Although acid deposition is not considered a problem in the western United States, surface waters in high elevations and fish inhabiting these waters may be vulnerable to acidification. This study examined the sensitivity of a western salmonid to acid and aluminum stress. Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri; YSC) were exposed for 7 d during each of four early life stages, or continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch, to decreased pH and elevated Al. We monitored survival, growth, whole-body ion content, and behavior of the exposed fish. Sensitivity of early life stages of YSC may be expressed by survival or by survival and sublethal effects. In our study, eggs were the most sensitive life stage of YSC to low pH if survival alone was considered. However, the sublethal effects on growth, tissue ion content, and behavior revealed the alevins and swim-up larvae were more sensitive to reduced pH and increased Al than eggs or eyed embryos. We also observed that survival was significantly decreased if YSC were exposed to pH 6.0 and 50 μg Al per liter continuously from fertilization to 40 d post-hatch.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620120414","usgsCitation":"Farag, A.M., Woodward, D.F., Little, E.E., Steadman, B.L., and Vertucci, F.A., 1993, The effects of low pH and elevated aluminum on yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri): Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 12, no. 4, p. 719-731, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120414.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"731","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Teton Range, Upper Missouri River, upper Snake River, Wind River 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\"}}]}","volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a081bc8e4b09af898c8cede","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farag, Aida M. 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":1139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, Daniel F.","contributorId":75455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steadman, B. L.","contributorId":176635,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steadman","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vertucci, Frank A.","contributorId":57388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vertucci","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70193866,"text":"70193866 - 1993 - Bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic selenium in a laboratory food chain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T09:19:19","indexId":"70193866","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic selenium in a laboratory food chain","docAbstract":"Aquatic organisms accumulated selenium (Se) from inorganic and organic Se species via aqueous and food-chain exposure routes. We measured aqueous and food-chain Se bioaccumulation from selenate, selenite, and seleno-L-methionine in a laboratory food chain of algae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), daphnids (Daphnia magna), and fish (bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus). Selenium concentrations were monitored radiometrically with 75Se-labeled compounds. All three organisms concentrated Se more strongly from aqueous selenomethionine than from either inorganic Se species. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) estimated from 1 μg Se/L Se-methionine exposures were approximately 16,000 for algae, 200,000 for daphnids, and 5,000 for bluegills. Algae and daphnids concentrated Se more strongly from selenite (BCFs = 220–3,600) than selenate (BCFs = 65–500) whereas bluegills concenrated Se about equally from both inorganic species (estimated BCFs = 13 to 106). Bioaccumulation of foodborne Se by daphnids and bluegills was similar in food chains dosed with different Se species. Daphnids and bluegills did not accumulate Se concentrations greater than those in their diet, except at very low dietary Se concentrations. Food-chain concentration factors (CFs) for daphnids decreased from near 1.0 to 0.5 with increases in algal Se concentrations, whereas CFs estimated from bluegill exposures averaged 0.5 over a range of foodborne Se concentrations. In exposures based on selenite, bluegills accumulated greater Se concentrations from food than from water. Aqueous and food-chain Se uptakes were approximately additive, and depuration rates were similar in aqueous, food-chain, and combined exposures. Our results suggest that bluegills in Secontaminated habitats accumulate inorganic Se species primarily via food-chain uptake, although organoselenium compounds such as Se-methionine may contribute significantly to Se bioaccumulation by bluegills via both aqueous and food-chain uptake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620120108","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Canfield, T., and La Point, T.W., 1993, Bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic selenium in a laboratory food chain: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 12, no. 1, p. 57-72, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120108.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348334,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a081bc8e4b09af898c8cee2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197135,"text":"70197135 - 1993 - Continental margins: Windows into Earth's history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T10:42:02","indexId":"70197135","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2931,"text":"Oceanus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continental margins: Windows into Earth's history","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., 1993, Continental margins: Windows into Earth's history: Oceanus, v. 35, no. 4, p. 34-44.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"44","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2596e4b0da30c1bfd6b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":735787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70194874,"text":"70194874 - 1993 - The case for long time series measurements in the coastal ocean and some recent samples: Appendix B","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T09:53:00","indexId":"70194874","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"seriesNumber":"WHOI-93-49","title":"The case for long time series measurements in the coastal ocean and some recent samples: Appendix B","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Long Time Series Measurements in the Coastal Ocean: A Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","publisherLocation":"Woods Hole, MA","usgsCitation":"Butman, B., 1993, The case for long time series measurements in the coastal ocean and some recent samples: Appendix B, in Long Time Series Measurements in the Coastal Ocean: A Workshop, p. 68-70.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"70","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350635,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350634,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/610"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9fe4b06e28e9cabb40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":725840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81058,"text":"gap3 - 1993 - GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T13:13:51","indexId":"gap3","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":30,"text":"GAP Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"3","title":"GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 3","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 3: GAP Bulletin 3, 28 p.