The genus Proctoeces was erected by Odhner ( 191 1) to contain Distonium maculatuni Looss, 1901, from Labrus merula and Crenilabrus spp. at Triest. Odhner had found the parasite in Blennius ocellaris at Naples. One adult specimen from Chrysophrys bifasciata and two immature specimens from lulis lunaris taken in the Red Sea, were described as a new species, Proctoeces erythraeus. Dawes (1946) listed P. erythraeus as a synonym of P. maculatus (Looss) , but the species was recognized by Manter ( 1947) on the basis of six specimens he had collected from Calamus calamus and Calamus bajonado at the biological laboratory of the Carnegie Institution at Dry Tortugas, Florida. Several additional species have been de scribed. Fujita ( 1925) reported a metacercaria from the Japanese oyster, Ostrea gigas, as a new species, Proctoeces ostreae. The paper was translated by R. Ph. Dollfus who noted (p. 57) ,“Il est à souhaiter que des recherches chez les poissons mangers de Lamellibranches, sur les côtes de la préfecture d'Hiroshima, permettent de découvrir des exemplaires complètement adultes de Proctoeces ostreae Fuj., chez lesquels l'extension des vitellogènes et les dimensions des oeufs puissent être observées avec précision; il sera alors possible de savoir définitivement si P. ostreae Fuj. doit ou non tomber en synonymie avec P. maculatus (Looss).\" Yamaguti (1934) described P. maculatus from Sparus aries, Sparws macrocephalus, Pagrosomus auratus, and Epinephelus akaara in Japan. Several specimens from Pagrosomus auratus, which differed from P. maculatus in larger size, larger eggs, and trilobed ovary, he described as a new species, Proctoeces major. Yamaguti ( 1938) reported P. nzaculatus from Sensicossyphus reticulatus and described a larva from the liver of the pelecypod mollusk, Brachidontes senhausi, as an unidentified member of the genus Proctoeces. Manter ( 1940) described Proctoeces tnagnorus from a single specimen found in the intestine of Caulolatilus ano,nalus, taken at Cerros Island, Mexico. Hanson ( 1950) identified two specimens collected from Calamus sp. at Bermuda by the late F. D. Barker as Distontuni subtenue Linton, 1907, a species described originally from Calantus calanius in the same area. Comparison of these specimens with those from Tortugas identified by Manter as P. erythraeus established their identity, and P. erythraeus was suppressed as a synonym of Proctoeces subtenue (Linton, 1907). Hanson corrected the statement of Manter (1947), noting that it is the vitellaria, not the uterus, which never extends into the post testicular region.
","language":"English","publisher":"Marine Biological Laboratory","doi":"10.2307/1539166","usgsCitation":"Stunkard, H.W., and Uzmann, J., 1959, The life-cycle of the digenetic trematode, Proctoeces maculatus (Looss, 1901) Odhner, 1911 (Syn. P. rubtenuis [Linton, 1907] Hanson, 1950), and description of Cerceria adranocerca n. sp: Biological Bulletin, v. 116, no. 1, p. 184-193, https://doi.org/10.2307/1539166.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"184","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480397,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/31869","text":"External Repository"},{"id":312786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567bd3c1e4b0a04ef491a21e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stunkard, H. W.","contributorId":150791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stunkard","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Uzmann, J. R.","contributorId":38647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uzmann","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":625621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171147,"text":"70171147 - 1959 - Life history of the sea lamprey of Cayugaf Lake, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T09:20:38","indexId":"70171147","displayToPublicDate":"1959-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1664,"text":"Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history of the sea lamprey of Cayugaf Lake, New York","docAbstract":"A life history study of the sea lamprey, Petromyson marinus Linnaeus, in Cayuga Lake, N.Y., was conducted during 1950, 1951, and 1952. One of the major objectives was to obtain biological data concerning this endemic stock of sea lampreys for comparison with the newly established stocks in the Great Lakes. Sexually mature sea lampreys captured on their spawning migration in Cayuga Inlet were the basis of much of this study. Such items as meristic counts, body proportions, body color, sex ratios, lengths and weights, fecundity, rate of upstream travel, effect of dams in retarding upstream movement, nesting habits, parasites, predators, estimates of abundance, and morphological changes were based on mature upstream migrants. Sea lampreys were procured by weir and trap operations and captured by hand. Tagging and marking' programs each spring made it possible to determine movements and morphological changes of individual lampreys, in addition to estimating the number of upstream migrants. Growth of parasitic-phase sea lampreys was estimated from measurements of specimens captured in Cayuga Inlet and Cayuga Lake proper. The incubation period of lamprey eggs and the habits of ammocoetes and transforming lampreys were ascertained from specimens kept in hatchery troughs and raceways. Length-frequency and weight-frequency distributions, together with the length-weight regression, of ammocoetes from Cayuga Inlet were utilized for estimating the duration of their larval life. Lake trout, Salvelinus n. namayc\"Ush (Walbaum), from Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake were the subject of an inquiry into the effects of sea lamprey attacks. Incidence of sea lamprey attacks on the white sucker, Catosto7llus c. commerson/: (LacepMe), was investigated. Three methods are suggested for reducing the number of sea lampreys in Cayuga Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Wigley, R.L., 1959, Life history of the sea lamprey of Cayugaf Lake, New York: Fishery Bulletin of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, p. 561-617.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"617","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321582,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321581,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.fisherybulletin.nmfs.noaa.gov/59-1/591toc.html"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d65a6e4b07e28b66845ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wigley, Roland L.","contributorId":11559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigley","given":"Roland","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185503,"text":"70185503 - 1959 - Water resource development and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-27T18:24:33.214366","indexId":"70185503","displayToPublicDate":"1959-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5328,"text":"Journal of the American Water Works Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water resource development and management","docAbstract":"In a sandy, riverside location in Wisconsin, my family has a farm, once abandoned by a previous owner because it would not produce much corn. By the time we bought it – for a pittance – only a few remnants of white pine remained from the magnificent stands made famous by the Paul Bunyan legend. In this part of Wisconsin the pines were, even originally, restricted only to patches of the better soil, and the variability of the glacial topography has resulted in an interesting mixture of prairie marsh, swamp woodlot, and sand hill.
