Lakes are among the most valued natural resources of central Florida. The landscape of central Florida is riddled with lakes—when viewed from the air it almost seems there is more water than land. Florida has more naturally formed lakes than other southeastern States, where many lakes are manmade, created by building darns across streams. The abundance of lakes on the Florida peninsula is a result of the geology and geologic history of the State. An estimated 7,800 lakes in Florida are greater than 1 acre in surface area. Of these, 35 percent are located in just four counties (fig. 1): Lake, Orange, Osceola, and Polk (Hughes, 1974b). Lakes add to the aesthetic and commercial value of the area and are used by many residents and visitors for fishing, boating, swimming, and other types of outdoor recreation. Lakes also are used for other purposes, such as irrigation, flood control, water supply, and navigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96412","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Johns River Water Management District, South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Schiffer, D., and Medina, R., 1996, Hydrology of central Florida lakes, a primer: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-412, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96412.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0412/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":399844,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0412/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"central Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 27.21555620902969\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 27.21555620902969\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 29.516110386062277\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 27.21555620902969\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601f41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiffer, D. M.","contributorId":102103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medina, Rafael","contributorId":106529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medina","given":"Rafael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27582,"text":"wri964182 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the area near the J4 test cell, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri964182","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4182","title":"Hydrogeology of the area near the J4 test cell, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee","docAbstract":"The U.S. Air Force operates a major aerospace systems testing facility at Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) in Coffee County, Tennessee. Dewatering operations at one of the test facilities, the J4 test cell, has affected the local ground-water hydrology. The J4 test cell is approximately 100 feet in diameter, extends approximately 250 feet below land surface, and penetrates several aquifers. Ground water is pumped continuously from around the test cell to keep the cell structurally intact. Because of the test cell's depth, dewatering has depressed water levels in the aquifers surrounding the site. The depressions that have developed exhibit anisotropy that is controlled by zones of high permeability in the aquifers. Additionally, contaminants - predominately volatile organic compounds - are present in the ground-water discharge from the test cell and in ground water at several other Installation Restoration Program (IRP) sites within the AEDC facility. The dewatering activities at J4 are drawing these contaminants from the nearby sites. The effects of dewatering at the J4 test cell were investigated by studying the lithologic and hydraulic characteristics of the aquifers, investigating the anisotropy and zones of secondary permeability using geophysical techniques, mapping the potentiometric surfaces of the underlying aquifers, and developing a conceptual model of the ground-water-flow system local to the test cell. Contour maps of the potentiometric surfaces in the shallow, Manchester, and Fort Payne aquifers (collectively, part of the Highland Rim aquifer system) show anisotropic water-level depressions centered on the J4 test cell. This anisotropy is the result of features of high permeability such as chert-gravel zones in the regolith and fractures, joints, and bedding planes in the bedrock. The presence of these features of high permeability in the Manchester aquifer results in complex flow patterns in the Highland Rim aquifers near the J4 test cell. The occurrence, distribution, and orientation of these features has a great effect on ground-water flow to the J4 test cell. The depression caused by dewatering extends out horizontally through the aquifers along the most permeable pathways. Since the aquifers above the Chattanooga Shale are not separated by distinct confining units, areas in adjacent aquifers above and below these zones of high permeability in the Manchester aquifer are also dewatered. Conditions in all Highland Rim aquifers approximate steady-state equilibrium because ground-water withdrawal at the test cell has been continuous since the late 1960's. The average ground-water discharge from the dewatering system at the J4 test cell was 105 gallons per minute, for 1992-95. The ground-water capture areas in each aquifer extend into all or parts of landfill #2 and leaching pit #2 (IRP site 1), the main testing area (IRP site 7), and the old fire training area (IRP site 10). IRP sites 8 and 12 are outside the ground-water capture areas. Of the 35 sampled wells in the J4 area, 10 produced water samples containing chlorinated organic compounds such as 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), and trichloroethylene (TCE) in concentrations which exceeded the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL's) for public water-supply systems. The highest concentrations were detected in samples from well AEDC-274 with 45 micrograms per liter (mg/L) 1,2-DCA, 320 mg/L 1,1-DCE, and 1,200 mg/L TCE. These compounds are synthetic and do not occur naturally in the environment. A sample of the ground-water discharge from the J4 test cell also contained concentrations of these compounds that exceed MCL's. Chlorinated organic compounds, including 1,2-DCA; 1,1-DCE; and TCE also have been detected at IRP sites 1, 7, 8, nd 10. The six dewatering wells surrounding the J4 test cell penetrate the Chattanooga Shale and are open to the Highland Rim aquifer system, there","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/wri964182","usgsCitation":"Haugh, C., 1996, Hydrogeology of the area near the J4 test cell, Arnold Air Force Base, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4182, v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964182.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119980,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56438,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649739","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haugh, C.J.","contributorId":24380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugh","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30499,"text":"wri964178 - 1996 - Analysis of the peak-flow gaging network in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T12:53:04","indexId":"wri964178","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4178","title":"Analysis of the peak-flow gaging network in North Dakota","docAbstract":"A network analysis technique using generalized least-squares regression was used to evaluate the current (1993) peak-flow gaging network that provides regional peak-flow information for North Dakota. The analysis was conducted to evaluate the current (1993) network and to determine if reactivating discontinued gaging stations and adding new gaging stations on small drainage areas would improve regional peak-flow information.