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38315,"text":"GAP Analysis Project","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b16b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70203843,"text":"70203843 - 1993 - Chick growth in the California Gull: Relationships with hatching asynchrony and parental age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-18T15:44:14.517433","indexId":"70203843","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-30T15:09:49","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chick growth in the California Gull: Relationships with hatching asynchrony and parental age","docAbstract":"Chick mass and growth during a six-day period were investigated among California Gulls (Larus californicus) in 1979 and 1980. In broods of two, levels of hatching asynchrony between siblings ranging from 0 - 4 days were observed. Hatching asynchrony resulted in initial mass differences between siblings that persisted and accelerated with time. Fledging success was unrelated to hatching asynchrony but was related to large offspring mass and increased with parental age. Parental age was unrelated to hatching asynchrony but heavily influenced the brood's gain in mass. Six days after the second egg hatched, chick mass was highest at those levels of hatching asynchrony where mean age of parent was highest. Mass differences between siblings at day six were related to fledging success only to the extent that rapid growth among siblings of older parents usually resulted in large differences in mass. Implications of results to investigations of Lack's brood reduction hypothesis are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521436","usgsCitation":"Pugesek, B.H., 1993, Chick growth in the California Gull: Relationships with hatching asynchrony and parental age: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 16, no. 2, p. 183-189, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521436.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"189","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":364720,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","county":"Albany County","otherGeospatial":"Bamforth Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.7448673248291,\n 41.37353990347627\n ],\n [\n -105.73984622955322,\n 41.37353990347627\n ],\n [\n -105.73984622955322,\n 41.377243301503945\n ],\n [\n -105.7448673248291,\n 41.377243301503945\n ],\n [\n -105.7448673248291,\n 41.37353990347627\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugesek, Bruce H.","contributorId":22668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199881,"text":"70199881 - 1993 - Seasonal variations of Zn/Cu ratios in acid mine water from Iron Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T11:26:11","indexId":"70199881","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-20T11:25:44","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seasonal variations of Zn/Cu ratios in acid mine water from Iron Mountain, California","docAbstract":"Time-series data on Zn/Cu weight ratios from portal effluent compositions [(Zn/Cu)water] at Iron Mountain, California, show seasonal variations that can be related to the precipitation and dissolution of melanterite [(FeII,Zn,Cu)SO4·7H2O]. Mine water and actively forming melanterite were collected from underground mine workings and chemically analyzed. The temperature-dependent solubility of Zn-Cu-bearing melanterite solid solutions was investigated by heating-cooling experiments using the mine water. Rapid kinetics of melanterite dissolution and precipitation facilitated reversed solubility experiments at 25°C. Non-reversed solubility data were obtained in the laboratory at 4° and 35°C and at ambient underground mine conditions (38° and 42°C). Copper is partitioned preferentially to zinc into melanterite solid solutions at all temperatures investigated. During the annual dry season, values of (Zn/Cu)water in the Richmond portal effluent increase to values between 8 to 13, consistent with formation of melanterite during this period. During the annual wet season, the onset of high discharge from the mine portals is characterized by a significant decrease in (Zn/Cu)water to values as low as 2. This phenomenon may be caused by dissolution of melanterite with values of (Zn/Cu)solid ranging from 1.5 to 3.5.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemistry Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch022","isbn":"9780841227729","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., Nordstrom, D.K., and Thompson, J.M., 1993, Seasonal variations of Zn/Cu ratios in acid mine water from Iron Mountain, California, chap. of Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation, v. 550, p. 324-344, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch022.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"324","endPage":"344","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358017,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Iron Mountain","volume":"550","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a1ce4b034bf6a8194d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, J. Michael","contributorId":40239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70199876,"text":"70199876 - 1993 - Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T09:43:46","indexId":"70199876","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-20T09:43:11","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks","docAbstract":"The Leviathan and Bryant Creek (LBC) drainage system, on the border of California and Nevada, flows through overburden and waste from a former open-pit sulfur mine. The drainage contains acid mine waters with high concentrations of several trace elements, including Cu, Zn, and As, derived from oxidative weathering of sulfides in the wastes and altered bedrock. In June and October, 1982, the mainstream and tributary flows of the LBC drainage were measured and the waters sampled and analyzed for major and trace elements. Empirical mass flow and metal attenuation rates were determined, and chemical models were used to examine mechanisms of trace element removal during downstream transport. In June the flow in the mainstream was 2-5 times greater than in October, and with higher contributions from the acid mine effluent. Seasonal variations in the attenuation rates of Cu, Zn, and As were directly related to this increase in acid mine-effluent production, and to the consequent increase in the acidity of the mainstream drainage. Although As concentrations immediately below the mine site were high in June, As was readily removed from solution by adsorption onto an assumed iron(III) oxyhydroxysulfate precipitate, whereas Cu was incompletely adsorbed and Zn remained unaffected by adsorption. In October, the smaller discharge of acidic LBC drainage waters were more readily diluted (and neutralized) by other regional tributaries. Arsenic concentrations remained low, and both Cu and Zn were removed from solution by adsorption onto iron(III) oxyhydroxysulfate in the lower regions of the LBC drainage system.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch017","isbn":"9780841227729","usgsCitation":"Webster, J.G., Nordstrom, D.K., and Smith, K.S., 1993, Transport and natural attenuation of Cu, Zn, As, and Fe in the acid mine drainage of Leviathan and Bryant Creeks, chap. of Environmental geochemistry of sulfide oxidation, v. 550, p. 244-260, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0550.ch017.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"260","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358007,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Leviathan Creek, Bryant Creek","volume":"550","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a1ce4b034bf6a8194db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Webster, Jenny G.","contributorId":208417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webster","given":"Jenny","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207343,"text":"70207343 - 1993 - Entrenchment and widening of the upper San Pedro River, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T13:55:54.364508","indexId":"70207343","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-17T12:51:23","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Entrenchment and widening of the upper San Pedro River, Arizona","docAbstract":"The San Pedro River of southeast Arizona is a north-flowing tributary of the Gila River. The area of the drainage basin upstream of the 40-km-long study reach is about 3,200 km2. This study traces the historical evolution of the San Pedro River channel—specifically, the deepening, widening, and sediment deposition that have occurred since 1900—and it aims to evaluate the causes of channel widening and deepening, the rate of widening, and the present stability of the channel.