We did not acquire this farm because it had great potential for growing crops. Rather we were interested in the variety of ecologic and topographic types, which, even within the confines of our property, represented a condensed version of the many different types of land in the Wisconsin countryside. The farm also has a very peculiar aesthetic and historical interest. Marquette’s canoes once slipped quietly past our favorite fishing hole on the river; passenger pigeons once roosted in our great oaks; and the few remaining white pines silhouetted against the sky-glow of evening made one think of the Round River and the Blue Ox.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Works Association","doi":"10.1002/j.1551-8833.1959.tb21165.x","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1959, Water resource development and management: Journal of the American Water Works Association, v. 51, no. 7, p. 821-827, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1959.tb21165.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"821","endPage":"827","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338133,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/cir414B","text":"USGS Circular 414-B: The challenge of water management","linkHelpText":"This transcript was also published as a USGS Circular"},{"id":338113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"7","publicComments":"An address presented on March 11, 1959, at the Illinois Section Meeting, Chicago, Ill, by Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engr., USGS, Washington, D.C.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222089,"text":"5222089 - 1958 - One new and one previously unreported species of nasal mite (Acarina, Speleognathidae) from N.A. birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:52","indexId":"5222089","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:25","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3156,"text":"Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"One new and one previously unreported species of nasal mite (Acarina, Speleognathidae) from N.A. birds","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Clark, G.M., 1958, One new and one previously unreported species of nasal mite (Acarina, Speleognathidae) from N.A. birds: Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, v. 25, no. 2, p. 78-86.","productDescription":"78-86","startPage":"78","endPage":"86","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691a50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, G. M.","contributorId":90325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5220845,"text":"5220845 - 1958 - Distribution and migration of races of the mourning dove","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-26T15:55:32.580754","indexId":"5220845","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:25","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and migration of races of the mourning dove","docAbstract":"The Mourning Dove is a widespread species breeding in the non-boreal regions of North and Middle America and from the West Indies south to Panama. It is hunted extensively in many sections of the United States and in some sections of Canada, the West Indies, and Mexico....The trends in geographic variation of Mourning Doves are from dark coloration in the east to pale coloration in the west and from shorter wing length in tropical areas to longer in the temperate region. More rusty underparts are associated with birds of the West Indies, and extremely saturated coloration and relatively large bills and feet have been developed by the population on Clarion Island off the western coast of Mexico. The combinations of geographic variation result in the recognition of five geographic races, two of which breed on the mainland of North America. The race carolinensis of eastern United States can be distinguished from the western race, marginella, by the color of the wings alone, which makes possible the recognition of these racial components from the wings of doves taken from hunters? bags.....Taking Ridgway?s account in ?Birds of North and Middle America? as a basis, discrepancies in the descriptions of sex and racial characters are pointed out. Two races recognized by Ridgway and one suggested as possibly distinct were not substantiated. The occurrence of dark and pale types among the West Indian populations are considered of possible racial significance, but sufficient breeding material is lacking to study the problem satisfactorily.....The allocation of type specimens and names to the various recognizable races which appears in the most recent literature is considered satisfactory. The ecological boundaries between tropical and temperate life zones and between the western grasslands and eastern deciduous forest zones, generally speaking, separate distinct races from each other.....There is an extensive postbreeding wandering of birds in all directions, particularly northward, and there is an extensive mingling of racial types during migration. Concentrations of fall migrants occur in certain areas in the southwestern states and both east and west of the Gulf of Mexico.","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.2307/1365268","usgsCitation":"Aldrich, J., and Duvall, A., 1958, Distribution and migration of races of the mourning dove: Condor, v. 60, no. 2, p. 108-128, https://doi.org/10.2307/1365268.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198381,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635dc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aldrich, J.W.","contributorId":107800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldrich","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duvall, A.J.","contributorId":59143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duvall","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5221313,"text":"5221313 - 1958 - Birds and Dutch elm disease control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:39","indexId":"5221313","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:25","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":877,"text":"Arborist's News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Birds and Dutch elm disease control","docAbstract":" Brief, factual review of information on effect of DDT and other insecticides on birds. One program for control of elm disease caused 22% decrease in number of adult birds and 56% mortality of nestlings. Quail fed 3 oz. of DDT per ton of food had 16% reduction in young hatched and 500% increase in defective chicks. Quail fed same dosage during winter and breeding seasons had 30% decrease in fertile eggs and 800% increase in defective chicks. More than 90% of their chicks died in first 6 weeks although fed no insecticide. Almost equally bad results came from feeding Pheasants diets with about 1 oz. DDT per ton. Other common insecticides (chlorinated hydrocarbons) also caused lowered chick survival and higher percentages of crippled chicks. From field data we know that 2 lbs. DDT/acre can affect birds and has even worse effects on cold-blooded animals. Efforts to control elm disease have left as much as 196 lbs. DDT/acre in top 3 inches of soil. Earthworms concentrate DDT in their tissues. Thus the treated areas can be traps for birds and other animals. What can be done? 1) In control of elm disease, use minimum effective amount of insecticide; mist blowers use less than sprayers. 2) Avoid applications during migration and nesting seasons. It has been reported that adequate control can be obtained with dormant sprays and that foliar applications may not be required. Tables of this paper show effects of DDT on reproduction of Quail, relative toxicity to quail of 8 insecticides, and amounts of 7 insecticides required to cause 40% or more decrease in Quail reproduction. These comparisons demonstrate that Aldrin, Endrin, and Dieldrin are 20 to 200 times as toxic as DDT and that Heptachlor and Chlordane are only slightly less toxic than Dieldrin. Methoxychlor and Strobane are less toxic to Quail than is DDT. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arborist's News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"DeWitt, J., 1958, Birds and Dutch elm disease control: Arborist's News, v. 24, no. 4, p. 25-29.","productDescription":"25-29","startPage":"25","endPage":"29","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db6120ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeWitt, J.B.","contributorId":89080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":333543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14562,"text":"ofr5857 - 1958 - Periodic heat flow in a stratified medium with application to permafrost problems","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":14562,"text":"ofr5857 - 1958 - Periodic heat flow in a stratified medium with application to permafrost problems","indexId":"ofr5857","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"title":"Periodic heat flow in a stratified medium with application to permafrost problems"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":47389,"text":"b1083C - 1959 - Dissipation of the temperature effect of drilling a well in Arctic Alaska","indexId":"b1083C","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Dissipation of the temperature effect of drilling a well in Arctic Alaska"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":47389,"text":"b1083C - 1959 - Dissipation of the temperature effect of drilling a well in Arctic Alaska","indexId":"b1083C","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Dissipation of the temperature effect of drilling a well in Arctic Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-15T18:34:29.601987","indexId":"ofr5857","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"58-57","title":"Periodic heat flow in a stratified medium with application to permafrost problems","docAbstract":"Solutions to the Fourier heat equation for quasi-steady periodic flow in a stratified semi-infinite medium can be obtained readily by standard methods. The results have wide application to studies of earth-temperature variations induced by diurnal, annual, and other periodic variations in ground surface temperature. Much of the previous work on this subject has been interpreted with reference to the solution for the homogeneous case; and this can be seriously in error when applied to stratified earth materials.
One application of the theory is to the important problem of determining the minimum thickness of gravel fill required to maintain the material on which it rests (the subgrade) in a perennially frozen state in permafrost areas. The results indicate that the required fill thickness is quite sensitive to the thermal properties of the subgrade. If a thin layer of material with low thermal contact coefficient, such as spruce logs, is placed between the fill and subgrade, the thickness of fill required to maintain undisturbed permafrost can be greatly reduced.
The thermal properties of the soil beneath the layer supporting plant growth can exercise an important influence on the temperature in that layer. This effect, which cannot be explained by studies of the ground surface and the surficial layer, is likely to have important application to plant ecology in the Arctic.
