426,"text":"ofr64128 - 1964 - Ground-water reconnaissance in the Burnt River valley, Baker County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-04T19:36:52.263227","indexId":"ofr64128","displayToPublicDate":"1964-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"64-128","title":"Ground-water reconnaissance in the Burnt River valley, Baker County, Oregon","docAbstract":"

The Burnt River valley in southern Baker County, Oreg., is underlain by rocks that range in age from pre-Tertiary to Quaternary. The pre-Tertiary rocks consist mainly of argillites, schists, limestones, and intrusive igneous rocks, while the Tertiary rocks consist mainly of felsic and mafic volcanic tuffs, lava flows and breccias, and fluviolacustrine deposits. Quaternary rocks include terrace gravels of Pleistocene and Recent age, and stream-valley alluvium of Recent age. The rock units most widely exposed along the valley are the fluviolacustrine deposits of Miocene and Pliocene(?) age, which extend to depths of as much as a thousand feet below the valley floor, and the pre-Tertiary rocks.

Most of the rocks that underlie the valley are of relatively low permeability and yield only small to moderate quantities of water (generally less than 50 gpm) to wells. The fluviolacustrine deposits contain scattered lenses of relatively permeable sand and gravel, hut the unit as a whole is mainly silt and clay of low permeability. Two prospective irrigation wells in the area penetrated these deposits but were abandoned because of insufficient yield.

Perhaps the most permeable rock unit in the area is the Columbia River Basalt of Miocene and Pliocene(?) age. It is exposed extensively west of the main valley, but apparently occurs only' as discontinuous lenses beneath the valley floor.

Chemical analyses of water from seven wells in the area indicate that the ground waters have relatively large concentrations of dis-. solved mineral constituents. Water from two of the wells had excessive concentrations of boron and high sodium and salinity hazards with respect to use for irrigation.

Perhaps the most favorable site for a test irrigation well is about 8 to 10 miles east of Hereford, where the Columbia River Basalt apparently extends beneath, and is intercalated with, the fluviolacustrine deposits.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr64128","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Price, D., 1964, Ground-water reconnaissance in the Burnt River valley, Baker County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 64-128, Report: 31 p.; 2 Figures: 29.69 x 29.91 inches and 36.75 x 20.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr64128.","productDescription":"Report: 31 p.; 2 Figures: 29.69 x 29.91 inches and 36.75 x 20.21 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":497027,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0128/figure-2B.pdf","text":"Figure 2B","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":497026,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1964/0128/figure-2A.pdf","text":"Figure 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66710a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, Don","contributorId":30608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70175579,"text":"70175579 - 1964 - Records of wells and springs, water levels, and chemical quality of ground water in the East Portland area, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T11:24:53","indexId":"70175579","displayToPublicDate":"1963-12-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1964","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":115,"text":"Ground Water Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"title":"Records of wells and springs, water levels, and chemical quality of ground water in the East Portland area, Oregon","docAbstract":"

Data are presented on more than 300 wells, including many new ones whose records will not be a part of a forthcoming interpretative report on the occurrence of ground water in this area. A brief description of the geomorphic features is given, and the characteristics of the rock units are summarized in a table. Principal aquifers are beds of loose sand and gravel in the early Pliocene Troutdale Formation, late Pleistocene fluviolacustrine deposits, and Recent alluvium. Locally, Columbia River Basalt (Miocene) and the Boring Lava (late Pliocene to Pleistocene) yield substantial amounts of wate.. In addition to well records there are 124 driller's logs and a table of chemical analyses of the ground water.

","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Foxworthy, B., Hogenson, G., and Hampton, E.R., 1964, Records of wells and springs, water levels, and chemical quality of ground water in the East Portland area, Oregon: Ground Water Report.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b58b57e4b03bcb0104bc4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foxworthy, B. L.","contributorId":45686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foxworthy","given":"B. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hogenson, G.M.","contributorId":69957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogenson","given":"G.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hampton, E. R.","contributorId":57038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70179720,"text":"70179720 - 1963 - Ground-water conditions in the southern and central parts of the East Shore area, Utah, 1953-61","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-06T17:27:46","indexId":"70179720","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5485,"text":"Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Water-Resources Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"Ground-water conditions in the southern and central parts of the East Shore area, Utah, 1953-61","docAbstract":"

The East Shore area is in north-central Utah between the Wasatch Range and Great Salt Lake, and it has been divided into the Bountiful, Weber Delta, and Brigham ground-water districts, from south to north. The area described in this report includes the Bountiful and Weber Delta districts and the southernmost part of the Brigham district. Long-term mean annual precipitation at Ogden is 17.07 inches, and the average annual temperature over the area is about 50°F. The population of the project area increased by 54 per cent from 1950 to 1960 and should increase rapidly in the future.

