For 5 years we used seawater tolerance tests (seawater challenges) to identify smolts, and tunnel fish counters to record the time of migration, of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar that volitionally left holding ponds on the Merrimack River near Litchfield, New Hampshire. We compared timing of Atlantic salmon movements with environmental conditions and blood composition of migrating and nonmigrating fish. None of the pan from the Nashua National Fish Hatchery (NFH) tested in seawater in 1984–1986 and from the North Attleboro NFH tested in 1987–1988 smoltified in the ponds. Yet, smolts were seemingly produced because 50 of 135 Atlantic salmon with radio transmitters from these ponds were traced to the ocean, and 9 of the 20,680 Atlantic salmon marked in 1984 from Litchfield subsequently returned to spawn. In all years except 1987, we forced Atlantic salmon out of the ponds by mid‐May because of high water temperatures. In 1987, all Atlantic salmon from the North Attleboro NFH left the smolt‐holding ponds by April 10. Only 25% of these fish that were caught in the river passed a seawater tolerance test. In 1988, seawater tolerance tests revealed that salmon held at the North Attleboro NFH smoltified in May after fish in the Litchfield ponds had either been forced out or emigrated. Rearing at a constant temperature in the hatchery may have delayed the time of smoltification. Peak migrations were associated with periods of sustained rising temperatures, river flow, and turbidity. Volitional migration occurred before smoltification was detectable and may be the best predictor of smoltification's early stages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0238:VMOASF>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rottenborn, S., and Redell, L.A., 1993, Volitional migration of Atlantic salmon from seasonal holding ponds: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 13, no. 2, p. 238-252, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0238:VMOASF>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"238","endPage":"252","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","city":"Litchfield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.48135420892515,\n 42.84867784316805\n ],\n [\n -71.48135420892515,\n 42.83803570209491\n ],\n [\n -71.47370405217802,\n 42.83803570209491\n ],\n [\n -71.47370405217802,\n 42.84867784316805\n ],\n [\n -71.48135420892515,\n 42.84867784316805\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd6ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rottenborn, S.","contributorId":173355,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rottenborn","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Redell, Lori A.","contributorId":66204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redell","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014865,"text":"1014865 - 1993 - Genetic comparison of naturally spawned and artificially propagated Lake Ontario lake trout fry: Evaluation of a stocking strategy for species rehabilitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:43:26.75253","indexId":"1014865","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic comparison of naturally spawned and artificially propagated Lake Ontario lake trout fry: Evaluation of a stocking strategy for species rehabilitation","docAbstract":"Two strategies have been used in the effort to restore lake trout Salvelinus namaycush to Lake Ontario. First, lake trout strains from multiple wild and hatchery sources have been stocked to maximize genetic variability in the lake, Second, a unique hatchery “strain” of fish to be stocked was created each year with gametes collected from adult, hatchery‐origin fish that had survived to maturity after being stocked into Lake Ontario. Several hatchery strains may be represented among the adults captured and used to propagate this unique strain, termed the “Ontario strain.” The “Ontario strain” may have a genetically based potential for enhanced survival over other strains stocked in Lake Ontario because it is composed of the progeny of fish that have survived from the yearling to the adult life stage, Unlike naturally spawned fish, however, the “Ontario strain” has been shielded from natural selection during the critical period of mortality from spawning through the first year of life, The purpose of this study was to determine whether the “Ontario strain” was genetically representative of the wild fry produced in the lake, We examined the strain composition of three year‐classes of wild‐caught fry and six year‐classes of the “Ontario strain” using allozyme data with mixed‐stock analysis. The hatchery and wild fry were genetically dissimilar. In addition, the composition of the “Ontario strain” changed from predominantly Seneca strain in 1983–1984 to predominantly Superior and Killala strains from 1983 to 1989. Mixed‐stock estimates indicated that in contrast to the hatchery‐reared fry, strain composition of wildcaught fry did not vary greatly from year to year. Progeny of Seneca × Seneca crosses were the predominant fry in the three year‐classes of wild fry. The genetic dissimilarity between the “Ontario strain” fry and wild‐caught fry could be caused by differential mortality among the wild fry between spawning and fry emergence or by differential vulnerability of strains to the gill‐net sampling used to capture adults for gamete collection. Based on these results, the development of a new hatchery brood stock from wild‐caught fry is recommended as an alternative to the collection and propagation of gametes from mature hatchery‐origin lake trout. In addition, the composition of the hatchery strains stocked should be altered to emphasize those strains that reproduce successfully. Both options should be considered in order to speed the rehabilitation process.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0304:GCONSA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Marsden, J., Krueger, C., Grewe, P., Kincaid, H.L., and May, B., 1993, Genetic comparison of naturally spawned and artificially propagated Lake Ontario lake trout fry: Evaluation of a stocking strategy for species rehabilitation: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 13, no. 2, p. 304-317, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0304:GCONSA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"304","endPage":"317","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132247,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.08986947846789,\n 43.99250984840501\n ],\n [\n -80.08986947846789,\n 43.201631091155036\n ],\n [\n -76.1485199223664,\n 43.201631091155036\n ],\n [\n -76.1485199223664,\n 43.99250984840501\n ],\n [\n -80.08986947846789,\n 43.99250984840501\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb79","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsden, J.E.","contributorId":97454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsden","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grewe, P.M.","contributorId":51242,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grewe","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"May, B.","contributorId":19112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186658,"text":"70186658 - 1993 - Mesozoic geology of Mt. Jura, northern Sierra Nevada, California; a progress report. ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T15:01:49","indexId":"70186658","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mesozoic geology of Mt. Jura, northern Sierra Nevada, California; a progress report. ","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mesozoic paleogeographyof the Western United States","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists","usgsCitation":"Hardwood, D., 1993, Mesozoic geology of Mt. Jura, northern Sierra Nevada, California; a progress report. , chap. of Mesozoic paleogeographyof the Western United States, p. 263-274.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"263","endPage":"274","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75408e4b09da6799c0c98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardwood, D.S.","contributorId":190648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hardwood","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185434,"text":"70185434 - 1993 - Sampling colloids and colloid-associated contaminants in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T15:54:16.97309","indexId":"70185434","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling colloids and colloid-associated contaminants in ground water","docAbstract":"It has recently been recognized that mobile colloids may affect the transport of contaminants in ground water. To determine the significance of this process, knowledge of both the total mobile load (dissolved + colloid-associated) and the dissolved concentration of a ground-water contaminant must be obtained. Additional information regarding mobile colloid characteristics and concentrations are required to predict accurately the fate and effects of contaminants at sites where significant quantities of colloids are found. To obtain this information, a sampling scheme has been designed and refined to collect mobile colloids while avoiding the inclusion of normally immobile subsurface and well-derived solids. The effectiveness of this sampling protocol was evaluated at a number of contaminated and pristine sites.