Alluvium of the river valley consists of upper Holocene pre- and postentrenchment deposits. The pre-entrenchment alluvium, which forms the principal terrace of the inner valley, accumulated between about A.D. 1450 and 1900 in a relatively sluggish, low-energy fluvial system with extensive marshy reaches and high water table. In contrast, postentrenchment alluvium, which forms the terrace, floodplain, and channel of the San Pedro River, was deposited in a relatively high-energy, entrenched, and meandering fluvial system.
The river flowed in a shallow, narrow channel on the surface of the unentrenched valley before 1890. A series of large floods, perhaps beginning as early as 1881, eventually led to entrenchment of the channel between 1890 and 1908. This deepening placed the channel 1 to 10 m below the former floodplain. The channel has widened substantially since entrenchment through lateral migration and expansion of entrenched meanders; its present size is 5.7 times greater than before entrenchment. The rate of channel expansion, however, has decreased since about 1955, coincident with a decrease of peak-flood discharge. Channel area increased at 0.1 km2 yr−1 from entrenchment until 1955; since then the area increased at only 0.02 km2 yr−1, suggesting that the channel has stabilized and that further widening will probably be minor under present conditions of land use, discharge, and climate.
The reduction of peak-flow rates was related partly to increased channel sinuosity and to development of floodplains and riparian woodlands. The increased sinuosity produced a reservoir effect that attenuated flood waves, and the development of flood-plains enabled flood waters to spread laterally, thereby increasing transmission losses. In addition, flow rates were probably affected by improved land use and changes of rainfall intensity and short-term rainfall patterns, which reduced runoff and decreased the time necessary for channel stabilization. Livestock grazing decreased steadily after the turn of the century, and numerous stock ponds and small water-retention structures were constructed in tributaries. The cumulative effect of these structures probably reduced peak-flow rates. Short-term rainfall patterns of the wet season (June 15–October 15) have probably changed from annual alternation of above- and below-average rainfall to a biennial or longer pattern. Moreover, frequency of low-intensity rainfall (daily rainfall less than about 1.27 cm) was consistently above average for the decade 1957–1967. These factors probably improved conditions for growth and establishment of vegetation both in and outside of the channel.
The causes of the large floods that resulted in entrenchment are poorly understood, although climate and land use were key factors. Floods followed closely the rapid settlement of the area brought about by mining activity in the late 1870s; population rose from a few hundred to 6,000 in less than 5 yr. Extensive wood cutting for mine timber and fuel, suppression of wildfire, and reintroduction of large cattle herds undoubtedly exacerbated entrenchment. Flood-producing wet-season rainfall in the Southwest, however, was unusually heavy before, during, and shortly after entrenchment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geographical Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE282-p1","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., 1993, Entrenchment and widening of the upper San Pedro River, Arizona: GSA Special Papers, v. 282, p. 1-46, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE282-p1.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.40710449218749,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -109.7808837890625,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -109.7808837890625,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -110.40710449218749,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -110.40710449218749,\n 31.344254455668054\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"282","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186691,"text":"70186691 - 1993 - Southern surface rupture associated with the 1992 M7.4 Landers Earthquake: Did it all happen during the mainshock?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T10:41:46","indexId":"70186691","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Southern surface rupture associated with the 1992 M7.4 Landers Earthquake: Did it all happen during the mainshock?","docAbstract":"Approximately three minutes after the magnitude 7.4 Landers mainshock on 28 June 1992, a M5.7 aftershock occurred south of the mainshock epicenter, with a location of 34° 7.65′N, 116° 23.82′W. This aftershock was recorded on an array of portable digital seismic instruments deployed in Morongo Valley, 21 km southwest of the event. Although peak accelerations are found to differ by approximately 50% at stations with similar general site conditions within 500 m of each other, there is good coherence of arrivals across the array for frequencies ≤1 Hz. We use the recordings to determine the apparent phase velocity and azimuth of propagation across the array, and show that the event clearly ruptured to the south, with a rupture length of ∼11 km and a rupture velocity of approximately 3.0 km/s. Our results suggest that at least some of the mapped surface rupture south of the town of Yucca Valley (∼11 km in extent; maximum displacement of 20 cm) may have been associated with this aftershock. If this is the case, then the fault that produced the southern end of the Landers mainshock (the Johnson Valley fault) need not continue at depth across the active left-lateral, east-west trending Pinto Mountain fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL00666","usgsCitation":"Hough, S., Mori, J., Sembera, E., Glassmoyer, G., Mueller, C., and Lydeen, S., 1993, Southern surface rupture associated with the 1992 M7.4 Landers Earthquake: Did it all happen during the mainshock?: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 23, p. 2615-2618, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00666.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"2615","endPage":"2618","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hough, S. E. 0000-0002-5980-2986","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5980-2986","contributorId":7316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mori, J.","contributorId":24923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mori","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sembera, E.","contributorId":7274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sembera","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glassmoyer, G.","contributorId":62751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mueller, C.","contributorId":40201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lydeen, S.","contributorId":190674,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lydeen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70186716,"text":"70186716 - 1993 - Seismic evidence for active magmatic underplating beneath the Basin and Range Province, western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-07T13:13:18.335928","indexId":"70186716","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic evidence for active magmatic underplating beneath the Basin and Range Province, western United States","docAbstract":"Near-vertical and wide-angle seismic reflection data provide evidence for the presence of a magma body at the base of the crust beneath Buena Vista Valley in northwestern Nevada. The seismic response of this hypothesized magma body is characterized by high-amplitude, near-vertical P wave reflections and a comparably strong P-to-S converted phase. The magma body, referred to here as the Buena Vista Magma Body, is probably a single sill with thickness no greater than 200 m and length no greater than 1.8 km. The melt fraction in the sill is undoubtedly greater than 20–30%, and probably exceeds 50%. Melt composition is unconstrained. Although the age of the Buena Vista Magma Body is difficult to determine precisely, it is probably no older than 500,000 years. This suggests that magmatism in the Basin and Range Province is an ongoing process, despite the relative paucity of volcanic rocks erupted at the surface during the last 6 m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JB02021","usgsCitation":"Jarchow, C.M., Thompson, G.A., Catchings, R.D., and Mooney, W.D., 1993, Seismic evidence for active magmatic underplating beneath the Basin and Range Province, western United States: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B12, p. 22095-22108, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02021.