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Lee","contributorId":216145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foote","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkett, Virginia R. 0000-0003-4746-2862","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-2862","contributorId":205026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkett","given":"Virginia R.","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, S. Jeffress 0000-0002-1326-7420 jwilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7420","contributorId":2063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"jwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jeffress","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193868,"text":"70193868 - 1993 - Sensitivity of early-life stage golden trout to low pH and elevated aluminum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-07T09:35:32","indexId":"70193868","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity of early-life stage golden trout to low pH and elevated aluminum","docAbstract":"<p><span>Early-life-stage golden trout (</span><i>Oncorhynchus aguabonita aguabonita</i><span>) were exposed to acid and Al to examine the response and determine the sensitivity of a western, alpine salmonid to conditions simulating an episodic pH depression. Freshly fertilized eggs, alevins, and swim-up larvae were exposed for 7 d to one of 12 combinations of pH and Al, and surviving fish were held to 40 d post-hatch to determine the effect of exposure on subsequent survival and recovery. Golden trout are sensitive to conditions simulating episodic acidification events typically observed in the field. Significant mortality occurred when the pH of test waters was below 5.0 in the absence of Al or when pH was 5.5 in the presence of 100 μg/L total Al. Behavioral impairments were sensitive indicators of low pH and Al stress. Impaired locomotory and feeding behavior occurred at pH 5.5 without Al and at Al concentrations &gt; 50 μg/L. In contrast, growth, RNA-to-DNA ratio, and whole-body ion concentration were relatively less sensitive indicators of sublethal acid and Al stress.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620120711","usgsCitation":"Delonay, A.J., Little, E.E., Woodward, D.F., Brumbaugh, W.G., Farag, A.M., and Rabeni, C.F., 1993, Sensitivity of early-life stage golden trout to low pH and elevated aluminum: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 12, no. 7, p. 1223-1232, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620120711.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1223","endPage":"1232","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Norway, Sweden, United 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Aaron J. 0000-0002-3752-2799 adelonay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3752-2799","contributorId":2725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"Aaron","email":"adelonay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodward, Daniel F.","contributorId":75455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farag, Aida M. 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":1139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":720822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rabeni, Charles F.","contributorId":34804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabeni","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70180480,"text":"70180480 - 1993 - A rapid inoculation technique for assessing pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and F. o. melonis on Cucurbits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T14:51:51","indexId":"70180480","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5231,"text":"Plant Disease","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A rapid inoculation technique for assessing pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and F. o. melonis on Cucurbits","docAbstract":"<p><span>A continuous-dip inoculation technique for rapid assessment of pathogenicity of </span><i>Fusarium oxysporum</i><span> f. sp. </span><i>niveum</i><span> and </span><i>F. o. melonis</i><span> was developed. The method, adapted from a similar procedure for determining pathogenicity of </span><i>Colletotrichum magna</i><span> (causal agent of anthracnose of cucurbits), involves constant exposure of seedlings and cuttings (seedlings with root systems excised) of watermelon and muskmelon to conidial suspensions contained in small scintillation vials. Disease development in intact seedlings corresponded well to disease responses observed with the standard root-dip inoculation/pot assay. The continuous-dip inoculation technique resulted in rapid disease development, with 50% of watermelon cuttings dying after 4–6 days of exposure to </span><i>F. o. niveum.</i><span> A mortality of 30% also was observed in watermelon cuttings exposed to conidia of </span><i>F. o. melonis,</i><span> as opposed to only a 0–2.5% mortality in seedlings with intact roots. Disease response was similar with muskmelon seedlings and cuttings continuously dip-inoculated with </span><i>F. o. melonis</i><span> isolates. However, no disease symptoms were observed in muskmelon seedlings or cuttings inoculated with </span><i>F. o. niveum.</i><span> Four nonpathogenic isolates of </span><i>F. oxysporum</i><span> did not cause disease symptoms in either watermelon or muskmelon cuttings and seedlings when assayed by this technique. The proposed method enables a rapid screening of pathogenicity and requires less time, labor, and greenhouse space than the standard root-dip inoculation/pot assay. The reliability of the continuous-dip inoculation technique is limited, however, to exposure of intact seedlings at a concentration of 1 × 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>conidia per milliliter; the method is not accurate at this range for excised seedlings.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The American Phytopathological Society ","doi":"10.1094/PD-77-1198","usgsCitation":"Freeman, S., and Rodriguez, R.J., 1993, A rapid inoculation technique for assessing pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum and F. o. melonis on Cucurbits: Plant Disease, v. 77, p. 1198-1201, https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-77-1198.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"1198","endPage":"1201","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334373,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905efae4b072a7ac0cad9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, S.","contributorId":78492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70211194,"text":"70211194 - 1993 - Site response estimates in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from borehole seismic velocities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T23:45:40.396222","indexId":"70211194","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-16T14:12:59","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Site response estimates in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from borehole seismic velocities","docAbstract":"<p>The general correlation of Salt Lake Valley sites located on soft, saturated unconsolidated silty and clayey deposits (that is, deposits with low&nbsp;<i>S</i>-wave velocity) with high seismic amplification at the ground surface motivated our investigation of the relationship between the&nbsp;<i>P</i>- and&nbsp;<i>S</i>-wave seismic velocity (<i>V<sub>p</sub></i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>V<sub>s</sub></i>) of these units and their corresponding observed site response. We found that low, near surface&nbsp;<i>V<sub>s</sub></i><sup>−1.5</sup>&nbsp;is proportional to seismic amplification measured on the surface, and suspected that we might be able to predict the site response if the near surface seismic velocity structure were known. With this idea in mind we constructed plane-layered seismic impedance models from borehole data in order to correlate impedance structure with variations in site response. Seismic travel times, measured in a borehole at 2-m intervals, were converted into compressional and shear wave seismic velocity profiles for 22 boreholes (average depth = 59 m) in Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Using this impedance model, we estimated site response on the ground surface of the borehole site to within 12% of the measured value in the 0.7 to 1.0 Hz frequency range for six of the twenty sites, and within 20% for 55% of the sites. All except two of our site response estimates are within a factor of two of the measured value. Thus, high values of seismic amplification appear to be partially explained by a near surface high-impedance contrast produced by the low&nbsp;<i>S</i>-wave velocities.