The sampling results indicated that slow, prolonged pumping of ground water is much more effective at obtaining ground-water samples that represent in situ colloid populations than bailing. Bailed samples from a coal tar-contaminated site contained 10–100 times greater colloid concentrations and up to 750 times greater polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations as were detected in slowly pumped samples. The sampling results also indicated that ground-water colloid concentrations should be monitored in the field to determine the adequacy of purging if colloid and colloid-associated contaminants are of interest. To avoid changes in the natural ground-water colloid population through precipitation or coagulation, in situ ground-water chemistry conditions must be preserved during sampling and storage. Samples collected for determination of the total mobile load of colloids and low-solubility contaminants must not be filtered because some mobile colloids are removed by this process. Finally, suggestions that mobile colloids are present in ground water at any particular site should be corroborated with auxiliary data, such as colloid levels in “background” wells, colloid-size distributions, ground-water geochemistry, and colloid surface characteristics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01849.x","usgsCitation":"Backhus, D.A., Ryan, J.N., Groher, D.M., MacFarlane, J.K., and Gschwend, P.M., 1993, Sampling colloids and colloid-associated contaminants in ground water: Groundwater, v. 31, no. 3, p. 466-479, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01849.x.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"466","endPage":"479","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338024,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, New 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M.","contributorId":189652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groher","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacFarlane, John K.","contributorId":189653,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacFarlane","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gschwend, Philip M.","contributorId":189502,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gschwend","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70186629,"text":"70186629 - 1993 - Seismic refraction survey of an alluvial aquifer within Rapid City,·South Dakota, using a shotgun as an energy source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T11:58:59","indexId":"70186629","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seismic refraction survey of an alluvial aquifer within Rapid City,·South Dakota, using a shotgun as an energy source","docAbstract":"No abstract available
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the seventh national outdoor action conference and exposition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Seventh national outdoor action conference and exposition","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Greene, E., 1993, Seismic refraction survey of an alluvial aquifer within Rapid City,·South Dakota, using a shotgun as an energy source, in Proceedings of the seventh national outdoor action conference and exposition, p. 339-348.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"348","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","city":"Rapid City ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 43.906797777763856\n ],\n [\n -102.97622680664062,\n 43.906797777763856\n ],\n [\n -102.97622680664062,\n 44.17530978512216\n ],\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 44.17530978512216\n ],\n [\n -103.36212158203125,\n 43.906797777763856\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e75408e4b09da6799c0c9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greene, E.A.","contributorId":75575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1014698,"text":"1014698 - 1993 - Preservation of genetic variation in the Green Lake strain lake trout derived from remnant domestic and feral populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-28T15:58:44.73092","indexId":"1014698","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preservation of genetic variation in the Green Lake strain lake trout derived from remnant domestic and feral populations","docAbstract":"The Green Lake, Wisconsin, strain of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush was discontinued as a hatchery brood stock in 1976 after Lake Michigan was stocked with the 1975 year‐class. In 1982, a decision was made to restore the Green Lake strain as a production brood stock. Five groups were produced by spawning marked fish that were survivors from the 1976 stocking of southern Lake Michigan. A sixth group was produced from a remnant of the Green Lake brood stock held at the Genoa (Wisconsin) National Fish Hatchery. Hatchery accidents reduced both the number of groups and the effective population number of each group. We studied a procedure for reconstructing a composite Green Lake brood stock from individuals of these six groups. Genetic variability was evaluated by allozyme electrophoresis in five of these groups. Twelve of 18 loci were polymorphic. Allelic frequencies were similar in all five groups; however, significant differences occurred in nine systems. Heterozygosity level (mean ± SE) was lowest in the domestic group (0.119 ± 0.043) and ranged from 0.139 ± 0.043 to 0.166 ± 0.052 in the feral groups. Cluster analysis of genetic distances grouped the four feral groups together, but separate from the domestic group. Progeny from fish captured on Black Can Reef, Lake Michigan, in 1986 and 1988 were the most similar. A modified diallel mating design was developed to produce a composite brood stock from remnant feral and domestic fish. Pooled families from 1991 and 1992 diallel matings will be reared to maturity, then reciprocal crosses of the two year‐classes will be made to form the new composite Green Lake brood stock.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0318:POGVIT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kincaid, H.L., Krueger, C., and May, B., 1993, Preservation of genetic variation in the Green Lake strain lake trout derived from remnant domestic and feral populations: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 13, no. 2, p. 318-325, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1993)013<0318:POGVIT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"318","endPage":"325","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Green Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.11180974482147,\n 43.84632573589013\n ],\n [\n -89.11180974482147,\n 43.759123926794956\n ],\n [\n -88.89116443158387,\n 43.759123926794956\n ],\n [\n -88.89116443158387,\n 43.84632573589013\n ],\n [\n -89.11180974482147,\n 43.84632573589013\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668fdd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"May, B.","contributorId":19112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185458,"text":"70185458 - 1993 - Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-17T10:28:45","indexId":"70185458","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland","docAbstract":"Eddy correlation measurements of sensible and latent heat flux are used with measurements of net radiation, soil heat flux, and other micrometeorological variables to develop the Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for use in a sparsely vegetated, semiarid rangeland. The Penman-Monteith model, a one-component model designed for use with dense crops, is not sufficiently accurate (r2 = 0.56 for hourly data and r2 = 0.60 for daily data). The Shuttleworth-Wallace model, a two-component logical extension of the Penman-Monteith model for use with sparse crops, performs significantly better (r2 = 0.78 for hourly data and r2 = 0.85 for daily data). The modified Priestley-Taylor model, a one-component simplified form of the Penman potential evapotranspiration model, surprisingly performs as well as the Shuttle worth-Wallace model. The rigorous Shuttleworth-Wallace model predicts that about one quarter of the vapor flux to the atmosphere is from bare-soil evaporation. Further, during daylight hours, the small leaves are sinks for sensible heat produced at the hot soil surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93WR00333","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., 1993, Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 5, p. 1379-1392, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00333.