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"22095","endPage":"22108","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339443,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.65283203124999,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -117.1142578125,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -118.65234374999999,\n 41.47566020027821\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -119.7509765625,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -117.72949218749999,\n 37.45741810262938\n ],\n [\n -116.4111328125,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n -114.80712890625,\n 37.49229399862877\n ],\n [\n -114.67529296874999,\n 39.21523130910491\n ],\n [\n -114.27978515625,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -115.09277343749999,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -116.23535156249999,\n 43.83452678223682\n ],\n [\n -116.49902343749999,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -116.65283203124999,\n 42.09822241118974\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarchow, Craig M.","contributorId":190682,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jarchow","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, George A.","contributorId":94288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Catchings, Rufus D. 0000-0002-5191-6102 catching@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5191-6102","contributorId":1519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Catchings","given":"Rufus","email":"catching@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186657,"text":"70186657 - 1993 - Importance of model parameterization in finite fault inversions: Application to the 1974 Mw 8.0 Peru Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T14:22:38","indexId":"70186657","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of model parameterization in finite fault inversions: Application to the 1974 Mw 8.0 Peru Earthquake","docAbstract":"The spatial and temporal slip distributions for the October 3, 1974 (Mw = 8.0), Peru subduction zone earthquake and its largest aftershock on November 9 (Ms = 7.1) are calculated and analyzed in terms of the inversion parameterization and tectonic significance. Teleseismic, long-period World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network, P and SH waveforms are inverted to obtain the rupture histories. We demonstrate that erroneous results are obtained if a parameterization is used that does not allow for a sufficiently complex source, involving spatial variation in slip amplitude, risetime, and rupture time. The inversion method utilizes a parameterization of the fault that allows for a discretized source risetime and rupture time. Well-located aftershocks recorded on a local network have the same general pattern as teleseismically determined hypocenters and help to constrain the geometry of the subduction zone. For the main shock a hinged fault is preferred having a shallow plane with a dip of 11° and a deeper, landward plane with a dip of 30°. The preferred nucleation depth lies between 11 and 15 km. A bilateral rupture is obtained with two major concentrations of slip, one 60 to 70 km to the northwest of the epicenter and a second 80 to 100 km to the south and southeast of the epicenter. For these source regions, risetimes vary from 6 to 18 s. Our estimates of risetimes are consistent with the time for the rupture to traverse the dominant local asperity. The slip distribution for the November 9 aftershock falls within a conspicuous hole in the main shock rupture pattern, near the hypocenter of the main shock. The November 9 event has a simple risetime function with a duration of 2 s. Aftershocks recorded by the local network are shown to cluster near the hypocenter of the impending November 9 event and downdip from the largest main shock source region. Slip during the main shock is concentrated at shallow depths above 15 km and extends updip from the hypocenter to near the plate boundary at the trench axis. The large amount of slip at shallow depths is attributed to the absence of any significant accretionary wedge of sediments, and the relatively young age and high convergence rate of the subducted plate, which results in good seismic coupling near the trench axis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JB02453","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S.H., and Langer, C., 1993, Importance of model parameterization in finite fault inversions: Application to the 1974 Mw 8.0 Peru Earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B12, p. 22123-22134, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02453.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"22123","endPage":"22134","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93jb02453","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75407e4b09da6799c0c8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, Stephen H. 0000-0003-0858-9043 shartzell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-9043","contributorId":2594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"Stephen","email":"shartzell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langer, Charley","contributorId":190646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langer","given":"Charley","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186724,"text":"70186724 - 1993 - Formation of left-lateral fractures within the Summit Ridge Shear Zone, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T14:21:50","indexId":"70186724","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of left-lateral fractures within the Summit Ridge Shear Zone, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake","docAbstract":"The 1989 Loma Prieta, California, earthquake is characterized by the lack of major, throughgoing, coseismic, right-lateral faulting along strands of the San Andreas fault zone in the epicentral area. Instead, throughout the Summit Ridge area there are zones of tension cracks and left-lateral fracture zones oriented about N45°W, that is, roughly parallel to the San Andreas fault in this area. The left-lateral fractures zones are enigmatic because their left-lateral slip is opposite to the right-lateral sense of the relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates. We suggest that the enigmatic fractures can be understood if we assume that coseismic deformation was by right-lateral shear across a broad zone, about 0.5 km wide and 4 km long, beneath Summit Ridge. The shear zone has an orientation of about N70° W and is oblique to the San Andreas fault zone, which has a trend of N45° to 50°W, so that right-lateral shearing, along with some dilation, can account for the orientation of the fracture zones. Using an analog, kinematic model of the Summit Ridge shear zone and the observable geometric parameters (a shear zone about 0.5 km wide, an acute angle of 25° between the tension cracks and the shear-zone walls, left-lateral slip of 5 cm, and spacing of about 100 m in the tension cracks) we estimate that the amount of right-lateral shift across the Summit Ridge shear zone was on the order of 1.4 m. This is comparable to the amount of slip for coseismic faulting at depth, 1.9 to 2.4 m, as computed by several investigators. Thus contrary to most previous reports on the Loma Prieta earthquake, which assert that coseismic, right-lateral ground rupture was restricted to considerable (greater than 4 km) depths in the epicentral area, we find that nearly all the right-lateral offset is represented at the ground surface by the Summit Ridge shear zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JB02385","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A.M., and Fleming, R.W., 1993, Formation of left-lateral fractures within the Summit Ridge Shear Zone, 1989 Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B12, p. 21823-21837, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02385.