Much of the Great Smoky Mountains, which span the boundary between Tennessee and North Carolina, is formed of the Ocoee series, of later Precambrian age. This is a body of terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks, which has minor intercalations of limestone and dolomite but no volcanic components or known fossils. The series is probably 30,000 feet or more thick. It lies unconformably on a basement of earlier Precambrian granitic and gneissic rocks, and on the northwest side of the mountains it is overlain by the Cochran formation, or basal unit of the Chilhowee group, which is of Cambrian and Precambrian(?) age. South of the mountains it is overlain by rocks of the Murphy marble belt; here, the top of the Ocoee is placed tentatively at the base of the Nantahala slate. The Ocoee series is divisible into three broad units of regional extent and contrasting lithologic character, which are herewith designated groups and named the Snowbird group, the Great Smoky group, and the Walden Creek group. The groups consist of local intergrading and intertonguing formations and have complex stratigraphic and structural relations. The Ocoee series is split by major thrust faults into three sequences, a southern, central, and northern, none of which contains more than two groups of the series. The lowest group, the Snowbird, is best developed in the central sequence where it is more than 13,000 feet thick; it is much thinner in the southern sequence. In both sequences it lies unconformably on granites and gneisses. Toward the east it is largely sandstone, but this is interbedded with and intertongues westward into finer-grained sandstone, siltstone, and argillaceous rocks. These differences permit the Snowbird group to be divided, in ascending order, into the Wading Branch formation, Longarm quartzite, Roaring Fork sandstone, and Pigeon siltstone. Toward the west the Snowbird is represented by more strongly metamorphosed rocks termed the Metcalf phyllite. Above the Snowbird group in the southern sequence is the Great Smoky group, more than 25,000 feet thick. The lower part, termed the Elkmont sandstone, is fine-grained sandstone. The middle part, termed the Thunderhead sandstone, is poorly sorted, coarse, feldspathic sandstone in graded beds. The upper part, termed the Anakeesta formation, includes many beds of dark argillaceous and silty rocks. South of the Great Smoky Mountains the Great Smoky group is overlain by the rocks of the Murphy marble belt. The Snowbird group in the central sequence is overlain in a few places by coarser-grained rocks. These somewhat resemble those of the Great Smoky group, but their stratigraphic relations to it are not demonstrable, so that they are left as unclassified parts of the Ocoee series. In one area such rocks are named the Rich Butt sandstone, in another the Cades sandstone. In the northern sequence the Walden Creek group, about 8000 feet thick, forms a varied assemblage of argillaceous and silty rocks and quartz-pebble conglomerate, with locally prominent quartzite, limestone, and dolomite. The Walden Creek group is divided, in ascending order, into the Licklog formation, Shields formation, Wilhite formation, and Sandsuck formation; the Wilhite is in turn divided into the Dixon Mountain member and Yellow Breeches member. The Walden Creek is overlain by the Chilhowee group of Cambrian and Precambrian(?) age but is in fault contact with the Snowbird group on the southeast; it is not in contact with the Great Smoky group. Northeast of the Great Smoky Mountains, the Walden Creek group is reported to overlie the Snowbird group as part of a sedimentary sequence from the basement rocks upward through the Chilhowee group into the overlying Paleozoic. © 1958, The Geological Society of America, Inc.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1958)69[947:SOOSGS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"King, P., Hadley, J.B., Neuman, R.B., and Hamilton, W., 1958, Stratigraphy of ocoee series, Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee and North Carolina: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 69, no. 8, p. 947-966, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1958)69[947:SOOSGS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p. 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"69","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, P.B.","contributorId":221242,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hadley, J. B.","contributorId":51267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neuman, R. B.","contributorId":83579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamilton, W.","contributorId":46683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70212081,"text":"70212081 - 1958 - The relation of phosphorites to ground water in Beaufort County, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-14T13:59:30.7653","indexId":"70212081","displayToPublicDate":"1958-08-13T12:28:37","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relation of phosphorites to ground water in Beaufort County, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Recent ground-water studies undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the North Carolina Division of Mineral Resources have delineated phosphorite deposits, tentatively regarded as being of middle Miocene age, in Beaufort County. These deposits lie unconforma-bly on limestone of Eocene age and are unconformably overlain by late Miocene marl. The phosphorites, buried beneath strata ranging in thickness from 45 to 250 feet, underlie an area approximating 450 square miles. The total thickness of the phosphorite column throughout the area ranges from several feet to nearly 90 feet.
The phosphorite column consists of phosphatic sands and intercalated shell limestones. The sands, composed of pellets of brown sand-size collophane (probably carbonate-fluorapatite) and sand-size, flat-sided angular quartz with some silt, clay, and organic material, have a median diameter between 0.50 and 0.25 mm. Chemical analyses of representative samples of the raw sand show a variation in PaOs content from 8 to 31 percent. The P2O5 content is apparently proportionate to the collophane content throughout the area. Reconstruction of the geologic history suggests that the phosphorites were deposited as chemical precipitates and as in situ replacements in a restricted marine basin where the pH of the water acted as the primary depositional control.
Reconstruction of the hydrologic history of the phosphorites indicates that the deposits were preserved under artesian conditions; they were never subjected to alteration under water-table conditions. The absence of postpositional alteration makes this area a potentially classic one for studies of phosphorite genesis.