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1379","endPage":"1392","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338048,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d5ee4b0236b68f98f3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70187630,"text":"70187630 - 1993 - The use of NOAA AVHRR data for assessment of the urban heat sland effect","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T10:45:20","indexId":"70187630","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5202,"text":"Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology","onlineIssn":"1558-8432","printIssn":"1558-8424","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of NOAA AVHRR data for assessment of the urban heat sland effect","docAbstract":"A vegetation index and a radiative surface temperature were derived from satellite data acquired at approximately 1330 LST for each of 37 cities and for their respective nearby rural regions from 28 June through 8 August 1991. Urbanrural differences for the vegetation index and the surface temperatures were computed and then compared to observed urbanrural differences in minimum air temperatures. The purpose of these comparisons was to evaluate the use of satellite data to assess the influence of the urban environment on observed minimum air temperatures (the urban heat island effect). The temporal consistency of the data, from daily data to weekly, biweekly, and monthly intervals, was also evaluated. The satellite-derived normalized difference (ND) vegetation-index data, sampled over urban and rural regions composed of a variety of land surface environments, were linearly related to the difference in observed urban and rural minimum temperatures. The relationship between the ND index and observed differences in minimum temperature was improved when analyses were restricted by elevation differences between the sample locations and when biweekly or monthly intervals were utilized. The difference in the ND index between urban and rural regions appears to be an indicator of the difference in surface properties (evaporation and heat storage capacity) between the two environments that are responsible for differences in urban and rural minimum temperatures. The urban and rural differences in the ND index explain a greater amount of the variation observed in minimum temperature differences than past analyses that utilized urban population data. The use of satellite data may contribute to a globally consistent method for analysis of urban heat island bias.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0899:TUONAD>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gallo, K.P., McNab, A.L., Karl, T.R., Brown, J.F., Hood, J.J., and Tarpley, J., 1993, The use of NOAA AVHRR data for assessment of the urban heat sland effect: Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, v. 32, p. 899-908, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0899:TUONAD>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"899","endPage":"908","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0899:tuonad>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":341113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591570cfe4b01a342e691423","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallo, K. P.","contributorId":86527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallo","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McNab, A. L.","contributorId":191898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McNab","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karl, Thomas R.","contributorId":191899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karl","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Jesslyn F. 0000-0002-9976-1998 jfbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-1998","contributorId":3241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Jesslyn","email":"jfbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":694842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hood, J. J.","contributorId":191900,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hood","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tarpley, J.D.","contributorId":57373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarpley","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70197158,"text":"70197158 - 1993 - Broad trends in geomagnetic paleointensity on Hawaii during Holocene time","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T13:43:00","indexId":"70197158","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Broad trends in geomagnetic paleointensity on Hawaii during Holocene time","docAbstract":"Paleointensity determinations have been obtained from 22 basaltic lava flows on the island of Hawaii using the Thelliers' method. Radiocarbon dating indicates that these flows erupted at intervals ranging from about 200 to 1000 years, and results of the experiments provide an estimate of broad trends in geomagnetic paleointensity during Holocene time in the vicinity of Hawaii. Most of the samples were obtained from quickly cooled flow margins and, as a consequence, typically contain two titanomagnetite populations. Only two of the 79 samples analyzed failed to yield an estimate of the paleofield, demonstrating that paleointensities can be obtained from such samples if carefully selected. Virtual dipole moments calculated for the flows are compared with a published curve of dipole field intensity that was constructed using worldwide archeomagnetic data. The large nondipole fields that were previously postulated for the vicinity of Hawaii are confirmed, and the present data indicate that they were present from about 5000 years B.P. to perhaps as recently as the past 200 years. The data indicate, however, that these nondipole sources must have been virtually absent between about 12,000 and 5000 years B.P. as they are at the present time.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/93JB00024","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., and Champion, D.E., 1993, Broad trends in geomagnetic paleointensity on Hawaii during Holocene time: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B5, p. 7959-7976, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB00024.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"7959","endPage":"7976","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354325,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","volume":"98","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff25b0e4b0da30c1bfd6e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70180467,"text":"70180467 - 1993 - Determination of buoyant density and sensitivity to chloroform and freon for the etiological agent of infectious salmonid anaemia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-30T14:35:48","indexId":"70180467","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1396,"text":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determination of buoyant density and sensitivity to chloroform and freon for the etiological agent of infectious salmonid anaemia","docAbstract":"Plasma was collected from Atlantic salmon Salrno salar with acute infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) and used to challenge Atlantic salmon parr by intraperitoneal injection. Treatment of plasma with the lipid solvent, chloroform, showed that the etiological agent of ISA contained essential lipids, probably as a viral envelope. Some infectivity remained following treatment with freon. Injection challenges using fractions from equilibrium density gradient centrifugation of plasma from fish with acute ISA revealed a band of infectivity in the range 1.184 to 1.262 g cm-3. The band was believed to conta~n both complete ISA-virus particles and infectious particles lacking a complete envelope, nucleocapsid or genome. Density gradient centrifugation of infectious plasma for enrichment of the putative ISA virus appeared to offer a suitable method for obtaining virus-specific nucleic acid for use in the construction of cDNA libraries.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao015225","usgsCitation":"Christie, K., Hjeltnes, B., Uglenes, I., and Winton, J., 1993, Determination of buoyant density and sensitivity to chloroform and freon for the etiological agent of infectious salmonid anaemia: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 15, p. 225-228, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao015225.