Between 1952 and 1984, low-level radioactive waste was introduced directly into the Snake River Plain aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL), Idaho Falls, Idaho. These wastes were generated, principally, at the nuclear fuel reprocessing facility on the site. Our measurements of 36C1 in monitoring and production well waters, downgradient from disposal wells and seepage ponds, found easily detectable, nonhazardous concentrations of this radionuclide from the point of injection to the INEL southern site boundary. Comparisons are made between 3H and 36Cl concentrations in aquifer water and the advantages of 36C1 as a tracer of subsurface-water dynamics at the site are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01822.x","usgsCitation":"Beasley, T., Cecil, L., Sharma, P., Kubik, P., Fehn, U., Mann, L., and Gove, H., 1993, Chlorine-36 in the Snake River Plain Aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory; origin and implications: Groundwater, v. 31, no. 2, p. 302-310, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01822.x.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"302","endPage":"310","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339001,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Snake River Plain ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.87377929687499,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -113.192138671875,\n 43.69965122967144\n ],\n [\n -113.99414062499999,\n 43.34116005412307\n ],\n [\n -115.59814453125001,\n 43.37311218382002\n ],\n [\n -116.3232421875,\n 43.858296779161826\n ],\n [\n -116.52099609375,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -115.12573242187499,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -114.27978515625,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -113.21411132812499,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -111.8408203125,\n 43.31718491566705\n ],\n [\n -111.42333984375,\n 43.731414013769\n ],\n [\n -111.060791015625,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n -111.02783203125,\n 44.378839759088585\n ],\n [\n -111.26953125,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -111.81884765624999,\n 44.5435052132082\n ],\n [\n -111.87377929687499,\n 44.49650533109348\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f91e4b09da67997ed12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beasley, T.M.","contributorId":74788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beasley","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharma, P.","contributorId":190255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sharma","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kubik, P.W.","contributorId":21691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubik","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fehn, Udo","contributorId":190256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fehn","given":"Udo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mann, L. J.","contributorId":39392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"L. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gove, H.E.","contributorId":16576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gove","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":687956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5223740,"text":"5223740 - 1993 - The common wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, a recent colonist of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-20T15:22:08.020521","indexId":"5223740","displayToPublicDate":"1993-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3777,"text":"Wildlife Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The common wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, a recent colonist of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean","title":"The common wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, a recent colonist of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean","docAbstract":"The discovery of the common wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, on Christmas I . in the Indian Ocean suggests that individuals of the species have colonised the island recently. On the basis of biological information for this widespread colubrid snake and for the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, a well-documented pest species on Guam, the establishment of the common wolf snake would pose a severe threat to the native fauna and ecology of Christmas I. Immediate research is needed to document the spread of the snake, to evaluate its effects on other fauna, and to control or eradicate the species before it becomes firmly established.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/WR9930261","usgsCitation":"Fritts, T.H., 1993, The common wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, a recent colonist of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean: Wildlife Research, v. 20, no. 2, p. 261-265, https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9930261.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"265","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202023,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","otherGeospatial":"Christmas Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 105.32332153936869,\n -10.236459477849337\n ],\n [\n 105.32332153936869,\n -10.909752755107675\n ],\n [\n 106.09784436738198,\n -10.909752755107675\n ],\n [\n 106.09784436738198,\n -10.236459477849337\n ],\n [\n 105.32332153936869,\n -10.236459477849337\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668c56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":81060,"text":"gap2 - 1993 - GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-21T13:14:27","indexId":"gap2","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":30,"text":"GAP Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2","title":"GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 2","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, GAP Analysis Bulletin Number 2: GAP Bulletin 2, 29 p.","productDescription":"29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38315,"text":"GAP Analysis Project","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":91235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gap/02/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":195600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gap/02/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b31e4b07f02db6b417d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70128530,"text":"70128530 - 1993 - What is a traditional use?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T11:45:23","indexId":"70128530","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-26T11:43:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"What is a traditional use?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkTitle":"Western Water Law and Policy: Implications for Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems","conferenceTitle":"Western Water Law and Policy: Implications for Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems","conferenceDate":"1993-02-24T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Lakewood, CO","language":"English","publisher":"OnWord UpWord Publication Services","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., 1993, What is a traditional use?, 2 p.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5437a3e0e4b08a816ca636af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton Lee","contributorId":71907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70208655,"text":"70208655 - 1993 - Reappraisal of three calcareous nannofossil species: Coccolithus crassus, Toweius magnicrassus, and Toweius callosus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-24T10:55:40","indexId":"70208655","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-24T10:36:55","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2391,"text":"Journal of Micropalaeontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Reappraisal of three calcareous nannofossil species: Coccolithus crassus, Toweius magnicrassus, and Toweius callosus","title":"Reappraisal of three calcareous nannofossil species: Coccolithus crassus, Toweius magnicrassus, and Toweius callosus","docAbstract":"Type material of calcareous nannofossil index species Coccolithus crassus and two geographically widespread species Toweius magnicrassus and T. callosus have been studied by both light and SEM microscopy and morphometric measurements were made. Coccolithus crassus resembles Coccolithus pelagicus but has a raised cycle of elements around the centre of the distal shield. It probably evolved from C. pelagicus. Both T. magnicrassus and T. callosus have three cycles of elements in distal view, which is a characteristic of Toweius. Toweius magnicrassus is larger than T. callosus. Differentiation of T. magnicrassus from T. callosus is possible and useful because there is generally a size gap between them in a given sample and they have different stratigraphic ranges. However, both T. callosus and T. magnicrassus appear to increase in size from high to low latitudes. Toweius callosus most probably evolved from Toweius pertusus in the latest Palaeocene and gave rise to T. magnicrassus in the early Eocene.
","language":"English","publisher":"Copernicus Publicatons","doi":"10.1144/jm.12.1.91","usgsCitation":"Wei, W., L. Liu, and Bukry, D., 1993, Reappraisal of three calcareous nannofossil species: Coccolithus crassus, Toweius magnicrassus, and Toweius callosus: Journal of Micropalaeontology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 91-98, https://doi.org/10.1144/jm.12.1.91.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"98","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144/jm.12.1.91","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":372551,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wei, Wuchang","contributorId":204693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wei","given":"Wuchang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"L. Liu","contributorId":187769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"L. Liu","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":782926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bukry, David 0000-0003-4540-890X dbukry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-890X","contributorId":3550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"David","email":"dbukry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":782927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70181822,"text":"70181822 - 1993 - Use of geophysical sell logs to determine loess thicknesses and correlate loesses and geosols in the Memphis, Tennessee-northern Mississippi area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T14:33:05","indexId":"70181822","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2760,"text":"Mississippi Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of geophysical sell logs to determine loess thicknesses and correlate loesses and geosols in the Memphis, Tennessee-northern Mississippi area","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","issn":"0275-8555","usgsCitation":"Parks, W.S., 1993, Use of geophysical sell logs to determine loess thicknesses and correlate loesses and geosols in the Memphis, Tennessee-northern Mississippi area: Mississippi Geology, v. 14, no. 3, p. 41-46.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42549e4b0c825128ad4cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, William Scott","contributorId":52148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018379,"text":"70018379 - 1993 - The global carbon dioxide budget","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-16T15:27:58.546244","indexId":"70018379","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The global carbon dioxide budget","docAbstract":"The increase in atmospheric CO2 levels during the last deglaciation was comparable in magnitude to the recent historical increase. However, global CO2 budgets for these changes reflect fundamental differences in rates and in sources and sinks. The modern oceans are a rapid net CO2 sink, whereas the oceans were a gradual source during the deglaciation. Unidentified terrestrial CO2 sinks are important uncertainties in both the deglacial and recent CO2 budgets. The deglacial CO2 budget represents a complexity of long-term dynamic behavior that is not adequately addressed by current models used to forecast future atmospheric CO2 levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.259.5097.934","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Sundquist, E., 1993, The global carbon dioxide budget: Science, v. 259, no. 5097, p. 934-941, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5097.934.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"934","endPage":"941","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227203,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"259","issue":"5097","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac8ae4b08c986b323579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sundquist, E.T.","contributorId":13990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70202127,"text":"70202127 - 1993 - Sex ratios of canvasbacks wintering in Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-27T08:38:52","indexId":"70202127","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-11T13:42:35","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sex ratios of canvasbacks wintering in Louisiana","docAbstract":"Disparate sex ratios in waterfowl are considered indicative of differential survival between the sexes and may limit reproductive potential. Because other studies have shown canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) have highly skewed sex ratios, I examined aerial photographs from surveys flown monthly during winters 1987-88 and 1988-89 to determine sex ratios of canvasbacks in Louisiana where the wintering population is increasing. Estimated statewide sex ratios (proportion male) were balanced during the initial arrival period in November (1987: 0.505, 1988: 0.524), dominated by males during December-February (range = 0.600- 0.655), and then dominated by females as birds departed in March (1989: 0.419). Sex ratios varied geograph- ically with males being more prevalent in flocks at inland sites than in coastal areas. Canvasback sex ratios did not vary by flock size nor between major- and minor-use areas. Canvasback sex ratios in Louisiana appeared to be representative of the population wintering in the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coast region and were less male dominated than the sex ratios projected for the population wintering in the Atlantic Flyway. Overall sex ratio characteristics imply that female canvasbacks in Louisiana may have higher annual survival or recruitment rates relative to males than occur in other wintering populations. I suggest that this may partially explain the observed increases in canvasbacks wintering in Louisiana.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809075","usgsCitation":"Woolington, D.W., 1993, Sex ratios of canvasbacks wintering in Louisiana: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 57, no. 4, p. 751-758, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809075.