Chemical analyses of artesian waters from the phosphorites and from limestones overlain by phosphorites reveal significantly greater concentrations of iodide and bromide in solution than are present in water from overlying sediments or from underlying limestones not overlain by phosphorites. Such anomalies, if present in other similar terranes, may indicate the presence of buried phosphorites. The depth and size distribution of the material suggest a recovery method utilizing wells constructed to \"pump sand.\"
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.53.1.85","usgsCitation":"Brown, P., 1958, The relation of phosphorites to ground water in Beaufort County, North Carolina: Economic Geology, v. 53, p. 85-101, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.53.1.85.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"101","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377499,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Beaufort","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.8109130859375,\n 35.46514408578589\n ],\n [\n -76.75048828125,\n 35.84008157153468\n ],\n [\n -77.310791015625,\n 35.91129848822746\n ],\n [\n -77.7667236328125,\n 35.78662688467009\n ],\n [\n -77.8436279296875,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -77.3162841796875,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -76.97021484375,\n 35.28150065789119\n ],\n [\n -76.86035156249999,\n 35.40696093270201\n ],\n [\n -77.27783203125,\n 35.594785665487244\n ],\n [\n -77.14599609375,\n 35.60818490437746\n ],\n [\n -76.8109130859375,\n 35.46514408578589\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"53","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1958-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, P.M.","contributorId":46324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70212070,"text":"70212070 - 1958 - Uranium deposits under conglomeratic sandstone of the Morrison Formation, Colorado and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-14T14:05:19.628286","indexId":"70212070","displayToPublicDate":"1958-08-13T11:40:12","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium deposits under conglomeratic sandstone of the Morrison Formation, Colorado and Utah","docAbstract":"In southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, strata of conglomeratic sandstone are localized at the base of the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. These discrete lithologic units contain sedimentary structures oriented in a prevailing easterly direction. They are believed to cover about one-third of the underlying Salt Wash Member in southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, and they locally rest on ore-bearing sandstone in the Salt Wash Member. Eastward-trending planar cross-stratification and trough cross-stratification and a general westward coarsening of sediments in the conglomeratic sandstone strata suggest that they are the products of stream aggradation from westerly source areas. Uranium-vanadium deposits in the uppermost, almost continuous, layer of sandstone of the Salt Wash Member are classified according to their association with the conglomerate strata. Of the 363 deposits studied in the uppermost sandstone layer of the Salt Wash Member, 101 are known to be directly beneath conglomeratic sandstone strata, 211 are below the projected extension of conglomeratic sandstone strata, 33 are beyond the safe limits of such projection, and 18 are lateral to the margins of conglomeratic sandstone strata. At places, near clusters of deposits in the uppermost sandstone of the underlying Salt Wash Member, conglomeratic sandstone strata of the Brushy Basin Member are also mineralized. It is postulated that ground-water movement during deposition of the Morrison Formation in Late Jurassic time localized the uranium and vanadium. The direction of this ground-water movement is believed to have been related to streams that deposited the conglomeratic strata, so that in the ore-bearing sandstone metal ions contained in the ground water were localized in places of high transmissibility and in the vicinity of decaying organic debris. According to the age of the ores, precipitation of the metals was much later than their localization, probably during Late Cretaceous or early Tertiary time.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1958)69[403:UDUCSO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Phoenix, D.A., 1958, Uranium deposits under conglomeratic sandstone of the Morrison Formation, Colorado and Utah: GSA Bulletin, v. 69, no. 4, p. 403-418, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1958)69[403:UDUCSO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"418","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Morrison Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.0830078125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -108.160400390625,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -108.160400390625,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -110.0830078125,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -110.0830078125,\n 37.020098201368114\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phoenix, D. A.","contributorId":92665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phoenix","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70211916,"text":"70211916 - 1958 - Technique for the extraction and partial chemical analysis of fluid-filled inclusions from minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-11T18:54:58.544298","indexId":"70211916","displayToPublicDate":"1958-08-11T13:47:36","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Technique for the extraction and partial chemical analysis of fluid-filled inclusions from minerals","docAbstract":"A method has been developed for the extraction and limited chemical analysis of the materials in solution in the fluid from the very minute fluid-filled inclusions such as commonly occur in whitish or milky quartz. The method may also be applied, with some reservations, to a variety of other minerals. As the amounts of substances in the fluid are small compared with possible contaminants, great care is needed in sample purification and cleaning; an electrolytic method has been found to be the only satisfactory final cleaning step. Following this, the inclusions are opened by ball milling of the cleaned sample, with deionized water, in an alumina ball mill using alumina grinding media. The ions present in the resultant slurry are separated from the ground quartz by electrodialysis and analyzed. Other methods, such as the decrepitation of a sample in an absorption train, are used to estimate the amount of H2O and CO2 in the inclusions. The most significant part of the analytical work has been to determine the ratios between the alkali metals.
The materials in solution in the fluid-filled inclusions from 11 samples of quartz have been analyzed by the ball milling-electrodialysis method. Although there are large differences between samples, the average weights of the alkali metal ions found, for all samples, in milligrams per kilogram of quartz, are: Li+-0.92, Na+-99, K+-133, Rb+-0.45, Cs+-0.38 (atomic ratios, in the same sequence: 0.03/1.00/0.79/0.001/0.0007). In addition, 27 to 193 milligrams of CI\", and 5 to 140 milligrams of SOr were found, per kilogram of quartz. H2O and COa were determined on only one sample. Six of the samples were from gold-quartz veins in the Grass Valley district, California. In these six the Na+/K+ ratios were all very similar, but the amounts of Li+, Rb+ and Cs+ found varied greatly. Although there are serious limitations to this and to all other techniques developed, it is felt that the results presented are sufficiently encouraging to warrant further study and possible application to specific geologic problems, such as the identification of epochs of quartz deposition
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.53.3.235","usgsCitation":"Roedder, E., 1958, Technique for the extraction and partial chemical analysis of fluid-filled inclusions from minerals: Economic Geology, v. 53, no. 3, p. 235-269, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.53.3.235.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":377367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1958-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roedder, Edwin","contributorId":25571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roedder","given":"Edwin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":795801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010451,"text":"70010451 - 1958 - Apparatus and technique for multiple tests by the confined-spot method of colorimetric analysis: Application to field estimation of nickel and copper","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T21:58:14.469974","indexId":"70010451","displayToPublicDate":"1958-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1958","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Apparatus and technique for multiple tests by the confined-spot method of colorimetric analysis: Application to field estimation of nickel and copper","docAbstract":"The confined-spot method of colorimetric analysis is generally applicable to the semiquantitative estimation of traces of ions in solution that form colored precipitates or otherwise alter material on a confined area of reagent paper. For precise results, the rate of flow of test solutions through the reagent paper must be reproduced on successive runs, so that the same proportion of reaction products is collected each time on the confined spot. A simple apparatus gives a controlled rate of flow and makes possible the analysis of many samples at one time with good reproducibility. This apparatus utilizes the increasing pull, resulting from the gradual lowering of the water level in a tank, to draw a sample solution through a confined area of reagent paper at a reproducible rate. Application to the rapid determination of nickel with dimethylglyoxime and of copper with rubeanic acid provides a method for determination of as little as 0.06 γ of nickel and 0.03 γ of copper. The coefficients of variation are 14 and 22%, respectively. This method has wide applicability in more rapid and convenient determination of trace amounts of many metals.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac60136a026","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, J.H., and Stevens, R., 1958, Apparatus and technique for multiple tests by the confined-spot method of colorimetric analysis: Application to field estimation of nickel and copper: Analytical Chemistry, v. 30, no. 4, p. 535-538, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60136a026.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"535","endPage":"538","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec76e4b0c8380cd492ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, J. H. Jr.","contributorId":89947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevens, R.E.","contributorId":62954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":358955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5220683,"text":"5220683 - 1957 - Federal chemist reports on insecticide dangers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:04","indexId":"5220683","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:24","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3440,"text":"South Carolina Wildlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Federal chemist reports on insecticide dangers","docAbstract":"There's been much discussion, and considerable argument, in recent years regarding the effects of crop dusting on game populations. In an attempt to get some of the answers, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been conducting a series of experiments, using captive quail? and pheasants.....By. feeding. specified amounts??of various insecticides, they found how 'much it would take to kill outright all test birds, how much to produce partIal kill, and how much would have relatively little effect. An interesting result? of the experiments was the proof that even non-fatal doses would stunt growth and reduce egg fertility, and that birds were unable to reproduce at all after two generations of exposure to these poisons....Of the cheriricals tested, aldrin and endrin were the most poisonous to the birds. If aldrin were applied at the rate of one pound per acre, each square? foot of ground would have enough poison? to kill two adult quail or 20 two-week-old birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"South Carolina Wildlife","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"DeWitt, J., 1957, Federal chemist reports on insecticide dangers: South Carolina Wildlife, v. 4, no. 4, p. 4-5,.","productDescription":"4-5, and 18","startPage":"4","endPage":"5,","numberOfPages":"-3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5c6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeWitt, J.B.","contributorId":89080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWitt","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":332229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55770,"text":"ofr5751 - 1957 - Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55770,"text":"ofr5751 - 1957 - Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington","indexId":"ofr5751","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2528,"text":"wsp1594A - 1961 - Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington","indexId":"wsp1594A","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2528,"text":"wsp1594A - 1961 - Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington","indexId":"wsp1594A","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-14T18:02:48.018502","indexId":"ofr5751","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-51","title":"Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study made as a part of the cooperative investigation of the ground-water resources of Washington being made by the U. S. Geological Survey and the State Department of Conservation, Division of Water Resources. It describes the factors affecting the feasibility of artificially recharging the basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area with water injected through wells. The study resulted from a request to the Department of Conservation from the city of Walla Wall, but its results will be of interest in areas of similar aquifers throughout the State.