","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State Engineer of Utah","usgsCitation":"Smith, R., and Gates, J., 1963, Ground-water conditions in the southern and central parts of the East Shore area, Utah, 1953-61: Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Water-Resources Bulletin 2, 41 p.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333191,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://ugspub.nr.utah.gov/publications/water_resources_bulletins/WRB-2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"East Shore Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.961669921875,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -111.807861328125,\n 40.871987756697415\n ],\n [\n -111.72546386718749,\n 40.901057866884024\n ],\n [\n -111.8243408203125,\n 41.04207384890103\n ],\n [\n -111.8792724609375,\n 41.24064190269475\n ],\n [\n -111.9232177734375,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -111.96716308593749,\n 41.43860847395721\n ],\n [\n -112.0660400390625,\n 41.41801503608024\n ],\n [\n -112.0440673828125,\n 41.36444153054222\n ],\n [\n -112.06192016601562,\n 41.35928790538517\n ],\n [\n -112.09762573242188,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n -112.13882446289061,\n 41.347948493443546\n ],\n [\n -112.13470458984375,\n 41.36547220659749\n ],\n [\n -112.21435546875,\n 41.35413387210046\n ],\n [\n -112.225341796875,\n 41.3304200625732\n ],\n [\n -112.20474243164062,\n 41.31701278537454\n ],\n [\n -112.21572875976561,\n 41.30360274975627\n ],\n [\n -112.236328125,\n 41.28915808826864\n ],\n [\n -112.26104736328125,\n 41.24890252240322\n ],\n [\n -112.21710205078125,\n 41.23238023874139\n ],\n [\n -112.20199584960938,\n 41.17762034260712\n ],\n [\n -112.16903686523436,\n 41.13005574377673\n ],\n [\n -112.14019775390625,\n 41.106260503564485\n ],\n [\n -112.12646484375,\n 41.06485693206886\n ],\n [\n -112.10723876953124,\n 41.0565730874647\n ],\n [\n -112.08389282226561,\n 41.036894775104436\n ],\n [\n -112.05093383789062,\n 41.03171529379291\n ],\n [\n -112.01248168945312,\n 41.0130657870063\n ],\n [\n -111.96578979492188,\n 41.000629848685385\n ],\n [\n -111.94931030273438,\n 40.985081625514354\n ],\n [\n -111.9342041015625,\n 40.948788179193485\n ],\n [\n -111.90673828125,\n 40.944639085793064\n ],\n [\n -111.93557739257811,\n 40.91973905106219\n ],\n [\n -111.94793701171875,\n 40.91558813293605\n ],\n [\n -111.961669921875,\n 40.91351257612758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5879f5aee4b0847d353f44da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Ralph E.","contributorId":178301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Ralph E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gates, Joseph S.","contributorId":21647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Joseph S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70047675,"text":"70047675 - 1963 - Geology and ground-water resources of northwestern King County, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":47153,"text":"ofr60116 - 1960 - Geologic map and sections of northwestern King County, Washington","indexId":"ofr60116","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map and sections of northwestern King County, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047675,"text":"70047675 - 1963 - Geology and ground-water resources of northwestern King County, Washington","indexId":"70047675","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and ground-water resources of northwestern King County, Washington"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-09T13:05:00.38711","indexId":"70047675","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T10:02:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":148,"text":"Water Supply Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"20","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of northwestern King County, Washington","docAbstract":"King County, in the west-central part of the State of Washington, includes about 2,135 square miles. The eastern part of the county lies in the Sierra-Cascade Mountains province and the remainder is in the Puget Trough of the Pacific Border province. The area covered by the present investigation is almost entirely within the Puget Trough and includes about 450 square miles.","language":"English","publisher":"Washington State Division of Water Resources","publisherLocation":"Olympia, WA","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with United States Geological Survey Ground-Water Branch","usgsCitation":"Liesch, B.A., Price, C.E., and Walters, K., 1963, Geology and ground-water resources of northwestern King County, Washington: Water Supply Bulletin 20, Report: 241 p.; 3 Plates: 46.00 x 31.00 inches or smaller.","productDescription":"Report: 241 p.; 3 Plates: 46.00 x 31.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":276742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70047675.JPG"},{"id":276741,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/parts/wsb20part2.pdf","text":"Plate 1-3","description":"Plates 1-3"},{"id":378175,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/SummaryPages/WSB20.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.5431,47.0814 ], [ -122.5431,47.7824 ], [ -121.0682,47.7824 ], [ -121.0682,47.0814 ], [ -122.5431,47.0814 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"52136e33e4b0b08f446198de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liesch, Bruce A.","contributorId":71208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liesch","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, Charles E.","contributorId":38523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, Kenneth L.","contributorId":104099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Kenneth L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039074,"text":"70039074 - 1963 - Rockford, Illinois; Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-10T01:01:51","indexId":"70039074","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:59:21","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"subseriesTitle":"Eastern United States 1:250,000, NK 16-4","title":"Rockford, Illinois; Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Topographic map of the Rockford, Illinois area and adjacent Wisconsin area.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039074","usgsCitation":"U.S. Army Map Service, 1963, Rockford, Illinois; Wisconsin, 1 Plate: col. 74 x 56 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039074.","productDescription":"1 Plate: col. 74 x 56 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":258971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261295,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039074/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","projection":"Transverse Mercator Projection","country":"United States","state":"Illinois;Wisconsin","city":"Beloit;Freeport;Janesville;Rockford","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90,42 ], [ -90,43 ], [ -88,43 ], [ -88,42 ], [ -90,42 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae12e4b0c8380cd8700a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Army Map Service","contributorId":128088,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Army Map Service","id":535215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039488,"text":"70039488 - 1963 - Crustal structure from San Francisco, California, to Eureka, Nevada, from seismic-refraction measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-08T01:02:14","indexId":"70039488","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:57:35","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":355,"text":"Crustal Studies Technical Letter","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"11","title":"Crustal structure from San Francisco, California, to Eureka, Nevada, from seismic-refraction measurements","docAbstract":"Seismic-refraction measurements from chemical explosions near San Francisco, California, and Fallon and Eureka, Nevada, were made along a line extending nearly 700 km inland from San Francisco across the Coast Ranges, Great Valley, Sierra Nevada, and Basin and Range Province. The velocity of Pg in the Basin and Range Province was found to be 6.0 km/sec. Between Fallon and Eureka the velocity of Pn is 7.8 km/sec, and just east of the Sierra Nevada it is about 7.9 km/sec. Two prominent phases closely following the first arrival between 50 and 250 km from the source in the Basin and Range Province were interpreted as reflections from an intermediate layer and from the Mohorovicic discontinuity. The velocity of P in the possible intermediate layer, deduced from the reflected phases be cause the refracted wave expected from this layer is nowhere a first arrival, seems to be 6.6 km/sec at the top of the layer and probably increases with depth.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039488","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Eaton, J.P., 1963, Crustal structure from San Francisco, California, to Eureka, Nevada, from seismic-refraction measurements: Crustal Studies Technical Letter 11, 55 p.; ill.; map, https://doi.org/10.3133/70039488.","productDescription":"55 p.; ill.; map","startPage":"1","endPage":"55","numberOfPages":"59","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259482,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0011/tl0011.