</p><p>Comparing the downhole data with published Salt Lake Valley ground motion data derived from Nevada nuclear tests shows that increased site response (sites of relative ground motion amplification) is associated with: (1) a lower value of&nbsp;<i>V<sub>s</sub></i>&nbsp;(110 to 400 m/sec), and (2) high Poisson ratios (0.45 to 0.49) derived from borehole&nbsp;<i>V<sub>p</sub></i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>V<sub>s</sub></i>&nbsp;values. The lowest&nbsp;<i>S</i>-wave velocities found in the Salt Lake Valley are comparable to other regions, such as the muds around San Francisco Bay and the lake sediments of Mexico City, with low&nbsp;<i>S</i>-wave velocities and a record of severe seismic wave amplification in previous earthquakes. The very-low-velocity surface layer in Salt Lake Valley is, however, about half as thick (10 to 14 m) as the low-velocity layers around San Francisco Bay and Mexico City.</p><p>We also considered the influence of sedimentary basin fill on site response, because coincidentally, the sites of high seismic wave amplification correspond to the locations of thickest basin fill. The valley fill impedance structure, revealed in seismic reflection profiles we acquired, indicate that a more dynamic impedance structure characterizes sites near the center of the valley where the basin fill is thickest. The reflection data from mid-valley sites typically have more high-amplitude reflectors relative to basin edge sites. The sites with a more dynamic impedance structure suggest that the site response would also be correspondingly different. Thus, the broadband, deep basin effect on site response might account for some of the discrepancy between observed and predicted site response in this study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0830030862","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., King, K.W., and Tinsley, J., 1993, Site response estimates in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from borehole seismic velocities: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 83, no. 3, p. 862-889, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0830030862.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"862","endPage":"889","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376451,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/83/3/862/102571/Site-response-estimates-in-Salt-Lake-Valley-Utah"},{"id":376452,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.6318359375,\n              40.29628651711716\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.24755859375,\n              40.29628651711716\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.24755859375,\n              40.94671366508002\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.6318359375,\n              40.94671366508002\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.6318359375,\n              40.29628651711716\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, K. W.","contributorId":105729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":793084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tinsley, John jtinsley@usgs.gov","contributorId":140545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinsley","given":"John","email":"jtinsley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70127913,"text":"70127913 - 1993 - Mesoscale parameterization of heat fluxes due to landscape variability for use in general circulation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T13:22:01","indexId":"70127913","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-16T13:19:17","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Mesoscale parameterization of heat fluxes due to landscape variability for use in general circulation models","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Exchange processes at the Land Surface for a Range of Space and Time Scales: Proceedings of the Yokohama Symposium","conferenceTitle":"Exchange processes at the Land Surface for a Range of Space and Time Scales","conferenceDate":"1993-07-13T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Yokohama, Japan","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","publisherLocation":"Wallingford","usgsCitation":"Pielke, R.A., Dalu, G., Lee, T.J., Rodriguez, H., Eastman, J., and Kittel, T.G., 1993, Mesoscale parameterization of heat fluxes due to landscape variability for use in general circulation models, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6970e4b092f17df5a94a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pielke, R. A.","contributorId":13163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dalu, G.","contributorId":49287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalu","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, T. J.","contributorId":26234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rodriguez, H.","contributorId":44848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eastman, J.","contributorId":31321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kittel, Timothy G.F.","contributorId":66612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70185455,"text":"70185455 - 1993 - Determination of size and element composition distributions of complex colloids by sedimentation field-flow fractionation—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:34:37","indexId":"70185455","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2214,"text":"Journal of Chromatography A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of size and element composition distributions of complex colloids by sedimentation field-flow fractionation—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have been directly combined and the resulting SdFFF-ICP-MS instrument can be used to produce element based size distributions of colloidal samples. Using appropriate tracer elements the size distributions of specific components can be picked out from a complex mixture. Changes in chemical composition of mixtures as a function of particle size can be readily monitored by plotting appropriate element atomic ratio distributions. These applications have been illustrated using data obtained with samples of the clay minerals kaolinite and illite and a natural suspended particulate matter from the Darling River (Australia).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0021-9673(93)80112-L","usgsCitation":"Murphy, D.M., Garbarino, J.R., Taylor, H.E., Beckett, R., and Hart, B., 1993, Determination of size and element composition distributions of complex colloids by sedimentation field-flow fractionation—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 642, no. 1-2, p. 459-467, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80112-L.