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,{"id":81058,"text":"gap3 - 1993 - GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T13:13:51","indexId":"gap3","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":30,"text":"GAP Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"3","title":"GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 3","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 3: GAP Bulletin 3, 28 p.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38315,"text":"GAP Analysis Project","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b16b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70197408,"text":"70197408 - 1993 - The relation between sidescan-sonar imagery and sediment physical properties: A comparison of two deep sea fan systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T10:07:26","indexId":"70197408","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The relation between sidescan-sonar imagery and sediment physical properties: A comparison of two deep sea fan systems","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Acoustic classification and mapping of the seabed: An Underwater Acoustics Group conference held at the University of Bath, 14th - 16th April 1993","conferenceTitle":"Acoustic classification and mapping of the seabed","conferenceDate":"April 14-16, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Bath, UK","language":"English","publisher":"St. Albans Institute of Acoustics","usgsCitation":"Lee, H.J., Schwab, W.C., Kayen, R.E., Edwards, B.D., Twichell, D., Field, M., and Gardner, J., 1993, The relation between sidescan-sonar imagery and sediment physical properties: A comparison of two deep sea fan systems, <i>in</i> Acoustic classification and mapping of the seabed: An Underwater Acoustics Group conference held at the University of Bath, 14th - 16th April 1993, v. 15, no. 2, Bath, UK, April 14-16, 1993, p. 319-326.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"326","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354664,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a2c5e4b092d9651e22a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, H. J.","contributorId":190472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":737058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kayen, R. E.","contributorId":14424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Field, M.E.","contributorId":27052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":199249,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":18105,"text":"University of New Hampshire, Durham","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":737064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70197293,"text":"70197293 - 1993 - Modeling transport processes in the coastal ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-25T14:48:35","indexId":"70197293","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling transport processes in the coastal ocean","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","usgsCitation":"Blumberg, A., Signell, R.P., and Jenter, H., 1993, Modeling transport processes in the coastal ocean: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 1, p. 31-52.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"52","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354507,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a2c5e4b092d9651e22a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blumberg, A.F.","contributorId":44684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumberg","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Signell, R. P.","contributorId":89147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jenter, H. L.","contributorId":25167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenter","given":"H. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70197507,"text":"70197507 - 1993 - Three-dimensional lithostratigraphic model at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: A framework for fluid transport modeling and engineering design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-08T10:07:10","indexId":"70197507","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Three-dimensional lithostratigraphic model at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: A framework for fluid transport modeling and engineering design","docAbstract":"<p>A three-dimensional lithostratigraphic model of the central block of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, illustrates how some activities can serve both site characterization and design and construction of the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF). Site-characterization activities supported by this model include characterizing the three-dimensional geometry of lithologic units and faults, and providing boundary conditions for geostatistical models and site-scale fluid flow modeling. This model supports the conceptual design as well as construction efforts for the proposed ramps of the ESF and potential high-level nuclear waste repository.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"FOCUS'93: Site Characterization and Model Validation","conferenceTitle":"FOCUS'93: Site Characterization and Model Validation","conferenceDate":"September 26-29, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"American Nuclear Society","usgsCitation":"Buesch, D.C., Spengler, R., Nelson, J., and Dickerson, R., 1993, Three-dimensional lithostratigraphic model at Yucca Mountain, Nevada: A framework for fluid transport modeling and engineering design, <i>in</i> FOCUS'93: Site Characterization and Model Validation, Las Vegas, NV, September 26-29, 1993, p. 226-231.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"226","endPage":"231","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354848,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":354847,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/145313"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.69677734375,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.55419921875,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.55419921875,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.69677734375,\n              37.00255267215955\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.69677734375,\n              36.12012758978146\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c1119fde4b034bf6a81919c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buesch, David C. 0000-0002-4978-5027 dbuesch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-5027","contributorId":1154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buesch","given":"David","email":"dbuesch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":737495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spengler, R.W.","contributorId":7281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spengler","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, J.E.","contributorId":50306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dickerson, R. P.","contributorId":23968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":737498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70193869,"text":"70193869 - 1993 - The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T09:43:25","indexId":"70193869","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (<i>Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri</i>)","title":"The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Although acid deposition is not considered a problem in the western United States, surface waters in high elevations and fish inhabiting these waters may be vulnerable to acidification. This study examined the sensitivity of a western salmonid to acid and aluminum stress. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri</i><span>; YSC) were exposed for 7 d during each of four early life stages, or continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch, to decreased pH and elevated Al. We monitored survival, growth, whole-body ion content, and behavior of the exposed fish. Sensitivity of early life stages of YSC may be expressed by survival or by survival and sublethal effects. In our study, eggs were the most sensitive life stage of YSC to low pH if survival alone was considered. However, the sublethal effects on growth, tissue ion content, and behavior revealed the alevins and swim-up larvae were more sensitive to reduced pH and increased Al than eggs or eyed embryos. 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,{"id":70193866,"text":"70193866 - 1993 - Bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic selenium in a laboratory food chain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T09:19:19","indexId":"70193866","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic selenium in a laboratory food chain","docAbstract":"<p><span>Aquatic organisms accumulated selenium (Se) from inorganic and organic Se species via aqueous and food-chain exposure routes. We measured aqueous and food-chain Se bioaccumulation from selenate, selenite, and seleno-L-methionine in a laboratory food chain of algae (</span><i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i><span>), daphnids (</span><i>Daphnia magna</i><span>), and fish (bluegill,<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>Lepomis macrochirus</i><span>). Selenium concentrations were monitored radiometrically with<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>75</sup><span>Se-labeled compounds. All three organisms concentrated Se more strongly from aqueous selenomethionine than from either inorganic Se species. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) estimated from 1 μg Se/L Se-methionine exposures were approximately 16,000 for algae, 200,000 for daphnids, and 5,000 for bluegills. Algae and daphnids concentrated Se more strongly from selenite (BCFs = 220–3,600) than selenate (BCFs = 65–500) whereas bluegills concenrated Se about equally from both inorganic species (estimated BCFs = 13 to 106). Bioaccumulation of foodborne Se by daphnids and bluegills was similar in food chains dosed with different Se species. Daphnids and bluegills did not accumulate Se concentrations greater than those in their diet, except at very low dietary Se concentrations. Food-chain concentration factors (CFs) for daphnids decreased from near 1.0 to 0.5 with increases in algal Se concentrations, whereas CFs estimated from bluegill exposures averaged 0.5 over a range of foodborne Se concentrations. In exposures based on selenite, bluegills accumulated greater Se concentrations from food than from water. Aqueous and food-chain Se uptakes were approximately additive, and depuration rates were similar in aqueous, food-chain, and combined exposures. Our results suggest that bluegills in Secontaminated habitats accumulate inorganic Se species primarily via food-chain uptake, although organoselenium compounds such as Se-methionine may contribute significantly to Se bioaccumulation by bluegills via both aqueous and food-chain uptake.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620120108","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Canfield, T., and La Point, T.W., 1993, Bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic selenium in a laboratory food chain: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 12, no. 1, p. 57-72, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120108.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a081bc8e4b09af898c8cee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70196850,"text":"70196850 - 1993 - Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 612 bolide event: New evidence of a late Eocene impact-wave deposit and a possible impact site, U.S. east coast: Comment and reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-04T11:55:42","indexId":"70196850","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 612 bolide event: New evidence of a late Eocene impact-wave deposit and a possible impact site, U.S. east coast: Comment and reply","docAbstract":"<p><span>No abstract available.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0478:DSDPSB>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wei, W., Poag, C.W., Poppe, L., Folger, D.W., Powars, D.S., Mixon, R.B., Edwards, L.E., and Bruce, S., 1993, Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 612 bolide event: New evidence of a late Eocene impact-wave deposit and a possible impact site, U.S. east coast: Comment and reply: Geology, v. 21, no. 5, p. 478-479, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0478:DSDPSB>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"478","endPage":"479","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"21","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2596e4b0da30c1bfd6b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wei, Wuchang","contributorId":204693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wei","given":"Wuchang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poppe, Lawrence J. lpoppe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"Lawrence J.","email":"lpoppe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Folger, David W.","contributorId":96663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folger","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Powars, David S. 0000-0002-6787-8964 dspowars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-8964","contributorId":1181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powars","given":"David","email":"dspowars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mixon, Robert B.","contributorId":50517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mixon","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bruce, Scott","contributorId":195837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bruce","given":"Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70193867,"text":"70193867 - 1993 - Large-scale dialysis of sample lipids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T09:27:14","indexId":"70193867","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale dialysis of sample lipids","docAbstract":"<p><span>The use of a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) for dialysis in an organic solvent phase is an efficient alternative approach to separation of contaminants from large amounts of lipid (up to 50 grams or more) prior to organic chemical analysis. Passive separation of contaminants can be accomplished with a minimum of equipment and a comparatively small volume of solvent. This study examines the effects of factors such as dialytic solvent, lipid type, dialytic solvent:lipid volume ratio, dialysis time, and temperature on the performance of polyethylene SPMDs during lipid-contaminant separations. The experimental conditions for maximal recoveries of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls with minimal lipid carryover are determined for the examined variables. When the dialytic procedure is optimized, very satisfactory and highly reproducible analyte recoveries can be obtained in a few days while separating &gt; 90% of the lipid material in a single operation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0045-6535(93)90026-2","usgsCitation":"Meadows, J., Tillitt, D.E., Huckins, J., and Schroeder, D., 1993, Large-scale dialysis of sample lipids: Chemosphere, v. 26, no. 11, p. 1993-2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90026-2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1993","endPage":"2006","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348335,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"26","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a081bc8e4b09af898c8cee0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meadows, Jill jcmeadows@usgs.gov","contributorId":4890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meadows","given":"Jill","email":"jcmeadows@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":720814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huckins, James","contributorId":175344,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huckins","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schroeder, D.","contributorId":104953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70194148,"text":"70194148 - 1993 - Monitoring data supports hunting closure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T09:48:35","indexId":"70194148","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NRPO/NRR - 93/10","title":"Monitoring data supports hunting closure","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"1992 Highlights of Natural Resources Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Galipeau, R., Jenkins, K., and Route, B., 1993, Monitoring data supports hunting closure: Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPO/NRR - 93/10, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348959,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6130d6e4b06e28e9c25e25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galipeau, Russell","contributorId":46876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Galipeau","given":"Russell","affiliations":[{"id":6993,"text":"Channel Islands National Park","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":722366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenkins, K.J.","contributorId":101371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Route, B.","contributorId":44769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Route","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70194874,"text":"70194874 - 1993 - The case for long time series measurements in the coastal ocean and some recent samples: Appendix B","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T09:53:00","indexId":"70194874","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"seriesNumber":"WHOI-93-49","title":"The case for long time series measurements in the coastal ocean and some recent samples: Appendix B","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Long Time Series Measurements in the Coastal Ocean: A Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","publisherLocation":"Woods Hole, MA","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., 1993, The case for long time series measurements in the coastal ocean and some recent samples: Appendix B, <i>in</i> Long Time Series Measurements in the Coastal Ocean: A Workshop, p. 68-70.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350634,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/610"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9fe4b06e28e9cabb40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70196431,"text":"70196431 - 1993 - Glaciers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T11:17:35","indexId":"70196431","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Glaciers","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkTitle":"Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.J., 1993, Glaciers, chap. <i>of</i> Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change, p. 401-422.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"401","endPage":"422","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353219,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2597e4b0da30c1bfd6be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. J.","contributorId":108121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70196439,"text":"70196439 - 1993 - Geodetic airborne laser altimetry of Breidamerkurjökull and Skeidarárjökull, Iceland, and Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T13:41:20","indexId":"70196439","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geodetic airborne laser altimetry of Breidamerkurjökull and Skeidarárjökull, Iceland, and Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland","docAbstract":"<div class=\"row\"><div class=\"large-10 medium-10 small-12 columns\"><div class=\"description\"><div class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"><p>Two geodetic airborne laser altimeter (ALA) systems coupled to Global Positioning System receivers acquired submeter-resolution topographic profiles of the lower parts of Breidamerkurjökull and Skeidarárjökull, Iceland, in May 1989 and September 1991 (Skeidarárjökull) and of Jakobshavns Isbræ, Greenland, in April 1992. Maximum measured crevasse depths on Breidamerkurjökull, Skeidarárjökull and Jakobshavns Isbræ were 20.7, 36.1 and 50.2 m, respectively. Crevasse spacings were 43 m (45 crevasses km<span class=\"sup\">−1</span>) for Breidamerkur jökull, 46–51 m (25 crevasses km<span class=\"sup\">−1</span>) for Skeidarárjökull and 20–40 m (lower part) or 50–80 m (upper part) of Jakobshavns Isbræ (27 crevasses km<span class=\"sup\">−1</span>). Surface slopes were ~2.4° for the lower 11 km of Breidamerkurjökull, ~0.8° for the lower 10 km of Skeidarárjökull and 1.55° for the lower 28 km of Jakobshavns Isbræ (with a range of 0.55° for the final 17 km to ~6.3° for a steep central part several km in length). Average longitudinal strain-rate values, estimated by assuming a bulk ice temperature of 0°C and a density of 880 kg m<span class=\"sup\">−3</span>, ranged from 0.12 a<span class=\"sup\">−1</span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Breidamerkurjökull, to 0.63 a<span class=\"sup\">−1</span><span>&nbsp;</span>for Skeidarárjökull; values for Jakobshavns Isbræ fell between 1.3 and 1.7 a<span class=\"sup\">−1</span>. Remote sensing of glacier microtopography by ALA offers a potential new tool for determining crevasse morphology, spatial density and spacing, meter-scale local slopes, long-wavelength gradients and derived strain rates.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"International Glaciological Society","doi":"10.3189/S0260305500013136","usgsCitation":"Garvin, J.B., and Williams, R., 1993, Geodetic airborne laser altimetry of Breidamerkurjökull and Skeidarárjökull, Iceland, and Jakobshavns Isbræ, West Greenland: Annals of Glaciology, v. 17, p. 379-385, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500013136.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"385","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500013136","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":353230,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Greenland, Iceland","otherGeospatial":"Breidamerkurjökull, Jakobshavns Isbræ, Skeidarárjökull","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-14.5087,66.45589],[-14.73964,65.80875],[-13.60973,65.12667],[-14.90983,64.36408],[-17.79444,63.67875],[-18.65625,63.49638],[-19.97275,63.64363],[-22.76297,63.96018],[-21.77848,64.40212],[-23.95504,64.89113],[-22.1844,65.08497],[-22.22742,65.37859],[-24.32618,65.61119],[-23.65051,66.26252],[-22.13492,66.41047],[-20.57628,65.73211],[-19.05684,66.2766],[-17.79862,65.99385],[-16.16782,66.52679],[-14.5087,66.45589]]],[[[-46.76379,82.62796],[-43.40644,83.22516],[-39.89753,83.18018],[-38.62214,83.54905],[-35.08787,83.64513],[-27.10046,83.51966],[-20.84539,82.72669],[-22.69182,82.34165],[-26.51753,82.29765],[-31.9,82.2],[-31.39646,82.02154],[-27.85666,82.13178],[-24.84448,81.78697],[-22.90328,82.09317],[-22.07175,81.73449],[-23.16961,81.15271],[-20.62363,81.52462],[-15.76818,81.91245],[-12.77018,81.71885],[-12.20855,81.29154],[-16.28533,80.58004],[-16.85,80.35],[-20.04624,80.17708],[-17.73035,80.12912],[-18.9,79.4],[-19.70499,78.75128],[-19.67353,77.63859],[-18.47285,76.98565],[-20.03503,76.94434],[-21.67944,76.62795],[-19.83407,76.09808],[-19.59896,75.24838],[-20.66818,75.15585],[-19.37281,74.29561],[-21.59422,74.22382],[-20.43454,73.81713],[-20.76234,73.46436],[-22.17221,73.30955],[-23.56593,73.30663],[-22.31311,72.62928],[-22.29954,72.18409],[-24.27834,72.59788],[-24.79296,72.3302],[-23.44296,72.08016],[-22.13281,71.46898],[-21.75356,70.66369],[-23.53603,70.471],[-24.30702,70.85649],[-25.54341,71.43094],[-25.20135,70.75226],[-26.36276,70.22646],[-23.72742,70.18401],[-22.34902,70.12946],[-25.02927,69.2588],[-27.74737,68.47046],[-30.67371,68.12503],[-31.77665,68.12078],[-32.81105,67.73547],[-34.20196,66.67974],[-36.35284,65.9789],[-37.04378,65.93768],[-38.37505,65.69213],[-39.81222,65.45848],[-40.66899,64.83997