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"751","endPage":"758","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woolington, Dennis W.","contributorId":27518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolington","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018380,"text":"70018380 - 1993 - Seismological mapping of fine structure near the base of the Earth's mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-29T13:19:25.702376","indexId":"70018380","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismological mapping of fine structure near the base of the Earth's mantle","docAbstract":"The Earth's core–mantle boundary (CMB) juxtaposes liquid iron and crystalline silicates, and is a region of large vertical thermal gradients. The D\" region, which extends up to 200–300 km above the CMB, often has elevated shear-wave velocity and suggestions of lateral variations in structure1. Recent improvements in our ability to assemble and analyse records from regional seismic networks have allowed us to examine long profiles of travel times, amplitudes and waveforms from more than a thousand short-period seismometers2. We observe, across Canada and the United States, P waves that have grazed the CMB from the powerful nuclear test in Lop Nor, China, on 21 May 1992. First-arrival travel times and large secondary arrivals are consistent with a 1.5% compressional velocity increase with depth ∼ 130 km above the CMB—about half the thickness of D\" in this locality3. Our observations, together with evidence for the absence of such a thin, fast layer in neighbouring regions, suggest the presence of lateral heterogeneity in composition or phase at the base of the mantle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/361529a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Vidale, J., and Benz, H., 1993, Seismological mapping of fine structure near the base of the Earth's mantle: Nature, v. 361, no. 6412, p. 529-532, https://doi.org/10.1038/361529a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"529","endPage":"532","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"361","issue":"6412","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8bd0e4b08c986b317ad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vidale, J.E.","contributorId":55849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70201440,"text":"wdrOK921 - 1993 - Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1992. Volume 1. Arkansas River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-17T00:43:35.587786","indexId":"wdrOK921","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"OK-92-1","title":"Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1992. Volume 1. Arkansas River basin","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrOK921","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, Water resources data, Oklahoma, water year 1992. Volume 1. Arkansas River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report OK-92-1, xxvi, 524 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrOK921.","productDescription":"xxvi, 524 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":384435,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/ok-92-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":383205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1992/ok-92-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.944611,33.949217],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.979818,33.941588],[-96.981031,33.94916],[-96.979347,33.95513],[-96.981337,33.956378],[-96.987892,33.954671],[-96.994288,33.949206],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.995023,33.932035],[-96.984939,33.904866],[-96.983971,33.892083],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-97.041245,33.837761],[-97.052209,33.841737],[-97.057554,33.840133],[-97.058623,33.837728],[-97.055148,33.825701],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.087999,33.808747],[-97.092112,33.804097],[-97.095236,33.794136],[-97.085218,33.765512],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.097154,33.727809],[-97.108936,33.720294],[-97.121102,33.717174],[-97.13753,33.718664],[-97.149394,33.721967],[-97.16281,33.729118],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.187792,33.769702],[-97.190397,33.781153],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.204995,33.81887],[-97.1997,33.827322],[-97.195831,33.830803],[-97.18137,33.831375],[-97.171627,33.835335],[-97.166824,33.840395],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.180845,33.895204],[-97.185458,33.9007],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.226522,33.914642],[-97.244946,33.903092],[-97.249209,33.875101],[-97.255636,33.863698],[-97.271532,33.86256],[-97.279108,33.864555],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.30749,33.878204],[-97.314413,33.866989],[-97.318243,33.865121],[-97.324158,33.866017],[-97.327563,33.873903],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.336524,33.872827],[-97.339392,33.86763],[-97.348338,33.843876],[-97.358513,33.830018],[-97.368744,33.821471],[-97.372941,33.819454],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.444193,33.823773],[-97.453057,33.828536],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.461486,33.84956],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.450954,33.891398],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.486505,33.916994],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.525277,33.911751],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.55827,33.897099],[-97.587441,33.902479],[-97.596289,33.913769],[-97.597115,33.917868],[-97.591514,33.9282],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.609091,33.968093],[-97.633778,33.981257],[-97.65621,33.989488],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.709684,33.954997],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.733723,33.936392],[-97.752957,33.937049],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.759399,33.91882],[-97.765446,33.913532],[-97.772672,33.914382],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.78034,33.904833],[-97.779683,33.899243],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.801578,33.885138],[-97.805423,33.877167],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.871447,33.849001],[-97.896738,33.857985],[-97.936743,33.879204],[-97.951215,33.878424],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.977808,33.889883],[-97.983769,33.8972],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.978804,33.912548],[-97.969873,33.905999],[-97.964461,33.907398],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.952679,33.929482],[-97.953395,33.936445],[-97.954467,33.937774],[-97.971175,33.937129],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.960351,33.951928],[-97.94573,33.989839],[-97.958325,33.990846],[-97.974173,34.006716],[-97.987388,33.999823],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-98.055197,33.995841],[-98.082839,34.002412],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.105482,34.031307],[-98.104022,34.036233],[-98.098001,34.03824],[-98.096177,34.044625],[-98.114587,34.06228],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.121039,34.081266],[-98.119417,34.084474],[-98.099328,34.104295],[-98.092421,34.116917],[-98.089755,34.128211],[-98.101937,34.14683],[-98.109462,34.154111],[-98.123377,34.15454],[-98.130816,34.150532],[-98.154354,34.122734],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.203711,34.117676],[-98.241013,34.133103],[-98.256467,34.129481],[-98.293901,34.13302],[-98.300209,34.134579],[-98.325445,34.151025],[-98.364023,34.157109],[-98.381238,34.149454],[-98.398441,34.128456],[-98.400967,34.122236],[-98.39816,34.121396],[-98.399777,34.099973],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.419995,34.082488],[-98.42848,34.085523],[-98.440092,34.084311],[-98.443724,34.082152],[-98.449034,34.073462],[-98.475066,34.064269],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.504182,34.072371],[-98.5282,34.094961],[-98.536257,34.107343],[-98.550917,34.119334],[-98.558593,34.128254],[-98.560191,34.133202],[-98.572451,34.145091],[-98.599789,34.160571],[-98.616733,34.156418],[-98.643223,34.164531],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.690072,34.133155],[-98.717537,34.13645],[-98.734287,34.135758],[-98.741966,34.12553],[-98.757037,34.124633],[-98.759653,34.126912],[-98.760558,34.132388],[-98.76557,34.136376],[-98.792015,34.143736],[-98.80681,34.155901],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.831115,34.162154],[-98.855585,34.161621],[-98.8579,34.159627],[-98.860125,34.149913],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.874872,34.155657],[-98.871211,34.163012],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.918333,34.181831],[-98.94022,34.203686],[-98.952358,34.212579],[-98.960791,34.21303],[-98.96247,34.204668],[-98.966302,34.201323],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.981364,34.217583],[-98.987294,34.221223],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-99.000761,34.217643],[-99.003433,34.214466],[-99.002916,34.208782],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-99.036273,34.206912],[-99.043471,34.198208],[-99.058084,34.200569],[-99.060344,34.204761],[-99.066465,34.208404],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.092191,34.209316],[-99.108758,34.203401],[-99.119204,34.201747],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.131885,34.207382],[-99.126614,34.215329],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.13822,34.219159],[-99.143985,34.214763],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.192683,34.218825],[-99.190146,34.22966],[-99.197153,34.244298],[-99.196926,34.260929],[-99.19457,34.272424],[-99.195605,34.280839],[-99.207561,34.283505],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.213476,34.310672],[-99.209724,34.324935],[-99.210716,34.336304],[-99.213135,34.340369],[-99.217335,34.34152],[-99.226153,34.339726],[-99.232606,34.34238],[-99.237233,34.362717],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.248969,34.375984],[-99.254722,34.372405],[-99.258696,34.372634],[-99.274926,34.384904],[-99.273958,34.38756],[-99.264508,34.388085],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.261321,34.403499],[-99.294648,34.415373],[-99.308274,34.410014],[-99.319606,34.408869],[-99.334037,34.427536],[-99.356713,34.442144],[-99.354672,34.451857],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.36961,34.458699],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.396902,34.418688],[-99.393919,34.415274],[-99.391492,34.405631],[-99.397253,34.377871],[-99.40296,34.373481],[-99.408848,34.372776],[-99.420432,34.380464],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.44076,34.374123],[-99.452648,34.388252],[-99.470969,34.396471],[-99.487219,34.397955],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.51428,34.414035],[-99.529786,34.411452],[-99.549242,34.412715],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.58006,34.416653],[-99.58448,34.407673],[-99.585442,34.388914],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.624197,34.373577],[-99.649662,34.379885],[-99.659362,34.37439],[-99.665992,34.374185],[-99.678283,34.379799],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.712682,34.390928],[-99.715089,34.400754],[-99.720259,34.406295],[-99.754248,34.421289],[-99.767234,34.430502],[-99.765599,34.437488],[-99.775743,34.444225],[-99.782986,34.444364],[-99.793684,34.453894],[-99.814313,34.476204],[-99.818739,34.484976],[-99.818186,34.48784],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.853066,34.511593],[-99.868953,34.527615],[-99.874403,34.537095],[-99.887147,34.549047],[-99.915771,34.565975],[-99.921801,34.570253],[-99.923211,34.574552],[-99.94572,34.579273],[-99.954567,34.578195],[-99.958898,34.571271],[-99.971555,34.562179],[-99.985833,34.560079],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-100.000406,36.499702],[-103.002434,36.500397],[-103.002199,37.000104],[-102.986976,36.998524],[-102.75986,37.000019],[-102.698142,36.995149],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-100.115722,37.002206],[-99.648652,36.999604],[-98.219499,36.997824],[-95.049499,36.99958],[-94.61808,36.998135],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.571806,36.213748],[-94.522634,35.934892],[-94.431215,35.39429],[-94.433915,35.387391],[-94.431515,35.369591],[-94.437774,35.239271],[-94.45753,34.642961],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.487514,33.628939],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.526291,33.619203],[-94.528928,33.62184],[-94.529221,33.634437],[-94.533322,33.63766],[-94.549142,33.635902],[-94.552658,33.638246],[-94.552072,33.65348],[-94.557052,33.656702],[-94.570821,33.654945],[-94.572286,33.656995],[-94.569357,33.663441],[-94.569943,33.66637],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.586641,33.678968],[-94.596895,33.671351],[-94.603047,33.671351],[-94.607442,33.67223],[-94.621211,33.681018],[-94.627656,33.677796],[-94.635273,33.669886],[-94.64289,33.668421],[-94.646113,33.6693],[-94.648457,33.673401],[-94.648457,33.684534],[-94.652265,33.690979],[-94.659167,33.692138],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.707858,33.686876],[-94.710088,33.68815],[-94.710725,33.691654],[-94.709451,33.699617],[-94.711043,33.705669],[-94.719006,33.708217],[-94.724102,33.705669],[-94.728243,33.699617],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.737161,33.704713],[-94.739072,33.710128],[-94.73748,33.716179],[-94.739391,33.72255],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.759139,33.729557],[-94.762961,33.731787],[-94.767739,33.73752],[-94.766465,33.750897],[-94.770924,33.754401],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.789716,33.74612],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.812012,33.751853],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.824753,33.749305],[-94.826027,33.74389],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.849296,33.739585],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.87708,33.75222],[-94.876033,33.760771],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.886226,33.764594],[-94.902276,33.776289],[-94.911427,33.778383],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.916834,33.804617],[-94.91945,33.810176],[-94.924518,33.812792],[-94.9358,33.810339],[-94.944302,33.812138],[-94.948716,33.818023],[-94.949533,33.825708],[-94.957676,33.835004],[-94.964401,33.837021],[-94.968895,33.860916],[-94.973411,33.861731],[-94.98165,33.852284],[-94.988487,33.851],[-94.992671,33.852455],[-95.000223,33.862505],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-95.022325,33.859813],[-95.046568,33.862565],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-95.061065,33.895292],[-95.065492,33.899585],[-95.07126,33.901597],[-95.078905,33.898377],[-95.084002,33.89328],[-95.090441,33.89328],[-95.093929,33.895963],[-95.095002,33.904816],[-95.10077,33.912193],[-95.103318,33.913669],[-95.110964,33.912998],[-95.119951,33.915815],[-95.122365,33.918632],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.1247,33.934675],[-95.131056,33.936925],[-95.161109,33.937598],[-95.184075,33.950353],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.230491,33.960764],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.250737,33.917083],[-95.253095,33.905444],[-95.26385,33.899256],[-95.272542,33.902055],[-95.277846,33.900877],[-95.280351,33.896751],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.287865,33.874946],[-95.294789,33.875388],[-95.325572,33.885704],[-95.333452,33.886286],[-95.334854,33.876831],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.407795,33.866308],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.463346,33.872313],[-95.461499,33.883686],[-95.464925,33.886709],[-95.469962,33.886105],[-95.478575,33.879301],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.502304,33.874742],[-95.506085,33.87639],[-95.506234,33.886306],[-95.510063,33.890135],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.533283,33.881162],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.552085,33.888422],[-95.549145,33.90795],[-95.559414,33.930179],[-95.563424,33.932193],[-95.585945,33.93448],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.603657,33.927195],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.647273,33.905976],[-95.659818,33.909092],[-95.665338,33.908132],[-95.669978,33.905844],[-95.684831,33.890232],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.71354,33.885124],[-95.728449,33.893704],[-95.737508,33.895967],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.756367,33.892625],[-95.761916,33.883402],[-95.762559,33.874367],[-95.757458,33.867957],[-95.753513,33.856464],[-95.758016,33.85008],[-95.772067,33.843817],[-95.776255,33.845145],[-95.789867,33.857686],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.820596,33.858465],[-95.821666,33.856633],[-95.818976,33.844456],[-95.820784,33.840564],[-95.828245,33.836054],[-95.837516,33.83564],[-95.859469,33.852456],[-95.881292,33.860627],[-95.915961,33.881148],[-95.935198,33.887101],[-95.937202,33.884652],[-95.935308,33.878724],[-95.936631,33.870615],[-95.941267,33.861619],[-95.944284,33.859811],[-95.951609,33.857017],[-95.972156,33.856371],[-95.980966,33.859307],[-95.984254,33.864403],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.996748,33.864403],[-95.998351,33.851049],[-96.005296,33.845505],[-96.019599,33.840566],[-96.022065,33.843196],[-96.022229,33.850923],[-96.029463,33.852402],[-96.037191,33.841245],[-96.048834,33.836468],[-96.084626,33.846656],[-96.100095,33.847971],[-96.101473,33.846709],[-96.097638,33.837935],[-96.097448,33.832725],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.109993,33.832396],[-96.122951,33.839964],[-96.14807,33.837799],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.148792,33.819197],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.164217,33.817001],[-96.17589,33.814627],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.17515,33.801951],[-96.162123,33.79614],[-96.162757,33.788769],[-96.169452,33.770131],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.1999,33.752117],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.229023,33.748021],[-96.269896,33.768405],[-96.277269,33.769735],[-96.292482,33.766419],[-96.303009,33.750878],[-96.307389,33.735005],[-96.307035,33.719987],[-96.309964,33.710489],[-96.316925,33.698997],[-96.321103,33.6951],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.355946,33.687155],[-96.362198,33.691818],[-96.363253,33.70105],[-96.36959,33.716809],[-96.408469,33.751192],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.436455,33.78005],[-96.448045,33.781031],[-96.459154,33.775232],[-96.500268,33.772583],[-96.511914,33.781478],[-96.515912,33.787795],[-96.516584,33.803168],[-96.526655,33.820891],[-96.532865,33.823005],[-96.551223,33.819129],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.592926,33.830916],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.62929,33.845488],[-96.628969,33.852407],[-96.61197,33.869016],[-96.597348,33.875101],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.58536,33.888948],[-96.587934,33.894784],[-96.628294,33.894477],[-96.659896,33.916666],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.673449,33.912278],[-96.680947,33.896204],[-96.683464,33.884217],[-96.682209,33.873876],[-96.684727,33.862905],[-96.690708,33.849959],[-96.699574,33.839049],[-96.712422,33.831633],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.766235,33.825458],[-96.770676,33.829621],[-96.776766,33.841976],[-96.780569,33.860098],[-96.783485,33.863534],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.832157,33.874835],[-96.839778,33.868396],[-96.841592,33.852894],[-96.845896,33.848975],[-96.85609,33.84749],[-96.866438,33.853149],[-96.88301,33.868019],[-96.895728,33.896414],[-96.899442,33.933728],[-96.907387,33.950025],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.922114,33.959579],[-96.944611,33.949217]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Oklahoma\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW"} ,{"id":70189545,"text":"b1981B - 1993 - Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189545,"text":"b1981B - 1993 - Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981B","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","title":"Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T08:44:52","indexId":"b1981B","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1981","chapter":"B","displayTitle":"Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","title":"Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","docAbstract":"The storm of November 3-5, 1985, in the central Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia and Virginia resulted from a complex sequence of meteorological events. The stage was set by Hurricane Juan, which made landfall in the Gulf Coast on October 31. Juan brought moisture northward up the Mississippi Valley; latent heat released by condensation aloft probably helped to render stationary a high-pressure anticyclone over southeastern Canada. A second low-pressure cyclone, moving north through the Southeastern United States, was blocked by the stationary anticyclone, intensifying a surface-pressure gradient that forced moist air from the Atlantic westward up the slope of the Appalachian Mountains. In the Cheat and Potomac River basins the resulting rainfall was of moderate intensity but of long duration. In Pendleton County, W. Va., the 1985 storm was the largest on record for durations from 24 to 72 h; the highest rainfall recurrence intervals were registered at durations of 24 to 48 h. Estimates of rainfall recurrence intervals from highly skewed records yield values ranging from 80 to 300 yr.