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259483,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0011/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce8e4b0c8380cd4e4df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eaton, Jerry P.","contributorId":22341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039486,"text":"70039486 - 1963 - Traveltimes and amplitudes from nuclear explosions; Nevada Test Site to Ordway, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-08T01:02:14","indexId":"70039486","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:27:14","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":355,"text":"Crustal Studies Technical Letter","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"10","title":"Traveltimes and amplitudes from nuclear explosions; Nevada Test Site to Ordway, Colorado","docAbstract":"This paper treats the results of a study of seismic waves generated by eight nuclear explosions and recorded at 31 locations between the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and Ordway, Colorado. The line of recording stations crosses the eastern part of the Basin and Range Province, the Colorado Plateau, the southern Rocky Mountains, and extends into the Great Plains. In the eastern Basin and Range Province and the western margin of the Colorado Plateau (0 ≤ Δ ≤ 385 km ), the time-distance curves for Pg and Pn can be expressed, respectively, as T1 = 0.8 + Δ/6.0. T3 = 5.8 + Δ/7.6. A third phase, tentatively identified as P*, is represented by the equation T2 = 3.8 + Δ/6.5. Using the crustal structure and Pn velocity (7.9 km/ sec) found for the NTS region by other authors, these relations indicate that the thickness of the crust increases from about 25 km at NTS to about 42 km in the western part of the Colorado Plateau Province. East of this boundary the velocity of P in the upper mantle increases to 8.0 km/sec; depth to the Mohorovicic discontinuity is approximately constant over the range 435 ≤ Δ ≤ 645 km. Beyond 850 km, first arrivals indicate an apparent velocity of about 8.4 km/sec. Amplitudes of Pn attenuate according to the equation A = Ao Δ-1/2(Δ -d)-3/2 e-0.0022Δ over the distance range 150 ≤ Δ ≤ 850 km. This relation yields a value of Q, for Pn of about 520. The amplitudes of Pg attenuates extremely rapidly, and beyond about 130 km this phase cannot be identified with certainty. An extension of the Pg traveltime branch at large distances could be associated with waves reflected beyond the critical angle, from the base of the crust. This phase, called ?P after Mohorovicic, appears to attenuate as A = Ao e-0.076Δ Δ-1/2. The value of Q indicated by this equation is about 200.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039486","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Ryall, A., and Stuart, D., 1963, Traveltimes and amplitudes from nuclear explosions; Nevada Test Site to Ordway, Colorado: Crustal Studies Technical Letter 10, ill.; map, https://doi.org/10.3133/70039486.","productDescription":"ill.; map","startPage":"1","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259481,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0010/tl0010.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259480,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0010/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada;Colorado","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb78ae4b08c986b327327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryall, Alan","contributorId":16263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryall","given":"Alan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuart, David J.","contributorId":25807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"David J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":466352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039282,"text":"70039282 - 1963 - Structure of the crust and upper mantle in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-01T01:01:41","indexId":"70039282","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T13:34:17","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":355,"text":"Crustal Studies Technical Letter","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Structure of the crust and upper mantle in the western United States","docAbstract":"Seismic waves generated by underground nuclear and chemical explosions have been recorded in a network of nearly 2,000 stations in the western conterminous United States as a part of the VELA UNIFORM program. The network extends from eastern Colorado to the California coastline and from central Idaho to the border of the United States and Mexico. The speed of compressional waves in the upper-mantle rocks ranges from 7.7 km/sec in the southern part of the Basin and Range province to 8.2 km/sec in the Great Plains province. In general, the speed of compressional waves in the upper-mantle rocks tends to be nearly the same over large areas within individual geologic provinces. Measured crustal thickness ranges from less than 20 km in the Central Valley of California to 50 km in the Great Plains province. Changes in crustal thickness across provincial boundaries are not controlled by regional altitude above sea level unless the properties of the upper mantle are the same across those boundaries. The crust tends to be thick in regions where the speed of compressional waves in the upper-mantle rocks (and presumably the density) is high, and tends to be relatively thin where the speed of compressional waves in the upper-mantle rocks (and density) is lower. With in the Basin and Range province, crustal thickness seems to vary directly with regional altitude above sea level. Evidence that a layer of intermediate compressional-wave speed exists in the lower part of the crust has been accumulated from seismic waves that have traveled least-time paths, as well as secondary arrivals (particularly reflections). On a scale that includes many geologic provinces, isostatic compensation is related largely to variations in the density of the upper- mantle rocks. Within geologic provinces or adjacent provinces, isostatic compensation may be related to variations in the thickness of crustal layers. Regions of thick crust and dense upper mantle have been relatively stable in Cenozoic time. Regions of thinner crust and low-density upper mantle have had a Cenozoic history of intense diastrophism and silicic volcanism.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039282","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Pakiser, L.C., 1963, Structure of the crust and upper mantle in the western United States: Crustal Studies Technical Letter 8, 33 p.; ill.; maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/70039282.","productDescription":"33 p.; ill.; maps","startPage":"1","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"37","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":259313,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0008/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259314,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0008/tl0008.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c63e4b08c986b31d3dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pakiser, L. C.","contributorId":83512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pakiser","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039280,"text":"70039280 - 1963 - Seismic-refraction measurements of crustal structure between Santa Monica Bay and Lake Mead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-01T01:01:41","indexId":"70039280","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T12:36:37","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":355,"text":"Crustal Studies Technical Letter","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Seismic-refraction measurements of crustal structure between Santa Monica Bay and Lake Mead","docAbstract":"A reversed seismic-refraction profile was recorded between Santa Monica Bay, California, and Lake Mead, Nevada, during November 1961. Depth to the Mohorovicic discontinuity was determined to be approximately 29 km at Santa Monica Bay, 36 km under the Transverse Ranges, 26 km under the Mojave Desert, and 30 km at Lake Mead. Prominent events on the seismograms in the distance range 30 to 150 km are interpreted as reflections from the Mohorovicic discontinuity and from a crustal layer of intermediate velocity. These reflected events are used to make a detailed interpretation of crustal structure. The velocity of compressional waves in the mantle immediately below the Mohorovicic discontinuity was determined to be 7.8 km/sec. The velocity of compressional waves in the intermediate layer is near 7.0 km/sec. The apparent velocity of the direct arrival in the crustal rocks near the surface is 6.l km/sec north-east of Santa Monica Bay, and 6.1 km/sec southwest of Lake Mead. The higher apparent velocity for the direct arrival from Santa Monica Bay seems to be the result of thinning toward the east of low-velocity rocks near the surface. These low-velocity near-surface rocks are Cenozoic sedimentary rocks and fractured and weathered granitic and metamorphic rocks. The velocity of Sg was determined to be 3.4. km/sec near Lake Mead. A prominent phase with apparent velocity of 6.3 to 6.4 km/sec was recorded at distances beyond 200 km. This phase is identified as P and is interpreted as a reflection from the intermediate layer. Amplitude measurements support the conclusion that the P phase is a reflected arrival.