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"225","endPage":"228","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488583,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao015225","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":334368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905efae4b072a7ac0cada3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christie, K.E.","contributorId":178944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christie","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hjeltnes, B.","contributorId":178945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hjeltnes","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Uglenes, I.","contributorId":178946,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uglenes","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70127890,"text":"70127890 - 1993 - Dynamic land surface/atmospheric parameterization at different spatial scales in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:52:07","indexId":"70127890","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-22T10:52:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Dynamic land surface/atmospheric parameterization at different spatial scales in the Colorado Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Workshop on the Use of Hydrological Models for Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Change in Snowmelt Water Supply Basins","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of Workshop on the Use of Hydrological Models for Evaluating the Impacts of Climate Change in Snowmelt Water Supply Basins","conferenceDate":"1993-04-20T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Santa Fe, NM","language":"English","publisher":"Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security","publisherLocation":"Oakland, CA","usgsCitation":"Baron, J., Pielke, R., Parton, B., Band, L., and Running, S., 1993, Dynamic land surface/atmospheric parameterization at different spatial scales in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":294783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountains","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e694be4b092f17df5a7b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.","contributorId":34064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parton, B.","contributorId":69905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Band, L.","contributorId":75460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Band","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":52505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Running","given":"S. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017433,"text":"70017433 - 1993 - Last interglacial in Devils Hole","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-28T15:09:07.517242","indexId":"70017433","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Last interglacial in Devils Hole","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/362596a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., Simmons, K.R., Winograd, I., Szabo, B.J., Landwehr, J., and Riggs, A., 1993, Last interglacial in Devils Hole: Nature, v. 362, no. 6421, p. 596-596, https://doi.org/10.1038/362596a0.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"596","endPage":"596","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488524,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/362596a0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":228841,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Devils Hole","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.29192689572248,\n 36.425837766852396\n ],\n [\n -116.29192689572248,\n 36.424879531058465\n ],\n [\n -116.29088619862439,\n 36.424879531058465\n ],\n [\n -116.29088619862439,\n 36.425837766852396\n ],\n [\n -116.29192689572248,\n 36.425837766852396\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"362","issue":"6421","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44bce4b0c8380cd66d31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":376443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simmons, K. R.","contributorId":68771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winograd, I.J.","contributorId":10408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Landwehr, J.M.","contributorId":39815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landwehr","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Riggs, A.C.","contributorId":41462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70243450,"text":"70243450 - 1993 - Paleoseismology along the 1980 surface rupture of the Irpinia Fault: Implications for earthquake recurrence in the southern Apennines, Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-10T18:11:52.72877","indexId":"70243450","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-10T12:35:45","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismology along the 1980 surface rupture of the Irpinia Fault: Implications for earthquake recurrence in the southern Apennines, Italy","docAbstract":"The Irpinia fault was the source of the Ms 6.9 1980 Irpinia earthquake and produced the first unequivocal historical surface faulting in Italy. Trenching of the 1980 fault scarp at Piano di Pecore, a flat intermontane basin about 5 km south of the 1980 instrumental epicenter, provides the first data on earthquake recurrence intervals, slip per event, and slip rate on a major normal fault in the Southern Apennines fault zone. The trenches exposed evidence of four pre-1980 paleoearthquakes that occurred during the past 8600 years. A best estimate average recurrence interval is 2150 years, although the time interval between individual events varies by as much as a factor of 2. Each paleo earthquake is similar to the 1980 surface rupture in amount of slip and style of deformation, which suggests that the 1980 event is characteristic for the Irpinia fault. Slip per event values average 61 cm. The net vertical displacement of 2.12–2.36 m since 8600 cal year B.P. observed in the trenches gives a vertical slip rate of 0.25–0.35 mm/yr, a dip slip rate of 0.29–0.40 mm/yr, and an extension rate of 0.14–0.20 mm/yr. Although fault behavior data are only available for the Irpinia fault they provide a starting point for evaluating earthquake recurrence and rates of deformation in southern Apennines. They suggest that (1) fault specific earthquake recurrence intervals based on the historical seismic record overestimates the occurrence of large magnitude (M7) earthquakes and (2) the Holocene rate of extension across the Apennines is ≤1 mm/yr. The 1980 earthquake and the paleoseismologic observations show that repeated and localized surface faulting occurs in southern Apennines and leaves subtle but distinct geomorphic evidence that can be detected with detailed and careful investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/92JB02277","usgsCitation":"Pantosti, D., Schwartz, D.P., and Valensise, G., 1993, Paleoseismology along the 1980 surface rupture of the Irpinia Fault: Implications for earthquake recurrence in the southern Apennines, Italy: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B4, p. 6561-6577, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB02277.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"6561","endPage":"6577","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","otherGeospatial":"Apennine Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 15.1195221850177,\n 40.80717697210329\n ],\n [\n 15.1195221850177,\n 40.65689000661027\n ],\n [\n 15.407634067507786,\n 40.65689000661027\n ],\n [\n 15.407634067507786,\n 40.80717697210329\n ],\n [\n 15.1195221850177,\n 40.80717697210329\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pantosti, D.","contributorId":66013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pantosti","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200 dschwartz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":1940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","email":"dschwartz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valensise, Gianluca","contributorId":305153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Valensise","given":"Gianluca","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209662,"text":"70209662 - 1993 - Effects of hydrothermal alteration on the magnetization of the Oligocene Carpenter Ridge Tuff, Bachelor Caldera, San Juan Mountains, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-20T16:44:21.236538","indexId":"70209662","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-10T11:28:42","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of hydrothermal alteration on the magnetization of the Oligocene Carpenter Ridge Tuff, Bachelor Caldera, San Juan Mountains, Colorado","docAbstract":"Intracaldera Oligocene Carpenter Ridge Tuff fills the Bachelor caldera in the central San Juan caldera complex and hosts mineral deposits of the Creede mineral district. The Carpenter Ridge Tuff and unaltered portions of its intracaldera Bachelor Mountain Member, have strong, high‐coercivity, reverse magnetizations with average magnetic susceptibility (MS) and natural remanent magnetization (NRM) of 6 × 10−3 volume SI and 8 A/m, respectively. Oxide phenocrysts in these rocks are titanomagnetite and ilmenite; however, magnetization appears to be controlled by microcrystic titanomaghemite based on thermal demagnetization unblocking temperatures and Curie temperatures between 580°C and 620°C. Much of the intracaldera tuff was affected