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"459","endPage":"467","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"642","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ee4b0236b68f98f0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, Deirdre M.","contributorId":189665,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Deirdre","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garbarino, John R. jrgarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"John","email":"jrgarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beckett, Ronald","contributorId":190005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beckett","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hart, B.","contributorId":18201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70177779,"text":"70177779 - 1993 - Snaring to control feral pigs <i>sus scrofa</i> in a remote Hawaiian rain forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:13:22","indexId":"70177779","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Snaring to control feral pigs <i>sus scrofa</i> in a remote Hawaiian rain forest","docAbstract":"<p><span>Feral pig </span><i>Sus scrofa</i><span> control in Kipahulu Valley, a remote rain forest in Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, has been achieved with snares over a 45-month period. Initial pig densities in fenced management units of 6·2 km</span><sup>2</sup><span> and 7·8 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>were estimated at 6 animals/km</span><sup>2</sup><span> and 14·3 animals/km</span><sup>2</sup><span> for the two units, based on population reconstruction from animals killed and aged. During the 45 months of the study, 1978 snares were set, and 1·6 million snare nights were logged. Snare density reached 96/km</span><sup>2</sup><span> and 200/km</span><sup>2</sup><span> for the two management units by the end of the study. A mean effort of 43 worker hours/pig was used to remove 53 pigs from the upper management unit, and a mean of 7 worker hours/pig to remove 175 animals from the more densely populated lower unit. Pig activity monitoring along transects provided a good measure of control effectiveness until densities of about 1 pig/km</span><sup>2</sup><span> were achieved, after which transects became less useful than scouting for determining pig activity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Kidlington, Oxford","doi":"10.1016/0006-3207(93)90712-A","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S.J., and Stone, C.P., 1993, Snaring to control feral pigs <i>sus scrofa</i> in a remote Hawaiian rain forest: Biological Conservation, v. 63, no. 3, p. 195-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90712-A.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"201","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330278,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","county":"Maui","otherGeospatial":"Kipahulu Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.29219055175778,\n              20.627000715889256\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.29219055175778,\n              20.788214486017242\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.04019165039062,\n              20.788214486017242\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.04019165039062,\n              20.627000715889256\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.29219055175778,\n              20.627000715889256\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"63","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c7e4b0f497e78fcad1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Stephen J.","contributorId":176156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Charles P.","contributorId":116265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70211103,"text":"70211103 - 1993 - Anatomy of a basaltic volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T19:26:29.030194","indexId":"70211103","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-14T14:21:47","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anatomy of a basaltic volcano","docAbstract":"<p><span>Kilauea volcano, in Hawaii, may be the best understood basaltic volcano in the world. Magma rises from a depth of 80 km or more and resides temporarily in near-surface reservoirs: eruption begins when the crust above one of these reservoirs splits open in response to a pressure increase. Repeated rift-zone eruptions compress Kilauea's flanks; after decades of accumulation, the stress is relieved in catastrophic earthquakes and southward displacement of the volcano's south flank.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/363125a0","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., and Dvorak, J., 1993, Anatomy of a basaltic volcano: Nature, v. 363, p. 125-133, https://doi.org/10.1038/363125a0.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"133","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376385,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.48263549804685,\n              19.233363381183896\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.02120971679688,\n              19.233363381183896\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.02120971679688,\n              19.576611805040425\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.48263549804685,\n              19.576611805040425\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.48263549804685,\n              19.233363381183896\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"363","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dvorak, J.J.","contributorId":52597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dvorak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":792776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70211102,"text":"70211102 - 1993 - Lessons in reducing volcano risk","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-14T19:16:06.87936","indexId":"70211102","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-14T14:10:13","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lessons in reducing volcano risk","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/364277a0","usgsCitation":"Tilling, R.I., and Lipman, P.W., 1993, Lessons in reducing volcano risk: Nature, v. 364, p. 277-280, https://doi.org/10.1038/364277a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"280","costCenters":[{"id":153,"text":"California Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376384,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"364","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilling, Robert I. 0000-0003-4263-7221 rtilling@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4263-7221","contributorId":2567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilling","given":"Robert","email":"rtilling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":792773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipman, Peter W. 0000-0001-9175-6118 plipman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9175-6118","contributorId":3486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipman","given":"Peter","email":"plipman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":792774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70243578,"text":"70243578 - 1993 - Seeing earthquakes from afar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-12T15:12:37.3288","indexId":"70243578","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-09T10:07:30","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seeing earthquakes from afar","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1038/364100d0","usgsCitation":"Prescott, W.H., 1993, Seeing earthquakes from afar: Nature, v. 364, p. 100-101, https://doi.org/10.1038/364100d0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416987,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"364","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prescott, William H.","contributorId":63788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70199559,"text":"70199559 - 1993 - Multivariate geostatistical analysis of ground-water contamination: A case history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-20T16:35:48","indexId":"70199559","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T16:35:19","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate geostatistical analysis of ground-water contamination: A case history","docAbstract":"<p><span>A case history is presented for the application of multivariate geostatistical methods to the problem of estimating pesticide concentrations in ground water from measured concentrations of nitrate and pesticide, when pesticide is under‐sampled. The shallow, poorly confined, sand and gravel aquifer underlying the lower Malheur River basin near Ontario, Oregon is contaminated by nitrate and metabolites of the herbicide Dacthal (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) or DCPA. The results of extensive ground‐water sampling indicate that a significant positive correlation exists between measured nitrate and DCPA concentrations in the aquifer. This suggests that future sampling should include a large number of the less‐expensive nitrate analyses, and these data should be used to support the interpretation of fewer, more expensive DCPA analyses. Sample variograms were computed for nitrate and DCPA concentrations and were fit with isotropic, spherical variogram models with correlation ranges of 4 km. Incorporating measured nitrate concentrations in the DCPA estimates obtained by cokriging reduced estimation variances from 14 to 34%. A simple economic analysis demonstrated that for this aquifer, acquiring additional nitrate samples is a cost‐effective way to reduce estimation variances for DCPA.