The city of Walla Walla has been considering for several years the possibility of recharging basalt aquifers by introducing water into wells tapping those aquifers. The water-supply system of the city is easily adaptable to such a recharge program. During at least a part of the year water from Mill Creek is available for recharge. Also, one of the wells (city well 3) is only a few feet from the pipeline carrying Mill Creek water to the city's reservoir, so that installation of the required piping and metering equipment would be simple and inexpensive.
Although recharging operations and experiments have been conducted for many years in the United States and abroad, almost all have dealt with sand and gravel aquifers. At a very few places basalt aquifers have been recharged through wells, but so far as is known no controlled tests or experiments have been made to determine the effectiveness of the process and the limitations or controlling factors, in recharging basalt aquifers.
The immediate object of this report is to assemble all pertinent data and to present it in such form that it can be used effectively by officials concerned in making decisions as to the feasibility of a program of groundwater recharge using city well 3 at Walla Walla as an injection well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5751","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington Department of Conservation Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Hart, D., 1957, Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-51, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5751.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174353,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":464033,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Walla Walla","otherGeospatial":"Basalt aquifers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.45388255193643,\n 46.1242008845347\n ],\n [\n -118.45388255193643,\n 46.00139137044201\n ],\n [\n -118.23284543063002,\n 46.00139137044201\n ],\n [\n -118.23284543063002,\n 46.1242008845347\n ],\n [\n -118.45388255193643,\n 46.1242008845347\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbef5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Donald H.","contributorId":73217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Donald H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2998,"text":"wsp1360F - 1957 - Salt water and its relation to fresh ground water in Harris County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-29T14:43:49.165177","indexId":"wsp1360F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1360","chapter":"F","title":"Salt water and its relation to fresh ground water in Harris County, Texas","docAbstract":"Harris County, in the West Gulf Coastal Plain in southeastern Texas, has one of the heaviest concentrations of ground-water withdrawal in the United States. Large quantities of water are pumped to meet the requirements of the rapidly growing population, for industry, and for rice irrigation. The water is pumped from artesian wells which tap a thick series of sands ranging in age from Miocene (?) to Pleistocene.
\nThe water-bearing sands, many of which contained slightly saline water, are interbedded with clays. Subsequent artesian circulation has flushed the sands, probably to the limit determined by the Ghyben-Herzberg principle. The base of the fresh-water sands ranges in depth from about 100 feet over the salt dome near Hockley to more than 3,000 feet in the northeastern part of the county.
\nBefore large-scale ground-water withdrawals were begun, the hydraulic gradient sloped gently toward the coast. Then, as large quantities of water were withdrawn a large cone of depression was established, the hydraulic gradient was reversed, and salt water began to move slowly toward the centers of pumping. The rate of movement of the salt water is very slow and the closest salt water is probably 5 miles from centers of pumping in the deeper sands. However, the threat of salt-water intrusion is present and the rate of advance of the salt water should be watched by means of strategically placed observation wells.
\nOther less probable potential sources of salt-water contamination which are discussed include upward movement of salt water from below, vertical movement around salt domes or along faults, downward seepage from surface sources, and contamination through leaking wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1360F","usgsCitation":"Winslow, A., Doyel, W.W., and Wood, L., 1957, Salt water and its relation to fresh ground water in Harris County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1360, Report: iii, 32 p.; 4 Plates: 31.50 x 20.95 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1360F.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 32 p.; 4 Plates: 31.50 x 20.95 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science 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Allen G.","contributorId":12465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winslow","given":"Allen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Doyel, William Watson","contributorId":74355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyel","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Watson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, L.A.","contributorId":10785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2134,"text":"wsp1460D - 1957 - Ground-water geology of the Bruneau–Grand View area, Owyhee County, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T20:27:04.38033","indexId":"wsp1460D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1460","chapter":"D","title":"Ground-water geology of the Bruneau–Grand View area, Owyhee County, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Bruneau-Grand View area is part of an artesian basin in northern Owyhee \nCounty, Idaho. The area described in this report comprises about 600 square \nmiles, largely of undeveloped public domain, much of which is open, or may be \nopened, for desert-entry filing. Many irrigation-entry applications to the Federal \nGovernment are pending, and information about ground-water geology is needed \nby local citizens and well drillers, by Federal agencies that have custody of the \nland, and by local and State agencies that administer water rights. The areal \ngeology and ground-water conditions in the Bruneau-Grand View area seemingly \ntypify several basins in southwestern Idaho, and this study is a step toward \ndefinition and analysis of regional problems in ground-water geology and the \noccurrence and availability of ground water for irrigation or other large-scale \nuses.
\nOwyhee County is subdivided physiographically into a plateau area, the Owyhee uplift, and the Snake River valley. The Bruneau-Grand View area is largely \nwithin the Snake River valley. The climate is arid and irrigation is essential \nfor stable agricultural development. Nearly all usable indigenous surface water \nin the area is appropriated, including freshet flow in the Bruneau River, which \nis used for power generation at the C. J. Strike Dam. However, with storage \nfacilities additional land could be irrigated, and some land may be irrigated with \nSnake River water if suitable reclamation projects are constructed.
\nSedimentary and igneous rocks exposed in the area range in age from Miocene \nto Recent. The igneous rocks include silicic and basic intrusive and extrusive \nbodies, and the sedimentary rocks are compacted stream and lake sediments. \nThe rocks contain economically important artesian aquifers; the principal ones \nare volcanic rocks in which ground water is imperfectly confined beneath sediments of the Idaho formation, thus forming a leaky artesian system. The altitude \nof the piezometric surface of the artesian water does not exceed about 2,700 \nfeet above mean sea level. In some areas, where the land surface is below \nthat altitude, the artesian system discharges water through springs and seeps \nand locally causes waterlogging and development of alkali soil.
\nIn chemical quality much of the water is unsuitable for irrigation and domestic \nuse. The water contains a relatively moderate amount of dissolved solids, but \nthe percent sodium and the concentration of fluoride are excessive for some \nuses. The quality of the water for irrigation ranges from excellent in the southern part of the artesian system to unsuitable in the northern part. All the \nartesian ground water that was sampled contained excessive amounts of fluoride.