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70039280","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","usgsCitation":"Roller, J.C., and Healy, J., 1963, Seismic-refraction measurements of crustal structure between Santa Monica Bay and Lake Mead: Crustal Studies Technical Letter 7, 37 p.; ill.; map, https://doi.org/10.3133/70039280.","productDescription":"37 p.; ill.; map","startPage":"1","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":259303,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":259304,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/misc/tl/0007/tl0007.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":259310,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California;Nevada","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b85e4b08c986b3178c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roller, John C.","contributorId":60642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roller","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, John H.","contributorId":19562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"John H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220387,"text":"5220387 - 1963 - Nesting ecology and reproductive rate of the red-winged blackbird in tidal marshes of the upper Chesapeake Bay region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-18T13:52:00.115193","indexId":"5220387","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:17:32","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1228,"text":"Chesapeake Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nesting ecology and reproductive rate of the red-winged blackbird in tidal marshes of the upper Chesapeake Bay region","docAbstract":"The nesting ecology and reproductive rate of the polygynous red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus, were studied in the tidal marshes of Maryland during the period of 1958 through 1961. Sixteen nesting colonies were located in six major marsh communities of the Eastern Shore and were visited approximately twice a week from late April to mid-August. The average clutch size for 537 clutches was 3.3 eggs, with a range of 2 to 5 eggs. The ratio of territorial males to nesting females was 1:1.9. There was direct evidence of double broods by four females. The average number of young produced was 4.2 per breeding female or 8.1 per breeding male. Nesting success for the total of 675 active nests was 57%, with a range from 38% to 69% in the colonies. Robust plants that held constant form throughout the nesting season supported 95% of the nests, and the success of these nests was 58%; in contrast, non-robust plants supported only 5% of the nests, and success of this group of nests was only 26%. Nesting success varied with height from ground: 45% for nests less than 2 feet from the ground, 55% for those 2 to 4 feet, and 62% for those more than 4 feet. Histories of 749 nests were summarized by stages: 749 newly built, 675 with eggs, 424 with nestlings, and 388 with fledging young.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1350827","usgsCitation":"Meanley, B., and Webb, J., 1963, Nesting ecology and reproductive rate of the red-winged blackbird in tidal marshes of the upper Chesapeake Bay region: Chesapeake Science, v. 4, no. 2, p. 90-100, https://doi.org/10.2307/1350827.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Chesapeake Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.7732013327781,\n 39.84210143243004\n ],\n [\n -77.7732013327781,\n 36.49178019650874\n ],\n [\n -74.9607013327785,\n 36.49178019650874\n ],\n [\n -74.9607013327785,\n 39.84210143243004\n ],\n [\n -77.7732013327781,\n 39.84210143243004\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697c0b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meanley, B.","contributorId":43867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meanley","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Webb, J.S.","contributorId":77253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":331749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2058,"text":"wsp1475O - 1963 - Hydrologic and geologic reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23112,"text":"ofr5672 - 1956 - A brief hydrologic and geologic reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California","indexId":"ofr5672","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"title":"A brief hydrologic and geologic reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2058,"text":"wsp1475O - 1963 - Hydrologic and geologic reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California","indexId":"wsp1475O","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"O","title":"Hydrologic and geologic reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":52115,"text":"ofr6090 - 1960 - Summary of hydrologic conditions at Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California, 1956-1959","indexId":"ofr6090","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of hydrologic conditions at Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California, 1956-1959"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2058,"text":"wsp1475O - 1963 - Hydrologic and geologic reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California","indexId":"wsp1475O","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"chapter":"O","title":"Hydrologic and geologic reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-06T22:49:59.861671","indexId":"wsp1475O","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1475","chapter":"O","displayTitle":"Hydrologic and Geologic Reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California","title":"Hydrologic and geologic reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"Pinto basin, in the north-central part of Riverside County, Calif., is a typical desert valley formed by downfaulting along several major fault zones. The valley is filled with alluvium, and ground water in the alluvium discharges as subsurface outflow through an alluvium-filled gap at the east end of the valley. Occasionally surface water from cloudburst floods also discharges in a wash through the gap at the east end of the valley.\r\n\r\nA northeastward extension of the major fault along the south side of the valley acts as a barrier to the discharge of ground water from the valley. The average ground-water gradient is less than 1 foot per mile across the main part of the valley above this barrier, but the water level drops abruptly across the fault. The ground-water storage capacity of the uppermost 100 feet of saturated alluvium beneath the central valley area is estimated to be about 230,000 acre-feet. All this water in storage occurs at depths greater than 95 feet below the land surface and cannot be reached by plants or animals. During 1959 virtually all the water pumped in the area was withdrawn from storage. However, the quantity of water pumped is small in relation to the total quantity in storage. Except for a small decline in head, no evidence indicates that the pumping will greatly impair the yield for many years or cause the water to deteriorate in quality.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of the Public Domain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1475O","usgsCitation":"Kunkel, F., 1963, Hydrologic and geologic reconnaissance of Pinto Basin, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1475, Report: iii, 24 p.; 1 Plate: 30.90 x 20.80 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1475O.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 24 p.; 1 Plate: 30.90 x 20.80 inches","startPage":"537","endPage":"561","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27600,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475o/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":27599,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475o/plate-28.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138561,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1475o/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.733,\n 33.9\n ],\n [\n -115.733,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -115.333,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -115.333,\n 33.9\n ],\n [\n -115.733,\n 33.9\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunkel, Fred","contributorId":47766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunkel","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":65198,"text":"i215A - 1963 - Geologic map of the eastern Rub Al Khali quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T14:05:10","indexId":"i215A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"215","chapter":"A","title":"Geologic map of the eastern Rub Al Khali quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"

Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Arabian American Oil Company under the joint sponsorship of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the U.S. Department of State.

","language":"English, Arabic","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i215A","usgsCitation":"Elberg, E., Gierhart, R.D., and Ramirez, L.F., 1963, Geologic map of the eastern Rub Al Khali quadrangle, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 215, 1 map., https://doi.org/10.3133/i215A.","productDescription":"1 map.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":189413,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":260746,"rank":900,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/0215a/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"500000","country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 54,\n 20\n ],\n [\n 54,\n 24\n ],\n [\n 57,\n 24\n ],\n [\n 57,\n 20\n ],\n [\n 54,\n 20\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688ae7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elberg, E.L. Jr.","contributorId":97993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elberg","given":"E.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gierhart, Ruel D.","contributorId":24443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gierhart","given":"Ruel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramirez, Leon F.","contributorId":21226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramirez","given":"Leon","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6477,"text":"pp378A - 1963 - Geology and ore deposits of the South Silverton mining area, San Juan County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-22T18:08:00.677768","indexId":"pp378A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"378","chapter":"A","title":"Geology and ore deposits of the South Silverton mining area, San Juan County, Colorado","docAbstract":"

The South Silverton mining area is immediately southeast of the town of Silverton, San Juan County, in southwestern Colorado (fig. 1). The town of Silverton itself lies in a relatively flat and open reach of the Animas Valley, called Bakers Park, in the western part of the San Juan Mountains. (See figs. 2 and 8.) The roughly circular area of the geologic map map (pl. 1) includes about 18½ square miles of the mountainous country southeast of Silverton. It is bounded on the west and north by the Animas River, on the east by Cunningham Creek, and on the south by Mountaineer Creek and Deer Park Creek. Altitudes range from 9,125 feet above sea level in the canyon of the Animas, at the southwest corner of the area, to 13,451 feet on Kendall Peak, 2¾ miles to the northeast.