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia (Bulletin 1981)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1981B","usgsCitation":"Colucci, S.J., Jacobson, R.B., and Greco, S., 1993, Meteorology of the storm of November 3-5, 1985, in West Virginia and Virginia: Chapter B in Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1981, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1981B.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"B1","endPage":"B31","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343915,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca8e4b0d1f9f06275a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colucci, Stephen J.","contributorId":194700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Colucci","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Greco, Steven","contributorId":194701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greco","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243614,"text":"70243614 - 1993 - North American Jurassic APW: The current dilemma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-15T15:43:08.313076","indexId":"70243614","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-09T10:35:55","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7458,"text":"Eos Science News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North American Jurassic APW: The current dilemma","docAbstract":"Geologists are in a quandary over the correct interpretation of paleomagnetic data for Jurassic rocks of the North American plate. Conflicting reference paleopoles and alternate methods of constructing apparent polar wander (APW) paths have led to a controversy regarding the configuration of Jurassic APW for cratonic North America. These differences have been recently disputed at meetings (see Eos, Spring Meeting Supplement, April 7, 1992, p. 94) and in an exchange of letters in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth [Butler et al., 1992; Van Fossen and Kent, 1992a]. At stake is important information concerning the Jurassic paleogeography of North America and the whole of Pangea, as well as the nature and driving mechanism of plate movements. In addition, cratonic paleopoles provide a reference frame for measuring relative displacements of tectonostratigraphic terranes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93EO00085","usgsCitation":"Hagstrum, J.T., 1993, North American Jurassic APW: The current dilemma: Eos Science News, v. 74, no. 6, p. 65-69, https://doi.org/10.1029/93EO00085.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"69","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North American","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-63.6645,46.55],[-62.0121,46.4431],[-62.8743,45.9682],[-64.1428,46.3927],[-64.3926,46.7275],[-64.0149,47.036],[-63.6645,46.55]]],[[[-61.8063,49.1051],[-63.5893,49.4007],[-64.5191,49.873],[-62.8583,49.7064],[-61.8063,49.1051]]],[[[-123.51,48.51],[-124.0129,48.3709],[-125.655,48.825],[-127.03,49.815],[-128.0593,49.995],[-128.4446,50.5391],[-128.3584,50.7707],[-125.755,50.295],[-124.9208,49.4753],[-123.9225,49.0625],[-123.51,48.51]]],[[[-56.134,50.687],[-56.7959,49.8123],[-56.1431,50.1501],[-55.4715,49.9358],[-55.8224,49.5871],[-54.9351,49.313],[-54.4738,49.5567],[-53.4766,49.2491],[-53.786,48.5168],[-53.0861,48.6878],[-52.6481,47.5356],[-53.0692,46.6555],[-54.1789,46.8071],[-53.9619,47.6252],[-54.2405,47.7523],[-55.4008,46.885],[-55.9975,46.9197],[-55.2912,47.3896],[-56.2508,47.6326],[-59.266,47.6034],[-59.4195,47.8995],[-58.7966,48.2515],[-59.2316,48.5232],[-58.3918,49.1256],[-57.3587,50.7183],[-56.7387,51.2874],[-55.407,51.5883],[-56.134,50.687]]],[[[-133.18,54.17],[-131.75,54.12],[-132.0495,52.9846],[-131.179,52.1804],[-131.5778,52.1824],[-133.0546,53.4115],[-133.18,54.17]]],[[[-79.2658,62.1587],[-79.6575,61.6331],[-80.3622,62.0165],[-79.9294,62.3856],[-79.2658,62.1587]]],[[[-81.8983,62.7108],[-83.0686,62.1592],[-83.7746,62.1823],[-83.9937,62.4528],[-83.2505,62.9141],[-81.877,62.9046],[-81.8983,62.7108]]],[[[-85.1613,65.6573],[-84.9758,65.2175],[-84.464,65.3718],[-81.642,64.4551],[-81.5534,63.9796],[-80.8174,64.0575],[-80.1035,63.726],[-80.991,63.4113],[-82.5472,63.6517],[-83.1088,64.1019],[-85.5234,63.0524],[-85.8668,63.6373],[-87.222,63.5412],[-86.3528,64.0358],[-85.8839,65.7388],[-85.1613,65.6573]]],[[[-75.8659,67.1489],[-76.9869,67.0987],[-77.2364,67.5881],[-76.8117,68.1486],[-75.8952,68.2872],[-75.1145,68.0104],[-75.216,67.4443],[-75.8659,67.1489]]],[[[-95.6477,69.1077],[-96.2695,68.757],[-97.6174,69.06],[-98.4318,68.9507],[-99.7974,69.4],[-98.2183,70.1435],[-96.5574,69.68],[-95.6477,69.1077]]],[[[-90.5471,69.4977],[-90.5515,68.475],[-89.2152,69.2587],[-88.0197,68.6151],[-88.3175,67.8734],[-87.3502,67.1987],[-86.3061,67.9215],[-85.5766,68.7846],[-85.522,69.8821],[-82.6226,69.6583],[-81.2804,69.162],[-81.2202,68.6657],[-81.9644,68.1325],[-81.2593,67.5972],[-81.3865,67.1108],[-83.3446,66.4115],[-84.7354,66.2573],[-85.7694,66.5583],[-87.3232,64.7756],[-88.483,64.099],[-89.9144,64.0327],[-90.704,63.6102],[-90.77,62.9602],[-91.9334,62.8351],[-93.157,62.0247],[-94.2415,60.8987],[-94.6293,60.1102],[-94.6846,58.9488],[-93.215,58.7821],[-92.297,57.0871],[-90.8977,57.2847],[-89.0395,56.8517],[-87.3242,55.9991],[-85.0118,55.3026],[-82.2729,55.1483],[-82.4362,54.2823],[-82.125,53.277],[-81.4008,52.1579],[-79.9129,51.2084],[-79.143,51.5339],[-78.6019,52.5621],[-79.1242,54.1415],[-79.8296,54.6677],[-78.2287,55.1365],[-77.0956,55.8374],[-76.5414,56.5342],[-76.6232,57.2026],[-77.3023,58.0521],[-78.5169,58.8046],[-77.3368,59.8526],[-78.1069,62.3196],[-77.4107,62.5505],[-74.6682,62.1811],[-73.8399,62.4438],[-71.6771,61.5254],[-71.3737,61.1372],[-69.5904,61.0614],[-69.2879,58.9574],[-68.3746,58.8011],[-67.6498,58.2121],[-66.2018,58.7673],[-64.5835,60.3356],[-61.3966,56.9675],[-61.7987,56.3395],[-59.5696,55.2041],[-57.3332,54.6265],[-56.9369,53.7803],[-56.1581,53.6475],[-55.7563,53.2704],[-55.6834,52.1466],[-57.1269,51.4197],[-58.7748,51.0643],[-60.0331,50.2428],[-61.7237,50.0805],[-66.3991,50.229],[-67.2363,49.5116],[-68.5111,49.0684],[-71.1046,46.8217],[-70.2552,46.9861],[-68.65,48.3],[-66.5524,49.1331],[-65.0563,49.2328],[-64.171,48.7425],[-65.1155,48.0709],[-64.4722,46.2385],[-63.1733,45.739],[-61.5207,45.8838],[-60.5182,47.0079],[-60.4486,46.2826],[-59.8029,45.9204],[-61.0399,45.2653],[-64.2466,44.2655],[-65.3641,43.5452],[-66.1234,43.6187],[-66.1617,44.4651],[-64.4255,45.292],[-67.1374,45.1375],[-66.9647,44.8097],[-70.1162,43.6841],[-70.6455,43.0902],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.885,41.9228],[-69.965,41.6372],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.2413,41.1195],[-71.945,40.93],[-74.2567,40.4735],[-73.9624,40.4276],[-74.1784,39.7093],[-74.906,38.9395],[-75.5281,39.4985],[-75.0567,38.4041],[-75.9402,37.2169],[-75.7221,37.9371],[-76.2329,38.3192],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.5427,38.7176],[-76.3293,38.0833],[-76.99,38.24],[-76.3016,37.9179],[-76.2587,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.8973],[-75.7275,35.5507],[-76.3632,34.8085],[-77.3976,34.512],[-78.055,33.9255],[-79.0607,33.494],[-79.2036,33.1584],[-80.3013,32.5094],[-81.3363,31.4405],[-81.4904,30.73],[-81.3137,30.0355],[-80.0565,26.88],[-80.381,25.2062],[-81.1721,25.2013],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.8553,27.8862],[-82.65,28.55],[-83.7096,29.9366],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.1088,29.6362],[-86.4,30.4],[-89.5938,30.16],[-89.2177,29.2911],[-89.4082,29.1596],[-89.7793,29.3071],[-90.8802,29.1485],[-91.6268,29.677],[-93.8484,29.7136],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.6003,28.7386],[-96.594,28.3075],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.703,24.2723],[-97.8724,22.4442],[-97.1893,20.6354],[-95.9009,18.828],[-94.8391,18.5627],[-94.4257,18.1444],[-91.4079,18.8761],[-90.7719,19.2841],[-90.2786,20.9999],[-88.5439,21.4937],[-87.0519,21.5435],[-86.812,21.3315],[-86.8459,20.8499],[-87.6211,19.6466],[-87.4368,19.4724],[-87.8372,18.2598],[-88.3,18.5],[-88.1068,18.3487],[-88.3554,16.5308],[-88.9306,15.8873],[-88.1212,15.6887],[-87.9018,15.8645],[-86.9032,15.7567],[-84.9837,15.9959],[-83.4104,15.2709],[-83.1472,14.9958],[-83.1821,14.3107],[-83.5198,13.5677],[-83.4733,12.4191],[-83.8555,11.3733],[-83.4023,10.3954],[-82.1871,9.2075],[-82.2076,8.9956],[-81.7142,9.032],[-81.4393,8.7862],[-79.5733,9.6116],[-78.0559,9.2477],[-77.3534,8.6705],[-77.2426,7.9353],[-77.4311,7.6381],[-77.7534,7.7098],[-77.8816,7.2238],[-78.4292,8.052],[-78.1821,8.3192],[-79.1203,8.9961],[-79.5579,8.9324],[-79.7606,8.5845],[-80.3827,8.2984],[-80.4807,8.0903],[-80.0037,7.5475],[-80.4212,7.2716],[-80.8864,7.2205],[-81.0595,7.8179],[-81.5195,7.7066],[-81.7213,8.109],[-82.8201,8.2909],[-82.851,8.0738],[-83.5084,8.4469],[-83.7115,8.6568],[-83.6326,9.0514],[-84.6476,9.6155],[-84.7134,9.9081],[-84.9757,10.0867],[-85.1109,9.557],[-85.6608,9.9334],[-85.6593,10.7543],[-85.9417,10.8953],[-85.7125,11.0884],[-87.6685,12.9099],[-87.3167,12.9847],[-87.4894,13.2975],[-88.4833,13.164],[-90.6086,13.9098],[-91.2324,13.9278],[-93.3595,15.6154],[-94.6917,16.201],[-96.5574,15.6535],[-100.8295,17.1711],[-101.9185,17.9161],[-103.501,18.2923],[-104.992,19.3161],[-105.493,19.9468],[-105.7314,20.4341],[-105.3978,20.5317],[-105.2658,21.4221],[-106.0287,22.7738],[-108.4019,25.1723],[-109.2602,25.5806],[-109.4441,25.8249],[-109.2916,26.4429],[-110.3917,27.1621],[-110.641,27.8599],[-111.1789,27.9412],[-112.2282,28.9544],[-113.1638,30.7869],[-113.1487,31.171],[-114.7765,31.7995],[-114.9367,31.3935],[-114.6739,30.1627],[-111.6165,26.6628],[-110.6551,24.2986],[-110.1729,24.2656],[-109.4334,23.1856],[-110.0314,22.8231],[-110.2951,23.431],[-112.182,24.7384],[-112.3007,26.012],[-114.4658,27.1421],[-115.0551,27.7227],[-114.5704,27.7415],[-114.1993,28.115],[-114.162,28.5661],[-115.5187,29.5564],[-117.2959,33.0462],[-118.4106,33.7409],[-118.5199,34.0278],[-120.6229,34.6086],[-120.7443,35.1569],[-121.7146,36.1615],[-122.512,37.7834],[-123.7272,38.9517],[-123.8652,39.767],[-124.3981,40.3132],[-124.2137,41.9996],[-124.5328,42.766],[-124.1421,43.7084],[-123.8989,45.5234],[-124.0796,46.8648],[-124.6872,48.1844],[-124.5661,48.3797],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.5874,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.84,49],[-125.6246,50.4166],[-127.4356,50.8306],[-127.9928,51.7158],[-127.8503,52.3296],[-129.1298,52.7554],[-129.3052,53.5616],[-130.515,54.2876],[-130.5361,54.8028],[-131.9672,55.4978],[-132.25,56.37],[-133.5392,57.1789],[-134.0781,58.1231],[-136.6281,58.2122],[-137.8,58.5],[-139.8678,59.5378],[-142.5744,60.0845],[-143.9589,59.9992],[-147.1144,60.8847],[-148.2243,60.673],[-148.0181,59.9783],[-151.7164,59.1558],[-151.8594,59.745],[-151.4097,60.7258],[-150.3469,61.0336],[-150.6211,61.2844],[-154.0192,59.3503],[-153.2875,58.8647],[-154.2325,58.1464],[-156.3083,57.4228],[-156.5561,56.98],[-158.1172,56.4636],[-158.4333,55.9942],[-164.7856,54.4042],[-164.9422,54.5722],[-161.8042,55.895],[-160.5636,56.0081],[-157.7228,57.57],[-157.5503,58.3283],[-157.0417,58.9189],[-158.1947,58.6158],[-158.5172,58.7878],[-159.0586,58.4242],[-159.7117,58.9314],[-159.9813,58.5726],[-160.3553,59.0711],[-161.9689,58.6717],[-161.8742,59.6336],[-162.5181,59.9897],[-163.8183,59.7981],[-165.3464,60.5075],[-165.3508,61.0739],[-166.1214,61.5],[-164.5625,63.1464],[-163.0672,63.0595],[-162.2606,63.5419],[-161.5345,63.4558],[-160.7725,63.7661],[-160.9583,64.2228],[-161.5181,64.4028],[-160.7778,64.7886],[-162.7578,64.3386],[-163.5464,64.5592],[-164.9608,64.447],[-166.4253,64.6867],[-168.1106,65.67],[-164.4747,66.5767],[-163.6525,66.5767],[-163.7886,66.0772],[-161.6778,66.1161],[-162.4897,66.7356],[-163.7197,67.1164],[-165.3903,68.0428],[-166.7644,68.3589],[-166.2047,68.883],[-164.4308,68.9155],[-163.1686,69.3711],[-162.9306,69.8581],[-161.9089,70.3333],[-159.0392,70.8916],[-158.1197,70.8247],[-156.5808,71.3578],[-155.0678,71.1478],[-154.3442,70.6964],[-153.9,70.89],[-152.21,70.83],[-152.27,70.6],[-150.74,70.43],[-149.72,70.53],[-144.92,69.99],[-143.5895,70.1525],[-136.5036,68.898],[-134.4146,69.6274],[-132.9293,69.5053],[-129.7947,70.1937],[-129.1077,69.7793],[-128.3616,70.0129],[-128.1382,70.4838],[-127.4471,70.3772],[-125.7563,69.4806],[-124.4248,70.1584],[-124.2897,69.3997],[-123.0611,69.5637],[-122.6835,69.8555],[-121.4723,69.7978],[-117.6027,69.0113],[-115.2469,68.9059],[-113.8979,68.3989],[-115.3049,67.9026],[-113.4973,67.6882],[-109.9462,67.981],[-108.8802,67.3814],[-107.7924,67.8874],[-108.813,68.3116],[-108.1672,68.6539],[-106.15,68.8],[-104.3379,68.018],[-103.2212,68.0978],[-101.4543,67.6469],[-98.4432,67.7817],[-98.5586,68.4039],[-97.6695,68.5786],[-96.1199,68.2394],[-96.1259,67.2934],[-95.4894,68.0907],[-94.685,68.0638],[-94.2328,69.069],[-96.4713,70.0898],[-96.3912,71.1948],[-95.2088,71.9205],[-93.89,71.7602],[-92.8782,71.3187],[-91.5196,70.1913],[-92.4069,69.7],[-90.5471,69.4977]]],[[[-114.1672,73.1215],[-114.6663,72.6528],[-112.441,72.9554],[-111.0504,72.4504],[-109.9204,72.9611],[-109.0065,72.6334],[-108.1884,71.6509],[-107.686,72.0655],[-108.3964,73.0895],[-107.5165,73.236],[-106.5226,73.076],[-105.4025,72.6726],[-104.4648,70.993],[-100.9808,70.0243],[-101.0893,69.5845],[-102.7312,69.504],[-102.0933,69.1196],[-102.4302,68.7528],[-105.96,69.18],[-113.3132,68.5355],[-113.855,69.0074],[-115.22,69.28],[-116.1079,69.1682],[-117.34,69.96],[-112.4161,70.3664],[-114.35,70.6],[-117.9048,70.5406],[-118.4324,70.9092],[-116.1131,71.3092],[-119.402,71.5586],[-117.8664,72.7059],[-115.1891,73.3146],[-114.1672,73.1215]]],[[[-104.5,73.42],[-105.38,72.76],[-106.94,73.46],[-105.26,73.64],[-104.5,73.42]]],[[[-76.34,73.1027],[-76.2514,72.8264],[-79.4863,72.7422],[-80.8761,73.3332],[-80.8339,73.6932],[-80.3531,73.7597],[-78.0644,73.6519],[-76.34,73.1027]]],[[[-86.5622,73.1575],[-85.7744,72.5341],[-84.8501,73.3403],[-82.3156,73.751],[-80.6001,72.7165],[-80.7489,72.0619],[-78.7706,72.3522],[-77.8246,72.7496],[-74.2286,71.7671],[-74.0991,71.3308],[-72.2422,71.5569],[-71.2,70.92],[-68.7861,70.525],[-67.915,70.122],[-66.969,69.1861],[-68.8051,68.7202],[-64.8623,67.8475],[-63.4249,66.9285],[-61.852,66.8621],[-62.1632,66.1603],[-63.9184,64.9987],[-65.1489,65.426],[-66.7212,66.388],[-68.015,66.2627],[-68.1413,65.6898],[-65.3202,64.3827],[-64.6694,63.3929],[-65.0138,62.6742],[-68.7832,63.7457],[-66.3283,62.2801],[-66.1656,61.9309],[-71.0234,62.9107],[-72.2354,63.3978],[-71.8863,63.68],[-74.8344,64.6791],[-74.8185,64.3891],[-77.71,64.2295],[-78.556,64.5729],[-77.8973,65.3092],[-73.9598,65.4548],[-74.2939,65.8118],[-72.6512,67.2846],[-72.9261,67.7269],[-73.3116,68.0694],[-74.8433,68.5546],[-76.8691,68.8947],[-76.2287,69.1478],[-77.2874,69.7695],[-78.9572,70.1669],[-79.4925,69.8718],[-81.3055,69.7432],[-84.9447,69.9666],[-88.6817,70.4107],[-89.5134,70.762],[-88.4677,71.2182],[-89.8882,71.2226],[-90.2052,72.2351],[-89.4366,73.1295],[-88.4082,73.5379],[-85.8262,73.8038],[-86.5622,73.1575]]],[[[-100.3564,73.8439],[-99.1639,73.6334],[-97.38,73.76],[-97.12,73.47],[-98.0536,72.9905],[-96.54,72.56],[-96.72,71.66],[-98.3597,71.2729],[-99.3229,71.3564],[-102.5,72.51],[-102.48,72.83],[-100.4384,72.7059],[-101.54,73.36],[-100.3564,73.8439]]],[[[-93.1963,72.772],[-94.2691,72.0246],[-95.4099,72.0619],[-96.0338,72.9403],[-96.0183,73.4374],[-95.4958,73.8624],[-94.5037,74.1349],[-90.5098,73.8567],[-92.004,72.9662],[-93.1963,72.772]]],[[[-120.46,71.3836],[-123.0922,70.9016],[-123.62,71.34],[-125.929,71.8687],[-123.94,73.68],[-124.9178,74.2928],[-121.5379,74.4489],[-117.5556,74.1858],[-115.5108,73.4752],[-119.22,72.52],[-120.46,71.82],[-120.46,71.3836]]],[[[-93.6128,74.98],[-94.1569,74.5924],[-96.8209,74.9276],[-96.2886,75.3778],[-94.8508,75.6472],[-93.6128,74.98]]],[[[-98.5,76.72],[-97.7356,76.2566],[-97.7044,75.7434],[-98.16,75],[-99.8087,74.8974],[-100.8837,75.0574],[-100.8629,75.6408],[-102.5021,75.5638],[-102.5655,76.3366],[-98.5,76.72]]],[[[-108.2114,76.2017],[-107.8194,75.8455],[-105.881,75.9694],[-105.705,75.4795],[-106.3135,75.0053],[-109.7,74.85],[-112.2231,74.417],[-113.7438,74.3943],[-113.8714,74.7203],[-111.7942,75.1625],[-116.3122,75.0434],[-117.7104,75.2222],[-116.346,76.199],[-115.4049,76.4789],[-112.5906,76.1413],[-110.8142,75.