</span></p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00829.x","usgsCitation":"Istok, J.D., Smyth, J.D., and Flint, A.L., 1993, Multivariate geostatistical analysis of ground-water contamination: A case history: Groundwater, v. 31, no. 1, p. 63-74, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00829.x.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"63","endPage":"74","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357583,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Malheur River basin","volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c111a37e4b034bf6a81961c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Istok, Jonathan D.","contributorId":35468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smyth, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":208082,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smyth","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70243607,"text":"70243607 - 1993 - Meromixis in hypersaline Mono Lake, California. 2. Nitrogen fluxes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-13T21:19:20.105956","indexId":"70243607","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T15:47:41","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Meromixis in hypersaline Mono Lake, California. 2. Nitrogen fluxes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Vertical fluxes of nitrogen were examined in hypersaline Mono Lake over a 9-yr period which encompassed the onset, persistence, and breakdown of meromixis. Under monomictic conditions, ammonia, which accumulates in the hypolimnion, is mixed into the euphotic region during autumn overturn. Following the onset of meromixis in 1983 and elimination of the winter period of holomixis, ammonia was depleted in the mixolimnion and accumulated beneath the chemocline. The mean rate of particulate nitrogen deposition, as measured by sediment traps over a 2-yr period during meromixis, was 2.0 mmol m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;d</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. Until meromixis weakened in 1988, ammonia concentrations in the euphotic zone remained below 5&nbsp;</span><i>µ</i><span>M and increased to ~500&nbsp;</span><i>µ</i><span>M beneath the chemocline. Meromixis ended in November 1988 and a large pulse of ammonia was injected into surface waters, resulting in surface ammonia concentrations of ~45&nbsp;</span><i>µ</i><span>M. Because the pH of Mono Lake is high (9.8) the : ratio is ~5, and elevated surface concentrations of ammonia during the 2 yr following breakdown of meromixis resulted in high losses of nitrogen via ammonia volatilization (mean, ~10 mmol m</span><sup>− 2</sup><span>&nbsp;d</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). High release rates of ammonia from the sediments were estimated from both the ammonia gradients in pore-water profiles (3–10 mmol m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;d</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) and the balance of mixolimnetic nitrogen fluxes (4–10 mmol m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;d</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). The monimolimnetic balance suggested fluxes of ammonia out of the sediments below the chemocline were reduced during meromixis.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1993.38.5.1020","usgsCitation":"Jellison, R., Miller, L., Melack, J., and Dana, G.L., 1993, Meromixis in hypersaline Mono Lake, California. 2. Nitrogen fluxes: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 38, no. 5, p. 1020-1039, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1993.38.5.1020.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1020","endPage":"1039","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417016,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mono Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.99661879382569,\n              37.94195204830844\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.95506710828823,\n              37.9644526665508\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.92803348155314,\n              37.978660032073066\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.92903472698798,\n              37.984578956161286\n            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,{"id":5223275,"text":"5223275 - 1993 - Transmission risk of Lyme disease and implications for tick management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-22T17:28:04.915714","indexId":"5223275","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T12:18:09","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":727,"text":"American Journal of Epidemiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transmission risk of Lyme disease and implications for tick management","docAbstract":"<p><span>Transmission risk of Lyme disease at a site can be estimated using the probability of exposure (</span><i>P</i><sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;= probability of being bitten by at least one infected tick);&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;=1 - (1 -&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><sub>t</sub><span>)</span><sup>n</sup><span>, where&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= number of tick bites per person and&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><sub>t</sub><span>&nbsp;= spirochete prevalence in questing ticks. This probability is more directly related to the likelihood of acquiring Lyme disease than the standard measure of transmission risk (the number of infected ticks per sample) and allows for direct consideration of the level of tick/human contact (by varying&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>) in assessing exposure risk and designing management strategies. Projections predict that interventions that lower tick abundance or spirochete prevalence do not necessarily result in equivalent declines in human exposure risk. Management interventions are predicted to have greatest success at lowering disease incidence in humans when tick abundance and/or pathogen prevalence in questing ticks are initially low (e.g., for ticks in residential lawns or for low-prevalence diseases). These techniques are predicted to be less effective at lowering disease incidence in people engaged in high-risk activities at sites with high tick abundance and pathogen prevalence, such as wooded sites in highly endemic areas.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116778","usgsCitation":"Ginsberg, H.S., 1993, Transmission risk of Lyme disease and implications for tick management: American Journal of Epidemiology, v. 138, p. 65-73, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116778.