by potassic metasomatism, a type of hydrothermal alteration characterized by addition of K and loss of Ca and Na, between 27.3 Ma and 25.1 Ma. Potassic metasomatism resulted in the replacement of original feldspars by potassium feldspar and quartz, oxidation of the original oxide phenocrysts to hematite and rutile, and consequent suppression of MS and NRM by a factor of 5. Also present, however, are metasomatized rocks that have high magnetizations even though their original oxide phenocrysts were destroyed; values of MS and NRM are similar to those of outflow tuff. Such rocks are suspected of containing secondary magnetite on the basis of (1) Curie and thermal unblocking temperatures at and below 580°C, indicating that magnetization is carried by magnetite but that primary microcrysts of maghemite were destroyed, and (2) observation in one sample of magnetite rimming cores of hematite+rutile. The presence of secondary magnetite in metasomatized rocks requires a local shift to more reducing fluid chemistry, although we are unable to determine whether this shift occurred during potassic metasomatism or during later alteration or ore deposition. These altered rocks may record a change from a pervasive alteration by alkaline, oxidizing fluids to a vein‐controlled alteration dominated by more reduced fluids in which magnetite was stable.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93JB00014","usgsCitation":"Sweetkind, D.S., Reynolds, R.L., Sawyer, D.A., and Rosenbaum, J.G., 1993, Effects of hydrothermal alteration on the magnetization of the Oligocene Carpenter Ridge Tuff, Bachelor Caldera, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B4, p. 6255-6266, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB00014.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6255","endPage":"6266","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Bachelor Caldera, San Juan Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.45452880859375,\n 37.44433544620035\n ],\n [\n -106.58935546875,\n 37.44433544620035\n ],\n [\n -106.58935546875,\n 38.21552506654349\n ],\n [\n -107.45452880859375,\n 38.21552506654349\n ],\n [\n -107.45452880859375,\n 37.44433544620035\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. 0000-0003-0892-4796 dsweetkind@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0892-4796","contributorId":139913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald","email":"dsweetkind@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Richard L. 0000-0002-4572-2942 rreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":139068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Richard","email":"rreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sawyer, David A. dsawyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":1262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"David","email":"dsawyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenbaum, Joseph G. jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","contributorId":1524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"Joseph","email":"jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":787434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018235,"text":"70018235 - 1993 - Near-field investigations of the Landers earthquake sequence, April to July 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T23:10:18.307754","indexId":"70018235","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near-field investigations of the Landers earthquake sequence, April to July 1992","docAbstract":"The Landers earthquake, which had a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3, was the largest earthquake to strike the contiguous United States in 40 years. This earthquake resulted from the rupture of five major and many minor right-lateral faults near the southern end of the eastern California shear zone, just north of the San Andreas fault. Its Mw 6.1 preshock and Mw 6.2 aftershock had their own aftershocks and foreshocks. Surficial geological observations are consistent with local and far-field seismologic observations of the earthquake. Large surficial offsets (as great as 6 meters) and a relatively short rupture length (85 kilometers) are consistent with seismological calculations of a high stress drop (200 bars), which is in turn consistent with an apparently long recurrence interval for these faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.260.5105.171","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Sieh, K., Jones, L., Hauksson, E., Hudnut, K., Eberhart-Phillips, D., Heaton, T., Hough, S., Hutton, K., Kanamori, H., Lilje, A., Lindvall, S., McGill, S., Mori, J., Rubin, C., Spotila, J., Stock, J., Thio, H., Treiman, J., Wernicke, B., and Zachariasen, J., 1993, Near-field investigations of the Landers earthquake sequence, April to July 1992: Science, v. 260, no. 5105, p. 171-176, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5105.171.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"176","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227193,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Landers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 33\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"260","issue":"5105","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a63dfe4b0c8380cd7274c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sieh, K.","contributorId":61972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sieh","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, L.","contributorId":26084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hauksson, 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S.","contributorId":54355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hough","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hutton, K.","contributorId":63183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kanamori, H.","contributorId":55438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanamori","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Lilje, A.","contributorId":51031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilje","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lindvall, 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J.A.","contributorId":41163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spotila","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Stock, J.","contributorId":88889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stock","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Thio, H.K.","contributorId":95629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thio","given":"H.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Treiman, J.","contributorId":89293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treiman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Wernicke, B.","contributorId":84926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wernicke","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Zachariasen, J.","contributorId":80834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zachariasen","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}} ,{"id":70186950,"text":"70186950 - 1993 - Application of 2-D travel-time inversion of seismic refraction data to the mid-continent rift beneath Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:44:35","indexId":"70186950","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of 2-D travel-time inversion of seismic refraction data to the mid-continent rift beneath Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The inversion technique of Nowack and Lutter (1988a) and Lutter et al. (1990) has been applied to first arrival seismic refraction data collected along Line A of the 1986 Lake Superior GLIMPCE experiment, permitting comparison of the inversion image with an independently derived forward model (Trehu et al., 1991; Shay and Trehu, in press). For this study, the inversion method was expanded to allow variable grid spacing for the bicubic spline parameterization of velocity. The variable grid spacing improved model delineation and data fit by permitting model parameters to be clustered at features of interest. Over 800 first-arrival travel-times were fit with a final RMS error of 0.045 s. The inversion model images a low velocity central graben and smaller flanking half-grabens of the Midcontinent Rift, and higher velocity regions (+0.5 to +0.75 km/s) associated with the Isle Royale and Keweenaw faults, which bound the central graben. Although the forward modeling interpretation gives finer details associated with the near surface expression of the two faults because of the inclusion of secondary reflections and refractions that were not included in the inversion, the inversion model reproduces the primary features of the forward model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL00171","usgsCitation":"Lutter, W.J., Trehu, A.M., and Nowack, R.L., 1993, Application of 2-D travel-time inversion of seismic refraction data to the mid-continent rift beneath Lake Superior: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 7, p. 615-618, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00171.