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"21823","endPage":"21837","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339452,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ae4b09da6799d63e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Arvid M.","contributorId":99547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Arvid","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleming, Robert W.","contributorId":102062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70186482,"text":"70186482 - 1993 - Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-04T20:53:07","indexId":"70186482","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"When an eruption of Kilauea lasts more than 4 months, so that a well-defined conduit has time to develop, magma moves freely through the volcano from a deep source to the eruptive site at a constant rate of 0.09 km3/yr. At other times, the magma supply rate to Kilauea, estimated from geodetic measurements of surface displacements, may be different. For example, after a large withdrawal of magma from the summit reservoir, such as during a rift zone eruption, the magma supply rate is high initially but then lessens and exponentially decays as the reservoir refills. Different episodes of refilling may have different average rates of magma supply. During four year-long episodes in the 1960s, the annual rate of refilling varied from 0.02 to 0.18 km3/yr, bracketing the sustained eruptive rate of 0.09 km3/yr. For decade-long or longer periods, our estimate of magma supply rate is based on long-term changes in eruptive rate. We use eruptive rate because after a few dozen eruptions the volume of magma that passes through the summit reservoir is much larger than the net change of volume of magma stored within Kilauea. The low eruptive rate of 0.009 km3/yr between 1840 and 1950, compared to an average eruptive rate of 0.05 km3/yr since 1950, suggests that the magma supply rate was lower between 1840 and 1950 than it has been since 1950. An obvious difference in activity before and since 1950 was the frequency of rift zone eruptions: eight rift zone eruptions occurred between 1840 and 1950, but more than 20 rift zone eruptions have occurred since 1950. The frequency of rift zone eruptions influences magma supply rate by suddenly lowering pressure of the summit magma reservoir, which feeds magma to rift zone eruptions. A temporary drop of reservoir pressure means a larger-than-normal pressure difference between the reservoir and a deeper source, so magma is forced to move upward into Kilauea at a faster rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93JB02765","usgsCitation":"Dvorak, J.J., and Dzurisin, D., 1993, Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B12, p. 22255-22268, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB02765.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"22255","endPage":"22268","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339172,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dvorak, John J.","contributorId":24420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":688557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207076,"text":"70207076 - 1993 - Deformation from 1973 to 1987 in the epicentral area of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:56:39.62053","indexId":"70207076","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-05T12:58:02","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation from 1973 to 1987 in the epicentral area of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","docAbstract":"A 40‐km aperture trilateration network centered on the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake epicenter has been surveyed in 1973, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1984, and 1987. The deformation inferred from those surveys is described roughly by a uniaxial, 0.266 ± 0.014 μstrain/yr, N15°E ± 1°extension that is uniform in both time and space. That extension is orthogonal to the strike (N78°W ± 5°) of the 1959 rupture plane inferred from focal mechanism solutions. The absence of strain accumulation in the N75°W direction suggests that the source of deformation must be greatly elongated in that direction. Looked at in greater detail, the deformation is found to be concentrated in the northern part of the network. The zone of concentrated deformation coincides with a part of a well‐defined trend in seismicity that extends at least 100 km N75°W from the Sour Creek resurgent dome in the Yellowstone caldera. Extension perpendicular to that trend is indicated by focal mechanism solutions. Thus, the zone of rifting identified within the Hebgen Lake network apparently extends east southeast to the Yellowstone caldera. About 8 mm/yr extension is observed across a 20‐km width within the zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92JB02410","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Lisowski, M., Prescott, W., and Pitt, A., 1993, Deformation from 1973 to 1987 in the epicentral area of the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake (Ms = 7.5): Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B2, p. 2145-2153, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB02410.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2145","endPage":"2153","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone-Hebgen Lake Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.357421875,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -110.23681640625,\n 44.457309801319305\n ],\n [\n -110.23681640625,\n 44.98811302615805\n ],\n [\n -111.357421875,\n 44.98811302615805\n ],\n [\n -111.357421875,\n 44.457309801319305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitt, A.D.","contributorId":41440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207075,"text":"70207075 - 1993 - Deformation from 1973 through 1991 in the epicentral area of the 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:52:07.17653","indexId":"70207075","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-05T12:39:07","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation from 1973 through 1991 in the epicentral area of the 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake (Ms = 7.5)","docAbstract":"Deformation of a 50 × 60 km trilateration network that spans the epicenter of the 1992 Landers earthquake(Ms = 7.5) was measured by seven surveys over the 19 years preceding the earthquake. Three moderate earthquakes (1979 Homestead Valley, Ms = 5.6; 1986 North Palm Springs, Ms = 6.0; and 1992 Joshua Tree, Ms = 6.1) occurred within the network during those 19 years. Here we use geodetic and seismic data to construct a dislocation model for each of the three moderate earthquakes. Coseismic changes due to these three moderate earthquakes as predicted by the dislocation models are then removed from the trilateration data. The residual geodetic changes appear to be uniform in time. We take those changes to represent secular strain accumulation. This strain accumulation clearly shows right‐lateral shear across the San Andreas fault but also suggests a northwest‐southeast extension northeast of the eastern end of the “Big Bend” of the San Andreas fault. The Landers earthquake ruptured along a north‐northwest trend across this region of northwest‐southeast extension.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service emergency 1isted the Mojave population of the desert tortoise as endangered on August 4, 1989. The Mojave population formally was listed as threatened on April 2, 1990. The Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, requires that the economic benefits and costs and other relevant effects of critical habitat designation be considered. The Secretary of the Interior may exclude from designation areas where the costs of designation are greater than the benefits, unless the exclusion would result in extinction of the species.