5492],[-109.0671,75.4732],[-110.4973,76.4298],[-109.5811,76.7942],[-108.5486,76.6783],[-108.2114,76.2017]]],[[[-94.6841,77.0979],[-93.5739,76.7763],[-91.605,76.7785],[-90.7419,76.4496],[-90.9697,76.074],[-89.1871,75.6102],[-86.3792,75.4824],[-81.1285,75.714],[-80.0575,75.3369],[-79.8339,74.9231],[-81.9488,74.4425],[-89.7647,74.5156],[-92.4224,74.8378],[-92.8899,75.8827],[-93.8938,76.3192],[-95.9625,76.4414],[-97.1214,76.7511],[-96.7451,77.1614],[-94.6841,77.0979]]],[[[-116.1986,77.6453],[-116.3358,76.877],[-117.1061,76.53],[-121.5,75.9],[-122.8549,76.1165],[-119.1039,77.5122],[-116.1986,77.6453]]],[[[-93.84,77.52],[-96.1697,77.5551],[-96.4363,77.8346],[-94.4226,77.82],[-93.7207,77.6343],[-93.84,77.52]]],[[[-110.1869,77.697],[-112.0512,77.4092],[-113.5343,77.7322],[-112.7246,78.0511],[-109.8545,77.9963],[-110.1869,77.697]]],[[[-109.6632,78.602],[-112.5421,78.4079],[-111.5,78.85],[-109.6632,78.602]]],[[[-95.8303,78.0569],[-97.3098,77.8506],[-98.1243,78.0829],[-98.5529,78.4581],[-98.632,78.8719],[-96.7544,78.7658],[-95.5593,78.4183],[-95.8303,78.0569]]],[[[-100.0602,78.3248],[-99.6709,77.9075],[-102.9498,78.3432],[-105.1761,78.3803],[-104.2104,78.6774],[-105.4196,78.9183],[-105.4923,79.3016],[-100.8252,78.8005],[-100.0602,78.3248]]],[[[-87.02,79.66],[-85.8144,79.3369],[-89.0354,78.2872],[-90.8044,78.2153],[-92.8767,78.3433],[-93.9512,78.751],[-93.9357,79.1137],[-93.1452,79.3801],[-94.974,79.3725],[-96.0761,79.705],[-96.7097,80.1578],[-95.3235,80.9073],[-94.2984,80.9773],[-94.7354,81.2065],[-92.4098,81.2574],[-91.1329,80.7235],[-87.81,80.32],[-87.02,79.66]]],[[[-68.5,83.1063],[-61.85,82.6286],[-61.8939,82.3617],[-67.6576,81.5014],[-65.4803,81.5066],[-69.4697,80.6168],[-71.18,79.8],[-76.9077,79.3231],[-75.5292,79.1977],[-76.2205,79.0191],[-75.3935,78.5258],[-79.7595,77.2097],[-79.6197,76.9834],[-77.9109,77.0221],[-77.8891,76.778],[-80.5613,76.1781],[-83.1744,76.454],[-86.1118,76.299],[-89.4907,76.4724],[-89.6161,76.9521],[-87.7674,77.1783],[-88.26,77.9],[-84.9763,77.5387],[-86.34,78.18],[-87.9619,78.3718],[-87.152,78.7587],[-85.3787,78.9969],[-85.095,79.3454],[-86.5073,79.7362],[-86.9318,80.2515],[-83.4087,80.1],[-81.8482,80.4644],[-87.599,80.5163],[-89.3666,80.8557],[-91.3679,81.5531],[-91.587,81.8943],[-86.9702,82.2796],[-85.5,82.6523],[-83.18,82.32],[-82.42,82.86],[-79.3066,83.1306],[-68.5,83.1063]]],[[[-71.7124,19.7145],[-70.8067,19.8803],[-69.9508,19.648],[-69.7693,19.2933],[-69.2221,19.3132],[-69.2544,19.0152],[-68.3179,18.6122],[-68.6893,18.2051],[-69.9529,18.4283],[-70.5171,18.1843],[-70.6693,18.4269],[-71,18.2833],[-71.4002,17.5986],[-71.7083,18.045],[-72.3725,18.215],[-73.9224,18.031],[-74.458,18.3426],[-74.3699,18.6649],[-72.6949,18.4458],[-72.3349,18.6684],[-72.7917,19.1016],[-72.7841,19.4836],[-73.415,19.6396],[-73.1898,19.9157],[-71.7124,19.7145]]],[[[-77.5696,18.4905],[-76.8966,18.4009],[-76.1997,17.8869],[-77.2063,17.7011],[-78.3377,18.226],[-78.2177,18.4545],[-77.5696,18.4905]]],[[[-66.2824,18.5148],[-65.591,18.228],[-65.8472,17.9759],[-67.1842,17.9466],[-67.1007,18.5206],[-66.2824,18.5148]]],[[[-155.5421,19.0835],[-155.6882,18.9162],[-155.9367,19.0594],[-156.0735,19.7029],[-155.8611,20.2672],[-155.2245,19.993],[-154.8074,19.5087],[-155.5421,19.0835]]],[[[-156.0793,20.644],[-156.4145,20.5724],[-156.7106,20.9268],[-156.2571,20.9175],[-156.0793,20.644]]],[[[-157.6528,21.3222],[-158.1267,21.3124],[-158.2927,21.5791],[-158.0252,21.717],[-157.6528,21.3222]]],[[[-159.3451,21.982],[-159.8005,22.0653],[-159.3657,22.2149],[-159.3451,21.982]]],[[[-153.0063,57.1158],[-154.0051,56.7347],[-154.5164,56.9928],[-154.671,57.4612],[-153.2287,57.969],[-152.5648,57.9014],[-152.1412,57.5911],[-153.0063,57.1158]]],[[[-165.5792,59.91],[-166.1928,59.7544],[-167.4553,60.2131],[-165.6744,60.2936],[-165.5792,59.91]]],[[[-171.7317,63.7825],[-168.6894,63.2975],[-169.5294,62.9769],[-170.6714,63.3758],[-171.5531,63.3178],[-171.7911,63.4059],[-171.7317,63.7825]]],[[[-82.2682,23.1886],[-80.6188,23.106],[-79.2815,22.3992],[-78.3474,22.5122],[-76.5238,21.2068],[-75.5982,21.0166],[-75.6711,20.7351],[-74.9339,20.6939],[-74.178,20.2846],[-74.2967,20.0504],[-74.9616,19.9234],[-77.7555,19.8555],[-77.0851,20.4134],[-78.1373,20.74],[-78.7199,21.5981],[-79.285,21.5592],[-82.17,22.3871],[-81.795,22.637],[-82.7759,22.6882],[-84.0522,21.9106],[-84.9749,21.896],[-83.7782,22.7881],[-82.2682,23.1886]]],[[[-77.5347,23.7598],[-77.78,23.71],[-78.4085,24.5756],[-78.1909,25.2103],[-77.89,25.17],[-77.5347,23.7598]]],[[[-77.82,26.58],[-78.91,26.42],[-78.98,26.79],[-77.85,26.84],[-77.82,26.58]]],[[[-77,26.59],[-77.1726,25.8792],[-77.34,26.53],[-77.79,27.04],[-77,26.59]]],[[[-61.68,10.76],[-60.895,10.855],[-60.935,10.11],[-61.95,10.09],[-61.66,10.365],[-61.68,10.76]]],[[[-46.7638,82.628],[-43.4064,83.2252],[-39.8975,83.1802],[-38.6221,83.5491],[-27.1005,83.5197],[-20.8454,82.7267],[-22.6918,82.3417],[-31.9,82.2],[-31.3965,82.0215],[-27.8567,82.1318],[-24.8445,81.787],[-22.9033,82.0932],[-22.0718,81.7345],[-23.1696,81.1527],[-15.7682,81.9125],[-12.7702,81.7189],[-12.2086,81.2915],[-16.85,80.35],[-20.0462,80.1771],[-17.7304,80.1291],[-19.705,78.7513],[-19.6735,77.6386],[-18.4729,76.9857],[-21.6794,76.628],[-19.8341,76.0981],[-19.599,75.2484],[-20.6682,75.1559],[-19.3728,74.2956],[-21.5942,74.2238],[-20.4345,73.8171],[-20.7623,73.4644],[-23.5659,73.3066],[-22.3131,72.6293],[-22.2995,72.1841],[-24.2783,72.5979],[-24.793,72.3302],[-23.443,72.0802],[-22.1328,71.469],[-21.7536,70.6637],[-23.536,70.471],[-25.5434,71.4309],[-25.2014,70.7523],[-26.3628,70.2265],[-22.349,70.1295],[-27.7474,68.4705],[-31.7767,68.1208],[-32.8111,67.7355],[-34.202,66.6797],[-36.3528,65.9789],[-39.8122,65.4585],[-40.669,64.84],[-40.6828,64.139],[-41.1887,63.4825],[-42.8194,62.6823],[-42.4167,61.9009],[-43.3784,60.0977],[-44.7875,60.0368],[-46.2636,60.8533],[-48.2629,60.8584],[-49.2331,61.4068],[-49.9004,62.3834],[-51.6333,63.6269],[-52.1401,64.2784],[-52.2766,65.1767],[-53.6617,66.0996],[-53.3016,66.8365],[-53.9691,67.189],[-52.9804,68.3576],[-51.4754,68.7296],[-51.0804,69.1478],[-50.8712,69.9291],[-53.4563,69.2836],[-54.6834,69.61],[-54.75,70.2893],[-54.3588,70.8213],[-51.3901,70.5698],[-54.0042,71.5472],[-55,71.4065],[-55.8347,71.6544],[-54.7182,72.5863],[-57.3236,74.7103],[-58.5968,75.0986],[-58.5852,75.5173],[-61.2686,76.1024],[-68.5044,76.0614],[-71.4026,77.0086],[-66.764,77.376],[-71.0429,77.636],[-73.297,78.0442],[-73.1594,78.4327],[-65.7107,79.3944],[-65.3239,79.7581],[-68.023,80.1172],[-67.1513,80.5158],[-62.2344,81.3211],[-62.6512,81.7704],[-57.2074,82.1907],[-54.1344,82.1996],[-53.0433,81.8883],[-50.3906,82.4388],[-44.523,81.6607],[-46.9007,82.1998],[-46.7638,82.628]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"North America\"}}]}","volume":"74","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagstrum, Jonathan T. 0000-0002-0689-280X jhag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-280X","contributorId":3474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagstrum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018391,"text":"70018391 - 1993 - Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T15:23:10.898906","indexId":"70018391","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia","docAbstract":"The Sangsang deposit of the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, southeastern Kalimantan, Indonesia, contains 11 layers, which are thin (<5 cm) and high in ash (> 70%). These layers are characterized by their pelitic macroscopic texture. Examination of eight of the layers by scanning-electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and X-ray diffraction analyses show that they are composed primarily of fairly well-crystallized kaolinite, much of which is vermicular. Accessory minerals include abundant Ti oxide, rare-earth element-rich Ca and A1 phosphates, quartz that luminescences in the blue color range, and euhedral to subhedral pyroxene, hornblende, zircon, and sanidine. Although this mineral suite is suggestive of volcanic ash-fall material, only the four pelitic layers in the middle of the bed are thought to be solely derived from volcanic ash-falls on the basis of diagnostic minerals, replaced glass shards, and lithostratigraphic relationships observed in core and outcrop. The three uppermost pelitic layers contain octahedral chromites, some quartz grains that luminesce in teh orange color range, and some quartz grains that contain two-phase fluid inclusions. These layers are interpreted to be derived from a combination of volcanic ash-fall material and hydrologic transport of volcaniclastic sediment. In contrast, the lowermost pelitic layer, which contains large, rounded FeMg-rich chromites, is thought to have been dominantly deposited by water. The source of the volcanic ash-fall material may have been middle Tertiary volcanism related to plate tectonic activity between Kalimantan and Sulawesi. The volcanic ash was deposited in sufficient amounts to be preserved as layers within the coal only in the northern portions of the Senakin region: the southern coal beds in the region do not contain pelitic layers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90041-9","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L., and Moore, T., 1993, Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 233-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90041-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"247","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227380,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Kalimantan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 115.22917642325245,\n -2.3507385996688868\n ],\n [\n 115.22917642325245,\n -4.332144074818373\n ],\n [\n 116.60264384751423,\n -4.332144074818373\n ],\n [\n 116.60264384751423,\n -2.3507385996688868\n ],\n [\n 115.22917642325245,\n -2.3507385996688868\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010ae4b0c8380cd4fa7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":118763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, T.A.","contributorId":91101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018208,"text":"70018208 - 1993 - SEM-EDX and isotope characterization of the organic sulfur in macerals and chars in Illinois Basin coals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T16:05:31.930421","indexId":"70018208","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SEM-EDX and isotope characterization of the organic sulfur in macerals and chars in Illinois Basin coals","docAbstract":"Two samples of the Herrin (Illinois No. 6) Coal and one sample of the Colchester (Illinois No. 2) Coal from the Illinois Basin were studied to evaluate the spatial distribution of organic sulfur within macerals occurring next to pyrite grains, both in the raw coal and their chars. The chars were produced by pyrolysing the coal at 250–550°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Representative splits of the coals and their chars were mounted in epoxy and polished for optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Determinations of organic sulfur concentrations were made at 996 locations within macerals, mostly vitrinite, around 115 grains of pyrite and at 50 locations around 5 pores in chars. The pyrite considered here is restricted to the disseminated type within macerals. On the average, the organic sulfur content increased near pyrite grains after the coals were charred at 550°C, indicating that some of the pyritic sulfur released during charring was retained within the organic matrix rather than being emitted to the atmosphere. One of the coal samples and its chars were isotopically characterized by chemically separating the pyritic and organic sulfur fractions, followed by analyzing the isotopes of the sulfur forms with a Nuclide 6–60 ratio mass spectrometer. The sulfur isotope (δ34S) data confirmed the movement of pyritic sulfur into the macerals after charring to 550°C. About 18% of the organic sulfur that remained in the 550°C char had originally been pyritic sulfur in the untreated coal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90043-B","usgsCitation":"Demir, I., Harvey, R., and Hackley, K.C., 1993, SEM-EDX and isotope characterization of the organic sulfur in macerals and chars in Illinois Basin coals: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90043-B.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227499,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaf34e4b0c8380cd8744a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demir, I.","contributorId":93214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demir","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, R.D.","contributorId":56371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hackley, Keith C.","contributorId":12166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018252,"text":"70018252 - 1993 - Comparison of the petrography, palynology and paleobotany of the Stockton coal bed, West Virginia and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T15:38:29.969487","indexId":"70018252","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the petrography, palynology and paleobotany of the Stockton coal bed, West Virginia and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations","docAbstract":"The Stockton coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian) is a relatively high ash coal composed primarily of moderately thin banded, sparsely thin banded, and nonbanded coal (splint and cannel coal). Comparisons of petrographic, palynologic, and paleobotanic data gathered from the same sample sets from a single column of the Stockton coal bed indicate that compositional correspondences among the sets exist regardless of coal type. Some correspondences are believed to exist because of original plant constituents and others because of the paleoenvironment of peat formation. Using some combination of these data is critical when interpreting paleoenvironmental conditions because (1) a direct correspondence is lacking between many of the data and (2) each of the three data sets provides a unique and important perspective on the paleomire. The Stockton paleomire in the area of this study supported a diverse flora that consisted of both small and arboreous lycopsids, small ferns and tree ferns, calamites, cordaites, and pteridosperms. There appear to have been two successions of Lycospora spore-dominated, vitrinite-rich, liptinite-poor peat formation, which were followed by inertinite-rich peat formation marked by a tree fern-dominant spore assemblage and abundant unidentifiable plant tissues. These are interpreted to be two water-laden or topogenous peat formational stages followed by slightly domed, better drained peat formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90034-9","usgsCitation":"Pierce, B., Stanton, R., and Eble, C.F., 1993, Comparison of the petrography, palynology and paleobotany of the Stockton coal bed, West Virginia and implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 149-166, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90034-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"166","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227412,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","county":"Kanawha