Within this area nearly a dozen horn-like peaks and sharp ridges separated by deep glacial cirques rise to altitudes of 13,000 feet or more. (See figs. 3, 7, 10, and 24.) Exposures are excellent along the crests and upper flanks of the ridges, but the bedrock along the lower parts of the valley walls and floors of the cirques is largely concealed by accumulations of talus. The timbered slopes along the south side of the Animas Valley are extensively covered with glacial moraine. Several of the high basins within the cirques hold ponds or small lakes; the largest is Silver Lake (fig. 23).

Roads skirt the northern and eastern edges of the area but none give good access into the interior. Silverton is adjacent to U.S. Highway 550, which passes over the mountains by way of Red Mountain Pass from Ouray, 24 miles to the north, to Durango, 53 miles to the south. The community is also served by the narrow-gage line of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad that follows the Animas River upstream from Durango. A gravel road, State Highway 110, follows the Animas River upstream, eastward from Silverton. From this highway a side road branches off to Cunningham Gulch as far as the Highland Mary mill, and another goes up Arrastra Gulch for about 2 miles. The higher ridges east of Arrastra Basin are most easily reached by way of the Shenandoah-Dives aerial tram and mine workings. A few trails suitable for horses lead from the main valleys into the larger basins and across the intervening ridges, but much of the area is accessible only on foot. Most of the cirque heads and many of the high cliffs along Cunningham Gulch could not be examined at close range. Timberline is at about 11,500 feet.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp378A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Colorado Metal Mining Fund and the Colorado Geological Survey Board","usgsCitation":"Varnes, D., 1963, Geology and ore deposits of the South Silverton mining area, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 378, Report: iv, 56 p.; 6 Plates: 40.18 x 45.27 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp378A.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 56 p.; 6 Plates: 40.18 x 45.27 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":272571,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0378a/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","size":"1.10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 4"},{"id":271118,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0378a/plate-7.pdf","text":"Plate 7","size":"3.32 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 7"},{"id":271117,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0378a/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"1.13 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":271116,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0378a/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"4.42 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":272572,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0378a/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","size":"3.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 5"},{"id":276480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0378a/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","size":"2.35 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 3"},{"id":140316,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":495855,"rank":10,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4376.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":340316,"rank":9,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0378a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":272573,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0378a/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","size":"2.02 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 6"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"San Juan County","otherGeospatial":"South Silverton Mining Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.97,37.64 ], [ -107.97,37.96 ], [ -107.46,37.96 ], [ -107.46,37.64 ], [ -107.97,37.64 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b2fe4b07f02db6b406c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Varnes, David J.","contributorId":86322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varnes","given":"David J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":41127,"text":"ofr6328 - 1963 - Preliminary geologic map of part of the Rapid City East quadrangle, South Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":41127,"text":"ofr6328 - 1963 - Preliminary geologic map of part of the Rapid City East quadrangle, South Dakota","indexId":"ofr6328","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of part of the Rapid City East quadrangle, South Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":63245,"text":"gq986 - 1972 - Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota","indexId":"gq986","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":63245,"text":"gq986 - 1972 - Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota","indexId":"gq986","publicationYear":"1972","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the Rapid City East quadrangle, Pennington County, South Dakota"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-26T10:55:01","indexId":"ofr6328","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"63-28","title":"Preliminary geologic map of part of the Rapid City East quadrangle, South Dakota","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr6328","usgsCitation":"Dobrovolny, E., 1963, Preliminary geologic map of part of the Rapid City East quadrangle, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 63-28, 1 Plate: 36.19 x 41.76 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6328.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.19 x 41.76 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":369633,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1963/0028/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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Dakota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bea2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dobrovolny, Ernest","contributorId":45288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobrovolny","given":"Ernest","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":64260,"text":"gp416 - 1963 - Aeromagnetic map of Georgetown and vicinity, east-central Texas","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42049,"text":"ofr623 - 1962 - Aeromagnetic map of Georgetown and vicinity, east central Texas","indexId":"ofr623","publicationYear":"1962","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of Georgetown and vicinity, east central Texas"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":64260,"text":"gp416 - 1963 - Aeromagnetic map of Georgetown and vicinity, east-central Texas","indexId":"gp416","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"title":"Aeromagnetic map of Georgetown and vicinity, east-central Texas"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:41:43.898393","indexId":"gp416","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"416","title":"Aeromagnetic map of Georgetown and vicinity, east-central Texas","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp416","usgsCitation":"Andreasen, G.E., and Petrafeso, F., 1963, Aeromagnetic map of Georgetown and vicinity, east-central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 416, 1 Plate: 35.00 x 30.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp416.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.00 x 30.98 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":260642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0416/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":485004,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3357.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":187440,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Georgetown","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -98,\n 30.2517\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 30.2517\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -98,\n 31\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6982c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andreasen, G. E.","contributorId":105315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petrafeso, F.A.","contributorId":40656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrafeso","given":"F.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":64248,"text":"gp428 - 1963 - Aeromagnetic map of the east-central part of the Death Valley National Monument, Inyo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T18:34:24.306448","indexId":"gp428","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":317,"text":"Geophysical Investigations Map","code":"GP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"428","title":"Aeromagnetic map of the east-central part of the Death Valley National Monument, Inyo County, California","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gp428","usgsCitation":"Andreasen, G.E., and Petrafeso, F., 1963, Aeromagnetic map of the east-central part of the Death Valley National Monument, Inyo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Geophysical Investigations Map 428, 1 Plate: 19.59 x 33.55 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gp428.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 19.59 x 33.55 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":485023,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_3370.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":254287,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0428/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":250823,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0428/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":250822,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gp/0428/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"62500","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Inyo County","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley National Monument","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.9167,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -116.9167,\n 36.0833\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 36.0833\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -116.9167,\n 36.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a760","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andreasen, G. E.","contributorId":105315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petrafeso, F.A.","contributorId":40656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrafeso","given":"F.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":270306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":32743,"text":"pp379 - 1963 - Surficial geology and soils of the Elmira-Williamsport region, New York and Pennsylvania, with a section on forest regions and great soil groups","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-29T21:42:36.762876","indexId":"pp379","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"379","title":"Surficial geology and soils of the Elmira-Williamsport region, New York and Pennsylvania, with a section on forest regions and great soil groups","docAbstract":"