],[-40.68281,64.13902],[-41.1887,63.48246],[-42.81938,62.68233],[-42.41666,61.90093],[-42.86619,61.07404],[-43.3784,60.09772],[-44.7875,60.03676],[-46.26364,60.85328],[-48.26294,60.85843],[-49.23308,61.40681],[-49.90039,62.38336],[-51.63325,63.62691],[-52.14014,64.27842],[-52.27659,65.1767],[-53.66166,66.09957],[-53.30161,66.8365],[-53.96911,67.18899],[-52.9804,68.35759],[-51.47536,68.72958],[-51.08041,69.14781],[-50.87122,69.9291],[-52.01358,69.57492],[-52.55792,69.42616],[-53.45629,69.28363],[-54.68336,69.61003],[-54.75001,70.28932],[-54.35884,70.82131],[-53.43131,70.83576],[-51.39014,70.56978],[-53.10937,71.20485],[-54.00422,71.54719],[-55,71.40654],[-55.83468,71.65444],[-54.71819,72.58625],[-55.32634,72.95861],[-56.12003,73.64977],[-57.32363,74.71026],[-58.59679,75.09861],[-58.58516,75.51727],[-61.26861,76.10238],[-63.39165,76.1752],[-66.06427,76.13486],[-68.50438,76.06141],[-69.66485,76.37975],[-71.40257,77.00857],[-68.77671,77.32312],[-66.76397,77.37595],[-71.04293,77.63595],[-73.297,78.04419],[-73.15938,78.43271],[-69.37345,78.91388],[-65.7107,79.39436],[-65.3239,79.75814],[-68.02298,80.11721],[-67.15129,80.51582],[-63.68925,81.21396],[-62.23444,81.3211],[-62.65116,81.77042],[-60.28249,82.03363],[-57.20744,82.19074],[-54.13442,82.19962],[-53.04328,81.88833],[-50.39061,82.43883],[-48.00386,82.06481],[-46.59984,81.98595],[-44.523,81.6607],[-46.9007,82.19979],[-46.76379,82.62796]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iceland\"}}]}","volume":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2597e4b0da30c1bfd6bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garvin, James B.","contributorId":22112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garvin","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":732912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":90679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard S.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70187764,"text":"70187764 - 1993 - Foraging ecology as related to the distribution of planktivorous auklets in the Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:09:04","indexId":"70187764","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Foraging ecology as related to the distribution of planktivorous auklets in the Bering Sea","docAbstract":"<p>We review recent accounts of the foraging ecologies of &nbsp;five species of small auklets found in the Bering Sea. These birds eat a wide variety of zooplankton and micronekton. Least Auklets&nbsp;<i>Aethia pusilla&nbsp;</i>and Whiskered Auklets&nbsp;<i>A. pygmaea</i>, as far as is known, primarily eat copepods, whereas Created Auklets&nbsp;<i>A. cristatella</i> appear to specialize on euphausiids, at least during the breeding season. The diet of Parakeet Auklets&nbsp;<i>Cyclorrhynchus psittacula&nbsp;</i>is much broader than that of most other&nbsp;<i>Aethia&nbsp;</i>species, and includes many gelatinous species and their commensals. Little is known of the diet of Cassin's Auklet&nbsp;<i>Ptychoramphus aleuticus&nbsp;</i>in the Bering Sea, although elsewhere they take large copepods, euphausiids, and larval fish.</p><p>There are considerable differences in the at-sea distributions and foraging behaviors of these five species of auklet. Least Auklets in the norhtern Bering Sea concentrate their foraging activities over strongly stratified water and near fronts where pycnoclines may approach the surface. In the Aleutian Islands, Least Auklets forage where oceanic and tidal currents strike the shelf between the islands and rise toward the surface carrying plankton. Least Auklets and Crested Auklets are often found in large flocks, whereas Parakeet Auklets are rarely found in groups of more than three birds and are usually widely dispersed. The few at-sea observations of Whiskered Auklets have been of small flocks in turbulent waters of island passes. We relate prey types taken, foraging dispersion, and the use of hydrographic features by these auklet species.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific: A symposium sponsored by the Pacific Seabird Group, the Canadian Wildlife Service, and the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks","conferenceDate":"February 22-23, 1990","conferenceLocation":"Victoria, BC","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, CA","usgsCitation":"Hunt, G.L., Harrison, N.M., and Piatt, J.F., 1993, Foraging ecology as related to the distribution of planktivorous auklets in the Bering Sea, <i>in</i> The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific, Victoria, BC, February 22-23, 1990, p. 18-26.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341722,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pacificseabirdgroup.org/psg-publications/symposia/the-status-ecology-and-conservation-of-marine-birds-of-the-north-pacific/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bd1e4b0b7ff9fb489d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, George L. Jr.","contributorId":56953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Nancy M.","contributorId":192115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70203843,"text":"70203843 - 1993 - Chick growth in the California Gull: Relationships with hatching asynchrony and parental age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-18T15:44:14.517433","indexId":"70203843","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-30T15:09:49","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chick growth in the California Gull: Relationships with hatching asynchrony and parental age","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chick mass and growth during a six-day period were investigated among California Gulls (<i>Larus californicus</i>) in 1979 and 1980. In broods of two, levels of hatching asynchrony between siblings ranging from 0 - 4 days were observed. Hatching asynchrony resulted in initial mass differences between siblings that persisted and accelerated with time. Fledging success was unrelated to hatching asynchrony but was related to large offspring mass and increased with parental age. Parental age was unrelated to hatching asynchrony but heavily influenced the brood's gain in mass. Six days after the second egg hatched, chick mass was highest at those levels of hatching asynchrony where mean age of parent was highest. Mass differences between siblings at day six were related to fledging success only to the extent that rapid growth among siblings of older parents usually resulted in large differences in mass. Implications of results to investigations of Lack's brood reduction hypothesis are discussed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521436","usgsCitation":"Pugesek, B.H., 1993, Chick growth in the California Gull: Relationships with hatching asynchrony and parental age: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 16, no. 2, p. 183-189, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521436.