Peak flows having recurrence intervals of 15, 50, and 100 years and planning horizons of zero and 10 years for three hydrologic regions in North Dakota were used in the network analysis. Results of the network analysis indicate that the average sampling mean-square error could be reduced by about 10 percent for the 15-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals by reactivating a minimum of two to five discontinued gaging stations in each hydrologic region. The reactivated discontinued gaging stations added to the current (1993) network should be located on streams having small drainage areas and steep main-channel slopes. For the 15-year recurrence interval and a 10-year planning horizon, adding a new gaging station at two new locations hi each region instead of reactivating two discontinued gaging stations in each region would reduce the average sampling mean-square error by an average of about 13 percent in each region. The new gaging stations added to the current (1993) network should be located on streams having small drainage areas and mild or steep main-channel slopes in order to obtain improved regional peak-flow information.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964178","usgsCitation":"Williams-Sether, T., 1996, Analysis of the peak-flow gaging network in North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4178, iii, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964178.","productDescription":"iii, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59275,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4178/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4178/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680107","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams-Sether, Tara","contributorId":57846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams-Sether","given":"Tara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24227,"text":"ofr96441 - 1996 - Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River basin compact Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1995 water year","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr96441","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-441","title":"Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River basin compact Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1995 water year","docAbstract":"The computed annual yield and deficiency of the subbasins as defined in the Arkansas River Basin Compact, Arkansas-Oklahoma, are given in tables for the 1995 water year. Actual runoff from the subbasins and depletion caused by major reservoirs in the compact area also are given in tabular form. Monthly mean discharges are shown for the 17 streamflow stations used in computing annual yield. Water-quality data are shown for 20 water-quality stations sampled in the Arkansas River Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96441","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Porter, J., 1996, Annual yield and selected hydrologic data for the Arkansas River basin compact Arkansas-Oklahoma, 1995 water year: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-441, iii, 64 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96441.","productDescription":"iii, 64 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155570,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0441/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53361,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0441/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b790","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, J.E.","contributorId":51779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24567,"text":"ofr96463 - 1996 - Overview of surface-water resources at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-26T21:20:29.73604","indexId":"ofr96463","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-463","title":"Overview of surface-water resources at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data at a U.S. Coast Guard Support Center on Kodiak Island, Alaska, were collected from 1987 though 1989 to determine hydrologic conditions and if contamination of soils, ground water, or surface water has occurred. This report summarizes the surface-water-discharge data collected during the study and estimates peak, average, and low-flow values for Buskin River near its mouth. Water-discharge measurements were made at least once at 48 sites on streams in or near the Center. Discharges were measured in the Buskin River near its mouth five times during 1987-89 and ranged from 27 to 367 cubic feet per second. Tributaries of Buskin River below Buskin Lake that had discharges greater than 1 cubic foot per second include Bear Creek, Alder Creek, Magazine Creek, Devils Creek and an outlet from Lake Louise. Streams having flows generally greater than 0.1 cubic foot per second but less than 1 cubic foot per second include an unnamed tributary to Buskin River, an unnamed tributary to Lake Catherine and a drainage channel at Kodiak airport. Most other streams flowing into Buskin River, and all streams on Nyman Peninsula, usually had little or no flow except during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. During a low-flow period in February 1989, discharge measurements in Buskin River and its tributaries indicate that three reaches of Buskin River below Buskin Lake lost water to the ground-water system, whereas two reaches gained water; the net gain in streamflow attributed to ground-water inflow at a location near the mouth was estimated to be 2.2 cubic feet per second. The 100-year peak flow for Buskin River near its mouth was estimated to be 4,460 cubic feet per second. Average discharge was estimated to be 125 cubic feet per second and the 7-day 10-year low flow was estimated to be 5.8 cubic feet per second.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96463","usgsCitation":"Solin, G., 1996, Overview of surface-water resources at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-463, Report: iv, 18 p.; 2 Plates: 32.22 × 32.04 inches and 33.01 × 32.90 inchies, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96463.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; 2 Plates: 32.22 × 32.04 inches and 33.01 × 32.90 inchies","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":53616,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53615,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53614,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":407369,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19170.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Kodiak","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.55065917968747,\n 57.72028585677205\n ],\n [\n -152.43942260742188,\n 57.72028585677205\n ],\n [\n -152.43942260742188,\n 57.7920887227692\n ],\n [\n -152.55065917968747,\n 57.7920887227692\n ],\n [\n -152.55065917968747,\n 57.72028585677205\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689b70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solin, G. L.","contributorId":106132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solin","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22929,"text":"ofr96399 - 1996 - Selected hydrologic data, through water year 1994, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr96399","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-399","title":"Selected hydrologic data, through water year 1994, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota","docAbstract":"This report presents water-level, water-quality, and spring data that have been collected or compiled, through water year 1994, for the Black Hills Hydrology Study. This study is a long-term cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey, the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District (which represents various local and county cooperators). This report is the second in a series of biennial project data reports produced for the study. Daily water-level data are presented for 39 observation wells and 2 cave sites in the Black Hills area of western South Dakota. The wells are part of a network of observation wells maintained by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and are completed in various bedrock formations that are utilized as aquifers in the Black Hills area. Both cave sites are located within outcrops of the Madison Limestone. Data presented include site descriptions, hydrographs, and tables of daily water levels. Annual measurements of water levels collected during water years 1993-94 from a network of 20 additional, miscellaneous wells are presented. These wells are part of a Statewide network of wells completed in bedrock aquifers that was operated from 1959 through 1989 in cooperation with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Site descriptions and