The Elmira-Williamsport region, lying south of the Finger Lakes in central New York and northern Pennsylvania, is part of the Appalachian Plateaus physiographic province. A small segment of the Valley and Ridge province is included near the south border. In 1953 and 1954, the authors, a geologist and a soil scientist, made a reconnaissance of about 5,000 square miles extending southward from the Finger Lakes, N.Y., to Williamsport, Pa., and eastward from Wellsboro, Pa., to Towanda, Pa. Glacial drift of Wisconsin age, covering the central and most of the northern parts of the region, belongs to the Olean substage of MacClintock and Apfel. This drift is thin and patchy, is composed of the relatively soft sandstones, siltstone, shales, and conglomerates of the plateaus, commonly has a low calcium carbonate content, and is deeply leached. Mantling its surface are extensive rubbly colluvial deposits. No conspicuous terminal moraine marks the relatively straight border of Olean drift. The Valley Heads moraine of Fairchild near the south ends of the Finger Lakes is composed of relatively thick drift containing a considerable amount of somewhat resistant sedimentary and crystalline rocks. Commonly this drift has a relatively high carbonate content and is leached to only shallow depths. The Valley Heads drift is younger than Olean, but its precise age is undetermined. The age of the Olean is perhaps between Sangamon and Farmdale, on the basis of, in part, a carbon-14 date from peat at Otto, N.Y. All differences in soil development on these two Wisconsin drifts are clearly related to the lithology of the parent material or the drainage, rather than to weathering differing in kind or in duration. The authors believe that the soils are relatively young, are in equilibrium with the present environment, and contain few, if any, features acquired during past weathering intervals. The effect of tree throw on soil profiles and the presence of soils on slopes clearly indicate that soils form rapidly. Sols Bruns Acides are the most extensive great soil group occurring throughout the region. Podzols and Gray-Brown Podzolic soils are also widespread, and on long, smooth slopes Low Humic-Gley soils are common. Organic soils are of small extent. South of the Wisconsin drift border, the surficial mantle consists chiefly of alluvial, colluvial, or residual deposits of Wisconsin or of Recent age, but there are many small isolated patches of older, strongly weathered materials of pre-Wisconsin age. Although such older materials are commonly overlain or mixed with less weathered mantle, the yellowish-red color, characteristic of the strongly weathered material, is generally not masked. Some of the older material is drift, presumed to be of Illionian age, that was probably strongly weathered to a considerable depth in Sangamon time and has been greatly eroded since the last interglacial period. No clear-cut exposure of Wisconsin drift resting on older drift or other strongly weathered mantle has been found. The old drift and the other strongly weathered materials apparently acquired their present red color in pre-Wisconsin time. Where exposed at the surface, such strongly weathered mantle is the parent material of modern Red-Yellow Podzolic soils. Sols Bruns Acides and Gray-Brown Podzolic soils, developed on slightly weathered parent materials, are found adjacent to these red soils. This suggests that these Red-Yellow Podzolic soils probably developed from strongly weathered parent materials. No buried soils were found nor were any soils recognized as relics from pre-Wisconsin time. Comparison of a map of the great soil groups with a map of the vegetation of the region, prepared by John C. Goodlett, does not reveal a close relation. Laboratory analyses of samples collected furnish data on textural, mineralogical, and chemical changes caused by weathering and soil formation. The results indicate that the amount of chemical weathering which the Wisconsin drift has undergone is slight. The Red-Yellow Podzolic soils on strongly weathered pre-Wisconsin drift have B2 horizons that have a finer texture than the A2 or C horizons. The parent materials of these soils seem to be strongly weathered because of the high chromas, reddish hues, friable condition of most rock fragments, relatively high kaolinite content, and presence of gibbsite in the clay fraction. Measurements at numerous localities show that the depth of leaching increases with decreasing carbonate content and is not a criterion of the age of the drift. Pebble counts of gravels also show that the depth of leaching of gravel is related to its limestone content. The location of the gravel deposits is probably due primarily to the presence of pebbles of resistant rock rather than to ice wastage involving abundant glacial melt water. The region is in the Susquehanna drainage basin except for its north fringe, which drains to Lake Ontario. Most of the region is a dissected plateau ranging in altitude from 700 to 2,500 feet and underlain by gently folded sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age. Much of the region slopes moderately or steeply; the most extensive areas of gently sloping land are 011 the uplands. In the northern part are several straight and deep valleys the southern extension of the Finger Lakes basins separated by uplands with several low cuestas that face north. Similarly, some streams such as the Canisteo, Cohocton, and Chemung Rivers, and the part of the Susquehanna River that is in New York, trend at right angles to the Finger Lakes, flowing in valleys that parallel the regional strike of the bedrock. The Olean drift border is marked by a change from drift containing very few rounded or striated rock fragments to a mantle containing only angular rock fragments and traces of red, strongly weathered materials. A reconstruction of the surface of the ice sheet, at its maximum extent shows an inferred slope of its distal margin ranging from 100 to 500 feet per mile