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":364720,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Albany County","otherGeospatial":"Bamforth Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.7448673248291,\n              41.37353990347627\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.73984622955322,\n              41.37353990347627\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.73984622955322,\n              41.377243301503945\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.7448673248291,\n              41.377243301503945\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.7448673248291,\n              41.37353990347627\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugesek, Bruce H.","contributorId":22668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199881,"text":"70199881 - 1993 - Seasonal variations of Zn/Cu ratios in acid mine water from Iron Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T11:26:11","indexId":"70199881","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-20T11:25:44","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seasonal variations of Zn/Cu ratios in acid mine water from Iron Mountain, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Time-series data on Zn/Cu weight ratios from portal effluent compositions [(Zn/Cu)</span><sub>water</sub><span>] at Iron Mountain, California, show seasonal variations that can be related to the precipitation and dissolution of melanterite [(Fe</span><sup>II</sup><span>,Zn,Cu)SO</span><sub>4</sub><span>·7H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O]. Mine water and actively forming melanterite were collected from underground mine workings and chemically analyzed. The temperature-dependent solubility of Zn-Cu-bearing melanterite solid solutions was investigated by heating-cooling experiments using the mine water. Rapid kinetics of melanterite dissolution and precipitation facilitated reversed solubility experiments at 25°C. Non-reversed solubility data were obtained in the laboratory at 4° and 35°C and at ambient underground mine conditions (38° and 42°C). Copper is partitioned preferentially to zinc into melanterite solid solutions at all temperatures investigated. During the annual dry season, values of (Zn/Cu)</span><sub>water</sub><span>&nbsp;in the Richmond portal effluent increase to values between 8 to 13, consistent with formation of melanterite during this period. During the annual wet season, the onset of high discharge from the mine portals is characterized by a significant decrease in (Zn/Cu)</span><sub>water</sub><span>&nbsp;to values as low as 2. This phenomenon may be caused by dissolution of melanterite with values of (Zn/Cu)</span><sub>solid</sub><span>&nbsp;ranging from 1.5 to 3.5.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemistry Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch022","isbn":"9780841227729","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., Nordstrom, D.K., and Thompson, J.M., 1993, Seasonal variations of Zn/Cu ratios in acid mine water from Iron Mountain, California, chap. <i>of</i> Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation, v. 550, p. 324-344, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch022.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"324","endPage":"344","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Iron Mountain","volume":"550","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a1ce4b034bf6a8194d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, J. Michael","contributorId":40239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70199876,"text":"70199876 - 1993 - Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T09:43:46","indexId":"70199876","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-20T09:43:11","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Leviathan and Bryant Creek (LBC) drainage system, on the border of California and Nevada, flows through overburden and waste from a former open-pit sulfur mine. The drainage contains acid mine waters with high concentrations of several trace elements, including Cu, Zn, and As, derived from oxidative weathering of sulfides in the wastes and altered bedrock. In June and October, 1982, the mainstream and tributary flows of the LBC drainage were measured and the waters sampled and analyzed for major and trace elements. Empirical mass flow and metal attenuation rates were determined, and chemical models were used to examine mechanisms of trace element removal during downstream transport. In June the flow in the mainstream was 2-5 times greater than in October, and with higher contributions from the acid mine effluent. Seasonal variations in the attenuation rates of Cu, Zn, and As were directly related to this increase in acid mine-effluent production, and to the consequent increase in the acidity of the mainstream drainage. Although As concentrations immediately below the mine site were high in June, As was readily removed from solution by adsorption onto an assumed iron(III) oxyhydroxysulfate precipitate, whereas Cu was incompletely adsorbed and Zn remained unaffected by adsorption. In October, the smaller discharge of acidic LBC drainage waters were more readily diluted (and neutralized) by other regional tributaries. Arsenic concentrations remained low, and both Cu and Zn were removed from solution by adsorption onto iron(III) oxyhydroxysulfate in the lower regions of the LBC drainage system.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch017","isbn":"9780841227729","usgsCitation":"Webster, J.G., Nordstrom, D.K., and Smith, K.S., 1993, Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks, chap. <i>of</i> Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation, v. 550, p. 244-260, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch017.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"260","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Leviathan Creek, Bryant Creek","volume":"550","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a1ce4b034bf6a8194db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webster, Jenny G.","contributorId":208417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"Jenny","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207343,"text":"70207343 - 1993 - Entrenchment and widening of the upper San Pedro River, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T13:55:54.364508","indexId":"70207343","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-17T12:51:23","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entrenchment and widening of the upper San Pedro River, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>The San Pedro River of southeast Arizona is a north-flowing tributary of the Gila River. The area of the drainage basin upstream of the 40-km-long study reach is about 3,200 km<sup>2</sup>. This study traces the historical evolution of the San Pedro River channel—specifically, the deepening, widening, and sediment deposition that have occurred since 1900—and it aims to evaluate the causes of channel widening and deepening, the rate of widening, and the present stability of the channel.</p><p>Alluvium of the river valley consists of upper Holocene pre- and postentrenchment deposits. The pre-entrenchment alluvium, which forms the principal terrace of the inner valley, accumulated between about A.D. 1450 and 1900 in a relatively sluggish, low-energy fluvial system with extensive marshy reaches and high water table. In contrast, postentrenchment alluvium, which forms the terrace, floodplain, and channel of the San Pedro River, was deposited in a relatively high-energy, entrenched, and meandering fluvial system.</p><p>The river flowed in a shallow, narrow channel on the surface of the unentrenched valley before 1890. A series of large floods, perhaps beginning as early as 1881, eventually led to entrenchment of the channel between 1890 and 1908. This deepening placed the channel 1 to 10 m below the former floodplain. The channel has widened substantially since entrenchment through lateral migration and expansion of entrenched meanders; its present size is 5.7 times greater than before entrenchment. The rate of channel expansion, however, has decreased since about 1955, coincident with a decrease of peak-flood discharge. Channel area increased at 0.1 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>from entrenchment until 1955; since then the area increased at only 0.02 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>yr<sup>−1</sup>, suggesting that the channel has stabilized and that further widening will probably be minor under present conditions of land use, discharge, and climate.