hydrographs for the entire period of record for each site also are presented. Drawdown and recovery data are presented for five wells that were pumped (or flowed) for collection of water-quality samples. These wells are part of the network of observation wells for which daily water-level records are compiled. Water-quality data are presented for 20 surface-water sites and 22 ground-water sites. Data presented include field parameters, bacteria counts, and concentrations of common ions, solids, nutrients, trace elements, radiometrics and isotopes, cyanide, phenols, and suspended sediment. Spring data are presented for 94 springs and 21 stream reaches with significant springflow components. Data presented include site information, discharge, and field water-quality parameters including temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96399","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Driscoll, D., Bradford, W., and Neitzert, K., 1996, Selected hydrologic data, through water year 1994, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-399, v, 162 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96399.","productDescription":"v, 162 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0399/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52332,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0399/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e30a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Driscoll, D.G.","contributorId":27081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradford, W.L.","contributorId":70789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neitzert, K.M.","contributorId":62613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neitzert","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27102,"text":"wri944043 - 1996 - Methodology used to produce an encoded 1:100,000-scale digital hydrographic data layer for the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:33:38","indexId":"wri944043","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4043","title":"Methodology used to produce an encoded 1:100,000-scale digital hydrographic data layer for the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has produced a River Reach File data layer for the Pacific Northwest for use in water-resource management applications. The Pacific Northwest (PNW) River Reach Files, a geo-referenced river reach data layer at 1:100,000-scale, are encoded with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"s (EPA) reach numbers. The encoding was a primary task of the River Reach project, because EPA"s reach identifiers are also an integral hydrologic component in a regional Northwest Environmental Data Base-an ongoing effort by Federal and State agencies to compile information on reach-specific resources on rivers in Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and western Montana. A unique conflation algorithm was developed by the USGS to transfer the EPA reach codes and other meaningful attributes from the 1:250,000-scale EPA TRACE graphic files to the PNW Reach Files. The PNW Reach Files also were designed so that reach-specific information upstream or downstream from a point in the stream network could be extracted from feature attribute tables or from a Geographic Information System. This report documents the methodology used to create this 1:100,000-scale hydrologic data layer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944043","usgsCitation":"Fisher, B., 1996, Methodology used to produce an encoded 1:100,000-scale digital hydrographic data layer for the Pacific Northwest: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4043, iii, 84 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944043.","productDescription":"iii, 84 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55966,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a01d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, B.J.","contributorId":25593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22489,"text":"ofr96668 - 1996 - Schlumberger soundings at the Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T09:59:23","indexId":"ofr96668","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-668","title":"Schlumberger soundings at the Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96668","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bisdorf, R., 1996, Schlumberger soundings at the Norman Landfill, Norman, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-668, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96668.","productDescription":"45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0668/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52004,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0668/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States ","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Cleveland County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-97.6733,35.3763],[-97.4076,35.3771],[-97.1442,35.3742],[-97.1405,35.202],[-97.1433,35.2021],[-97.1432,34.9305],[-97.1504,34.9302],[-97.1544,34.9312],[-97.1622,34.9295],[-97.1701,34.9305],[-97.1869,34.9303],[-97.1936,34.9309],[-97.2041,34.936],[-97.213,34.9421],[-97.2208,34.9454],[-97.2263,34.9464],[-97.2314,34.9446],[-97.236,34.9397],[-97.2388,34.9397],[-97.2482,34.9458],[-97.2527,34.9472],[-97.2622,34.9492],[-97.2666,34.9506],[-97.2711,34.9534],[-97.2743,34.9575],[-97.2771,34.9603],[-97.2798,34.9617],[-97.286,34.9627],[-97.2927,34.9628],[-97.2984,34.9615],[-97.3029,34.9607],[-97.3096,34.9594],[-97.3164,34.959],[-97.3214,34.9586],[-97.3265,34.9583],[-97.331,34.9588],[-97.3376,34.9625],[-97.3437,34.9667],[-97.3475,34.9717],[-97.3497,34.9759],[-97.3506,34.9863],[-97.3484,35.0103],[-97.3505,35.0154],[-97.3538,35.0204],[-97.3542,35.0281],[-97.3543,35.0459],[-97.3489,35.0644],[-97.351,35.0699],[-97.3548,35.0758],[-97.3609,35.0818],[-97.3653,35.0842],[-97.376,35.0852],[-97.3799,35.0834],[-97.3833,35.0826],[-97.3878,35.0826],[-97.3934,35.0845],[-97.3984,35.0869],[-97.4034,35.0906],[-97.4072,35.0952],[-97.4077,35.0984],[-97.4071,35.1015],[-97.4059,35.106],[-97.4047,35.1101],[-97.4046,35.1138],[-97.4051,35.1174],[-97.4056,35.1219],[-97.4066,35.1274],[-97.407,35.1329],[-97.4086,35.1379],[-97.4119,35.1411],[-97.4169,35.1434],[-97.4237,35.144],[-97.427,35.1445],[-97.4315,35.1464],[-97.4359,35.1496],[-97.4398,35.1524],[-97.4437,35.1556],[-97.4453,35.1583],[-97.4469,35.1611],[-97.448,35.1638],[-97.4502,35.1661],[-97.4546,35.1698],[-97.4619,35.1744],[-97.4791,35.1865],[-97.4879,35.1925],[-97.4974,35.2003],[-97.5035,35.2031],[-97.5198,35.2033],[-97.5248,35.2052],[-97.5326,35.2117],[-97.5443,35.2177],[-97.5515,35.2255],[-97.5598,35.2315],[-97.5631,35.2352],[-97.5636,35.2384],[-97.5636,35.2402],[-97.5613,35.2429],[-97.5583,35.2483],[-97.5594,35.2542],[-97.5599,35.2574],[-97.5552,35.2669],[-97.5539,35.2732],[-97.5577,35.2805],[-97.5638,35.2892],[-97.5671,35.2934],[-97.5749,35.2953],[-97.591,35.3073],[-97.5933,35.3082],[-97.5973,35.3037],[-97.6035,35.3047],[-97.6086,35.3057],[-97.6142,35.303],[-97.6193,35.3031],[-97.6332,35.3137],[-97.6393,35.3192],[-97.6443,35.326],[-97.6481,35.3306],[-97.6531,35.3339],[-97.6565,35.3357],[-97.6683,35.3368],[-97.6729,35.335],[-97.6733,35.3763]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cleveland\",\"state\":\"OK\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd469","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bisdorf, R.J.","contributorId":42960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23958,"text":"ofr9487 - 1996 - Ground-water resources data for Warren County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T10:06:53","indexId":"ofr9487","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-87","title":"Ground-water resources data for Warren County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report presents lithologic, hydrologic, and chemical data collected during a study of the ground-water resources of Warren County, Pa. The study was conducted during 1983-90 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, and the Warren County Commissioners. The data include information on aquifers, water levels, and yields for about 600 wells, and records for 57 springs. Descriptions of aquifer lithology and chemical analyses of water samples collected at well and spring sites are provided. Chemical analyses include major cations, anions, nutrients, and selected trace elements. Also included are data on concentrations of volatile organic compounds, dissolved methane, ethane, propane, and total organic carbon. The report presents a summary of the source and significance of selected chemical constituents in ground water, a listing of Federal drinking water standards, and information on selected methods of removing or reducing concentrations of undesirable chemical constituents from water. Daily ground- water levels for five observation wells are tabulated. Maps of Warren County show the location of townships, boroughs, and 7-1/2-minute quadrangles. Data-collection sites are shown on 18 figures. A glossary is provided for readers unfamiliar with ground-water terminology.