County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.5229,38.6142],[-81.5039,38.5777],[-81.4738,38.5477],[-81.4633,38.551],[-81.3307,38.5402],[-81.3029,38.5356],[-81.2846,38.5276],[-81.2733,38.5223],[-81.2322,38.5299],[-81.2129,38.5315],[-81.1945,38.5271],[-81.283,38.4714],[-81.2337,38.2643],[-81.2406,38.2575],[-81.2555,38.2428],[-81.2855,38.2126],[-81.312,38.1865],[-81.3143,38.1878],[-81.3214,38.1877],[-81.3272,38.1872],[-81.3283,38.1827],[-81.3594,38.0568],[-81.3734,37.9958],[-81.3805,37.9681],[-81.391,37.968],[-81.4015,37.9697],[-81.4063,37.9724],[-81.411,37.9746],[-81.4139,37.9736],[-81.415,37.9714],[-81.4161,37.9695],[-81.4178,37.9682],[-81.4207,37.9672],[-81.4243,37.9676],[-81.4266,37.969],[-81.429,37.9707],[-81.4313,37.9707],[-81.4331,37.9702],[-81.4348,37.9689],[-81.436,37.9684],[-81.4371,37.9684],[-81.4395,37.9706],[-81.4425,37.9733],[-81.4448,37.9751],[-81.4525,37.9768],[-81.4542,37.9777],[-81.4549,37.9822],[-81.4532,37.9863],[-81.4527,37.9877],[-81.4522,37.994],[-81.4512,37.999],[-81.4512,38.0036],[-81.4537,38.0085],[-81.4555,38.0103],[-81.459,38.0112],[-81.4602,38.0121],[-81.4655,38.0161],[-81.4679,38.0174],[-81.4679,38.0206],[-81.4657,38.0252],[-81.4634,38.027],[-81.4611,38.0311],[-81.4635,38.0351],[-81.4665,38.0369],[-81.4689,38.0392],[-81.4702,38.0446],[-81.4761,38.0495],[-81.4744,38.0527],[-81.4739,38.0559],[-81.4757,38.0586],[-81.481,38.0603],[-81.4857,38.0616],[-81.4887,38.0675],[-81.4928,38.0674],[-81.4951,38.0647],[-81.5032,38.0596],[-81.5062,38.0623],[-81.508,38.0632],[-81.5097,38.0636],[-81.5132,38.0627],[-81.5197,38.063],[-81.5209,38.0648],[-81.5204,38.0703],[-81.5275,38.0734],[-81.5328,38.076],[-81.5351,38.076],[-81.5381,38.0764],[-81.5398,38.0773],[-81.5393,38.0805],[-81.5389,38.0895],[-81.5384,38.0909],[-81.5361,38.0941],[-81.5355,38.0959],[-81.5327,38.0982],[-81.5286,38.0996],[-81.5246,38.102],[-81.5222,38.1024],[-81.5205,38.1034],[-81.5193,38.1034],[-81.5187,38.1038],[-81.517,38.1052],[-81.5171,38.1088],[-81.5172,38.112],[-81.5184,38.1138],[-81.5213,38.1147],[-81.5236,38.1147],[-81.526,38.116],[-81.5278,38.1173],[-81.529,38.1191],[-81.5331,38.1195],[-81.5355,38.1213],[-81.5378,38.1217],[-81.5407,38.1199],[-81.5442,38.1194],[-81.5466,38.1203],[-81.5478,38.1225],[-81.5467,38.1257],[-81.5444,38.1284],[-81.5439,38.1334],[-81.544,38.1371],[-81.5499,38.1406],[-81.5582,38.1423],[-81.5663,38.1409],[-81.5698,38.1408],[-81.5728,38.1421],[-81.5793,38.1439],[-81.5834,38.1465],[-81.5888,38.1501],[-81.59,38.1528],[-81.5918,38.1555],[-81.593,38.1582],[-81.5942,38.16],[-81.5966,38.1618],[-81.599,38.1622],[-81.5996,38.164],[-81.5996,38.1654],[-81.5997,38.1676],[-81.6009,38.1685],[-81.6032,38.1694],[-81.605,38.1698],[-81.6068,38.1725],[-81.6051,38.173],[-81.6034,38.1753],[-81.604,38.1766],[-81.6057,38.1766],[-81.6122,38.1765],[-81.6169,38.1787],[-81.6216,38.1787],[-81.628,38.1763],[-81.6297,38.174],[-81.6314,38.1735],[-81.632,38.174],[-81.635,38.1767],[-81.6374,38.1776],[-81.6415,38.1775],[-81.6432,38.1775],[-81.6415,38.1789],[-81.6392,38.1821],[-81.6416,38.1838],[-81.6445,38.1847],[-81.6481,38.186],[-81.647,38.1888],[-81.643,38.192],[-81.6442,38.1956],[-81.6466,38.1987],[-81.6503,38.2046],[-81.6503,38.2082],[-81.6446,38.2119],[-81.6452,38.2146],[-81.6464,38.2173],[-81.6471,38.2223],[-81.6489,38.2223],[-81.6571,38.2235],[-81.6618,38.2225],[-81.6717,38.2211],[-81.6758,38.2215],[-81.6794,38.221],[-81.6893,38.2195],[-81.6905,38.2199],[-81.6971,38.2298],[-81.6983,38.2302],[-81.7094,38.2282],[-81.7117,38.2273],[-81.7181,38.2263],[-81.7216,38.2235],[-81.7239,38.2217],[-81.7262,38.2194],[-81.7267,38.2158],[-81.7255,38.2144],[-81.7243,38.2131],[-81.7225,38.2108],[-81.7253,38.2076],[-81.7299,38.2039],[-81.7351,38.2002],[-81.7392,38.1988],[-81.751,38.2023],[-81.754,38.2081],[-81.7555,38.2194],[-81.7585,38.2235],[-81.7722,38.2319],[-81.7833,38.2317],[-81.785,38.2285],[-81.7855,38.224],[-81.7841,38.2177],[-81.7858,38.2145],[-81.7898,38.2112],[-81.7986,38.2093],[-81.8044,38.2092],[-81.8109,38.2091],[-81.8132,38.2082],[-81.8137,38.2064],[-81.8137,38.2045],[-81.8124,38.1982],[-81.8128,38.1932],[-81.8051,38.1879],[-81.8027,38.1843],[-81.8009,38.1825],[-81.8014,38.1807],[-81.802,38.1807],[-81.8096,38.1815],[-81.8179,38.1863],[-81.8227,38.1908],[-81.8228,38.1949],[-81.8242,38.2017],[-81.8278,38.208],[-81.8326,38.2124],[-81.8315,38.2138],[-81.8358,38.221],[-81.8347,38.2246],[-81.8324,38.2256],[-81.8247,38.2225],[-81.8205,38.2198],[-81.8182,38.2212],[-81.8201,38.2253],[-81.8213,38.228],[-81.822,38.2307],[-81.8202,38.2307],[-81.8167,38.2303],[-81.8149,38.229],[-81.8131,38.2263],[-81.8095,38.2227],[-81.8053,38.2214],[-81.8018,38.2224],[-81.8019,38.2251],[-81.8037,38.2274],[-81.8096,38.2295],[-81.808,38.2345],[-81.8086,38.2363],[-81.8133,38.2376],[-81.8129,38.2417],[-81.8106,38.244],[-81.8019,38.25],[-81.7984,38.251],[-81.8092,38.259],[-81.8086,38.2599],[-81.8022,38.2609],[-81.8017,38.2632],[-81.8065,38.2708],[-81.7984,38.2737],[-81.7992,38.2818],[-81.8046,38.2872],[-81.8054,38.2958],[-81.8108,38.3011],[-81.8122,38.3115],[-81.8141,38.3174],[-81.8272,38.324],[-81.8354,38.3243],[-81.8388,38.3202],[-81.8435,38.3192],[-81.8499,38.3151],[-81.8904,38.3158],[-81.8999,38.3234],[-81.907,38.3228],[-81.9105,38.3228],[-81.9158,38.3254],[-81.8996,38.4],[-81.8496,38.4225],[-81.7238,38.4683],[-81.724,38.4778],[-81.7271,38.4846],[-81.7321,38.494],[-81.7323,38.5026],[-81.7323,38.5044],[-81.7347,38.5053],[-81.7394,38.5066],[-81.7407,38.5098],[-81.742,38.5152],[-81.7438,38.5188],[-81.7468,38.5201],[-81.7504,38.5219],[-81.7522,38.5255],[-81.7535,38.5291],[-81.753,38.5336],[-81.7519,38.5368],[-81.752,38.5409],[-81.7497,38.5441],[-81.751,38.5486],[-81.7476,38.5527],[-81.7501,38.5609],[-81.7505,38.5754],[-81.7536,38.5812],[-81.7531,38.5848],[-81.7508,38.5885],[-81.7473,38.5908],[-81.7432,38.5927],[-81.7428,38.5986],[-81.7411,38.6009],[-81.7387,38.6004],[-81.7292,38.5979],[-81.7275,38.5983],[-81.716,38.6094],[-81.7125,38.613],[-81.6981,38.6273],[-81.6329,38.5547],[-81.5763,38.5791],[-81.5229,38.6142]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Kanawha\",\"state\":\"WV\"}}]}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8afe4b0c8380cd4d21c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pierce, Brenda","contributorId":29940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Brenda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eble, Cortland F.","contributorId":255518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eble","given":"Cortland","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":51568,"text":"Kentucky Geological Survey, U. of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018403,"text":"70018403 - 1993 - Rotational reflectance properties of Arkoma Basin dispersed vitrinite: Insights for understanding reflectance populations in high thermal maturity regions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T15:16:36.639037","indexId":"70018403","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rotational reflectance properties of Arkoma Basin dispersed vitrinite: Insights for understanding reflectance populations in high thermal maturity regions","docAbstract":"Analysis and interpretation of dispersed vitrinite reflectance data in regions of high thermal maturity (> 2% vitrinite reflectance) have been equivocal partly because of an increase in width and complexity of reflectance histograms with increasing mean reflectance. Such complexity is illustrated by random reflectance (Rran) data from the Arkoma Basin that display a linear increase in standard deviation of Rran with an increase in mean Rran from 1 to 5%. Evaluating how much of the dispersion in these data is the result of vitrinite anisotropy and how much is the result of mixing of kerogen populations by sedimentary processes and/or sampling procedures has been problematic.
Automated collection of reflectance data during polarizer rotation provides preliminary data for solution of this problem. Rotational reflectance data collected from a subset of Arkoma Basin samples reveal positive, linear relationships among maximum (R′max), random (Rran), rotational (Rrot), and minimum (R′min) reflectance, as well as a systematic increase in bireflectance (R′max–R′min) with increasing reflectance. R′max and Rrot display lower standard deviations and narrower, more nearly unimodal histograms than Rran and R′min, suggesting that R′max and Rrot are superior (less ambiguous) indices of thermal maturity. These data patterns are inferred to be mostly an indication of increasing vitrinite anisotropy with increasing thermal maturity, suggesting that the linear covariance observed between mean Rran and standard deviation in dispersed organic data sets from regions of high thermal maturity may be explained mostly as the result of increasing vitrinite anisotropy with increasing thermal maturity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90037-C","usgsCitation":"Houseknecht, D.W., Bensley, D., Hathon, L., and Kastens, P., 1993, Rotational reflectance properties of Arkoma Basin dispersed vitrinite: Insights for understanding reflectance populations in high thermal maturity regions: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 187-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90037-C.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"196","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-94.042964,33.019219],[-94.043428,33.551425],[-94.061896,33.549764],[-94.073826,33.555834],[-94.067985,33.560961],[-94.056442,33.560998],[-94.056096,33.567252],[-94.066846,33.568909],[-94.069517,33.574162],[-94.09744,33.573719],[-94.119902,33.566999],[-94.122879,33.553112],[-94.126898,33.550647],[-94.131382,33.552934],[-94.136046,33.571388],[-94.143402,33.565505],[-94.151456,33.568387],[-94.14216,33.58139],[-94.156782,33.575749],[-94.161277,33.579271],[-94.161082,33.587972],[-94.183913,33.594682],[-94.194465,33.582886],[-94.217198,33.580737],[-94.211329,33.573774],[-94.201106,33.575851],[-94.192483,33.570425],[-94.189884,33.562454],[-94.196395,33.555123],[-94.203594,33.566546],[-94.208078,33.566911],[-94.226392,33.552912],[-94.250197,33.556765],[-94.251108,33.56528],[-94.236836,33.580914],[-94.236363,33.585992],[-94.242777,33.589709],[-94.257801,33.582508],[-94.27909,33.557026],[-94.290901,33.558872],[-94.290372,33.567905],[-94.280605,33.574908],[-94.287025,33.58241],[-94.301023,33.573022],[-94.309582,33.551673],[-94.319492,33.548864],[-94.33059,33.552692],[-94.33438,33.562536],[-94.344023,33.567824],[-94.352433,33.562172],[-94.34729,33.552197],[-94.355945,33.54318],[-94.386086,33.544923],[-94.399227,33.559903],[-94.380091,33.568943],[-94.378076,33.577019],[-94.382887,33.583268],[-94.403342,33.568424],[-94.412175,33.568691],[-94.430039,33.591124],[-94.439518,33.594154],[-94.451622,33.591361],[-94.458232,33.59827],[-94.471152,33.601588],[-94.469451,33.607316],[-94.452961,33.616986],[-94.452711,33.622621],[-94.460286,33.624421],[-94.462736,33.63091],[-94.448451,33.634497],[-94.448637,33.642766],[-94.459198,33.645146],[-94.464186,33.637655],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.528928,33.62184],[-94.529221,33.634437],[-94.533322,33.63766],[-94.552658,33.638246],[-94.552072,33.65348],[-94.572286,33.656995],[-94.569943,33.66637],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.586641,33.678968],[-94.603047,33.671351],[-94.621211,33.681018],[-94.64289,33.668421],[-94.648457,33.673401],[-94.652265,33.690979],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.707858,33.686876],[-94.711043,33.705669],[-94.719006,33.708217],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.737161,33.704713],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.759139,33.729557],[-94.767739,33.73752],[-94.768057,33.753446],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.824753,33.749305],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.849296,33.739585],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.87708,33.75222],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.886226,33.764594],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.917815,33.808704],[-94.924518,33.812792],[-94.944302,33.812138],[-94.949533,33.825708],[-94.964401,33.837021],[-94.968895,33.860916],[-94.988487,33.851],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-95.022325,33.859813],[-95.046568,33.862565],[-95.065492,33.899585],[-95.07126,33.901597],[-95.090441,33.89328],[-95.10077,33.912193],[-95.122365,33.918632],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.1247,33.934675],[-95.161109,33.937598],[-95.184075,33.950353],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.230491,33.960764],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.253095,33.905444],[-95.26385,33.899256],[-95.277846,33.900877],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.287865,33.874946],[-95.333452,33.886286],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.463346,33.872313],[-95.46291,33.885903],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.502304,33.874742],[-95.506085,33.87639],[-95.506234,33.886306],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.533283,33.881162],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.552085,33.888422],[-95.549145,33.90795],[-95.559414,33.930179],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.603657,33.927195],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.665338,33.908132],[-95.684831,33.890232],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.71354,33.885124],[-95.737508,33.895967],[-95.756367,33.892625],[-95.762559,33.874367],[-95.753513,33.856464],[-95.758016,33.85008],[-95.772067,33.843817],[-95.787891,33.856336],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.820596,33.858465],[-95.820784,33.840564],[-95.837516,33.83564],[-95.859469,33.852456],[-95.935198,33.887101],[-95.936631,33.870615],[-95.944284,33.859811],[-95.972156,33.856371],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.996748,33.864403],[-95.997709,33.852182],[-96.019599,33.840566],[-96.0219,33.849114],[-96.029463,33.852402],[-96.037191,33.841245],[-96.048834,33.836468],[-96.100095,33.847971],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.122951,33.839964],[-96.14807,33.837799],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.17589,33.814627],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.17515,33.801951],[-96.162123,33.79614],[-96.169452,33.770131],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.229023,33.748021],[-96.269896,33.768405],[-96.292482,33.766419],[-96.303009,33.750878],[-96.307035,33.719987],[-96.316925,33.698997],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.362198,33.691818],[-96.36959,33.716809],[-96.408469,33.751192],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.448045,33.781031],[-96.459154,33.775232],[-96.500268,33.772583],[-96.515912,33.787795],[-96.516584,33.803168],[-96.526655,33.820891],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.62929,33.845488],[-96.629747,33.850866],[-96.61197,33.869016],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.58536,33.888948],[-96.587934,33.894784],[-96.628294,33.894477],[-96.659896,33.916666],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.680947,33.896204],[-96.684727,33.862905],[-96.699574,33.839049],[-96.712422,33.831633],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.770676,33.829621],[-96.783485,33.863534],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.832157,33.874835],[-96.839778,33.868396],[-96.841592,33.852894],[-96.850593,33.847211],[-96.875281,33.860505],[-96.88301,33.868019],[-96.895728,33.896414],[-96.902434,33.942018],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.932252,33.955688],[-96.972542,33.935795],[-96.979818,33.941588],[-96.979347,33.95513],[-96.987892,33.954671],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.984939,33.904866],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-97.041245,33.837761],[-97.055416,33.841202],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.092112,33.804097],[-97.095236,33.794136],[-97.085218,33.765512],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.104525,33.722608],[-97.126102,33.716941],[-97.155066,33.724442],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.190397,33.781153],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.204995,33.81887],[-97.1997,33.827322],[-97.171627,33.835335],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.180845,33.895204],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.226522,33.914642],[-97.244946,33.903092],[-97.249209,33.875101],[-97.256625,33.863286],[-97.279108,33.864555],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.30749,33.878204],[-97.318243,33.865121],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.348338,33.843876],[-97.368744,33.821471],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.453057,33.828536],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.450954,33.891398],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.486505,33.916994],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.587441,33.902479],[-97.597115,33.917868],[-97.591514,33.9282],[-97.588828,33.951882],[-97.633778,33.981257],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.709684,33.954997],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.732267,33.936691],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.759399,33.91882],[-97.76377,33.914241],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.779683,33.899243],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.801578,33.885138],[-97.805423,33.877167],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.871447,33.849001],[-97.936743,33.879204],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.98454,33.900703],[-97.979985,33.911402],[-97.969873,33.905999],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.953395,33.936445],[-97.971175,33.937129],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.960351,33.951928],[-97.94595,33.988396],[-97.958325,33.990846],[-97.974173,34.006716],[-97.987388,33.999823],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-98.055197,33.995841],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.105482,34.031307],[-98.096177,34.044625],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.119417,34.084474],[-98.099328,34.104295],[-98.089755,34.128211],[-98.109462,34.154111],[-98.123377,34.15454],[-98.130816,34.150532],[-98.154354,34.122734],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.203711,34.117676],[-98.241013,34.133103],[-98.256467,34.129481],[-98.293901,34.13302],[-98.325445,34.151025],[-98.364023,34.157109],[-98.381238,34.149454],[-98.398441,34.128456],[-98.399777,34.099973],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.440092,34.084311],[-98.449034,34.073462],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.504182,34.072371],[-98.5282,34.094961],[-98.572451,34.145091],[-98.599789,34.160571],[-98.616733,34.156418],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.690072,34.133155],[-98.734287,34.135758],[-98.741966,34.12553],[-98.757037,34.124633],[-98.76557,34.136376],[-98.792015,34.143736],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.855585,34.161621],[-98.860125,34.149913],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.874872,34.155657],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.918333,34.181831],[-98.950396,34.21168],[-98.958475,34.213855],[-98.966302,34.201323],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.987294,34.221223],[-99.000761,34.217643],[-99.002916,34.208782],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-99.036273,34.206912],[-99.043471,34.198208],[-99.058084,34.200569],[-99.066465,34.208404],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.108758,34.203401],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.131885,34.207382],[-99.127525,34.213771],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.190146,34.22966],[-99.197153,34.244298],[-99.195605,34.280839],[-99.207561,34.283505],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.213476,34.310672],[-99.209724,34.324935],[-99.213135,34.340369],[-99.232606,34.34238],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.248969,34.375984],[-99.258696,34.372634],[-99.274926,34.384904],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.261321,34.403499],[-99.294648,34.415373],[-99.319606,34.408869],[-99.334037,34.427536],[-99.356713,34.442144],[-99.354837,34.449658],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