</p><p>The reduction of peak-flow rates was related partly to increased channel sinuosity and to development of floodplains and riparian woodlands. The increased sinuosity produced a reservoir effect that attenuated flood waves, and the development of flood-plains enabled flood waters to spread laterally, thereby increasing transmission losses. In addition, flow rates were probably affected by improved land use and changes of rainfall intensity and short-term rainfall patterns, which reduced runoff and decreased the time necessary for channel stabilization. Livestock grazing decreased steadily after the turn of the century, and numerous stock ponds and small water-retention structures were constructed in tributaries. The cumulative effect of these structures probably reduced peak-flow rates. Short-term rainfall patterns of the wet season (June 15–October 15) have probably changed from annual alternation of above- and below-average rainfall to a biennial or longer pattern. Moreover, frequency of low-intensity rainfall (daily rainfall less than about 1.27 cm) was consistently above average for the decade 1957–1967. These factors probably improved conditions for growth and establishment of vegetation both in and outside of the channel.</p><p>The causes of the large floods that resulted in entrenchment are poorly understood, although climate and land use were key factors. Floods followed closely the rapid settlement of the area brought about by mining activity in the late 1870s; population rose from a few hundred to 6,000 in less than 5 yr. Extensive wood cutting for mine timber and fuel, suppression of wildfire, and reintroduction of large cattle herds undoubtedly exacerbated entrenchment. Flood-producing wet-season rainfall in the Southwest, however, was unusually heavy before, during, and shortly after entrenchment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geographical Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE282-p1","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 1993, Entrenchment and widening of the upper San Pedro River, Arizona: GSA Special Papers, v. 282, p. 1-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE282-p1.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.40710449218749,\n              31.344254455668054\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.7808837890625,\n              31.344254455668054\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.7808837890625,\n              31.784216884487385\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.40710449218749,\n              31.784216884487385\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.40710449218749,\n              31.344254455668054\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"282","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70186691,"text":"70186691 - 1993 - Southern surface rupture associated with the 1992 M7.4 Landers Earthquake: Did it all happen during the mainshock?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T10:41:46","indexId":"70186691","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Southern surface rupture associated with the 1992 M7.4 Landers Earthquake: Did it all happen during the mainshock?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Approximately three minutes after the magnitude 7.4 Landers mainshock on 28 June 1992, a M5.7 aftershock occurred south of the mainshock epicenter, with a location of 34° 7.65′N, 116° 23.82′W. This aftershock was recorded on an array of portable digital seismic instruments deployed in Morongo Valley, 21 km southwest of the event. Although peak accelerations are found to differ by approximately 50% at stations with similar general site conditions within 500 m of each other, there is good coherence of arrivals across the array for frequencies ≤1 Hz. We use the recordings to determine the apparent phase velocity and azimuth of propagation across the array, and show that the event clearly ruptured to the south, with a rupture length of ∼11 km and a rupture velocity of approximately 3.0 km/s. Our results suggest that at least some of the mapped surface rupture south of the town of Yucca Valley (∼11 km in extent; maximum displacement of 20 cm) may have been associated with this aftershock. If this is the case, then the fault that produced the southern end of the Landers mainshock (the Johnson Valley fault) need not continue at depth across the active left-lateral, east-west trending Pinto Mountain fault.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL00666","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., Mori, J., Sembera, E., Glassmoyer, G., Mueller, C., and Lydeen, S., 1993, Southern surface rupture associated with the 1992 M7.4 Landers Earthquake: Did it all happen during the mainshock?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 23, p. 2615-2618, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00666.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"2615","endPage":"2618","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sembera, E.","contributorId":7274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sembera","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glassmoyer, G.","contributorId":62751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mueller, C.","contributorId":40201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lydeen, S.","contributorId":190674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lydeen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70186657,"text":"70186657 - 1993 - Importance of model parameterization in finite fault inversions: Application to the 1974 Mw 8.0 Peru Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T14:22:38","indexId":"70186657","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of model parameterization in finite fault inversions: Application to the 1974 Mw 8.0 Peru Earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>The spatial and temporal slip distributions for the October 3, 1974 (</span><i>M<sub>w</sub></i><span> = 8.0), Peru subduction zone earthquake and its largest aftershock on November 9 (</span><i>M<sub>s</sub></i><span> = 7.1) are calculated and analyzed in terms of the inversion parameterization and tectonic significance. Teleseismic, long-period World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network, </span><i>P</i><span> and </span><i>SH</i><span> waveforms are inverted to obtain the rupture histories. We demonstrate that erroneous results are obtained if a parameterization is used that does not allow for a sufficiently complex source, involving spatial variation in slip amplitude, risetime, and rupture time. The inversion method utilizes a parameterization of the fault that allows for a discretized source risetime and rupture time. Well-located aftershocks recorded on a local network have the same general pattern as teleseismically determined hypocenters and help to constrain the geometry of the subduction zone. For the main shock a hinged fault is preferred having a shallow plane with a dip of 11° and a deeper, landward plane with a dip of 30°. The preferred nucleation depth lies between 11 and 15 km. A bilateral rupture is obtained with two major concentrations of slip, one 60 to 70 km to the northwest of the epicenter and a second 80 to 100 km to the south and southeast of the epicenter. For these source regions, risetimes vary from 6 to 18 s. Our estimates of risetimes are consistent with the time for the rupture to traverse the dominant local asperity. The slip distribution for the November 9 aftershock falls within a conspicuous hole in the main shock rupture pattern, near the hypocenter of the main shock. The November 9 event has a simple risetime function with a duration of 2 s. Aftershocks recorded by the local network are shown to cluster near the hypocenter of the impending November 9 event and downdip from the largest main shock source region. Slip during the main shock is concentrated at shallow depths above 15 km and extends updip from the hypocenter to near the plate boundary at the trench axis. The large amount of slip at shallow depths is attributed to the absence of any significant accretionary wedge of sediments, and the relatively young age and high convergence rate of the subducted plate, which results in good seismic coupling near the trench axis.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JB02453","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S.H., and Langer, C., 1993, Importance of model parameterization in finite fault inversions: Application to the 1974 Mw 8.0 Peru Earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B12, p. 22123-22134, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02453.