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9487","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Moore, M., and Buckwalter, T.F., 1996, Ground-water resources data for Warren County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-87, v, 94 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9487.","productDescription":"v, 94 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, M.E.","contributorId":16445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buckwalter, T. F.","contributorId":58671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckwalter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28528,"text":"wri964019 - 1996 - Analysis of aquifer tests to determine hydrologic and water-quality conditions in stratified-drift and riverbed sediments near a former municipal well, Milford, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri964019","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4019","title":"Analysis of aquifer tests to determine hydrologic and water-quality conditions in stratified-drift and riverbed sediments near a former municipal well, Milford, New Hampshire","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964019","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., and Harte, P., 1996, Analysis of aquifer tests to determine hydrologic and water-quality conditions in stratified-drift and riverbed sediments near a former municipal well, Milford, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4019, iv, 77 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964019.","productDescription":"iv, 77 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4019/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57325,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":39814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harte, P. T. 0000-0002-7718-1204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":36143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"P. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21696,"text":"ofr96393 - 1996 - Concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nutrients in outflow from selected midwestern reservoirs, April 1992 through September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T14:18:48","indexId":"ofr96393","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-393","title":"Concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nutrients in outflow from selected midwestern reservoirs, April 1992 through September 1993","docAbstract":"This data set consists of digital aquifer boundaries for the High Plains aquifer in the central United States. The High Plains aquifer extends from south of 32 degrees to almost 45 degrees north latitude and from 96 degrees 30 minutes to almost 104 degrees west longitude. The area covers 174,000 square miles and is present in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota.\r\nThis digital data set was created by digitizing the aquifer boundaries from a 1:1,000,000 base map created by the High Plains RASA project (Gutentag and others, 1984).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96393","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E., Goolsby, D.A., Thurman, E., Meyer, M.T., and Battaglin, W., 1996, Concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nutrients in outflow from selected midwestern reservoirs, April 1992 through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-393, iv, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96393.","productDescription":"iv, 128 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51232,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0393/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0393/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.043814,45.868385],[-103.668479,45.945242],[-96.571871,45.871846],[-96.82616,45.654164],[-96.452315,45.208986],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.591213,43.500514],[-96.439335,43.113916],[-96.630311,42.770885],[-96.396107,42.484095],[-96.272901,42.047281],[-96.129186,41.965136],[-96.081843,41.580407],[-95.850188,41.184798],[-95.885349,40.721093],[-95.41932,40.048442],[-94.916918,39.836138],[-95.113077,39.559133],[-94.615834,39.160003],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.431822,35.397652],[-94.485528,33.663388],[-94.386086,33.544923],[-94.070395,33.574561],[-94.0427,32.056012],[-93.523248,31.037842],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.922744,29.818808],[-93.852868,29.675885],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.532348,29.5178],[-94.767246,29.525523],[-94.724616,29.774766],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-94.894234,29.338],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-94.73132,29.338066],[-94.803695,29.279237],[-96.341617,28.417334],[-95.983106,28.641942],[-96.221784,28.580364],[-96.287942,28.683164],[-96.473694,28.57324],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.481836,28.407844],[-96.790235,28.383926],[-96.898123,28.152881],[-97.21535,28.076575],[-97.040618,28.028708],[-97.183455,27.833231],[-97.354614,27.849572],[-97.296598,27.613947],[-97.399398,27.344735],[-97.640111,27.270943],[-97.485149,27.250841],[-97.552325,26.867633],[-97.145567,25.971132],[-97.36542,25.849826],[-99.110855,26.426278],[-99.452316,27.062669],[-99.556812,27.614336],[-99.841708,27.766464],[-100.280518,28.267969],[-100.785521,29.228137],[-101.441059,29.753451],[-102.341033,29.869305],[-102.698347,29.695591],[-102.944911,29.18882],[-103.227801,28.991532],[-104.46652,29.609296],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-106.158218,31.438885],[-106.381039,31.73211],[-108.208394,31.783599],[-108.208573,31.333395],[-109.050044,31.332502],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-104.057698,44.997431]]],[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.383531,26.875521],[-97.366771,27.333276],[-96.946988,28.026522],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.929053,27.99044],[-97.276091,27.472145],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.161471,26.088705],[-97.240849,26.411504]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colorado\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5160","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, E.A.","contributorId":50925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":22617,"text":"ofr96472 - 1996 - Spatial and temporal distribution of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus in a sewage-contaminated aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T16:32:21","indexId":"ofr96472","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-472","title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus in a sewage-contaminated aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Spatial and temporal distributions of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus were determined in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The source of contamination is secondarily treated sewage that has been discharged onto rapid- infiltration sand beds at the Massachusetts Military Reservation since 1936. Contaminated ground water containing as much as 2 milligrams per liter of dissolved phosphorus is discharging into Ashumet Pond, and there is concern that the continued discharge of phosphorus into the pond will accelerate eutrophication of the pond. Water-quality data collected from observation wells and multilevel samplers from June through July 1995 were used to delineate the spatial distributions of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus. Temporal distributions were determined using sample-interval-weighted average concen- trations calculated from data collected in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Specific conductances were greater than 400 microsiemens per centimeter at 25C as far as 1,200 feet downgradient from the infiltration beds. Boron concentrations were greater than 400 micrograms per liter as far as 1,800 feet down- gradient from the beds and phosphorus concen- trations were greater than 3.0 milligrams per liter as far as 1,200 feet from the beds. Variability in distributions of specific conductance and boron concentrations is attributed to the history and distribution of sewage disposal onto the infiltration beds. The distribution of phosphorus concentrations also is related to the history and distribution of sewage disposal onto the beds but additional variability is caused by chemical interactions with the aquifer materials. Temporal changes in specific conductance and boron from 1993 to 1995 were negligible, except in the lower part of the plume (below an altitude of about 5 feet above sea level), where changes in weighted-average specific conductance were greater than 100 microsiemens per centimeter at 25C. Temporal changes in phosphorus generally were small except in the lower part of the plume, where weighted-average phosphorus concentrations decreased more than 1.3 milligrams per liter from 1993 to 1994. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in specific conductance. High concen- trations of phosphorus associated with low and moderate specific conductances possibly are the result of rapid phosphorus desorption in response to an influx of uncontaminated ground water. As a result of the cessation of sewage disposal in December 1995, clean, oxygenated water moving into contaminated parts of the aquifer may cause rapid desorption of sorbed phosphorus and temporarily result in high dissolved phosphorus concentrations in the aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96472","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Bussey, K., and Walter, D.A., 1996, Spatial and temporal distribution of specific conductance, boron, and phosphorus in a sewage-contaminated aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-472, iv, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96472.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52085,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0472/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0472/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.7794189453125,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -69.89501953125,\n 41.6154423246811\n ],\n [\n -69.89501953125,\n 42.1104489601222\n ],\n [\n -70.7794189453125,\n 42.1104489601222\n ],\n [\n -70.7794189453125,\n 41.6154423246811\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6975ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bussey, K.W.","contributorId":48210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bussey","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, D. A.","contributorId":75179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26347,"text":"wri964080 - 1996 - Estimated water use and general hydrologic conditions for Oregon, 1985 and 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:39:09","indexId":"wri964080","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4080","title":"Estimated water use and general hydrologic conditions for Oregon, 1985 and 1990","docAbstract":"Water-use information is vital to planners, engineers, and hydrologists in water resources. This report is a compilation of water-use information for Oregon for calendar years 1985 and 1990. The report presents water-use data by geographic region for several categories of use, including public supply, domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power, hydroelectric power, live-stock, irrigation, reservoir evaporation, and wastewater treatment. Hydroelectric power is the only instream use discussed; all other uses are considered offstream. The Appendix presents 1985 and 1990 data by region and by drainage basin for the previously mentioned categories of use. The Cascade Range divides Oregon into two distinct climatic zones. The area west of the Cascade Range has an average annual precipitation that ranges from 40 to 200 inches, and precipitation in the area east of the Cascade Range ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The differences in precipitation and geology have an effect on the sources, uses, and amounts of water withdrawn. Most of the large public-supply systems west of the Cascade Range rely on surface water, whereas many of the large public-supply systems east of the Cascade Range use on wells or springs. Irrigators west of the Cascade Range rely primarily on nearby surface- water sources; however, irrigators east of the Cascade Range use primarily surface water that commonly is delivered from distant sources through irrigation ditches. A variety of methods was used to estimate water-use information. Most withdrawals for public-water suppliers were metered; however, irrigation withdrawals usually were estimated by using information on crops, climate, application efficiencies, and conveyance losses. The accuracy of the estimated total withdrawal values for public supply was estimated to be within 4 percent of the values that would be obtained if all public-supply withdrawals were metered. Total withdrawals for irrigation were estimated to be within 40 percent of metered irrigation withdrawals. The estimates-of-error are presented to show the relative, rather than absolute, accuracy of the data for each water-use category. A total of 8,400 million gallons of water per day was withdrawn in Oregon during 1990, about 1,900 million gallons per day more than the 6,500 million gallons per day withdrawn in 1985. Whereas actual water use increased in 1990, the major differences between 1985 and 1990 were attributed to the inclusion of offstream fish hatcheries, the use of different crop coefficients to estimate irrigation, and the availability of more detailed information in the 1990 estimates. Surface-water withdrawals accounted for 92 percent of the total withdrawals in 1990; irrigation was the largest category of water use, accounting for 82 percent of the total withdrawals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964080","usgsCitation":"Broad, T., and Collins, C.A., 1996, Estimated water use and general hydrologic conditions for Oregon, 1985 and 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4080, vi, 154 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 166 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964080.","productDescription":"vi, 154 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 166 p.]","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4080/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55143,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4080/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broad, T.M.","contributorId":6478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broad","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, C. A.","contributorId":43731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25440,"text":"wri954232 - 1996 - Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1990-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T14:35:25","indexId":"wri954232","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4232","title":"Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1990-92","docAbstract":"The effect of irrigation drainage on the water quality and wildlife of the Klamath Basin in California and Oregon was evaluated during 1990-92 as part of the National Irrigation Water Quality Program of the U.S. Department of the Interior. The study focused on land serviced by the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Project, which supplies irrigation water to agricultural land in the Klamath Basin and the Lost River Basin. The Tule Lake and Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuges, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, are in the study area. These refuges provide critical resting and breeding habitat for waterfowl on the Pacific flyway and are dependent on irrigation drainwater from upstream agriculture for most of their water supply.
Water-quality characteristics throughout the study area were typical of highly eutrophic systems during the summer months of 1991 and 1992. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations and pH tended to fluctuate each day in response to diurnal patterns of photosynthesis, and frequently exceeded criteria for protection of aquatic organisms.
Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were generally at or above threshold levels characteristic of eutrophic lakes and streams. At most sites the bulk of dissolved nitrogen was organically bound. Elevated ammonia concentrations were common in the study area, especially downstream of drain inputs. High pH of water increased the toxicity of ammonia, and concentrations exceeded criteria at sites upstream and downstream of irrigated land. Concentrations of ammonia in samples from small drains on the Tule Lake refuge leaseland were higher than those measured in the larger, integrating drains at primary monitoring sites. The mean ammonia concentration in leaseland drains [1.21 milligrams per liter (mg/L)] was significantly higher than the mean concentration in canals delivering water to the leaseland fields (0.065 mg/L) and higher than concentrations reported to be lethal to Daphnia magna (median lethal concentration of 0.66 mg/L). Dissolved-oxygen concentrations also were lower, and Daphnia survivability measured during in situ bioassays was correspondingly lower in the leaseland drains than in water delivery canals.