\nThere is a substantial supply of undeveloped artesian water in the area, but\nsustained use of the water for irrigation may not be feasible unless provisions \ncan be made for adequate soil drainage and soil amendment, because of the high \npercentage of sodium in the water. Detailed hydrologic and geologic study of \nthe area should precede development.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the hydrology of the United States, 1956-59","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1460D","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho State Department of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Littleton, R.T., and Crosthwaite, E., 1957, Ground-water geology of the Bruneau–Grand View area, Owyhee County, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1460, iv, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1460D.","productDescription":"iv, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"56","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27735,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1460d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394537,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24389.htm"},{"id":137776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1460d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Owyhee County","otherGeospatial":"Bruneau River, Snake River Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.262,42.757 ], [ -116.262,43.757 ], [ -115.6310,43.757 ], [ -115.6310,42.757 ], [ -116.262,42.757 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Littleton, Robert Thomas","contributorId":87912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Littleton","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosthwaite, E. G.","contributorId":83098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosthwaite","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207233,"text":"70207233 - 1957 - Military geology in the United States sector of the European theater of operations during World War II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-15T13:22:45.024933","indexId":"70207233","displayToPublicDate":"1957-12-31T14:26:56","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Military geology in the United States sector of the European theater of operations during World War II","docAbstract":"Geology, which was of far-reaching importance on the Western Front of World War I, played a less spectacular role during World War II in so far as the United States armies in Europe were concerned. The U. S. Army in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) used geologists in two capacities: (1) to make staff studies at the level of Theater Headquarters, and (2) as officer personnel in a water-supply unit. In the first category, only one group of seven geologists was employed, forming part of the Information Section, Intelligence Division, Office of the Chief Engineer, ETO. The products of this group consisted largely of regional and localized terrain (trafficability) studies that ranged geographically from the Normandy invasion beaches to Czechoslovakia. Problems of water supply, sources of road material, and many other questions of a geologic nature also arose. French geologists collaborated closely with the work of the section. As the campaign progressed, the Military Geology Unit of the U. S. Geological Survey made important contributions to the geologic intelligence of Germany.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[47:MGITUS]2.0.CO;2","issn":"","usgsCitation":"Kaye, C.A., 1957, Military geology in the United States sector of the European theater of operations during World War II: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 68, no. 1, p. 47-54, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[47:MGITUS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"47","endPage":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaye, C. A.","contributorId":6003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaye","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70206840,"text":"70206840 - 1957 - Chapter 22: Environments and facies of existing bays on the central Texas coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-25T07:33:53","indexId":"70206840","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-25T07:26:58","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2711,"text":"Memoir of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chapter 22: Environments and facies of existing bays on the central Texas coast","docAbstract":"The estuaries and neritic waters along the central Texas coast are characterized by broad ranges of environmental factors, providing conditions favorable to temperate organisms in winter and tropical organisms in summer. Dredging in the coastal waters revealed a number of distinct faunal facies, the distribution of which appears to be controlled primarily by salinity. Characteristic assemblages are found in the following areas: closed bays, polyhaline bays, a highly saline lagoon, passes, beaches on the open Gulf, and shallow waters of the open gulf. In the closed bays three subfacies are recognized-one in the bay heads, one on the reefs, and one in the interreef areas; in the open gulf the assemblages living close to shore are differentiated from those found 2-4 miles off shore. In most stations each facies is characterized by an abundance of certain living forms. Dead shells and other skeletal parts are much more widely distributed, but many such strays may be recognized as transported elements by their rarity or by their eroded surfaces. Each group of organisms has one or more centers of maximum development in numbers of species. The Foraminifera, for example, attain their greatest development in the polyhaline bays and near the heads of passes, the ostracodes near the bay heads, mollusks in the polyhaline bays and in the Gulf, and diatoms under normal marine conditions in the Gulf. The reef assemblage of the closed bays is poor in numbers of species, but the individuals are so numerous that they form extensive deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/MEM67V2-p599","issn":" 00721069","usgsCitation":"Ladd, H.S., Hedgpeth, J., and Post, R., 1957, Chapter 22: Environments and facies of existing bays on the central Texas coast: Memoir of the Geological Society of America, v. 67, no. 2, p. 599-640, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM67V2-p599.","productDescription":"42 p. ","startPage":"599","endPage":"640","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369523,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Texas 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\"}}]}","volume":"67","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ladd, H. S.","contributorId":95537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ladd","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hedgpeth, J.W.","contributorId":220860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hedgpeth","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Post, R.J.","contributorId":60696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70216354,"text":"70216354 - 1957 - Eastern and central Montana as a possible source area of uranium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T21:03:58.228527","indexId":"70216354","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-12T14:53:42","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eastern and central Montana as a possible source area of uranium","docAbstract":"Geologic settings in central and eastern Montana and in a few places in southwestern Montana are similar to the settings in areas favorable for the occurrence of uranium deposits. Several areas in Montana seem especially favorable for the occurrence of uranium.The alkalic igneous rock province of central Montana is similar to the one of the Colorado Plateau. On the basis of this analogy, certain areas in Montana, where the lithology and (or) structure are considered favorable for the occurrence of uranium, are suggested for prospecting. Seleniferous plants, similar to those that are uranium indicators on the Colorado Plateau, might be used as an aid in prospecting for uranium provided that the seleniferous shale areas are taken into account.Uranium deposits, similar to those in North and South Dakota, may be found in Cretaceous and Tertiary sandstones, lignites, and low-grade coals of eastern Montana; also, the magnetite-bearing beds of certain Cretaceoussandstones may contain fossil placer deposits of radioactive black minerals. Theoccurrence of uranium in basal conglomerates, quartzites, and sandstones in Africa and Ontario suggests that similar basal sedimentary rocks in central Montana may contain uranium.Many of the radioactivity anomalies in Montana found from the air are closely associated with the Eagle sandstone; others are associated with Precambrian basement rocks, Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary igneous rocks, or sedimentary rocks of Jurassic and Cretaceous age. Glacial cover and lack of outcrops locally may hinder prospecting for uranium.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.52.3.211","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, F.C., 1957, Eastern and central Montana as a possible source area of uranium: Economic Geology, v. 52, no. 3, p. 211-224, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.52.3.211.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"224","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc502288/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":380485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Central and eastern Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.0390625,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -110.0390625,\n 48.980216985374994\n ],\n [\n -116.3671875,\n 49.095452162534826\n ],\n [\n -116.21337890625,\n 48.07807894349862\n ],\n [\n -115.7080078125,\n 47.204642388766935\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 46.5739667965278\n ],\n [\n -114.60937499999999,\n 45.66012730272194\n ],\n [\n -113.90625,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -113.26904296874999,\n 44.26093725039923\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 44.402391829093915\n ],\n [\n -111.09374999999999,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -110.0390625,\n 44.96479793033101\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, Frank Clarkson","contributorId":19559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Clarkson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70221359,"text":"70221359 - 1957 - Thermal waters of volcanic origin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-11T13:23:35.475772","indexId":"70221359","displayToPublicDate":"1957-06-11T08:20:28","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal waters of volcanic origin","docAbstract":"Waters of widely differing chemical compositions have been considered at least in part volcanic in origin, and are commonly associated with each other in the same area. Do any or all of these types contain volcanic components, and if so, how are the different types derived?
To determine the probable characteristics of volcanic waters, the writer has selected hot-spring groups that are particularly high in temperature and associated heat flow, are associated with late Tertiary or Quaternary volcanism, and are therefore most likely to contain some water and chemical components of direct volcanic origin. Of the different types of water that occur in these groups, one of the most common is characterized chemically by a dominance of sodium chloride.