.396902,34.418688],[-99.391492,34.405631],[-99.397253,34.377871],[-99.40296,34.373481],[-99.420432,34.380464],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.44076,34.374123],[-99.452648,34.388252],[-99.470969,34.396471],[-99.487219,34.397955],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.51428,34.414035],[-99.549242,34.412715],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.58006,34.416653],[-99.585442,34.388914],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.624197,34.373577],[-99.649662,34.379885],[-99.662705,34.37368],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.712682,34.390928],[-99.720259,34.406295],[-99.767234,34.430502],[-99.764882,34.435266],[-99.775743,34.444225],[-99.782986,34.444364],[-99.814313,34.476204],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.853066,34.511593],[-99.887147,34.549047],[-99.915771,34.565975],[-99.923211,34.574552],[-99.954567,34.578195],[-99.971555,34.562179],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-100.000406,36.499702],[-103.002434,36.500397],[-103.002199,37.000104],[-102.75986,37.000019],[-102.698142,36.995149],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-100.115722,37.002206],[-98.219499,36.997824],[-94.61808,36.998135],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-90.152481,36.497952],[-90.159305,36.492446],[-90.155997,36.490385],[-90.15946,36.481343],[-90.142269,36.472138],[-90.152888,36.47093],[-90.155804,36.463555],[-90.14153,36.462993],[-90.137323,36.455411],[-90.133993,36.437906],[-90.144139,36.425806],[-90.13559,36.422897],[-90.138653,36.414547],[-90.131038,36.415069],[-90.109495,36.404073],[-90.080426,36.400763],[-90.064514,36.382085],[-90.066297,36.3593],[-90.077723,36.349484],[-90.075884,36.335184],[-90.081961,36.322097],[-90.069266,36.313152],[-90.06398,36.303038],[-90.0778,36.288349],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.083731,36.272332],[-90.112945,36.266557],[-90.124476,36.244198],[-90.129716,36.243235],[-90.12466,36.235549],[-90.126366,36.229367],[-90.14224,36.227522],[-90.15614,36.213706],[-90.188189,36.20536],[-90.21128,36.183392],[-90.220425,36.184764],[-90.23537,36.159153],[-90.231386,36.147348],[-90.235585,36.139474],[-90.266256,36.120559],[-90.293109,36.114368],[-90.29991,36.098236],[-90.319168,36.089976],[-90.320746,36.071326],[-90.333261,36.067504],[-90.337146,36.047754],[-90.347908,36.041939],[-90.351732,36.025347],[-90.37789,35.995683],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-89.719168,35.985976],[-89.719679,35.970939],[-89.714565,35.963034],[-89.652279,35.921462],[-89.644838,35.904351],[-89.64727,35.89492],[-89.665672,35.883301],[-89.677012,35.88572],[-89.688141,35.896946],[-89.714934,35.906247],[-89.741241,35.906749],[-89.768743,35.886663],[-89.773564,35.871697],[-89.769413,35.861558],[-89.704351,35.835726],[-89.701045,35.828227],[-89.706085,35.81826],[-89.734044,35.806174],[-89.765442,35.811214],[-89.781793,35.805084],[-89.799331,35.788503],[-89.799249,35.775439],[-89.821216,35.756716],[-89.846343,35.755732],[-89.877256,35.741369],[-89.909996,35.759396],[-89.956254,35.733386],[-89.958882,35.723834],[-89.955753,35.690621],[-89.931036,35.660044],[-89.915427,35.652782],[-89.898916,35.650904],[-89.886979,35.653637],[-89.878534,35.66482],[-89.864782,35.670385],[-89.858935,35.66906],[-89.851176,35.657432],[-89.856619,35.634444],[-89.894346,35.615535],[-89.910687,35.617536],[-89.945405,35.601611],[-89.956749,35.590511],[-89.95669,35.581426],[-89.941393,35.556555],[-89.910789,35.547515],[-89.910885,35.541072],[-89.903882,35.534175],[-89.911931,35.51741],[-89.919331,35.51387],[-89.951248,35.521866],[-89.956347,35.525594],[-89.958498,35.541703],[-89.989363,35.560043],[-90.02862,35.555249],[-90.039744,35.548041],[-90.050277,35.515275],[-90.043517,35.492298],[-90.018842,35.464816],[-90.031584,35.427662],[-90.04264,35.421237],[-90.056644,35.403786],[-90.041563,35.39662],[-90.044856,35.392964],[-90.054451,35.38965],[-90.069283,35.408306],[-90.062018,35.41518],[-90.070549,35.423291],[-90.074082,35.433983],[-90.067138,35.464833],[-90.085009,35.478835],[-90.107723,35.476935],[-90.114412,35.472467],[-90.129448,35.441931],[-90.169002,35.421853],[-90.179265,35.385194],[-90.166246,35.374745],[-90.13551,35.376668],[-90.146191,35.399468],[-90.14166,35.408563],[-90.130475,35.413745],[-90.112504,35.410153],[-90.09665,35.395257],[-90.074992,35.384152],[-90.087903,35.36327],[-90.110293,35.342786],[-90.103862,35.332405],[-90.109093,35.304987],[-90.139504,35.298828],[-90.149794,35.303288],[-90.158913,35.300637],[-90.168794,35.279088],[-90.152094,35.255989],[-90.140394,35.252289],[-90.105093,35.254288],[-90.07875,35.227806],[-90.074155,35.21707],[-90.07682,35.208817],[-90.088597,35.212376],[-90.096466,35.194848],[-90.116182,35.198498],[-90.117393,35.18789],[-90.092944,35.157228],[-90.066958,35.151839],[-90.065392,35.137691],[-90.08342,35.12167],[-90.100593,35.116691],[-90.142794,35.135091],[-90.165328,35.125228],[-90.176843,35.112088],[-90.181387,35.091401],[-90.195133,35.061793],[-90.196095,35.0374],[-90.209397,35.026546],[-90.256495,35.034493],[-90.263796,35.039593],[-90.295596,35.040093],[-90.309877,35.00975],[-90.309297,34.995694],[-90.296422,34.976346],[-90.250056,34.951196],[-90.244476,34.937596],[-90.244725,34.921031],[-90.250095,34.90732],[-90.313476,34.871698],[-90.302523,34.856471],[-90.307384,34.846195],[-90.323067,34.846391],[-90.34038,34.860357],[-90.414864,34.831846],[-90.422355,34.833675],[-90.428754,34.8414],[-90.430096,34.871212],[-90.438313,34.884581],[-90.459819,34.891946],[-90.479872,34.883264],[-90.483969,34.877176],[-90.483876,34.861333],[-90.456935,34.823383],[-90.459024,34.81444],[-90.470544,34.805036],[-90.47459,34.7932],[-90.453038,34.753352],[-90.452479,34.739898],[-90.469897,34.72703],[-90.488865,34.723731],[-90.501667,34.724236],[-90.518317,34.73279],[-90.520556,34.753388],[-90.505494,34.764568],[-90.501523,34.774795],[-90.514706,34.801768],[-90.522892,34.802265],[-90.53651,34.798572],[-90.544067,34.791159],[-90.54817,34.78189],[-90.542631,34.764396],[-90.543811,34.749277],[-90.563544,34.738671],[-90.568081,34.724802],[-90.538974,34.698783],[-90.471185,34.699066],[-90.462552,34.687576],[-90.466041,34.674312],[-90.5081,34.636682],[-90.532188,34.627487],[-90.547614,34.631656],[-90.554129,34.640871],[-90.552642,34.659707],[-90.538061,34.673232],[-90.540074,34.684981],[-90.549856,34.695478],[-90.555627,34.697946],[-90.567334,34.693371],[-90.588419,34.670963],[-90.583088,34.64361],[-90.587224,34.615732],[-90.570133,34.587457],[-90.545891,34.563257],[-90.540736,34.548085],[-90.545728,34.53775],[-90.578493,34.516296],[-90.588942,34.491097],[-90.585477,34.461247],[-90.56733,34.440383],[-90.566505,34.429528],[-90.571145,34.420319],[-90.613944,34.390723],[-90.658542,34.375705],[-90.655346,34.371846],[-90.666788,34.35582],[-90.666862,34.348569],[-90.657488,34.322231],[-90.661395,34.315398],[-90.669343,34.31302],[-90.686003,34.315771],[-90.693129,34.32257],[-90.691551,34.338618],[-90.68162,34.35291],[-90.683222,34.368817],[-90.712088,34.363805],[-90.750107,34.367919],[-90.765764,34.362109],[-90.767732,34.346872],[-90.744713,34.324872],[-90.74061,34.313469],[-90.743082,34.302257],[-90.765165,34.280524],[-90.802928,34.282465],[-90.828267,34.27365],[-90.836972,34.250104],[-90.840009,34.223077],[-90.847808,34.20653],[-90.87912,34.21545],[-90.89456,34.22438],[-90.905934,34.243529],[-90.929015,34.244541],[-90.937152,34.23411],[-90.93522,34.21905],[-90.916048,34.196916],[-90.887884,34.18198],[-90.8556,34.18688],[-90.816572,34.183023],[-90.808685,34.175878],[-90.810884,34.155903],[-90.825708,34.142011],[-90.847168,34.136884],[-90.86458,34.140555],[-90.894385,34.160953],[-90.91001,34.165508],[-90.9543,34.138498],[-90.958467,34.125105],[-90.946323,34.109374],[-90.918395,34.093054],[-90.882628,34.096615],[-90.870461,34.082739],[-90.887837,34.055403],[-90.886991,34.035094],[-90.89242,34.02686],[-90.942662,34.01805],[-90.970726,34.02162],[-90.987948,34.019038],[-90.979945,34.000106],[-90.961548,33.979945],[-90.967632,33.963324],[-90.983359,33.960186],[-91.000108,33.966428],[-91.01889,34.003151],[-91.042751,33.986811],[-91.075378,33.983586],[-91.087921,33.975335],[-91.089787,33.966004],[-91.084095,33.956179],[-91.035961,33.943758],[-91.010318,33.929352],[-91.026382,33.90798],[-91.070883,33.866714],[-91.073011,33.857449],[-91.067511,33.840443],[-91.046849,33.815365],[-91.000107,33.799549],[-90.988466,33.78453],[-91.000106,33.769165],[-91.023285,33.762991],[-91.053886,33.778701],[-91.107318,33.770619],[-91.123466,33.782106],[-91.132185,33.78342],[-91.145112,33.76734],[-91.141304,33.760835],[-91.146618,33.732456],[-91.132338,33.714246],[-91.117733,33.705342],[-91.101101,33.705007],[-91.06829,33.716477],[-91.059891,33.714816],[-91.046778,33.706313],[-91.03612,33.689113],[-91.030402,33.687766],[-91.03146,33.678142],[-91.03684,33.671316],[-91.046412,33.668272],[-91.078507,33.658283],[-91.09404,33.658351],[-91.13045,33.674522],[-91.160866,33.707096],[-91.212077,33.698249],[-91.225279,33.687749],[-91.229015,33.677543],[-91.219048,33.661503],[-91.178311,33.651109],[-91.139209,33.625658],[-91.130445,33.606034],[-91.134043,33.594489],[-91.152148,33.582721],[-91.175979,33.582968],[-91.198285,33.572061],[-91.224121,33.567369],[-91.230858,33.561372],[-91.232295,33.552788],[-91.219297,33.532364],[-91.187367,33.510552],[-91.182901,33.502379],[-91.208535,33.468606],[-91.231661,33.4571],[-91.235928,33.440611],[-91.206807,33.433846],[-91.177293,33.443638],[-91.16936,33.452629],[-91.177148,33.48617],[-91.172213,33.496691],[-91.167403,33.498304],[-91.125109,33.472842],[-91.117975,33.453807],[-91.131885,33.430063],[-91.17628,33.416979],[-91.199354,33.418321],[-91.209032,33.403633],[-91.171968,33.38103],[-91.140938,33.380477],[-91.113764,33.393124],[-91.099277,33.408244],[-91.095211,33.417488],[-91.096723,33.437603],[-91.086498,33.451576],[-91.067623,33.455104],[-91.057621,33.445341],[-91.058152,33.428705],[-91.075293,33.405966],[-91.101456,33.38719],[-91.120409,33.363809],[-91.142219,33.348989],[-91.141615,33.299539],[-91.125539,33.280255],[-91.128078,33.268502],[-91.118208,33.262071],[-91.106142,33.241799],[-91.1001,33.238125],[-91.096931,33.241628],[-91.086137,33.273652],[-91.07853,33.283306],[-91.067035,33.28718],[-91.052369,33.285415],[-91.043624,33.274636],[-91.050407,33.251202],[-91.070697,33.227302],[-91.091711,33.220813],[-91.084366,33.180856],[-91.089862,33.139655],[-91.104317,33.131598],[-91.131659,33.129101],[-91.150362,33.130695],[-91.160298,33.141216],[-91.183662,33.141691],[-91.193174,33.136734],[-91.20178,33.125121],[-91.200167,33.10693],[-91.180836,33.098364],[-91.171514,33.087818],[-91.149823,33.081603],[-91.121195,33.059166],[-91.129088,33.033554],[-91.162363,33.019684],[-91.166073,33.004106],[-93.073167,33.017898],[-94.042964,33.019219]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Arkansas\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aae9de4b0c8380cd87131","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":40313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bensley, D.F.","contributorId":88503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bensley","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hathon, L.A.","contributorId":57221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathon","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kastens, P.H.","contributorId":49942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kastens","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208292,"text":"70208292 - 1993 - The Beaufort Sea continental shelf as a seasonal source of atmospheric methane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T11:09:42","indexId":"70208292","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-03T10:59:24","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Beaufort Sea continental shelf as a seasonal source of atmospheric methane","docAbstract":"Methane concentrations in the Beaufort Sea under the winter ice canopy offshore from northern Alaska are 3 to 28 times greater than they are in late summer when the ice is absent in a similar region offshore from northern Canada where methane is in approximate equilibrium with the atmosphere. These observations suggest that methane concentrates in the water under the sea‐ice cover during winter and ventilates rapidly in late summer as the ice melts and retreats. Conditions similar to those on the Beaufort Sea shelf likely exist on the much larger Siberian shelf, making the Arctic Ocean margin a possible seasonal, high‐latitude, marine source of about 0.1 Tg yr−1 atmospheric methane. The small addition of methane likely contributes to the late‐summer increase in atmospheric methane that is observed each year particularly in the northern hemisphere.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93GL02727","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Lilley, M.D., Lorenson, T., Barnes, P.W., and McLaughlin, E., 1993, The Beaufort Sea continental shelf as a seasonal source of atmospheric methane: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 20, no. 22, p. 2459-2462, https://doi.org/10.1029/93GL02727.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2459","endPage":"2462","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.236328125,\n 69.71810669906763\n ],\n [\n -145.98632812499997,\n 69.71810669906763\n ],\n [\n -145.98632812499997,\n 72.43553464712416\n ],\n [\n -157.236328125,\n 72.43553464712416\n ],\n [\n -157.236328125,\n 69.71810669906763\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilley, Marvin D.","contributorId":45377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilley","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenson, Thomas 0000-0001-7669-2873 tlorenson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7669-2873","contributorId":174599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"Thomas","email":"tlorenson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, P. W.","contributorId":8819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McLaughlin, E.","contributorId":86509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70208291,"text":"70208291 - 1993 - Gas hydrates—Geological perspective and global change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T10:45:21","indexId":"70208291","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-03T10:37:19","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas hydrates—Geological perspective and global change","docAbstract":"Natural gas hydrates occur worldwide in polar regions, normally associated with onshore and offshore permafrost, and in sediment of outer continental and insular margins. The total amount of methane in gas hydrates likely exceeds 1019 g of methane carbon. Three aspects of gas hydrates are important: their fossil fuel resource potential, their role as a submarine geohazard, and their effects on global climate change. Because gas hydrates represent a large amount of methane within 2000 m of the Earth's surface, they are considered to be an unconventional, unproven source of fossil fuel. Because gas hydrates are metastable, changes of pressure and temperature affect their stability. Destabilized gas hydrates beneath the seafloor lead to geologic hazards such as submarine slumps and slides, examples of which are found worldwide. Destabilized gas hydrates may also affect climate through the release of methane, a “greenhouse” gas, which may enhance global warming and be a factor in global climate change.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93RG00268","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., 1993, Gas hydrates—Geological perspective and global change: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 31, no. 2, p. 173-187, https://doi.org/10.1029/93RG00268.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70243463,"text":"70243463 - 1993 - Predicting sizes of undiscovered mineral deposits; an example using mercury deposits in California: A reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-10T18:54:13.84869","indexId":"70243463","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-01T13:50:03","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting sizes of undiscovered mineral deposits; an example using mercury deposits in California: A reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.1.209","usgsCitation":"Chung, C.F., Singer, D., and Menzie, W.D., 1993, Predicting sizes of undiscovered mineral deposits; an example using mercury deposits in California: A reply: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 1, p. 209-209, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.1.209.