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489990,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/pls_facpubs/182","text":"External Repository"},{"id":200164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"138","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db626cc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsberg, Howard S. hginsberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":140901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"Howard","email":"hginsberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70128291,"text":"70128291 - 1993 - A technique for evaluating black-footed ferret habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T11:16:36","indexId":"70128291","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T11:13:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"A technique for evaluating black-footed ferret habitat","docAbstract":"In this paper, we provide a model and step-by-step procedures for rating a prairie dog (<i>Cynomys</i> sp.) complex for the reintroduction of black-footed ferrets (<i>Mustela nigripes</i>). An important factor in the model is an estimate of the number of black-footed ferret families a prairie dog complex can support for a year; thus, the procedures prescribe how to estimate the size of a prairie dog complex and the density of prairie dogs. Other attributes of the model are qualitative: arrangement of colonies, potential for plague and canine distemper, potential for prairie dog expansion, abundance of predators, future resource conflicts and ownership stability, and public and landowner attitudes about prairie dogs and black-footed ferrets. Because of the qualitative attributes in the model, a team approach is recommended for ranking complexes of prairie dogs for black-footed ferret reintroduction.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the symposium on the management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-footed Ferret","conferenceDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D.C.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Biggins, D.E., Miller, B.J., Hanebury, L.R., Oakleaf, B., Farmer, A.H., Crete, R., and Dood, A., 1993, A technique for evaluating black-footed ferret habitat, 16 p.","productDescription":"16 p.","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294990,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5435009de4b0a4f4b46a236f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Brian J.","contributorId":67816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanebury, Louis R.","contributorId":44482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanebury","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oakleaf, Bob","contributorId":23087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakleaf","given":"Bob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Farmer, Adrian H.","contributorId":41360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farmer","given":"Adrian","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Crete, Ron","contributorId":85105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crete","given":"Ron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dood, Arnold","contributorId":36473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dood","given":"Arnold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70243617,"text":"70243617 - 1993 - Effect of intrastorm isotopic heterogeneities of rainfall, soil water, and groundwater on runoff modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-15T16:50:48.291256","indexId":"70243617","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T11:06:52","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5644,"text":"IAHS Red Book","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"Effect of intrastorm isotopic heterogeneities of rainfall, soil water, and groundwater on runoff modeling","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology of warm humid regions: Yokohama symposium, 1993, Tracers in hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Symposium on Tracers in Hydrology","conferenceDate":"July 11-23, 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,{"id":70170907,"text":"70170907 - 1993 - Management Systems Evaluation Areas: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:49:26","indexId":"70170907","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Management Systems Evaluation Areas: An overview","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Agricultural Research to Protect Water Quality, Minneapolis, Minnesota, February 21-24, 1993, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Agricultural Research to Protect Water Quality","conferenceDate":"February 21-24, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","language":"English","publisher":"Soil and Water Conservation Society","publisherLocation":"Minneapolis, MN","usgsCitation":"Hatfield, J., Anderson, J.L., Alberts, E., Prato, T., Watts, D., Ward, A., Delin, G., and Swank, R., 1993, Management Systems Evaluation Areas: An overview, <i>in</i> Agricultural Research to Protect Water Quality, Minneapolis, Minnesota, February 21-24, 1993, Proceedings, Minneapolis, MN, February 21-24, 1993, p. 1-10.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321082,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57330632e4b0dae0d5dcd1f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatfield, J.L.","contributorId":69593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, J. L.","contributorId":103240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alberts, E.E.","contributorId":169236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alberts","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prato, Tony","contributorId":97394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prato","given":"Tony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Watts, D.G.","contributorId":169237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watts","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ward, Andy","contributorId":7184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Andy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Swank, Robert","contributorId":169238,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swank","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70128513,"text":"70128513 - 1993 - Introduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T09:52:14","indexId":"70128513","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T09:49:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Introduction","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Management of prairie dog complexes for the reintroduction of the black-footed ferret","conferenceTitle":"Symposium on the Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-footed Ferret","conferenceDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Washington, D.C.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Miller, B.J., Biggins, D.E., Oldemeyer, J., and Crete, R., 1993, Introduction, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295117,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3c2e4b08a816ca6366a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, B. J.","contributorId":7641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oldemeyer, J. L.","contributorId":44481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oldemeyer","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crete, R.","contributorId":59365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crete","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70129000,"text":"70129000 - 1993 - Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island Song Sparrow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T13:37:22","indexId":"70129000","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T09:32:36","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island Song Sparrow","docAbstract":"Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island (<i>SMI</i>) Song Sparrow (<i>Melospiza melodia micronyx</i>) are described; nests are compared with those of 16 other races of Song Sparrows. Bush lupins (<i>Lupinus albifrons</i>), coyote brush (<i>Baccharis pilularis</i>) and golden bush (<i>Haplopappus venetus</i>) were the shrubs used most commonly as nest sites by Song Sparrows on SMI. As a result of its location, the nest was effectively concealed from gray foxes (<i>Urocyon littoralis</i>), the major predator of this sparrow. Nest and nest site also moderated the combined chilling effects of cool air temperatures and strong northwesterly winds on the eggs and nestlings. Even in the absence of these moderating effects of the nest site, the energetic cost of incubation, estimated at 41-53% of the sparrow's resting metabolic rate, was modest. Twenty-nine percent of the canopy above the nest was open and as much as 73% of the nest cup was in the sun at midday, a time when surface temperatures of foliage, nest and nestlings sometimes exceeded 40 C. Whereas this exposure did not apparently reduce fledging success, it may explain why the incidence of addled eggs was so high in this population of Song Sparrows compared to others. Significant differences existed among races of Song Sparrows in the size, porosity and insulation of the nest. In most cases, these differences were not related to the latitude of the races' nesting areas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Field Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Northeastern Bird-Banding Association","publisherLocation":"Ipswich, NH","usgsCitation":"Kern, M., Sogge, M.K., Kern, R.B., and van Riper, C., 1993, Nests and nest sites of the San Miguel Island Song Sparrow: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 64, no. 3, p. 367-381.