\nDesert tortoises are threatened by an accumulation of human-and disease-related mortality accompanied by habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation. Many desert tortoises are illegally collected for pets, food, and commercial trade. Others are accidentally struck and killed by vehicles on roads and highways or are killed by gunshot or vehicles traveling off-highway. Raven predation on hatchling desert tortoises has increased as raven populations in the desert have risen. An upper respiratory tract disease is suspected to be a major cause of mortality in the western Mojave Desert. This presumably incurable affliction presumably is thought to be spread through the release of infected tortoises into the desert.
\nThe Service has proposed designating critical habitat in nine counties within four states. The 12 critical habitat units encompass 6.4 million acres of land, more than 80% federally owned. This region is economically and demographically diverse. Most of the land is sparsely settled and characterized as a hot desert ecosystem.
\nMajor industries in the region include entertainment and lodging (primarily in Las Vegas), property development to accommodate the rapid population growth, and services. Millions of rural acres in the region are leased by the federal government for livestock grazing and used for mining. Overall economic benefits to the affected states derived from cattle and sheep grazing in the hot desert areas are minimal and, according to a recent U.S. General Accounting Office study (1991), local economies do not depend on the grazing of public lands for economic survival.
\nThe economic analysis describes the economy in 1990, prior to designation, and estimates the effects of designation. The report estimates those incremental effects attributable to critical habitat designation. Impacts attributable to listing the species were not considered in this analysis. Although critical habitat units have been designated in nine counties, two counties are omitted from the economic analysis because of the small proportion of critical habitat acreage they include. Three key activities (cattle grazing, mineral extraction, and off-road vehicle use) were studied in detail.
\nEven if livestock grazing and commercial off-road racing events were eliminated in the proposed critical habitat units, the potential incremental regional economic impacts would be extremely small. The findings in the report do not include the assumption that mining would be eliminated from critical habitat units, but rather that consultation may result in added mitigation and/or relocation of features.
\nStudies show that society will realize benefits from preservation of species and ecosystems. Survey-based studies confirm that benefits exist and are substantial in size, although these benefits often are not measured in traditional economic markets. The total benefit to society of desert tortoise preservation includes several components. Biodiversity in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts will be improved, some recreation values may increase, and gains in intrinsic value will be realized.
\nCritical habitat designation should result in the loss of fewer than 425 total jobs in the seven counties. These include 340 direct ranching jobs and 85 indirect jobs in other industries. This estimated employment loss will not be permanent for most laborers, it is anticipated that over 85% will be reemployed within two years.
\nThe economic consequences of designating critical habitat includes reduced ranch profits in the seven counties of $4,470,000 [the estimated permanent decrease in ranch profits, capitalized at 10% for a 50-year period, in accordance with the methodology of River, et al. (1978)]. Second, the federal government will compensate allottees with a one-time payment estimated at $376,000 for the loss of permanent improvements to grazing lands (pending BLM administrative decisions of partially affected allotments). Finally, discontinuing grazing fees will result in an annual reduction of $170,000 in collected grazing fees that are divided among range improvements, the Federal Treasury, and local governments.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Schamberger, M., MacGillvray, T.J., and Draper, D.D., 1993, Economic analysis of critical habitat designation for the desert tortoise (Mojave population), 92 p.","productDescription":"92 p.","numberOfPages":"92","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3ade4b08a816ca63635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schamberger, Mel","contributorId":34452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schamberger","given":"Mel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacGillvray, Timothy J.","contributorId":82241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacGillvray","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Draper, Dirk D.","contributorId":44096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draper","given":"Dirk","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243611,"text":"70243611 - 1993 - Exopolymer microenvironments of microbial flora: Multiple and interactive effects on trophic relationships","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-15T00:57:22.086339","indexId":"70243611","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T19:54:43","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exopolymer microenvironments of microbial flora: Multiple and interactive effects on trophic relationships","docAbstract":"Microbial cells in natural environments are often encased in different types of exopolymer secretions (EPS), ranging from tight capsules surrounding individual cells to the looser slime matrices of biofilms. The different physical and chemical properties of exopolymers could have secondary effects on trophic interactions between microbial cells and consumer animals. Laboratory studies showed that capsule EPS is significantly less digestible to consumers than slime EPS, even when extracted from the same bacterial strain. Bacterial cells with EPS capsules are less efficiently digested than noncapsuled cells, suggesting that capsules protect against digestion. Follow-up experiments determined that polysaccharide-rich fractions of slime EPS are absorbed with very high efficiencies while protein portions, which are more abundant in capsular polymers, are absorbed relatively poorly. Another series of experiments showed that dissolved organic matter (DOM), when adsorbed directly to the mineralogical portions of sediment particles, is available to deposit feeders. However, the further presence of an exopolymer coating on sediments more than doubled the bioavailability of adsorbed DOM to the consumer. Observations using cold-stage scanning electron microscopy indicated that exopolymer microenvironments are a common feature of natural marine sediments. Microbial exopolymers range from easily digestible carbon sources to relatively refractory ones that effectively protect some microbial cells from consumer digestion. Exopolymer microenvironments may also make recently adsorbed DOM highly accessible to particle-ingesting animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1993.38.8.1633","usgsCitation":"Decho, A.W., and Lopez, G.R., 1993, Exopolymer microenvironments of microbial flora: Multiple and interactive effects on trophic relationships: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 38, no. 8, p. 1633-1645, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.8.1633.