In static laboratory bioassays, water samples collected at the primary monitoring sites caused toxicity in up to 78 percent of Lemna minor tests, in up to 49 percent of Xenopus laevis tests, in 17 percent and 8 percent of Hyalella azteca and Pimephales promelas tests, respectively, and 0 percent in Daphnia magna tests. In situ exposure at the sites caused mortality in more than 83 percent of Pimephales tests and in more than 41 percent of Daphnia and Hyalella tests. Much of the observed toxicity appears to have been caused by low dissolved oxygen, high pH, and ammonia. Although water in the study area was toxic to a variety of organisms, no statistically significant differences in the degree of toxicity between sites were observed above or below irrigated agricultural land in any of the bioassays.
Pesticides were frequently detected in water samples collected at the monitoring sites during the 1991 and 1992 irrigation seasons. Among the most frequently detected compounds were the herbicides simazine, metribuzin, EPTC, and metolachlor and the insecticide terbufos. All the insecticides detected were at concentrations substantially below acute toxicity values reported for aquatic organisms.
The herbicide acrolein has been used extensively in the basin to manage aquatic plant growth in irrigation canals and drains. The concentration of acrolein was monitored in a canal near Tule Lake after an application in order to evaluate the potential for the pesticide to be transported to refuge waters. Although acrolein concentrations were toxic to fish in the channels adjacent to Tule Lake, very little of the canal water entered the refuge during the monitoring period.
Organochlorine pesticide concentrations in 25 surficial sediment samples collected in 1990 were below baseline levels commonly found in soils and sediment. Seventeen sediment samples were analyzed for chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and two samples were analyzed for organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in 1992. No pesticides were detected in any of these samples.
Residues of the trace elements selenium, mercury, and arsenic in algae, invertebrates, fish, and avian eggs revealed no bioaccumulation problems. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds, especially of p,p' DDE, were associated with a mean 11-percent eggshell thinning in white-faced ibis. However, ibis populations appear to be increasing, and some eggs of ibis were relatively low in DDE concentration. DDE concentrations in eggs of western grebes were not as high as in the eggs of ibis. Concentrations and types of organochlorine compounds detected in grebe and ibis eggs were highly variable, indicating that the birds were exposed to these compounds outside the basin.
Fish and invertebrates inhabiting drainwater were representative of pollution-tolerant species assemblages. The aquatic communities retained little of their historic ecological structure. Extensive hydrologic modifications and hypereutrophic conditions in Klamath Basin waterways have degraded the quality of aquatic habitat and altered aquatic communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954232","usgsCitation":"Dileanis, P.D., Schwarzbach, S.E., and Bennett, J., 1996, Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1990-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4232, vii, 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954232.","productDescription":"vii, 68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4232/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4232/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Klamath Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 41.75\n ],\n [\n -121,\n 42.3\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 42.3\n ],\n [\n -122,\n 41.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667afe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":193704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwarzbach, Steven E. steven_schwarzbach@usgs.gov","contributorId":1025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarzbach","given":"Steven","email":"steven_schwarzbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":193703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, Jewel","contributorId":28632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Jewel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27430,"text":"wri964046 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic factors that affect the flowpath of water in selected zones of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-20T10:26:30","indexId":"wri964046","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4046","title":"Hydrogeologic factors that affect the flowpath of water in selected zones of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio region supplies drinking water for more than 1 million people. Proper development and protection of the aquifer is a high priority for local and State authorities. To better understand the flow of water in two major flowpaths in the Edwards aquifer, stratigraphic, structural, hydrologic, and geochemical data were analyzed. The western Medina flowpath is in parts of Uvalde, Medina, and Bexar Counties, and the eastern flowpath is in northern Bexar and central Comal Counties.
A major hydrogeologic factor that affects the pattern of flow in the Edwards aquifer is the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge. Other hydrogeologic factors that affect flowpaths include internal boundaries and the location and rate of spring discharge. The relative displacement of faults and the high permeability layers have substantial control on the discharge at springs and on the flowpaths in the Edwards aquifer.
Analysis of the estimated recharge to the Edwards aquifer during 1982 89 indicated that during years of substantial precipitation, a large part of the net recharge probably is diffuse infiltration of precipitation over large parts of the recharge area. During years with below-normal precipitation, most recharge is leakage from rivers and streams that drain the catchment subbasins.
In the western Medina flowpath, concentrations of major ions indicate saturation of calcite and undersaturation of dolomite the two minerals that constitute most of the Edwards aquifer matrix. Concentrations of dissolved calcium, alkalinity, and dissolved chloride in the eastern flowpath are greater than those in the western Medina flowpath. These upward trends in concentrations might result in part from: (1) increased development in the recharge area, (2) mineralized effluent from developed areas, or (3) increased dissolution of aquifer material.
Tritium data from wells sampled in and near the western Medina flowpath indicate no vertical stratification of flow. Tritium concentrations in the recharge area of the western Medina flowpath are smaller than would be expected from previous studies and for the amount of recharge the area presumably received since 1952.