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"209","endPage":"209","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.434403,37.852434],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.430958,37.872242],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-122.3785,37.826505],[-122.377879,37.830648],[-122.369941,37.832137],[-122.358779,37.814278],[-122.362661,37.807577],[-122.372422,37.811301],[-122.3785,37.826505]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.230001,34.010136],[-120.19578,34.004284],[-120.167306,34.008219],[-120.147647,34.024831],[-120.140362,34.025974],[-120.115058,34.019866],[-120.090182,34.019806],[-120.073609,34.024477],[-120.057637,34.03734],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.050382,34.013331],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-120.011123,33.979894],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.979913,33.969623],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.017715,33.936366],[-120.048611,33.915775],[-120.098601,33.907853],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.168974,33.91909],[-120.224461,33.989059],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.755521,34.056716],[-119.712576,34.043265],[-119.686507,34.019805],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.612226,34.021256],[-119.604287,34.031561],[-119.608798,34.035245],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.5667,34.053452],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.542449,34.021082],[-119.547072,34.005469],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.575636,33.996009],[-119.596877,33.988611],[-119.662825,33.985889],[-119.721206,33.959583],[-119.742966,33.963877],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.842748,33.97034],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.884896,34.008814],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.916216,34.058351],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.919155,34.07728],[-119.912857,34.077508],[-119.857304,34.071298],[-119.825865,34.059794],[-119.818742,34.052997],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.440248,34.036918],[-120.415287,34.05496],[-120.403613,34.050442],[-120.390906,34.051994],[-120.368813,34.06778],[-120.370176,34.074907],[-120.362251,34.073056],[-120.354982,34.059256],[-120.36029,34.05582],[-120.358608,34.050235],[-120.346946,34.046576],[-120.331161,34.049097],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.317052,34.018837],[-120.347706,34.020114],[-120.35793,34.015029],[-120.409368,34.032198],[-120.427408,34.025425],[-120.454134,34.028081],[-120.465329,34.038448],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.535823,32.90628],[-118.551134,32.945155],[-118.573522,32.969183],[-118.586928,33.008281],[-118.596037,33.015357],[-118.606559,33.01469],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.594033,33.035951],[-118.57516,33.033961],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.559171,33.006291],[-118.540069,32.980933],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.369984,32.839273],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.356541,32.817311],[-118.379968,32.824545],[-118.394565,32.823978],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.44492,32.820593],[-118.496298,32.851572],[-118.507193,32.876264],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.477646,33.448392],[-118.445812,33.428907],[-118.423576,33.427258],[-118.382037,33.409883],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.365094,33.388374],[-118.310213,33.335795],[-118.303174,33.320264],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.325244,33.299075],[-118.374768,33.320065],[-118.440047,33.318638],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48877,33.356649],[-118.478465,33.38632],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.515914,33.422417],[-118.52323,33.430733],[-118.53738,33.434608],[-118.563442,33.434381],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.54453,33.474119],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.528141,33.284929],[-119.465717,33.259239],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.444269,33.21919],[-119.476029,33.21552],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.564971,33.24744],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.562042,33.271129],[-119.543842,33.280329]]],[[[-122.289533,42.007764],[-121.035195,41.993323],[-120.001058,41.995139],[-119.995926,40.499901],[-120.005743,39.228664],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-119.333423,38.538328],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-117.875927,37.497267],[-117.244917,37.030244],[-116.488233,36.459097],[-115.852908,35.96966],[-115.102881,35.379371],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.629015,34.986148],[-114.634953,34.958918],[-114.629753,34.938684],[-114.635176,34.875003],[-114.623939,34.859738],[-114.586842,34.835672],[-114.57101,34.794294],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.516619,34.736745],[-114.470477,34.711368],[-114.452628,34.668546],[-114.451753,34.654321],[-114.441465,34.64253],[-114.438739,34.621455],[-114.424202,34.610453],[-114.429747,34.591734],[-114.422382,34.580711],[-114.405228,34.569637],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.378124,34.507288],[-114.386699,34.457911],[-114.375789,34.447798],[-114.335372,34.450038],[-114.32613,34.437251],[-114.294836,34.421389],[-114.286802,34.40534],[-114.264317,34.401329],[-114.226107,34.365916],[-114.199482,34.361373],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.157206,34.317862],[-114.138282,34.30323],[-114.134768,34.268965],[-114.139055,34.259538],[-114.159697,34.258242],[-114.223384,34.205136],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.254141,34.173831],[-114.287294,34.170529],[-114.320777,34.138635],[-114.353031,34.133121],[-114.366521,34.118575],[-114.390565,34.110084],[-114.411681,34.110031],[-114.43338,34.088413],[-114.43934,34.057893],[-114.434949,34.037784],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.46283,34.008421],[-114.46117,33.994687],[-114.499883,33.961789],[-114.522002,33.955623],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.533679,33.926072],[-114.508558,33.906098],[-114.518555,33.889847],[-114.50434,33.876882],[-114.503017,33.867998],[-114.514673,33.858638],[-114.52453,33.858477],[-114.529597,33.848063],[-114.520465,33.827778],[-114.527161,33.816191],[-114.504863,33.760465],[-114.504483,33.750998],[-114.512348,33.734214],[-114.496565,33.719155],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.495719,33.698454],[-114.523959,33.685879],[-114.531523,33.675108],[-114.525201,33.661583],[-114.530244,33.65014],[-114.526947,33.637534],[-114.529662,33.622794],[-114.524813,33.611351],[-114.540617,33.591412],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.524391,33.553683],[-114.558898,33.531819],[-114.560552,33.518272],[-114.569533,33.509219],[-114.591554,33.499443],[-114.622918,33.456561],[-114.627125,33.433554],[-114.635183,33.422726],[-114.652828,33.412922],[-114.687953,33.417944],[-114.701732,33.408388],[-114.725535,33.404056],[-114.708408,33.384147],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.707962,33.323421],[-114.731223,33.302434],[-114.723259,33.288079],[-114.684363,33.276025],[-114.672401,33.26047],[-114.689421,33.24525],[-114.674479,33.225504],[-114.678749,33.203448],[-114.675831,33.18152],[-114.679359,33.159519],[-114.703682,33.113769],[-114.706488,33.08816],[-114.68902,33.084036],[-114.686991,33.070969],[-114.674296,33.057171],[-114.673659,33.041897],[-114.662317,33.032671],[-114.64598,33.048903],[-114.618788,33.027202],[-114.589778,33.026228],[-114.575161,33.036542],[-114.52013,33.029984],[-114.502871,33.011153],[-114.492938,32.971781],[-114.476156,32.975168],[-114.467664,32.966861],[-114.469113,32.952673],[-114.48074,32.937027],[-114.47664,32.923628],[-114.462929,32.907944],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.494116,32.823288],[-114.510217,32.816417],[-114.530755,32.793485],[-114.532432,32.776923],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.539093,32.756949],[-114.539224,32.749812],[-114.564447,32.749554],[-114.564508,32.742298],[-114.581736,32.742321],[-114.581784,32.734946],[-114.612697,32.734516],[-114.618373,32.728245],[-114.688779,32.737675],[-114.701918,32.745548],[-114.719633,32.718763],[-116.04662,32.623353],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.136664,32.618754],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.196767,32.688851],[-117.213068,32.687751],[-117.236239,32.671353],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.25757,32.72605],[-117.25257,32.752949],[-117.25497,32.786948],[-117.26107,32.803148],[-117.280971,32.822247],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.27387,32.851447],[-117.26497,32.848947],[-117.25617,32.859447],[-117.25167,32.874346],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.28077,33.012343],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.328359,33.121842],[-117.362572,33.168437],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.50565,33.334063],[-117.547693,33.365491],[-117.59588,33.386629],[-117.607905,33.406317],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.684584,33.461927],[-117.691984,33.456627],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.726486,33.483427],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.814188,33.552224],[-117.840289,33.573523],[-117.87679,33.592322],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-117.940591,33.620021],[-118.000593,33.654319],[-118.029694,33.676418],[-118.088896,33.729817],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.180831,33.763072],[-118.187701,33.749218],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.207476,33.716905],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.317205,33.712818],[-118.360505,33.736817],[-118.385006,33.741417],[-118.396606,33.735917],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.405007,33.800215],[-118.394376,33.804289],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.460611,33.969111],[-118.482729,33.995912],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.543115,34.038508],[-118.569235,34.04164],[-118.609652,34.036424],[-118.668358,34.038887],[-118.706215,34.029383],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.783433,34.021543],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-118.928048,34.045847],[-118.938081,34.043383],[-119.004644,34.066231],[-119.037494,34.083111],[-119.088536,34.09831],[-119.109784,34.094566],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.18864,34.139005],[-119.216441,34.146105],[-119.257043,34.213304],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.290945,34.274902],[-119.313034,34.275689],[-119.337475,34.290576],[-119.370356,34.319486],[-119.388249,34.317398],[-119.42777,34.353016],[-119.461036,34.374064],[-119.536957,34.395495],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.616862,34.420995],[-119.638864,34.415696],[-119.671866,34.416096],[-119.688167,34.412497],[-119.684666,34.408297],[-119.709067,34.395397],[-119.729369,34.395897],[-119.794771,34.417597],[-119.835771,34.415796],[-119.853771,34.407996],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-119.925227,34.433931],[-119.956433,34.435288],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.038828,34.463434],[-120.088591,34.460208],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.25777,34.467451],[-120.295051,34.470623],[-120.341369,34.458789],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.47661,34.475131],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.581293,34.556959],[-120.622575,34.554017],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.645739,34.581035],[-120.640244,34.604406],[-120.60197,34.692095],[-120.60045,34.70464],[-120.614852,34.730709],[-120.62632,34.738072],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.616296,34.816308],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.616325,34.866739],[-120.639283,34.880413],[-120.647328,34.901133],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.63999,35.002963],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.630957,35.101941],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.651134,35.147768],[-120.662475,35.153357],[-120.675074,35.153061],[-120.698906,35.171192],[-120.714185,35.175998],[-120.74887,35.177795],[-120.754823,35.174701],[-120.756086,35.160459],[-120.760492,35.15971],[-120.778998,35.168897],[-120.786076,35.177666],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.866099,35.393045],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-120.907937,35.449069],[-120.946546,35.446715],[-120.969436,35.460197],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.101595,35.548814],[-121.126027,35.593058],[-121.143561,35.606046],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.251034,35.656641],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.289794,35.689428],[-121.314632,35.71331],[-121.315786,35.75252],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.388053,35.823483],[-121.413146,35.855316],[-121.439584,35.86695],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.461227,35.896906],[-121.472435,35.91989],[-121.4862,35.970348],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.531876,36.014368],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.590395,36.050363],[-121.592853,36.065062],[-121.606845,36.072065],[-121.618672,36.087767],[-121.629634,36.114452],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.717176,36.195146],[-121.779851,36.227407],[-121.797059,36.234211],[-121.813734,36.234235],[-121.826425,36.24186],[-121.851967,36.277831],[-121.874797,36.289064],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.894714,36.317806],[-121.892917,36.340428],[-121.905446,36.358269],[-121.903195,36.393603],[-121.914378,36.404344],[-121.91474,36.42589],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.938763,36.506423],[-121.944666,36.521861],[-121.925937,36.525173],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.942533,36.566435],[-121.957335,36.564482],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.970427,36.582754],[-121.941666,36.618059],[-121.93643,36.636746],[-121.923866,36.634559],[-121.890164,36.609259],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.860604,36.611136],[-121.831995,36.644856],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.807062,36.714157],[-121.805643,36.750239],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.809363,36.848654],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.894667,36.961851],[-121.930069,36.97815],[-121.95167,36.97145],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.012373,36.96455],[-122.023373,36.96215],[-122.027174,36.95115],[-122.050122,36.948523],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.155078,36.98085],[-122.20618,37.013949],[-122.252181,37.059448],[-122.284882,37.101747],[-122.306139,37.116383],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.337833,37.135936],[-122.359791,37.155574],[-122.367085,37.172817],[-122.390599,37.182988],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.407181,37.219465],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.411686,37.265844],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.423286,37.392542],[-122.443687,37.435941],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.472388,37.50054],[-122.493789,37.492341],[-122.499289,37.495341],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.519533,37.537302],[-122.513688,37.552239],[-122.517187,37.590637],[-122.501386,37.599637],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.496784,37.686433],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.50531,37.788312],[-122.485783,37.790629],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.463793,37.804653],[-122.407452,37.811441],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.385323,37.790724],[-122.375854,37.734979],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.361749,37.71501],[-122.370411,37.717572],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.387626,37.67906],[-122.374291,37.662206],[-122.3756,37.652389],[-122.387381,37.648462],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.358583,37.611155],[-122.373309,37.613773],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.360219,37.592501],[-122.317676,37.590865],[-122.305895,37.575484],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.214264,37.538505],[-122.196593,37.537196],[-122.194957,37.522469],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.155686,37.501198],[-122.140142,37.507907],[-122.127706,37.500053],[-122.111344,37.50758],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.147014,37.588411],[-122.145378,37.600846],[-122.152905,37.640771],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.257953,37.739601],[-122.257134,37.745001],[-122.242638,37.753744],[-122.253753,37.761218],[-122.293996,37.770416],[-122.330963,37.786035],[-122.33555,37.799538],[-122.333711,37.809797],[-122.323567,37.823214],[-122.303931,37.830087],[-122.301313,37.847758],[-122.310477,37.873938],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.32373,37.905845],[-122.33453,37.908791],[-122.35711,37.908791],[-122.367582,37.903882],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.39049,37.922535],[-122.413725,37.937262],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.415361,37.963115],[-122.399832,37.956009],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.361905,37.989991],[-122.367909,38.01253],[-122.340093,38.003694],[-122.321112,38.012857],[-122.300823,38.010893],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.262861,38.0446],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.314567,38.115287],[-122.366273,38.141467],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.403514,38.150624],[-122.409798,38.136231],[-122.439577,38.116923],[-122.454958,38.118887],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.483757,38.071762],[-122.499465,38.032165],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.481466,38.007621],[-122.462812,38.003367],[-122.452995,37.996167],[-122.448413,37.984713],[-122.456595,37.978823],[-122.471975,37.981768],[-122.488665,37.966714],[-122.487684,37.948716],[-122.479175,37.941516],[-122.48572,37.937589],[-122.499465,37.939225],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.478193,37.918608],[-122.471975,37.910427],[-122.472303,37.902573],[-122.458558,37.894064],[-122.448413,37.89341],[-122.438268,37.880974],[-122.45005,37.871157],[-122.462158,37.868866],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.548986,37.836227],[-122.561487,37.851827],[-122.584289,37.859227],[-122.60129,37.875126],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.682171,37.90645],[-122.70264,37.89382],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.736898,37.925825],[-122.766138,37.938004],[-122.783244,37.951334],[-122.797405,37.976657],[-122.821383,37.996