Isotopic evidence indicates that the contribution of water of direct volcanic origin is not large and is probably no more than 5 per cent in typical sodium-chloride springs.
The compositions of volcanic waters are believed to be determined by: [1] type of magma and stage of crystallization; [2] temperature and pressure of the emanation at different stages during and after departure from the magma; [3] chemical composition, relative quantity, and depth of penetration of mixing meteoric water and water of other origin; and [4] reactions with wall rocks. Although the type of magma and its stage of crystallization are of major interest and have been emphasized in the past, the outstanding characteristics of volcanic emanations at and near the surface of the earth seem to be controlled for the most part by the other factors.
Nonvolatile compounds are slightly to highly soluble in steam at high pressure, and high-density steam has solvent properties similar to those of liquid water. In the volcanic sodium-chloride waters, the high ratio of lithium to sodium and potassium is shown to indicate that alkalies were transported as alkali halides dissolved in a dense vapor. This in turn demands a deep circulation of meteoric water for steam to condense at high pressure and for the halides to remain in solution. The depth of circulation of meteoric water in the sodium-chloride spring systems is believed to be in the order of 2 miles. Where circulation of meteoric water is shallow, the vapors rise and expand at low pressure, which does not permit transport of substances of low volatility; some type of water other than the sodium-chloride type is formed. The common volcanic sodium-chloride waters are therefore concluded to be the diluted product of high-density emanations, modified by reactions with wall rocks and by precipitation of the less soluble components.
Emanations at high temperature and relatively low pressure consist almost entirely of steam and volatile components. Their compositions are therefore relatively simple, and their ability to transport matter of low volatility is very limited.
The sodium-chloride type is probably gradational into acid-sulfate-chloride waters. There is some evidence that, under conditions not well understood, sulfur may be emitted as SO2, SO3, or other sulfur species of intermediate valence, rather than as H2S or S. Other major types of volcanic waters are called sodium bicarbonate, acid sulfate, and calcium bicarbonate; the first two tend to be distinct, but the calcium-bicarbonate type clearly grades into the sodium-chloride type. The writer concludes that, in general, all these are derived from the sodium-chloride waters as a result of physical environment or of reactions with wall rocks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1637:TWOVO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., 1957, Thermal waters of volcanic origin: GSA Bulletin, v. 68, no. 12, p. 1637-1658, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1637:TWOVO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1637","endPage":"1658","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":386422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald E.","contributorId":76787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":817420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010798,"text":"70010798 - 1957 - Systematic variation of rare-earth elements in cerium-earth minerals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T17:58:43.969092","indexId":"70010798","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Systematic variation of rare-earth elements in cerium-earth minerals","docAbstract":"In a continuation of a study reported previously, rare-earth elements and thorium have been determined in monazite, allanite, cerite, bastnaesite, and a number of miscellaneous cerium-earth minerals. A quantity called sigma (∑), which is the sum of the atomic percentages of La, Ce, and Pr, is proposed as an index of composition of all cerium-earth minerals with respect to the rare-earth elements. The value of ∑ for all of the minerals analysed falls between 58 and 92 atomic per cent. Monazites, allanites, and cerites cover the entire observed range, whereas bastnaesites are sharply restricted to the range between 80 and 92 atomic per cent.
The minimum value of ∑ for a cerium-earth mineral corresponds to the smallest possible unit-cell size of the mineral. In monazite, this structurally controlled minimum value of ∑ is estimated to be around 30 atomic per cent. Neodymium, because of its abundance, and yttrium, because of its small size, have dominant roles in contraction of the structure. In the other direction, the limit of variation in composition will be reached when lanthanum becomes the sole rare-earth element in a cerium-earth mineral.
Cerium-earth minerals from alkalic rocks are all characterized by values of ∑ greater than 80 atomic per cent, indicating that the processes that formed these rocks were unusually efficient in fractionating the rare-earth elements—efficient in the sense that a highly selected assemblage is produced without eliminating the bulk of these elements.
Analyses of inner and outer parts of two large crystals of monazite from different deposits show no difference in ∑ in one crystal and a slightly smaller value of ∑ in the outer part of the other crystal compared to the inner part. The ∑ of monazites from pegmatites that intrude genetically related granitic rocks in North Carolina is found to be either higher or lower than the ∑ of monazites in the intruded host rock. These results indicate that the fractionation of the rare-earth elements is not a simple unidirectional process.
When a cerium-earth mineral undergoes replacement, its rare-earth elements may be fractionated into two parts, one forming a new mineral with ∑ that is smaller, and the other a second new mineral with ∑ that is larger than that of the original mineral.
The complete analysis of a cerium-earth mineral to determine its ∑ is time consuming. The discovery of a direct relationship between ∑ and the Ce/(Nd + Y) atomic ratio in cerium earth minerals allows a rapid determination of ∑ from spectrograms obtained in a previously described method for determining thorium in these minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(57)90077-7","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Murata, K.J., Rose, H.J., Carron, M.K., and Glass, J., 1957, Systematic variation of rare-earth elements in cerium-earth minerals: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 11, no. 3, p. 141-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(57)90077-7.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba371e4b08c986b31fcdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murata, K. J.","contributorId":18759,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murata","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rose, H. J. Jr.","contributorId":79465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carron, M. K.","contributorId":59492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carron","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Glass, J.J.","contributorId":75621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glass","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000374,"text":"1000374 - 1957 - Evolution and distribution of the coregonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T14:37:27","indexId":"1000374","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2543,"text":"Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution and distribution of the coregonids","docAbstract":"Increased knowledge of the morphological and physiological plasticity of the coregonids has minimized the significance of conflicting morphological data that have retarded the development of an evolutionary theory. Of the four phyletic lines recognized through worldwide studies,Coregonus originated in the lake and stream area of northwest Eurasia, Stenodus andProsopium evolved in the rivers of Siberia and northwest America respectively, and Leucichthysbecame differentiated in the lake-studded area of northeast America. Isolation and range extension were facilitated by events of the Pleistocene epoch. Inter-continental exchange most likely took place in the Bering Strait region. Representatives of each group in its area of origin are highly variable. Range extensions of each group are characterized by lesser morphological variability and at the extremes only one or two relatively stable species remain.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/f57-018","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.H., 1957, Evolution and distribution of the coregonids: Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, v. 14, no. 4, p. 599-604, https://doi.org/10.1139/f57-018.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"599","endPage":"604","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f975c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70195913,"text":"70195913 - 1957 - On the postglacial history of the Devils Lake Region, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:12:57","indexId":"70195913","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3566,"text":"The Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the postglacial history of the Devils Lake Region, North Dakota","docAbstract":"Devils and Stump lakes in eastern North Dakota have been diminishing in area more or less continuously since the land around them was settled in the 1880's. Desiccations similar to the current one have occurred at least once and possibly two or more times in the past and are indicated directly and indirectly by tree stumps recently uncovered as the lake water receded and by lacustrine deposits containing buried soils and vertebrate remains. The lake levels seem to respond in a very sensitive manner to slight climatic changes. Probably the present desiccation and certainly the ones in the past are the result of changes toward a drier and warmer climate. The first may have been synchronous with the Thermal Maximum. A high abandoned strand line and associated lacustrine deposits containing buried soils and vertebrate remains indicate at least one period in the postglacial past, possibly following the Thermal Maximum, that was wetter and cooler than the present. A second desiccation, more definitely established and based on the radiocarbon dating of a tree stump, occurred less than 700 years ago, possibly during the sixteenth century.