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"615","endPage":"618","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.537.3795","text":"External Repository"},{"id":339759,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cde4b08144348b7e66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trehu, Anne M.","contributorId":49884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trehu","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":691133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nowack, Robert L.","contributorId":100516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowack","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187458,"text":"70187458 - 1993 - Coseismic displacements: 1992 Landers, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-03T18:17:31","indexId":"70187458","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-09T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coseismic displacements: 1992 Landers, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The rupture associated with the 1992 Landers earthquake (Ms = 7.5) extended along the west edge of a 60 × 50 km trilateration network that had been surveyed two months before the earthquake and was resurveyed a month after it. The coseismic displacement field within the network was calculated from the changes observed in the trilateration network supplemented by the displacements measured at four GPS stations and other less timely trilateration measurements. Stations near the rupture were displaced by as much as 3 m. The observed changes are reproduced reasonably well by dislocation modeling in which the Landers rupture is represented by 8 vertical fault segments, each extending from the surface to 9 km depth. Two additional segments represent the Big Bear and Eureka Peak faults. The average modeled right-lateral slip on the Landers rupture is about 5 m. However, the residuals for the best-fit slip distribution are about four times greater than expected from measurement error. Given that uncertainty, a broad range of slip models furnish acceptable fits to the data. The large residuals are attributed to inelastic deformation (principally sympathetic slip on numerous unmodeled faults) within the fault blocks assumed to be elastic in the model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/93GL00446","usgsCitation":"Murray, M., Savage, J., Lisowski, M., and Gross, W., 1993, Coseismic displacements: 1992 Landers, California, earthquake: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 7, p. 623-626, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL00446.","productDescription":"4 p. ","startPage":"623","endPage":"626","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340804,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"590aec4be4b0fc4e4492abb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, M.H.","contributorId":50171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gross, W.K.","contributorId":12624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70128545,"text":"70128545 - 1993 - Hydrograph characteristics relevant to the establishment and growth of western riparian vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T14:01:27","indexId":"70128545","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-02T13:58:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Hydrograph characteristics relevant to the establishment and growth of western riparian vegetation","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days","conferenceTitle":"Thirteenth Annual American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days","conferenceDate":"1993-03-30T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Hydrology Days Publications","publisherLocation":"Atherton, CA","usgsCitation":"Scott, M.L., Wondzell, M.A., and Auble, G.T., 1993, Hydrograph characteristics relevant to the establishment and growth of western riparian vegetation, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295173,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3c1e4b08a816ca63661","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, M. L.","contributorId":78261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wondzell, M. A.","contributorId":56575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wondzell","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70128523,"text":"70128523 - 1993 - Sensitivity of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's stream network temperature model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T11:03:38","indexId":"70128523","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-02T10:59:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Sensitivity of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's stream network temperature model","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days","conferenceTitle":"Thirteenth Annual American Geophysical Union Hydrology Days","conferenceDate":"1993-03-30T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Hydrology Days Publications","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., 1993, Sensitivity of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's stream network temperature model, 11 p.","productDescription":"11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295133,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3d5e4b08a816ca63693","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, J. M.","contributorId":46888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70243457,"text":"70243457 - 1993 - Constraints on the age of gold mineralization and metallogenesis in the Battle Mountain-Eureka mineral belt, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-10T18:41:42.953923","indexId":"70243457","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T13:27:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constraints on the age of gold mineralization and metallogenesis in the Battle Mountain-Eureka mineral belt, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.469","usgsCitation":"Maher, B.J., Browne, Q.J., and McKee, E.H., 1993, Constraints on the age of gold mineralization and metallogenesis in the Battle Mountain-Eureka mineral belt, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 2, p. 469-478, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.2.469.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"478","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416906,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United State","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Battle Mountain-Eureka Mineral Belt, Roberts Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.54073098032876,\n 39.994727795599744\n ],\n [\n -116.54073098032876,\n 39.7054403542372\n ],\n [\n -116.10008640694195,\n 39.7054403542372\n ],\n [\n -116.10008640694195,\n 39.994727795599744\n ],\n [\n -116.54073098032876,\n 39.994727795599744\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"88","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maher, Brian J.","contributorId":305166,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maher","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Browne, Quentin J.","contributorId":25381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browne","given":"Quentin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKee, Edwin H. mckee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"Edwin","email":"mckee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":872211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70128537,"text":"70128537 - 1993 - Proceedings of the fourth conference on research in California's National Parks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T13:15:10","indexId":"70128537","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T13:05:26","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"National Park Service Transactions and Proceedings Series NPS/NRUX/NRTP-93/9","title":"Proceedings of the fourth conference on research in California's National Parks","docAbstract":"The papers in this proceedings were selected from the 63 presentations given at the Fourth Biennial Conference on Research in National Parks in California. The overall theme for this meeting was a recurring one: “The Integration of Research into National Park Service Resource Management Decisions.” The conference was held at the University of California, Davis, on 10-12 September 1991 and was sponsored by the National Park Service Cooperative Park Studies Unit and the Institute of Ecology at the University of California, Davis.