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"381","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Miguel Island","volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5440de38e4b0b0a643c732f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kern, Michael D.","contributorId":79046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sogge, Mark K. 0000-0002-8337-5689 mark_sogge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-5689","contributorId":3710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogge","given":"Mark","email":"mark_sogge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kern, Robert B.","contributorId":56579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kern","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70185454,"text":"70185454 - 1993 - A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-04T19:02:34","indexId":"70185454","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells","docAbstract":"<p><span>The pressure system developed for fully-saturated well screens has been modified for conducting rising head tests in water table wells installed in highly permeable aquifers. The pressure system consists of a compressed air source and 1 inch diameter PVC piping with a packer attached at the end. The pressure system was evaluated in a series of rising head tests conducted in a well at a Superfund site in New England. The well was tested with slugs and with the pressure system. Within each technique, estimates of hydraulic conductivity showed no difference. Comparison of hydraulic conductivity estimates between techniques (slug test vs. pressure test) showed differences due to stratigraphy. The interval tested using slug tests crossed two stratigraphic units; the pressure system tested only one of these units. We conclude that the pressure system may be used to characterize the vertical hydraulic conductivity distribution in a series of successive tests by changing the packer position and the screened interval tested.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(93)90259-C","usgsCitation":"Levy, B.S., Pannell, L.J., and Dadoly, J.P., 1993, A pressure-packer system for conducting rising head tests in water table wells: Journal of Hydrology, v. 148, no. 1-2, p. 189-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90259-C.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"189","endPage":"202","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338044,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d3ee4b0236b68f98f0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levy, Benjamin S.","contributorId":189662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levy","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pannell, Lawrence J.","contributorId":189663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pannell","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dadoly, John P.","contributorId":189664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dadoly","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5222753,"text":"5222753 - 1993 - Survival of northern pintails banded during winter in North America, 1950-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-04T17:04:33.813989","indexId":"5222753","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of northern pintails banded during winter in North America, 1950-88","docAbstract":"<p>From 1950 through 1988, the continental breeding population of northern pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>) varied from 2.0 million to 9.9 million. Because pintails have high fidelity to certain wintering grounds along coasts and large bodies of water, management on these wintering areas may increase population size if changes in winter survival rate are related to changes in population size. I used band-recovery data to estimate survival rates for winter-banded pintails and to test for sex-specific, temporal, and geographic variation in survival rates. Survival rate estimates varied between 0.632 and 0.806 for males, and 0.421 and 0.769 for females. Males had higher (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.0001) average annual survival rates than females. Limited geographic variation occurred in estimates of average annual survival rates for males, and no variation occurred for females. Males had lower average annual survival rates in the Imperial Valley than in central California (<i>P</i> = 0.007) or in the Gulf Coast (<i>P</i> = 0.092). Little annual variation was found within time periods. However, longer-term variation was found in survival rate estimates for males and females. Males had higher (<i>P</i> = 0.054) average annual survival rates in the Pacific Flyway during 1959-61, a period of drought, breeding-population decline, and restrictive hunting regulations, than during 1950-58, a period with a higher breeding population and liberal regulations. The increase in wintering population size in the Pacific Flyway during the 1970's was associated with a higher average annual survival rate for females in the Pacific Flyway than during the 1950's. Results from the Pacific Flyway suggested that an interaction may exist between population size and the effect of harvest regulations on survival of males. Changes in harvest regulations appeared to have a greater effect at lower population levels.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809287","usgsCitation":"Hestbeck, J.B., 1993, Survival of northern pintails banded during winter in North America, 1950-88: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 57, no. 3, p. 590-597, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809287.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"590","endPage":"597","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197622,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"North 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America\"}}]}","volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a68e4b07f02db63afab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hestbeck, Jay B. jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hestbeck","given":"Jay","email":"jay_hestbeck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":337046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5222833,"text":"5222833 - 1993 - Overwinter distribution of northern pintail populations in North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-04T17:31:28.680894","indexId":"5222833","displayToPublicDate":"1993-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overwinter distribution of northern pintail populations in North America","docAbstract":"<p>Northern pintails (<i>Anas acuta</i>) exist as a single circumpolar breeding population but display weak fidelity to given breeding sites. If fidelity to wintering areas is strong, management on wintering grounds may allow local winter populations to increase. Thus, I delineated reference areas for wintering areas based on recovery data for pintails banded during the winter (Dec-Feb) in the United States. Fidelity to these reference areas varied with the strongest fidelity observed for pintails banded in areas along coastal areas or near large bodies of water such as western Washington-northwestern Oregon, central California, northwestern Utah, the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast, and the Greater Chesapeake Bay Region. My analysis suggests that pintails occurred in distinct wintering populations and that wintering ground affiliations to certain areas appear to be more stable population units than breeding ground affiliations. Consequently, winter banding programs may be useful in monitoring survival of specific wintering populations of concern.