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp379","usgsCitation":"Denny, C.S., Lyford, W.H., and Goodlett, J.C., 1963, Surficial geology and soils of the Elmira-Williamsport region, New York and Pennsylvania, with a section on forest regions and great soil groups: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 379, Report: iv, 59 p.; 6 Plates: 41.94 × 24.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp379.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 59 p.; 6 Plates: 41.94 × 24.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60663,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0379/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60662,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0379/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60661,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0379/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60660,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0379/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60659,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0379/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60664,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0379/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60665,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0379/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397823,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4377.htm"},{"id":121752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0379/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"New York, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Elmira-Williamsport region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.5,\n 41.1667\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 41.1667\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 42.5\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 41.1667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688b83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Denny, Charles Storrow","contributorId":86331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denny","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Storrow","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyford, Walter Henry","contributorId":43824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodlett, J. C.","contributorId":98771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodlett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2044,"text":"wsp1606 - 1963 - Geology and ground-water resources of Montgomery County, Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-02T15:02:35.456462","indexId":"wsp1606","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1963","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1606","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of Montgomery County, Alabama","docAbstract":"

Montgomery County includes an area of 790 square miles in east-central Alabama. The economy of Montgomery County is related primarily to the growing and processing of agricultural products.

The county is in the northern part of the Coastal Plain. It consists of parts of four divisions of the Coastal Plain: the terraces, the Black Prairie, the Chunnennuggee Hills, and the flood plains. The county drains north and northwest into the Alabama and Tallapoosa Rivers, except for a small area in the southern part of the county that is drained by tributaries of the Conecuh River.

Sedimentary rocks of Late Cretaceous age underlie Montgomery County. They are divided, in ascending order, into the following: Coker and Gordo formations of the Tuscaloosa group; Eutaw formation; and Mooreville and Demopolis chalks, Ripley formation, Prairie Bluff chalk, and Providence sand of the Selma group. The Clayton formation of Tertiary age crops out in a small area in the southern part of the county. Pleistocene terrace deposits of the ancestral Alabama River overlie the older rocks in the northern part of the county. Recent alluvium underlies the flood plains of the larger streams. The Cretaceous and younger rocks consist chiefly of clay, chalk, sandstone, sand, and gravel, and a few thin beds of limestone. These deposits are underlain by a basement complex of pre-Cretaceous crystalline rocks.

Large-scale withdrawals of water began in the Montgomery area about 1885. Pumpage by the city of Montgomery in 1958 averaged about 15 million gallons per day. It is estimated that an additional 10 to 15 million gallons per day was pumped in the county for industrial, irrigation, domestic, and stock use.

The principal aquifer in the country is the Eutaw formation. It supplies water to the city of Montgomery municipal wells, to industrial wells in the Montgomery area, and to most domestic and stock wells in the northern two-thirds of the county. Irrigation wells also tap the Eutaw. Yields from wells range from 350 to 600 gallons per minute.

The Gordo formation, the upper part of the Coker formation, and the Pleistocene terrace deposits in the Montgomery area also yield moderate to large quantities of water to municipal and industrial wells. The lower part of the Coker formation is not developed as a source of water supply, but information obtained during the investigation rthat led to this report indicates that it may be a potential source of water to wells of large capacity. Sand beds in the Ripley formation, Providence sand, and Recent alluvium in -the southern part of the county yield adequate amounts of water to domestic and stock wells.

Most of the ground water used in Montgomery County occurs under artesian conditions, although water-table conditions occur in the Pleistocene terrace deposits and Recent alluvium, and in the outcrop areas of the Eutaw and Eipley formations and the Providence sand.

Most of the water recharging the Ooker, Gordo, and Eutaw formations in their areas of outcrop also is discharged in these areas; only a small quantity of water moves downdip beneath the overlying chalk beds. The natural discharge, and hence the natural recharge, is estimated to be 0.2 to 0.3 million gallons per day per square mile of outcrop.

All ground water in the county is of chemical quality that is satisfactory for most uses, although locally it is high in iron or chloride content and is hard. Water from the Eutaw formation a few miles southwest of Montgomery's West well field is very high in chloride content. This water moves toward the cone of depression in the piezometric surface produced by pumping in the West well field.

Much additional ground water could be pumped from the Eutaw formation, especially south of Montgomery's West well field. Additional water also is available from the upper part of the Coker formation. Before large groundwater developments are planned, however, the problems of well spacing and pumping rates should be studied in order to determine the maximum development permitted by the supply. Observation wells should be installed in the Eutaw formation southwest of Montgomery's West well field to detect encroachment of water of high chloride content from adjacent Lowndes County.

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