","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/626442","usgsCitation":"Aronow, S., 1957, On the postglacial history of the Devils Lake Region, North Dakota: The Journal of Geology, v. 65, no. 4, p. 410-427, https://doi.org/10.1086/626442.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"427","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Devils Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.3109130859375,\n 47.74486433470359\n ],\n [\n -98.30841064453125,\n 47.74486433470359\n ],\n [\n -98.30841064453125,\n 48.37723330604312\n ],\n [\n -99.3109130859375,\n 48.37723330604312\n ],\n [\n -99.3109130859375,\n 47.74486433470359\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff669ae4b0da30c1bfe15d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aronow, Saul","contributorId":59509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aronow","given":"Saul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222761,"text":"5222761 - 1956 - Fifty-sixth Christmas Bird Count. 147. Southern Dorchester County, Md","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:56","indexId":"5222761","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:24","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":935,"text":"Audubon Field Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fifty-sixth Christmas Bird Count. 147. Southern Dorchester County, Md","docAbstract":"Summary and Recommendations: We suggest that managers are approaching the limits of their ability to improve waterfowl harvest management, primarily because the information needed to make better decisions is being sacrificed by the current approach to setting regulations. We propose an actively adaptive management strategy in which regulatory decisions play a dominant role in reducing uncertainty about population dynamics. The proposed strategy recognizes 'value' in acquiring knowledge only to the extent that it contributes to the objective of optimizing harvests. To implement this strategy, managers will need: (1) a set of regulatory options, with possible constraints on their use; (2) quantifiable harvest management objectives; (3) a set of models that represent an array of meaningful hypotheses about the effects of regulations on populations; and (4) a measure of credibility (or likelihood) for each model, which can be updated regularly using information from waterfowl monitoring programs. Adaptive optimization is an iterative process in which the harvest-management policy converges over time to one that maximizes harvest under the most appropriate model. At each time step, an optimal regulatory decision is identified based on the state of the system and the model likelihoods. In the next time step, predicted population changes from the alternative models are compared with the actual changes provided by the monitoring program, The likelihoods are increased or decreased to the extent that predicted and actual population changes correspond. These updated likelihoods then are used in setting regulations in the next cycle and the process begins again. This iterative process produces the most informative regulations when uncertainty is prevalent and produces maximum sustainable yields as uncertainty is eliminated. We see no major obstacles to implementing this adaptive strategy, although there are a number of practical considerations. First and foremost, managers should assess the 'value' of learning. Only when there is a high degree of uncertainty about the effects of hunting regulations on population dynamics will the merit of our proposed strategy be evident. We suggest that this almost always will be true given our current understanding of the relationship between annual regulations, survival and population growth in waterfowl. Nonetheless, careful consideration should be given to formulating the set of alternative models. There is no value in distinguishing between models which differ in their mathematical formulation or biological realism, but which suggest similar harvest strategies. We suspect that 'mechanistic' models (i.e., those that attempt to capture the essence of biological processes) will make better candidates for model sets than so-called 'phenomenological' models. Assuming that all model sets include a good approximation of reality, learning rates will be dependent on the quality of monitoring programs. Fortunately, a variety of high-quality monitoring plans for many duck and goose populations of North America, when used with our adaptive approach, should provide new knowledge about population dynamics and response to hunting, and, thus, lead to improved management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Audubon Field Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"4437_Johnson.pdf","usgsCitation":"Johnson, F., Williams, B.K., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Kendall, W., Smith, G., and Caithamer, D.F., 1956, Fifty-sixth Christmas Bird Count. 147. Southern Dorchester County, Md: Audubon Field Notes, v. 10, no. 2, p. 565-583.","productDescription":"112-113","startPage":"565","endPage":"583","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f48ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Fred A.","contributorId":93863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Fred A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":337070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, G.W.","contributorId":6561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Caithamer, David F.","contributorId":24888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caithamer","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5224530,"text":"5224530 - 1956 - Fifty-sixth Christmas Bird Count. 147. Southern Dorchester County, Md","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5224530","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:13:24","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":935,"text":"Audubon Field Notes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fifty-sixth Christmas Bird Count. 147. Southern Dorchester County, Md","docAbstract":"Summary and Recommendations: We suggest that managers are approaching the limits of their ability to improve waterfowl harvest management, primarily because the information needed to make better decisions is being sacrificed by the current approach to setting regulations. We propose an actively adaptive management strategy in which regulatory decisions play a dominant role in reducing uncertainty about population dynamics. The proposed strategy recognizes 'value' in acquiring knowledge only to the extent that it contributes to the objective of optimizing harvests. To implement this strategy, managers will need: (1) a set of regulatory options, with possible constraints on their use; (2) quantifiable harvest management objectives; (3) a set of models that represent an array of meaningful hypotheses about the effects of regulations on populations; and (4) a measure of credibility (or likelihood) for each model, which can be updated regularly using information from waterfowl monitoring programs. Adaptive optimization is an iterative process in which the harvest-management policy converges over time to one that maximizes harvest under the most appropriate model. At each time step, an optimal regulatory decision is identified based on the state of the system and the model likelihoods. In the next time step, predicted population changes from the alternative models are compared with the actual changes provided by the monitoring program, The likelihoods are increased or decreased to the extent that predicted and actual population changes correspond. These updated likelihoods then are used in setting regulations in the next cycle and the process begins again. This iterative process produces the most informative regulations when uncertainty is prevalent and produces maximum sustainable yields as uncertainty is eliminated. We see no major obstacles to implementing this adaptive strategy, although there are a number of practical considerations. First and foremost, managers should assess the 'value' of learning. Only when there is a high degree of uncertainty about the effects of hunting regulations on population dynamics will the merit of our proposed strategy be evident. We suggest that this almost always will be true given our current understanding of the relationship between annual regulations, survival and population growth in waterfowl. Nonetheless, careful consideration should be given to formulating the set of alternative models. There is no value in distinguishing between models which differ in their mathematical formulation or biological realism, but which suggest similar harvest strategies. We suspect that 'mechanistic' models (i.e., those that attempt to capture the essence of biological processes) will make better candidates for model sets than so-called 'phenomenological' models. Assuming that all model sets include a good approximation of reality, learning rates will be dependent on the quality of monitoring programs. Fortunately, a variety of high-quality monitoring plans for many duck and goose populations of North America, when used with our adaptive approach, should provide new knowledge about population dynamics and response to hunting, and, thus, lead to improved management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Audubon Field Notes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., 1956, Fifty-sixth Christmas Bird Count. 147. Southern Dorchester County, Md: Audubon Field Notes, v. 10, no. 2, p. 112-113.","startPage":"112","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f48f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":341936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}