\nThis proceedings highlights a variety of research and resource management efforts to improve the stewardship of our most treasured landscapes. In the future, it will become increasingly more important for federal and state agencies, university scientists and students, and the public to cooperate fully to improve the quantity and quality of science and resource management programs in units of the National Park System. As many of the papers in this proceedings attest, we must look beyond the political boundaries of protected landscapes to incorporate entire ecosystems. Competing resource uses inside and outside parklands must be reexamined to weave a common thread of biological conservation. As scientists, our studies must bridge the gap from plots to landscapes and from landscapes to regions. Our studies must built on information from species and populations to ecosystems and the processes that influence them. The papers in this proceedings are modest but important contribution to those ideals. Each paper represents original research and has been peer-reviewed.
\nMany agencies, institutions, and individuals contributed in the development of this product. In the planning stages, National Park Service Western Region scientists provided advice and assistance in structuring the conference format. University of California, Davis, graduate students, directed by Sharon Lynch, assisted with logistics at the meeting, and provided general assistance with the paper sessions. We thank the students, technicians, and support staff who labored unselfishly behind the scenes to collect data and transfer information important to the completion of each paper.
\nFinancial support for this publication was provided with funds from the Western Region Resource Management and Resource Program and the Washington Office Servicewide Publications Program of the National Park Service. We thank Denny Fenn, Stan Albright, Bruce Kilgore, Dave Cherry, Gene Hester, and Donna O'Leary of the National Park Service and Charles Goldman of the University of California, Davis, Institute of Ecology for their support throughout the development of the proceedings.
\nFinally, we are entering into a new age of research in the U.S. Department of the Interior. Recently, plans were announced for the creation of the National Biological Survey, dedicated to improving the quantity and quality of research necessary for the wise stewardship of our natural resources and wildlands. We welcome our new partners and pledge our full support to both the new and old agencies. The papers presented here--and past research efforts in national parks--provide an important stepping stone to the future. While many of us will be transferred administratively to the National Biological Survey, our emotional ties to the National Park Service mission of preserving resources for future generations will remain with us forever.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooperative Park Studies","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","usgsCitation":"Veirs, S.D., Stohlgren, T., and Schonewald-Cox, C., 1993, Proceedings of the fourth conference on research in California's National Parks, 132 p.","productDescription":"132 p.","numberOfPages":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3cee4b08a816ca63684","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veirs, Stephen D. Jr.","contributorId":32102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veirs","given":"Stephen","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas","contributorId":23091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schonewald-Cox, Christine","contributorId":52511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schonewald-Cox","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70137515,"text":"70137515 - 1993 - Edge-driven microplate kinematics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T14:59:08","indexId":"70137515","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Edge-driven microplate kinematics","docAbstract":"It is known from plate tectonic reconstructions that oceanic microplates undergo rapid rotation about a vertical axis and that the instantaneous rotation axes describing the microplate's motion relative to the bounding major plates are frequently located close to its margins with those plates, close to the tips of propagating rifts. We propose a class of edge-driven block models to illustrate how slip across the microplate margins, block rotation, and propagation of rifting may be related to the relative motion of the plates on either side. An important feature of these edge-driven models is that the instantaneous rotation axes are always located on the margins between block and two bounding plates. According to those models the pseudofaults or traces of disrupted seafloor resulting from the propagation of rifting between microplate and major plates may be used independently to approximately trace the continuous kinematic evolution of the microplate back in time. Pseudofault geometries and matching rotations of the Easter microplate show that for most of its 5 m.y. history, block rotation could be driven by the drag of the Nazca and Pacific plates on the microplate's edges rather than by a shear flow of mantle underneath.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Richmond, VA","doi":"10.1029/92JB02749","usgsCitation":"Schouten, H., Klitgord, K.D., and Gallo, D.G., 1993, Edge-driven microplate kinematics: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 98, no. B4, p. 6689-6701, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB02749.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"6689","endPage":"6701","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297085,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b86e4b08de9379b33d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schouten, Hans","contributorId":64474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schouten","given":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gallo, David G.","contributorId":138564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gallo","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":537856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222841,"text":"5222841 - 1993 - Wolf nipple measurements as indices of age and breeding status","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-14T16:50:23.002764","indexId":"5222841","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T10:49:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wolf nipple measurements as indices of age and breeding status","docAbstract":"We measured nipple sizes of 29 captive wolves (Canis lupus), of known breeding histories, throughout the year and tested distinctions among various known breeding statuses of 20 wild wolves examined in northeastern Minnesota from May through September. For ca. 8 mo of the year only breeders and nonbreeders can be classified. Distinctions between current and former breeders were not reliable.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.2307/2426507","usgsCitation":"Mech, L.D., Meier, T.J., and Seal, U.S., 1993, Wolf nipple measurements as indices of age and breeding status: American Midland Naturalist, v. 129, no. 2, p. 266-271, https://doi.org/10.2307/2426507.