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809286","usgsCitation":"Hestback, J.B., 1993, Overwinter distribution of northern pintail populations in North America: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 57, no. 3, p. 582-589, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809286.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"582","endPage":"589","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198063,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","otherGeospatial":"North 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America\"}}]}","volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a193","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hestback, Jay B.","contributorId":141166,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hestback","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70206762,"text":"70206762 - 1993 - Laguna madre: Seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-21T11:11:58","indexId":"70206762","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-30T11:04:08","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laguna madre: Seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction","docAbstract":"<p><span>Vegetation maps of the lower Laguna Madre prepared from surveys conducted in 1965–1967, 1974–1976, and 1988 document a &gt;330 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;decrease in cover by</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Halodule wrightii</i><span>, an increase of almost 190 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;in other seagrass species, and an increase of 140 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;in bare bottom. Loss in seagrass cover is confined to deeper parts of the laguna; turbidity caused by maintenance dredging is the suspected cause. The species shifts are consistent with observed reductions in salinity maxima. Although the hydrological alterations and climatic shift responsible for moderating the salinity regime occurred between 1948 and 1965, the biological changes continue. Establishment of patches away from source meadows appears to be the process for displacing species that limits their rate of expansion into suitable habitat in this elongate embayment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1352503","usgsCitation":"Quammen, M.L., and Onuf, C.P., 1993, Laguna madre: Seagrass changes continue decades after salinity reduction: Estuaries, v. 16, no. 2, p. 302-310, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352503.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"302","endPage":"310","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Laguna Madre","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.21664428710936,\n              26.066652138577403\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.16171264648436,\n              26.083921329998336\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.19329833984374,\n              26.26509379386854\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.22763061523438,\n              26.322960198925365\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.33062744140625,\n              26.533251245965456\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.3004150390625,\n              26.613085653537333\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.38418579101562,\n              26.936762457231424\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.38693237304688,\n              27.110478641792145\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.35260009765625,\n              27.319314654652057\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.22625732421875,\n              27.633657156647324\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.27844238281249,\n              27.668934069896217\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.35397338867188,\n              27.510707451811573\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.40066528320312,\n              27.349813400935638\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.43911743164062,\n              27.243641579169292\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4542236328125,\n              27.160586094162603\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.46246337890625,\n              27.106811361271806\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4871826171875,\n              27.05790281047787\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.4761962890625,\n              27.00163160367911\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.55722045898438,\n              26.994289803021193\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.5640869140625,\n              26.831423660953195\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.48031616210938,\n              26.744384008272544\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.42813110351562,\n              26.544308558627424\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.46932983398438,\n              26.46319686677677\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.40478515625,\n              26.208430648684686\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.32101440429688,\n              26.21828709232979\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.30178833007811,\n              26.11721900341594\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.21664428710936,\n              26.066652138577403\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quammen, Millicent L.","contributorId":218143,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quammen","given":"Millicent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Onuf, Christopher P.","contributorId":55091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onuf","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":775703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70243609,"text":"70243609 - 1993 - Well log-derived estimates of thermal conductivity in crystalline rocks penetrated by the 4-KM deep KTB Vorbohrung","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-14T22:04:34.935018","indexId":"70243609","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-18T16:29:42","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Well log-derived estimates of thermal conductivity in crystalline rocks penetrated by the 4-KM deep KTB Vorbohrung","docAbstract":"<p><span>Well log measurements of compressional and shear velocity (V</span><sub>p</sub><span>, V</span><sub>s</sub><span>), density, and temperature from the 4 km-deep KTB Vorbohrung (pilot hole) were applied in a phonon conduction model for the thermal conductivity of a crystalline solid. The resulting conductivity estimates were compared with conductivities (k</span><sub>LAB</sub><span>) measured on the nearly continuous (91% recovery) core. Previous studies have shown the log-derived conductivity (k</span><sub>LOG</sub><span>) to be within ±15% of k</span><sub>LAB</sub><span>&nbsp;in isotropic or flat-lying anisotropic crystalline rocks. The section penetrated by the KTB pilot hole includes both predominantly isotropic metabasites and highly anisotropic gneisses with foliation dips ranging from horizontal to vertical. The predictions of the phonon model were accurate within ±4% in the metabasites but inaccurate by as much as 23% in the gneisses. The accuracy of the model in the metabasites confirms the utility of the phonon