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1633","endPage":"1645","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479423,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.8.1633","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":417020,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan W.","contributorId":22107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopez, Glenn R.","contributorId":305393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lopez","given":"Glenn","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216676,"text":"70216676 - 1993 - Modeling the effects of climate change on the thermal structure of Yellowstone Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-30T13:05:17.900897","indexId":"70216676","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T13:51:59","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3014,"text":"Park Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the effects of climate change on the thermal structure of Yellowstone Lake","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Varley, J., 1993, Modeling the effects of climate change on the thermal structure of Yellowstone Lake: Park Science, v. 13, no. 1.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380860,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":380859,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/DownloadFile/615001"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.819091796875,\n 44.22748846630169\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 44.22748846630169\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 44.63934558051711\n ],\n [\n -110.819091796875,\n 44.63934558051711\n ],\n [\n -110.819091796875,\n 44.22748846630169\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Varley, John","contributorId":245304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Varley","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70128757,"text":"70128757 - 1993 - Managing biological diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-14T13:51:37","indexId":"70128757","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T13:38:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Managing biological diversity","docAbstract":"Biological diversity is the variety of life and accompanying ecological processes (Off. Technol. Assess. 1987, Wilcove and Samson 1987, Keystone 1991). Conservation of biological diversity is a major environmental issue (Wilson 1988, Counc. Environ. Quality 1991). The health and future of the earth's ecological systems (Lubchenco et al. 1991), global climate change (Botkin 1990), and an ever-increasing rate in loss of species, communities, and ecological systems (Myers 1990) are among issues drawing biological diversity to the mainstream of conservation worldwide (Int. Union Conserv. Nat. and Nat. Resour. [IUCN] et al. 1991).
\nThe legal mandate for conserving biological diversity is now in place (Carlson 1988, Doremus 1991). More than 19 federal laws govern the use of biological resources in the United States (Rein 1991). The proposed National Biological Diversity Conservation and Environmental Research Act (H.R. 585 and S.58) notes the need for a national biological diversity policy, would create a national center for biological diversity research, and recommends a federal interagency strategy for ecosystem conservation.
\nThere are, however, hard choices ahead for the conservation of biological diversity, and biologists are grappling with how to set priorities in research and management (Roberts 1988). We sense disillusion among field biologists and managers relative to how to operationally approach the seemingly overwhelming charge of conserving biological diversity. Biologists also need to respond to critics like Hunt (1991) who suggest a tree farm has more biological diversity than an equal area of old-growth forest.
\nAt present, science has played only a minor role in the conservation of biological diversity (Weston 1992) with no unified approach available to evaluate strategies and programs that address the quality and quantity of biological diversity (Murphy 1990, Erwin 1992). Although actions to conserve biological diversity need to be clearly defined by viewing issues across biological, spatial, and temporal scales (Knopf and Smith 1992), natural resource managers find much conflicting information in the literature on strategies and programs for the conservation of biological diversity (Ehrlich 1992). Moreover, recommendations provided in much of the published information available for planning or decisions not only can be debated but may prove counterproductive if implemented.
\nCurrent operational efforts beg for clearer focus on fundamental concepts central to daily decisions that impact native biological diversity. Recognizing that many biologists would provide different council and at the risk of oversimplification, we offer the following 4 topical issues as fundamental guidance to wise conservation action. These recommendations are based on our collective experiences working within conservation agencies since our original, collaborative essay (Samson and Knopf 1982). They are offered as initial, rather than authoritative, steps to better align research and management decisions with what we perceive as the critical issues in conserving biological diversity at the landscape and ecosystem levels of resolution.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Samson, F.B., and Knopf, F.L., 1993, Managing biological diversity: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 21, no. 4, p. 509-514.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"514","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295307,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b2be4b0fd76af69cf1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Samson, Fred B.","contributorId":22710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samson","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knopf, Fritz L.","contributorId":45650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"Fritz","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70128299,"text":"70128299 - 1993 - Flow recommendations for maintaining riparian vegetation along the Upper Missouri River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T12:01:53","indexId":"70128299","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T11:42:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Flow recommendations for maintaining riparian vegetation along the Upper Missouri River, Montana","docAbstract":"Montana Power Company, Inc. (MPC) submitted a final license application to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on November 30, 1992. In this application, MPC proposed a plan for the protection of fish, wildlife, habitat, and water-quality resources. One concern was maintenance of woody riparian vegetation along the Missouri River, especially along the Wild and Scenic reach of the river, where the riparian forest occurs in relatively small discontinuous stands. The objectives of this project were 1) to recommend flows that would protect and enhance riparian forests along the Missouri River, and 2) to develop elements of an environmental monitoring program that could be used to assess the effectiveness of the recommended flows.