Stable-isotopic data indicate that the water in the Edwards aquifer is meteoric and, except in one known area, has not been subjected to substantial evaporation or other isotope-fractionating processes. Evaporation of water from Medina Lake results in a heavier stable-isotopic ratio in lake water, which subsequently recharges the Edwards aquifer. The stable-isotopic data indicate that lake water does not enter either of the two flowpaths.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964046","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G.E., 1996, Hydrogeologic factors that affect the flowpath of water in selected zones of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4046, Report: vi, 73 p.; 3 Plates: 25.00 x 17.82 inches or less, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964046.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 73 p.; 3 Plates: 25.00 x 17.82 inches or less","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360603,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360604,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360605,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db628749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, George E.","contributorId":99132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26866,"text":"wri954202 - 1996 - Relations of nonpoint-source nitrate and atrazine concentrations in the High Plains aquifer to selected explanatory variables in six Nebraska study areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri954202","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4202","title":"Relations of nonpoint-source nitrate and atrazine concentrations in the High Plains aquifer to selected explanatory variables in six Nebraska study areas","docAbstract":"Statistical techniques were used to relate nonpoint-source ground-water contamination by nitrate and atrazine to a variety of explanatory variables for six study areas in Nebraska. Water samples were collected from 268 wells in 12 counties from 1984 through 1987 and were analyzed for nitrate concentrations; water samples from 210 of the wells were analyzed for atrazine. A number of hydrochemical, climatic, hydrologic, soil, and land-use explanatory variables, which were believed to affect the contamination of ground water by agricultural chemicals, were identified and quantified for each of the 268 wells. Multiple regression methods were used to determine which explanatory variables were statistically related to ground-water concentrations of nitrate and atrazine. Regression models predicting nitrate and atrazine concentrations were produced that explained from about 50 to 68 percent of the variation in the dependent variables. Geographic- information-system methods were used to produce maps predicting nitrate and atrazine concentrations in ground water for one study area using selected regression and logistic models. The results of this study indicate that multiple regression techniques coupled with geographic information systems can be an effective means of identifying areas of potential ground-water contamination by nitrate and atrazine.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954202","usgsCitation":"Druliner, A., Chen, H., and McGrath, T., 1996, Relations of nonpoint-source nitrate and atrazine concentrations in the High Plains aquifer to selected explanatory variables in six Nebraska study areas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4202, vi, 51 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954202.","productDescription":"vi, 51 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157908,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55756,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eb29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Druliner, A.D.","contributorId":8842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druliner","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, H.H.","contributorId":97526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGrath, T.S.","contributorId":90779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrath","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29819,"text":"wri964017 - 1996 - Transport of agricultural chemicals in surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow of Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa, April 1991-September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-16T21:20:07.302723","indexId":"wri964017","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4017","title":"Transport of agricultural chemicals in surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow of Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa, April 1991-September 1993","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Soil Tilth Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, conducted a study as part of the multi-scale, inter-agency Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program to evaluate the effects of agricultural management (farming) systems on water quality. Data on surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow in the Walnut Creek watershed just south of Ames, Iowa, were collected during April 1991-September 1993 at five sites with drainage areas ranging from 366 to 5,130 hectares. Precipitation, flow discharge, and concentration, loads, and yields of nitrate as nitrogen, atrazine, and metolachlor were analyzed to relate the transport of agricultural chemicals to major water-flow processes and to examine flow and transport differences among three subwatersheds.
\nAntecedent conditions and basin-characteristic differences had significant effects on the flow response from the subwatersheds. Monthly streamflow-to-precipitation ratios were greater than 1.0, as a result of snowmelt, and negative when streamflow was lost to the ground-water system in the downstream subwatershed. Dry antecedent conditions resulted in ratios less than 0.3 (July 1992), whereas wet antecedent conditions resulted in ratios from 0.7 to almost 1.0 (July 1993) during months with similar large rainfall amounts.
\nMost of the streamflow from the upland subwatersheds came from tileflow. Surface flow (surface runoff, interflow, and return flow) was highly variable and intermittent, usually lasting for only a few days after a storm, although it could be the dominant source of flow when stormflow was large. Tileflow was less variable and much more persistent, ceasing only after prolonged dry periods.
\nLarge quantities of nitrate as nitrogen were transported in Walnut Creek, with concentrations often greater than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 milligrams per liter established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for finished drinking water. In the upland subwatersheds, ground-water flow from the tiles appears to have been the primary means of transport to the streams. Concentrations in tileflow and streamflow generally were 4 to 16 milligrams per liter, with the lower concentrations often the result of dilution by surface runoff. Loss ratios, chemical yields expressed as a percentage of average application rates of nitrate as nitrogen for October 1992-September 1993, were about 10 percent for surface flow and more than 100 percent for tileflow from the 366-hectare basin and were more than 200 percent for streamflow from the downstream subwatershed.
\nConcentrations of atrazine and metolachlor in streamflow, typically, were less than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 3.0 micrograms per liter, but were as high as 59 and 80 micrograms per liter, respectively, during stormflow. Concentrations as high as 170 micrograms per liter occurred in tileflow, but these were related to surface flow through surface inlets. The transport of herbicides was extremely variable, with most of the loads occurring during stormflow. Atrazine appeared more susceptible to transport losses to streamflow than did metolachlor. Loss ratios for streamflow from the subwatersheds for April-September periods were 0.3 to 20 percent for atrazine and 0.1 to 2.9 percent for metolachlor.
\nChemical loss ratios indicated differences in the transport characteristics of the three subwatersheds. The downstream subwatershed, which has steeper terrain, a more-developed natural drainage system, and fewer tiles than the two upland subwatersheds, had the largest loss rates for all three chemicals 206 percent for nitrate as nitrogen (October 1992-September 1993) and 20 percent for atrazine and 2.9 percent for metolachlor (April-September 1993). For May-July 1993, when most of the herbicides were transported, the downstream subwatershed also had the largest cumulative unit discharge and the largest streamflow-to-precipitation ratios.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri964017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Tilth Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Soenksen, P.J., 1996, Transport of agricultural chemicals in surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow of Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa, April 1991-September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4017, iv, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964017.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410648,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48384.