conduction approach in isotropic or weakly anisotropic rocks, but the discrepancies in the anisotropic gneisses remain unexplained. These relatively large discrepancies between k</span><sub>LOG</sub><span>&nbsp;and k</span><sub>LAB</sub><span>&nbsp;correspond to depths at which laboratory measurements of V</span><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;under in situ conditions deviate from the sonic log V</span><sub>s</sub><span>. This suggests that sonic log determinations of V</span><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;may not be reliable in dipping, anisotropic rocks. Alternatively, the laboratory V</span><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;measurements may not constitute a representative sample, or there may be errors in the phonon conduction model. If the discrepancies can be tied to errors in sonic log V</span><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;measurements, the phonon conduction model may provide a tool for deriving thermal conductivity profiles of the Earth's crust from seismic studies of V</span><sub>p</sub><span>&nbsp;and V</span><sub>s</sub><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93GL00480","usgsCitation":"Pribnow, D., Williams, C.F., and Burkhardt, H., 1993, Well log-derived estimates of thermal conductivity in crystalline rocks penetrated by the 4-KM deep KTB Vorbohrung: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 12, p. 1155-1158, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00480.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1155","endPage":"1158","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Germany","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      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H.","contributorId":29975,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70128751,"text":"70128751 - 1993 - Long-term monitoring of ozone injury to Jeffrey and Ponderosa Pines in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-14T13:01:25","indexId":"70128751","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-18T12:56:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Long-term monitoring of ozone injury to Jeffrey and Ponderosa Pines in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Air & Waste Management Association: 86th Annual Meeting & Exhibition","conferenceTitle":"Air & Waste Management Association : 86th Annual Meeting & Exhibition","conferenceDate":"1993-06-13T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Air & Waste Management Association","publisherLocation":"Pittsburgh, PA","usgsCitation":"Ewell, D.M., and Gay, D.T., 1993, Long-term monitoring of ozone injury to Jeffrey and Ponderosa Pines in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295296,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sequoia National Park, Kings Canyon National Park","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b29e4b0fd76af69cf17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ewell, D. M.","contributorId":27383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ewell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gay, D. T.","contributorId":46028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70204413,"text":"b1981E - 1993 - Flood hydrology and geomorphic effects on river channels and flood plains: The flood of November 4-5, 1985, in the South Branch Potomac River Basin of West Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70204413,"text":"b1981E - 1993 - Flood hydrology and geomorphic effects on river channels and flood plains: The flood of November 4-5, 1985, in the South Branch Potomac River Basin of West Virginia","indexId":"b1981E","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"E","title":"Flood hydrology and geomorphic effects on river channels and flood plains: The flood of November 4-5, 1985, in the South Branch Potomac River Basin of West Virginia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T22:17:02.586649","indexId":"b1981E","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-16T15:32:36","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1981","chapter":"E","title":"Flood hydrology and geomorphic effects on river channels and flood plains: The flood of November 4-5, 1985, in the South Branch Potomac River Basin of West Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>The November 1985 flood was the largest recorded in the South Branch Potomac River basin. Discharges&nbsp;exceeded values estimated for a recurrence interval of 500 yr at four of six stations in the basin. Flow velocities in the&nbsp;channel were as high as 4.6 m/s and may have exceeded 6&nbsp;m/s at some locations; estimated values of unit stream&nbsp;power at U.S. Geological Survey gage locations were as&nbsp;high as 988 W/m2 and may have exceeded 2,500 W/m<sup>2</sup> at&nbsp;some locations. Along the three forks of the South Branch&nbsp;Potomac River, discharges of 1,000-7,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s flowed&nbsp;through valley cross sections that ranged in width from&nbsp;less than 70 m to 1,700 m, and, as a result, hydraulic&nbsp;conditions were extremely variable. Valley constrictions&nbsp;and expansions were important determinants of erosion&nbsp;and deposition patterns.&nbsp;Geomorphic impacts on valley floors along the three&nbsp;forks of the South Branch Potomac River included formation of a wide array of erosion and deposition features.<br>Flood-generated erosion features included longitudinal&nbsp;grooves, scour marks, widened channels, stripped flood&nbsp;plains, chutes, anastomosing erosion channels, and jetshaped erosion forms. Deposition features were generally&nbsp;adjacent to eroded areas and included channel gravel&nbsp;bars, gravel splays, gravel and sand sheets, isolated gravel&nbsp;bars and sand dunes on flood plains, wake deposits, and&nbsp;backwater deposits.&nbsp;Mapping of erosion damage classes along 384 km of&nbsp;channel and valley floor revealed that 82.8 percent of the&nbsp;valley length experienced at least incipient erosion, 30.2&nbsp;percent experienced severe erosion, and 5.7 percent&nbsp;experienced catastrophic erosion of the valley floor.&nbsp;Reach-average values of unit stream power were positively&nbsp;correlated with the percent of the valley reach that experienced severe erosion; percentages of 50 percent or&nbsp;more were associated with average values of 200-500&nbsp;W/m<sup>2</sup>. These results suggest that, with further research, it&nbsp;should be possible to define threshold conditions for&nbsp;bottomland erosion.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia (Bulletin 1981)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1981E","usgsCitation":"Miller, A.J., and Parkinson, D.J., 1993, Flood hydrology and geomorphic effects on river channels and flood plains: The flood of November 4-5, 1985, in the South Branch Potomac River Basin of West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1981, viii, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1981E.","productDescription":"viii, 96 p.","startPage":"E1","endPage":"E96","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":481381,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22202.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"South Branch Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.43566710742546,\n              39.50596768027302\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.57520110707163,\n              39.53400754322604\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.69616420231267,\n              39.30412288148112\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.60375774774076,\n              39.28076577598608\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.43566710742546,\n              39.50596768027302\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Andrew J.","contributorId":7559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parkinson, Douglas J.","contributorId":217437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parkinson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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