\nPlains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) is the key structural component of riparian forests along the Missouri River. Therefore, we focused our analysis on factors affecting populations of this species. Previous work had demonstrated that the age structure of cottonwood populations is strongly influenced by aspects of flow that promote successfully establishment. In this study our approach was to determine the precise age of plains cottonwood trees growing along the Upper Missouri River and to relate years of establishment to the flow record.
\nOur work was carried out between Coal Banks Landing and the Fred G. Robinson Bridge within the Wild and Scenic portion of the Missouri River. This segment of the river occupies a narrow valley and exhibits little channel migration. Maps and notes from the journals of Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) suggest that the present distribution and abundance of cottonwoods within the study reach is generally similar to presettlement conditions. Flows in the study reach are influenced by a number of dams and diversions, most importantly, Canyon Ferry and Tiber Dams. Although flow regulation has decreased peak flows and increased low flows, the gross seasonal pattern of flow has not been greatly altered.
\nMost cottonwood establishment in our study reach occurred in years with a peak mean daily flow greater than 1,400 m3/s (49,434 cfs), or in the two years following such a flow. These years include 35 out of the 111 years of record, and account for establishment of 47 of 60 trees examined, a highly significant relationship. Infrequent establishment of cottonwood trees is not the result of scarcity of seed or seedlings. In the study reach seedlings become established most years on bare, relatively low surfaces deposited by the river. However, the high elevation of establishment of all trees dating to before 1978 indicates that only individuals established on high flood deposits are able to survive subsequent floods and ice jams.
\nIn order to maintain the present abundance of plains cottonwood in the study area we recommend flood flows in excess of 1,400 m3/s (49,434 cfs) measures as mean daily discharge at Fort Benton (U.S. Geological Survey gage 06090800) with a recurrence interval of approximately 9 years. Because cottonwood seeds remain viable for only a few weeks, and because seedling require a moist, bare surface, we further recommend maintenance of the historic timing of flooding with peak flood flows occurring between mid-May and late-June.
\nFlow is not the only factor influencing cottonwood regeneration along this reach of the Missouri River. Land management, especially cattle grazing, is clearly having an impact, and changes in cottonwood populations could be expected if these practices were altered. However, the dependence of cottonwood establishment on high flow is clear in this reach in spite of the effects of other factors.
\nGiven the value of the resource, we strongly suggest establishment of a monitoring program to determine the effectiveness of the recommended flows and to provide the data necessary for refining them. We recommend a monitoring program that would include: 1) ten permanent, widely space channel cross sections for annual measurement of channel geometry and cottonwood establishment, growth, and survival; 2) five livestock enclosures to monitor the influence of grazing in the study area; and 3) low-elevation aerial photography of the reach every five years and after every flood to detect changes in channel geometry and forested area. Because cottonwood establishment is episodic, a long-term commitment to the monitoring effort is essential. In addition, cross sections and exclosures should be easy enough to access that measurements during flood years are possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Scott, M.L., Auble, G.T., Friedman, J.M., Ischinger, L.S., Eggleston, E.D., Wondzell, M.A., Shafroth, P.B., Back, J.T., and Jordan, M.S., 1993, Flow recommendations for maintaining riparian vegetation along the Upper Missouri River, Montana, 36 p.","productDescription":"36 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500a7e4b0a4f4b46a2399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Michael L. scottm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Michael","email":"scottm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ischinger, Lee S.","contributorId":71909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ischinger","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eggleston, Erik D.","contributorId":104832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wondzell, Mark A.","contributorId":63743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wondzell","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Back, Jennifer T.","contributorId":26990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jordan, Mette S.","contributorId":73130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Mette","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70169045,"text":"70169045 - 1993 - Using a Geographic Information System to determine the relation between stream quality and geology in the Roberts Creek watershed, Clayton County, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-14T10:33:41","indexId":"70169045","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using a Geographic Information System to determine the relation between stream quality and geology in the Roberts Creek watershed, Clayton County, Iowa","docAbstract":"A geographic information system (GIS) was used to determine the relation between the stream-water quality and underlying geology in Roberts Creek watershed, Clayton County, Iowa, for base-flow conditions during the spring and summer of 1988–90. Geologic, stream, basin and subbasin boundaries, and water-quality sampling-site coverages were created by digitizing available maps. A contour coverage was created from digital line-graph data. The areal extent of geologic units subcropping in each subbasin was quantified with GIS, and the results then were output and joined with the discharge and water-quality data for statistical analyses. Illustrations showing the geology of the study area and the results of the study were prepared using GIS. By using GIS and a statistical software package, a weak but statistically significant relation was found between the water temperature, pH, and nitrogen concentrations in Roberts Creek and the underlying geology during base-flow conditions.
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1993 - Post-breeding territoriality and foraging behavior in Costa's Hummingbird (Calypte costae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-15T14:33:25","indexId":"70128725","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T11:09:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-breeding territoriality and foraging behavior in Costa's Hummingbird (Calypte costae)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","publisherLocation":"Dallas, TX","doi":"10.2307/3671618","usgsCitation":"Avery, M., and van Riper, C., 1993, Post-breeding territoriality and foraging behavior in Costa's Hummingbird (Calypte costae): Southwestern Naturalist, v. 38, no. 4, p. 374-377, https://doi.org/10.2307/3671618.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"374","endPage":"377","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295269,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295268,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3671618"}],"volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b2de4b0fd76af69cf23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Avery, Michael L.","contributorId":48890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Avery","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70234371,"text":"70234371 - 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