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"266","endPage":"271","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199534,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47b9e4b07f02db4a243d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L. David 0000-0003-3944-7769 david_mech@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":2518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mech","given":"L.","email":"david_mech@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":337277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meier, Thomas J.","contributorId":37192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seal, Ulysses S.","contributorId":25494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Ulysses","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70234169,"text":"70234169 - 1993 - GIS mapping of earthquake ground shaking in San Francisco, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:15:56.83614","indexId":"70234169","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T10:01:50","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"GIS mapping of earthquake ground shaking in San Francisco, California","docAbstract":"Severe earthquakes of the last decade in Mexico, Armenia, and the United States have reemphasized the importance of local geologic site conditions in estimating damage and consequent losses. Recent advances in geographic information system (GIS) technology have created new opportunities for maintaining and integrating extensive spatial databases for applications in seismic hazard analysis. Ground motion data and damage distributions from past earthquakes are combined with GIS databases of geologic information to prepare preliminary maps for inferring input ground motion levels for earthquake resistant design. Maps of bedrock elevation, surface topography, and surface geology are used to develop maps of soil thickness and predominant period. Ground motion attenuation relationships are used to create maps estimating ground shaking intensity for a uniform ground condition. Relationships between geologic characteristics, ground motion amplification, and earthquake intensity are used to produce amplification capability maps. Estimated ground shaking for the uniform ground condition is combined with amplification capability to develop maps predicting regional ground shaking intensity. The methods of predictive GIS mapping described here are useful for estimating characteristics of input ground motion in many urbanized seismic regions of the world.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Structural engineering in natural hazards mitigation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Structures Congress '93","conferenceDate":"April 19-21, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Irvine, California, United States","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","usgsCitation":"King, S., Kiremidjian, A.S., Borcherdt, R.D., and Wentworth, C.M., 1993, GIS mapping of earthquake ground shaking in San Francisco, California, in Structural engineering in natural hazards mitigation, Irvine, California, United States, April 19-21, 1993, p. 259-264.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"264","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404661,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404660,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0080615"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"San Francisco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.8106689453125,\n 37.339591851359174\n ],\n [\n -121.87683105468749,\n 37.339591851359174\n ],\n [\n -121.87683105468749,\n 37.9593578107923\n ],\n [\n -122.8106689453125,\n 37.9593578107923\n ],\n [\n -122.8106689453125,\n 37.339591851359174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ang, A. H.-S.","contributorId":294472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ang","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.-S.","affiliations":[{"id":13696,"text":"University of California Irvine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":848075,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Villaverde, R.","contributorId":294473,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Villaverde","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13696,"text":"University of California Irvine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":848076,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"King, S.A.","contributorId":74562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kiremidjian, Anne S.","contributorId":60649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiremidjian","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wentworth, Carl M. 0000-0003-2569-569X cwent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":1178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"Carl","email":"cwent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70128514,"text":"70128514 - 1993 - Wetland modeling and information needs at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T10:09:16","indexId":"70128514","displayToPublicDate":"1993-04-01T09:54:26","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Wetland modeling and information needs at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"The marshes in and around Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge (the Refuge) are extremely dynamic; expanding and contracting in size both seasonally, due to runoff and subsequent evapotranspiration, and over longer periods, due to climatic variation. The dynamic nature of these marshes results in a diversity of wetland habitats, which support a variety of migratory birds. To maintain this wetland diversity and control the loss of migratory bird habitat in the Lahontan Valley, the Refuge was established and currently manages a complex of marsh units. However, changes in the hydrology, and changes that will occur as a result of the Fallon Paiute-Shoshone and Truckee-Carson-Pyramid Lake Water Rights Settlement Act (Public Law 101-618, 104 Stat. 3389), greatly affect the Refuge's wetland management capability. In light of these changes, and the legal requirements associated with environmental impact assessments, the Refuge convened a workshop to discuss several aspects of wetland management in the Lahontan Valley. The workshop, described in this report, had three primary objectives:
\n1. discuss the types and relative proportions of primary wetland habitats that should be provided as described in the settlement act;
\n2. discuss wetland management models that might be developed to help manage these marshes under hydrologic regimes likely in the future; and
\n3. discuss future information and monitoring needs, including proposals for valley-wide biodiversity surveys, which would be helpful when considering withdrawn Bureau of Reclamation (BR) lands for possible incorporation into the Refuge.
\nSeveral presentations at the beginning of the workshop provided a common basis for discussing these objectives. Refuge staff provided background on the history and past management. The Nature Conservatory discussed their role in the settlement act, proposals for valley-wide biodiversity surveys, and results of a literature review for Stillwater Marsh and the Lahontan Valley (Nachlinger 1993). Kay Fowler provided an historical context of changes in vegetation and waterbird use of the marshes based on her ethnography of the local Paiute Indians (Fowler 1993). Finally, Bob Elston discussed a model that predicts archaeological sites based on environmental variables (Raven and Elston 1989).
\nThe workshop was organized by staff from the Refuge and facilitated by the authors of this report. Participants included Ron Anglin, Bill Henry, Anne Janik, Cliff Creger, Fred Paveglio, and Mary Jo Elpers of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (the Service); Jeff Baumgartner, Jan Nachlinger, Hope Humphries, and Graham Chisholm of The Nature Conservancy; David Yardas of the Environmental Defense Fund; David Robertson of Robertson Software, Inc.; Norm Saake, Terry Retterer, and Larry Neel of the Nevada Department of Wildlife; Lew Oring and Kay Fowler of the University of Nevada; and Robert Elston of Intermountain Research.
","largerWorkTitle":"Results of a workshop sponsored by Division on Wildlife Refuges and Wildlife, Region 1","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, D.B., and Auble, G.T., 1993, Wetland modeling and information needs at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge, 34 p.","productDescription":"34 p.","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3e0e4b08a816ca636ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, David B. hamiltond@usgs.gov","contributorId":193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"David","email":"hamiltond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":502960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}