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"22123","endPage":"22134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93jb02453","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75407e4b09da6799c0c8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, Stephen H. 0000-0003-0858-9043 shartzell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-9043","contributorId":2594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"Stephen","email":"shartzell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, Charley","contributorId":190646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langer","given":"Charley","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70186482,"text":"70186482 - 1993 - Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T20:53:07","indexId":"70186482","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p><span>When an eruption of Kilauea lasts more than 4 months, so that a well-defined conduit has time to develop, magma moves freely through the volcano from a deep source to the eruptive site at a constant rate of 0.09 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr. At other times, the magma supply rate to Kilauea, estimated from geodetic measurements of surface displacements, may be different. For example, after a large withdrawal of magma from the summit reservoir, such as during a rift zone eruption, the magma supply rate is high initially but then lessens and exponentially decays as the reservoir refills. Different episodes of refilling may have different average rates of magma supply. During four year-long episodes in the 1960s, the annual rate of refilling varied from 0.02 to 0.18 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr, bracketing the sustained eruptive rate of 0.09 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr. For decade-long or longer periods, our estimate of magma supply rate is based on long-term changes in eruptive rate. We use eruptive rate because after a few dozen eruptions the volume of magma that passes through the summit reservoir is much larger than the net change of volume of magma stored within Kilauea. The low eruptive rate of 0.009 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr between 1840 and 1950, compared to an average eruptive rate of 0.05 km</span><sup>3</sup><span>/yr since 1950, suggests that the magma supply rate was lower between 1840 and 1950 than it has been since 1950. An obvious difference in activity before and since 1950 was the frequency of rift zone eruptions: eight rift zone eruptions occurred between 1840 and 1950, but more than 20 rift zone eruptions have occurred since 1950. The frequency of rift zone eruptions influences magma supply rate by suddenly lowering pressure of the summit magma reservoir, which feeds magma to rift zone eruptions. A temporary drop of reservoir pressure means a larger-than-normal pressure difference between the reservoir and a deeper source, so magma is forced to move upward into Kilauea at a faster rate.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JB02765","usgsCitation":"Dvorak, J.J., and Dzurisin, D., 1993, Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B12, p. 22255-22268, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02765.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"22255","endPage":"22268","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dvorak, John J.","contributorId":24420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70186724,"text":"70186724 - 1993 - Formation of left-lateral fractures within the Summit Ridge Shear Zone, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T14:21:50","indexId":"70186724","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of left-lateral fractures within the Summit Ridge Shear Zone, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>The 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake is characterized by the lack of major, throughgoing, coseismic, right-lateral faulting along strands of the San Andreas fault zone in the epicentral area. Instead, throughout the Summit Ridge area there are zones of tension cracks and left-lateral fracture zones oriented about N45°W, that is, roughly parallel to the San Andreas fault in this area. The left-lateral fractures zones are enigmatic because their left-lateral slip is opposite to the right-lateral sense of the relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates. We suggest that the enigmatic fractures can be understood if we assume that coseismic deformation was by right-lateral shear across a broad zone, about 0.5 km wide and 4 km long, beneath Summit Ridge. The shear zone has an orientation of about N70° W and is oblique to the San Andreas fault zone, which has a trend of N45° to 50°W, so that right-lateral shearing, along with some dilation, can account for the orientation of the fracture zones. Using an analog, kinematic model of the Summit Ridge shear zone and the observable geometric parameters (a shear zone about 0.5 km wide, an acute angle of 25° between the tension cracks and the shear-zone walls, left-lateral slip of 5 cm, and spacing of about 100 m in the tension cracks) we estimate that the amount of right-lateral shift across the Summit Ridge shear zone was on the order of 1.4 m. This is comparable to the amount of slip for coseismic faulting at depth, 1.9 to 2.4 m, as computed by several investigators. Thus contrary to most previous reports on the Loma Prieta earthquake, which assert that coseismic, right-lateral ground rupture was restricted to considerable (greater than 4 km) depths in the epicentral area, we find that nearly all the right-lateral offset is represented at the ground surface by the Summit Ridge shear zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JB02385","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A.M., and Fleming, R.W., 1993, Formation of left-lateral fractures within the Summit Ridge Shear Zone, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B12, p. 21823-21837, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02385.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"21823","endPage":"21837","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339452,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Arvid M.","contributorId":99547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Arvid","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleming, Robert W.","contributorId":102062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70186716,"text":"70186716 - 1993 - Seismic evidence for active magmatic underplating beneath the Basin and Range Province, western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T13:13:18.335928","indexId":"70186716","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for active magmatic underplating beneath the Basin and Range Province, western United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Near-vertical and wide-angle seismic reflection data provide evidence for the presence of a magma body at the base of the crust beneath Buena Vista Valley in northwestern Nevada. The seismic response of this hypothesized magma body is characterized by high-amplitude, near-vertical </span><i>P</i><span> wave reflections and a comparably strong </span><i>P</i><span>-to-</span><i>S</i><span> converted phase. The magma body, referred to here as the Buena Vista Magma Body, is probably a single sill with thickness no greater than 200 m and length no greater than 1.8 km. The melt fraction in the sill is undoubtedly greater than 20–30%, and probably exceeds 50%. Melt composition is unconstrained. Although the age of the Buena Vista Magma Body is difficult to determine precisely, it is probably no older than 500,000 years. This suggests that magmatism in the Basin and Range Province is an ongoing process, despite the relative paucity of volcanic rocks erupted at the surface during the last 6 m.y.