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4017/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58622,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Walnut Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.75,\n 41.9167\n ],\n [\n -93.75,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -93.5667,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -93.5667,\n 41.9167\n ],\n [\n -93.75,\n 41.9167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626be8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soenksen, P. J.","contributorId":71575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soenksen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28397,"text":"wri964241 - 1996 - Riparian vegetation and its water use during 1995 along the Mojave River, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri964241","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4241","title":"Riparian vegetation and its water use during 1995 along the Mojave River, Southern California","docAbstract":"The extent and areal density of riparian vegetation, including both phreatophytes and hydrophytes, were mapped along the 100-mile main stem of the Mojave River during 1995. Mapping was aided by vertical false-color infrared and low-level oblique photographs. However, positive identification of plant species and plant physiological stress required field examination. The consumptive use of ground water and surface water by different areal densities of riparian plant communities along the main stem of the Mojave River was estimated using water-use data from a select group of studies in the southwestern United States. In the Alto subarea of the Mojave basin management area, consumptive water use during 1995 by riparian vegetation was estimated to be about 5,000 acre-feet upstream from the Lower Narrows and about 6,000 acre-feet downstream in the transition zone. In the Centro and Baja subareas, consumptive water use was estimated to be about 3,000 acre-feet and 2,000 acre-feet, respectively, during 1995. Consumptive water use by riparian vegetation in the Afton area, downstream from the Baja subarea, was estimated to be about 600 acre-feet during 1995. Consumptive water use by riparian vegetation during 1995 is considered representative of "normal" hydrologic conditions along the Mojave River. Barring major changes in the areal extent and density of riparian vegetation, the 1995 consumptive-use estimates should be fairly representative of riparian vegetation water use during most years. Annual consumptive use, however, could vary from the 1995 estimates as much as plus or minus 50 percent because of extreme hydrologic conditions (periods of high water table following extraordinarily large runoff in the Mojave River or periods of extended drought).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964241","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., and Bilhorn, T.W., 1996, Riparian vegetation and its water use during 1995 along the Mojave River, Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4241, iii, 10 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964241.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57202,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4241/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57203,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5b34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bilhorn, Thomas W.","contributorId":90787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilhorn","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28703,"text":"wri964030 - 1996 - Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri964030","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4030","title":"Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","docAbstract":"Thousands of deep artesian wells were drilled into the Upper Floridan aquifer in west-central Florida prior to well-drilling regulations adopted in the 1970's. The wells were usually completed with a short length of casing through the unconsolidated sediments and were left open to multiple aquifers containing water of varying quality. These open boreholes serve as a potential source of water-quality degradation within the aquifers when vertical internal borehole flow is induced by hydraulic-head differences. Thispotential for water-quality degradation exists in west-central Florida where both the intermediate aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer exist. Measurements of caliper, temperature, gamma, fluid conductivity, and flow were obtained in 87 wells throughout west-central Florida to determine the occurrence of interaquifer borehole flow between the intermediate aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer. Flow measurements were made using an impeller flowmeter, a heat-pulse flowmeter, and a video camera with an impeller flowmeter attachment. Of the 87 wells measured with the impeller flowmeter, 17 had internal flow which ranged from 10 to 300 gallons per minute. A heat-pulse flowmeter was used in 19 wells in which flow was not detected using the impeller flowmeter. Of these 19 wells, 18 had internal flow which ranged from 0.3 to 10gallons per minute. Additionally, water-quality samples were collected from specific contributing zones in wells that had internal flow. Analysis of geophysical and water-quality data indicates degradation of water quality has occurred from mineralized ground water flowing upward from the Upper Floridan aquifer into the intermediate aquifer system through both uncased boreholes and corroded black-iron well casings. In areas where there is a downward component of flow, data indicate that potable water from the intermediate aquifer system is artificially recharging the Upper Floridan aquifer through open boreholes. A geographical area was defined where there is a potential for water- quality degradation due to improperly cased wells. This area was delineated based on where there is an upward component of ground-water flow and where there is an occurrence of poor-quality water. The delineated area includes parts of Hillsborough, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte, De Soto, and Hardee Counties. To prevent further contamination of the aquifers, the Southwest Florida Water Management District began the Quality of Water Improvement Program in 1974 to restore hydrologic conditions altered by improperly constructed wells or deteriorating casings. As of May 1994, more than 3,000 wells have been inspected and approximately 1,350 have been plugged. To minimize interaquifer contamination, existing wells, especially ones with black-iron casing, should be inspected and, if necessary, repaired with new casing or plugged.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri964030","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., and Brendle, D., 1996, Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4030, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964030.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2275,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4030.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brendle, D. L.","contributorId":68343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2979,"text":"wsp2469 - 1996 - Lake-level frequency analysis for Devils Lake, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T13:49:59","indexId":"wsp2469","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2469","title":"Lake-level frequency analysis for Devils Lake, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Two approaches were used to estimate future lake-level probabilities for Devils Lake. The first approach is based on an annual lake-volume model, and the second approach is based on a statistical water mass-balance model that generates seasonal lake volumes on the basis of seasonal precipitation, evaporation, and inflow.
Autoregressive moving average models were used to model the annual mean lake volume and the difference between the annual maximum lake volume and the annual mean lake volume. Residuals from both models were determined to be uncorrelated with zero mean and constant variance. However, a nonlinear relation between the residuals of the two models was included in the final annual lakevolume model.
Because of high autocorrelation in the annual lake levels of Devils Lake, the annual lake-volume model was verified using annual lake-level changes. The annual lake-volume model closely reproduced the statistics of the recorded lake-level changes for 1901-93 except for the skewness coefficient. However, the model output is less skewed than the data indicate because of some unrealistically large lake-level declines.
The statistical water mass-balance model requires as inputs seasonal precipitation, evaporation, and inflow data for Devils Lake. Analysis of annual precipitation, evaporation, and inflow data for 1950-93 revealed no significant trends or long-range dependence so the input time series were assumed to be stationary and short-range dependent.
Normality transformations were used to approximately maintain the marginal probability distributions; and a multivariate, periodic autoregressive model was used to reproduce the correlation structure. Each of the coefficients in the model is significantly different from zero at the 5-percent significance level. Coefficients relating spring inflow from one year to spring and fall inflows from the previous year had the largest effect on the lake-level frequency analysis.
Inclusion of parameter uncertainty in the model for generating precipitation, evaporation, and inflow indicates that the upper lake-level exceedance levels from the water mass-balance model are particularly sensitive to parameter uncertainty. The sensitivity in the upper exceedance levels was caused almost entirely by uncertainty in the fitted probability distributions of the quarterly inflows. A method was developed for using long-term streamflow data for the Red River of the North at Grand Forks to reduce the variance in the estimated mean.
Comparison of the annual lake-volume model and the water mass-balance model indicates the upper exceedance levels of the water mass-balance model increase much more rapidly than those of the annual lake-volume model. As an example, for simulation year 5, the 99-percent exceedance for the lake level is 1,417.6 feet above sea level for the annual lake-volume model and 1,423.2 feet above sea level for the water mass-balance model. The rapid increase is caused largely by the record precipitation and inflow in the summer and fall of 1993. Because the water mass-balance model produces lake-level traces that closely match the hydrology of Devils Lake, the water mass-balance model is superior to the annual lake-volume model for computing exceedance levels for the 50-year planning horizon.