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JB02021","usgsCitation":"Jarchow, C.M., Thompson, G.A., Catchings, R.D., and Mooney, W.D., 1993, Seismic evidence for active magmatic underplating beneath the Basin and Range Province, western United States: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B12, p. 22095-22108, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02021.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"22095","endPage":"22108","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.65283203124999,\n              42.09822241118974\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1142578125,\n              41.88592102814744\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.65234374999999,\n              41.47566020027821\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.66308593749999,\n              40.56389453066509\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.7509765625,\n              39.01064750994083\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.72949218749999,\n              37.45741810262938\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.4111328125,\n              36.686041276581925\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.80712890625,\n              37.49229399862877\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.67529296874999,\n              39.21523130910491\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.27978515625,\n              41.85319643776675\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.09277343749999,\n              43.43696596521823\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.23535156249999,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.49902343749999,\n              43.26120612479979\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.65283203124999,\n              42.09822241118974\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarchow, Craig M.","contributorId":190682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarchow","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, George A.","contributorId":94288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Catchings, Rufus D. 0000-0002-5191-6102 catching@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-6102","contributorId":1519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"Rufus","email":"catching@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207076,"text":"70207076 - 1993 - Deformation from 1973 to 1987 in the epicentral area of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:56:39.62053","indexId":"70207076","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-05T12:58:02","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation from 1973 to 1987 in the epicentral area of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 40‐km aperture trilateration network centered on the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake epicenter has been surveyed in 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1984, and 1987. The deformation inferred from those surveys is described roughly by a uniaxial, 0.266 ± 0.014 μstrain/yr, N15°E ± 1°extension that is uniform in both time and space. That extension is orthogonal to the strike (N78°W ± 5°) of the 1959 rupture plane inferred from focal mechanism solutions. The absence of strain accumulation in the N75°W direction suggests that the source of deformation must be greatly elongated in that direction. Looked at in greater detail, the deformation is found to be concentrated in the northern part of the network. The zone of concentrated deformation coincides with a part of a well‐defined trend in seismicity that extends at least 100 km N75°W from the Sour Creek resurgent dome in the Yellowstone caldera. Extension perpendicular to that trend is indicated by focal mechanism solutions. Thus, the zone of rifting identified within the Hebgen Lake network apparently extends east southeast to the Yellowstone caldera. About 8 mm/yr extension is observed across a 20‐km width within the zone.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92JB02410","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Lisowski, M., Prescott, W., and Pitt, A., 1993, Deformation from 1973 to 1987 in the epicentral area of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake (Ms = 7.5): Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B2, p. 2145-2153, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB02410.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2145","endPage":"2153","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone-Hebgen Lake Region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.357421875,\n              44.457309801319305\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.23681640625,\n              44.457309801319305\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.23681640625,\n              44.98811302615805\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.357421875,\n              44.98811302615805\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.357421875,\n              44.457309801319305\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitt, A.D.","contributorId":41440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207075,"text":"70207075 - 1993 - Deformation from 1973 through 1991 in the epicentral area of the 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:52:07.17653","indexId":"70207075","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-05T12:39:07","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation from 1973 through 1991 in the epicentral area of the 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Deformation of a 50 × 60 km trilateration network that spans the epicenter of the 1992 Landers earthquake(<i>M<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 7.5) was measured by seven surveys over the 19 years preceding the earthquake. Three moderate earthquakes (1979 Homestead Valley,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 5.6; 1986 North Palm Springs,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 6.0; and 1992 Joshua Tree,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>s</sub></i><span>&nbsp;</span>= 6.1) occurred within the network during those 19 years. Here we use geodetic and seismic data to construct a dislocation model for each of the three moderate earthquakes. Coseismic changes due to these three moderate earthquakes as predicted by the dislocation models are then removed from the trilateration data. The residual geodetic changes appear to be uniform in time. We take those changes to represent secular strain accumulation. This strain accumulation clearly shows right‐lateral shear across the San Andreas fault but also suggests a northwest‐southeast extension northeast of the eastern end of the “Big Bend” of the San Andreas fault. The Landers earthquake ruptured along a north‐northwest trend across this region of northwest‐southeast extension.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JB02029","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Lisowski, M., and Murray, M., 1993, Deformation from 1973 through 1991 in the epicentral area of the 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake (Ms = 7.5): Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B11, p. 19951-19958, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02029.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"19951","endPage":"19958","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.19140625,\n              33.65578083204094\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.6475830078125,\n              33.65578083204094\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.6475830078125,\n              34.11180455556899\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.19140625,\n              34.11180455556899\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.19140625,\n              33.65578083204094\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, M.","contributorId":89960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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