735],[-122.856573,38.016717],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.939711,38.031908],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.981776,38.009119],[-122.97439,37.992429],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-123.011533,38.003438],[-122.99242,38.041758],[-122.960889,38.112962],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.953629,38.17567],[-122.965408,38.187113],[-122.968112,38.202428],[-122.993959,38.237602],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.967203,38.250691],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-122.986319,38.273164],[-123.002911,38.295708],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.038742,38.313576],[-123.051061,38.310693],[-123.053504,38.299385],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.074684,38.322574],[-123.068437,38.33521],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.202277,38.494314],[-123.249797,38.511045],[-123.287156,38.540223],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.343338,38.590008],[-123.371876,38.607235],[-123.398166,38.647044],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.461291,38.717001],[-123.514784,38.741966],[-123.541837,38.776764],[-123.579856,38.802835],[-123.58638,38.802857],[-123.605317,38.822765],[-123.647387,38.845472],[-123.659846,38.872529],[-123.71054,38.91323],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.726315,38.936367],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.729053,38.956667],[-123.711149,38.977316],[-123.6969,39.004401],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.693969,39.057363],[-123.713392,39.108422],[-123.721505,39.125327],[-123.737913,39.143442],[-123.742221,39.164885],[-123.765891,39.193657],[-123.774998,39.212083],[-123.777368,39.237214],[-123.787893,39.264327],[-123.803848,39.278771],[-123.803081,39.291747],[-123.811387,39.312825],[-123.808772,39.324368],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.826306,39.36871],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.787417,39.604552],[-123.782322,39.621486],[-123.792659,39.684122],[-123.808208,39.710715],[-123.829545,39.723071],[-123.838089,39.752409],[-123.839797,39.795637],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-123.907664,39.863028],[-123.930047,39.909697],[-123.954952,39.922373],[-123.980031,39.962458],[-124.035904,40.013319],[-124.056408,40.024305],[-124.068908,40.021307],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.080709,40.06611],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.214895,40.160902],[-124.296497,40.208816],[-124.320912,40.226617],[-124.327691,40.23737],[-124.34307,40.243979],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.363634,40.276212],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.362796,40.350046],[-124.365357,40.374855],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.391496,40.407047],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.38494,40.48982],[-124.383224,40.499852],[-124.387023,40.504954],[-124.382816,40.519],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.158322,40.876069],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.118147,40.989263],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.125448,41.048504],[-124.138217,41.054342],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.154513,41.087159],[-124.160556,41.099011],[-124.159065,41.121957],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.158539,41.143021],[-124.149674,41.140845],[-124.1438,41.144686],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.072294,41.374844],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.066057,41.470258],[-124.081427,41.511228],[-124.081987,41.547761],[-124.092404,41.553615],[-124.101123,41.569192],[-124.097385,41.585251],[-124.100961,41.602499],[-124.114413,41.616768],[-124.120225,41.640354],[-124.135552,41.657307],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.164716,41.740126],[-124.17739,41.745756],[-124.194953,41.736778],[-124.23972,41.7708],[-124.248704,41.771459],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.245027,41.7923],[-124.230678,41.818681],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.203402,41.940964],[-124.204948,41.983441],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-123.656998,41.995137],[-123.624554,41.999837],[-123.347562,41.999108],[-123.145959,42.009247],[-123.045254,42.003049],[-122.893961,42.002605],[-122.289533,42.007764]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"California\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"88","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chung, C. F.","contributorId":205051,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chung","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, D.A.","contributorId":69128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":872217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Menzie, W. David","contributorId":15645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menzie","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":872218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70128312,"text":"70128312 - 1993 - Fire history of southeastern Glacier National Park: Missouri River Drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T13:14:42","indexId":"70128312","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-01T12:49:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Final Report PX 1430-2-0787","title":"Fire history of southeastern Glacier National Park: Missouri River Drainage","docAbstract":"In 1982, Glacier National Park (GNP) initiated long-term studies to document the fire history of all forested lands in the 410,000 ha. park. To date, studies have been conducted for GNP west of the Continental Divide (Barrett et al. 1991), roughly half of the total park area. These and other fire history studies in the Northern Rockies (Arno 1976, Sneck 1977, Arno 1980, Romme 1982, Romme and Despain 1989, Barrett and Arno 1991, Barrett 1993a, Barrett 1993b) have shown that fire history data can be an integral element of fire management planning, particularly wen natiral fire plans are being developed for parks and wilderness. The value of site specific fire history data is apparent when considering study results for lodgepole pin (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests. Lodgepole pine is a major subalpine type in the Northern Rockies and such stands experiences a wide range of presettlement fire patterns. On relatively warm-dry sites at lower elevations, such as in GNP's North Fork drainage (Barrett et al. 1991), short to moderately long interval (25-150 yr) fires occurred in a mixed severity pattern ranging from non-lethal underburns to total stand replacement (Arno 1976, Sneck 1977, Barrett and Arno 1991). Markedly different fire history occurred at high elevation lodgepole pine stands on highly unproductive sites, such as on Yellowstone National Park's (YNP) subalpine plateau. Romme (1982) found that, on some sites, stand replacing fires recurred after very long intervals (300-400 yr), and that non-lethal surface fires were rare. For somewhat more productive sites in the Absaroka Mountains in YNP, Barrett (1993a) estimated a 200 year mean replacement interval, in a pattern similar to that found in steep mountain terrain elsewhere, such as in the Middle Fork Flathead River drainage (Barrett et al. 1991, Sneck 1977).
\nAside from post-1900 written records (ayres 1900; fire atlas data on file, GNP Archives Div. and GNP Resources Mgt. Div.), little fire history information existed for GNP's east-side forests, which are dominated primarily by lodgepole pine. In fall 1992, the park initiated a study to determine the fire history of the Missouri River drainage portion of southeastern GNP. Given the known variation in pre-1900 fire patterns for lodgepole pine, this study was seen as a potentially important contribution to GNP's Fire Management Plan, and to the expanding data base of fire history studies in the region. Resource managers sought this information to assist their development of appropriate fire management strategies for the east-side forests, and the fire history data also would be a useful interactive component of the park's Geographic Information System (GIS). Primary objectives were to: 1) determine pre-1900 fire periodicities, severities, burning patterns, and post-fire succession for major forest types, and 2) document and map the forest age class mosaic, reflecting the history of stand replacing fires at the landscape level of analysis. Secondary objectives were to interpret the possible effects of modern fire suppression on area forests, and to determine fire regime patterns relative to other lodgepole pine ecosystems in the Northern Rockies.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Barrett, S.W., 1993, Fire history of southeastern Glacier National Park: Missouri River Drainage, 43 p.","productDescription":"43 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295021,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500a7e4b0a4f4b46a2395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrett, Stephen W.","contributorId":32848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186953,"text":"70186953 - 1993 - Detection of contaminant plumes by bore hole geophysical logging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T15:52:09","indexId":"70186953","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of contaminant plumes by bore hole geophysical logging","docAbstract":"Two borehole geophysical methods—electromagnetic induction and natural gamma radiation logs—were used to vertically delineate landfill leachate plumes in a glacial aquifer. Geophysical logs of monitoring wells near two land-fills in a glacial aquifer in west-central Vermont show that borehole geophysical methods can aid in interpretation of geologic logs and placement of monitoring well screens to sample landfill leachate plumes.
Zones of high electrical conductance were delineated from the electromagnetic log in wells near two landfills. Some of these zones were found to correlate with silt and clay units on the basis of drilling and gamma logs. Monitoring wells were screened specifically in zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit. Zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit were caused by the presence of ground water with a high specific conductance, generally from 1000 to 2370 μS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius). Ambient ground water in the study area has a specific conductance of approximately 200 to 400 μS/cm. Landfill leachate plumes were found to be approximately 5 to 20 feet thick and to be near the water table surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1993.tb00427.x","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 1993, Detection of contaminant plumes by bore hole geophysical logging: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 13, no. 1, p. 107-114, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1993.tb00427.x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"107","endPage":"114","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339762,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cde4b08144348b7e6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918 tjmack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":1677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"tjmack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":691144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017736,"text":"70017736 - 1993 - Time-stratigraphic reconstruction and integration of paleopedologic, sedimentologic, and biotic events (Willwood Formation, lower Eocene, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-12T15:30:49.790111","indexId":"70017736","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Time-stratigraphic reconstruction and integration of paleopedologic, sedimentologic, and biotic events (Willwood Formation, lower Eocene, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2307/3515222","usgsCitation":"Bown, T.M., and Kraus, M.J., 1993, Time-stratigraphic reconstruction and integration of paleopedologic, sedimentologic, and biotic events (Willwood Formation, lower Eocene, Northwest Wyoming, U.S.A.): Palaios, v. 8, no. 1, p. 68-80, https://doi.org/10.2307/3515222.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"80","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228945,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"northwest Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.87800855956642,\n 45.00806614587472\n ],\n [\n -110.87800855956642,\n 43.9828347797266\n ],\n [\n -108.73344633494133,\n 43.9828347797266\n ],\n [\n -108.73344633494133,\n 45.00806614587472\n ],\n [\n -110.87800855956642,\n 45.00806614587472\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3dce4b08c986b326020","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bown, T. M.","contributorId":106858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bown","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, M. J.","contributorId":44605,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraus","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210113,"text":"70210113 - 1993 - Environmental contaminants in bald eagles in the Columbia River Estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-14T17:09:04.088541","indexId":"70210113","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-31T12:00:45","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contaminants in bald eagles in the Columbia River Estuary","docAbstract":"Eggs, blood, and carcasses of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and fish were collected and breeding success of eagles was monitored in the Columbia River estuary, 1980-87, to determine if contaminants were having an effect on productivity. High levels of dichloro diphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) were found in eggs, blood from adults, and 2 eagle carcasses. Detectable levels of DDE and PCB's were found in blood of nestlings indicating they were exposed to these contaminants early in life. Increasing concentrations of DDE and PCB's with age also indicated accumulation of these contaminants. Adult eagles also had higher levels of mercury (Hg) in blood than subadults or young indicating accumulation with age. The high levels of DDE and PCB's were associated with eggshell thinning (x̄ = 10%) and with productivity (x̄ = 0.56 young/occupied site) that was lower than that of healthy populations (i.e., ≥1.00 young/occupied site). DDE and PCB's had a deleterious effect on reproduction of bald eagles in the estuary. The role dioxins play in eagle reproduction remains unclear, but concentrations in eagle eggs were similar to those in laboratory studies on other species where dioxins adversely affected hatchability of eggs. Probable sources of these contaminants include dredged river sediments and hydroelectric dams, and the proper management of each may reduce the amount of contaminants released into the Columbia River estuary.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3808994","usgsCitation":"Anthony, R.G., Garrett, M.G., and Schuler, C., 1993, Environmental contaminants in bald eagles in the Columbia River Estuary: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 57, no. 1, p. 10-19, https://doi.org/10.2307/3808994.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"19","costCenters":[{"id":517,"text":"Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Estuary","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.0191650390625,\n 45.8842726860033\n ],\n [\n -122.74200439453125,\n 45.8842726860033\n ],\n [\n -122.74200439453125,\n 46.3583020562222\n ],\n [\n -124.0191650390625,\n 46.3583020562222\n ],\n [\n -124.0191650390625,\n 45.8842726860033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, Robert G.","contributorId":206136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anthony","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garrett, Monte G.","contributorId":71338,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garrett","given":"Monte","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":789180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuler, Carol cschuler@usgs.gov","contributorId":202913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuler","given":"Carol","email":"cschuler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208177,"text":"70208177 - 1993 - Vertebrate abundance and wildlife habitat suitability near the Palmerton zinc smelters, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-11T11:49:25","indexId":"70208177","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-29T12:40:54","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vertebrate abundance and wildlife habitat suitability near the Palmerton zinc smelters, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Wild vertebrates associated with habitats affected by two zinc smelters near Palmerton, Pennsylvania, were surveyed in 1986 and 1987. The objectives were to estimate abundance and distribution of vertebrate fauna, and to determine habitat suitability for 10 species of vertebrates at locations adjacent to and up to 15 km from the smelters. Sixteen species of amphibians and 51 species of birds were identified during surveys in April–July. The highest diversity of amphibians and birds occurred at habitats more than 5 km upwind or 5 km downwind of the smelters, whereas only a few species were observed or captured in areas within 5 km of the smelters where vegetation was minimal or absent. White-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) were captured during August 19–29, 1986. Mean capture rates were markedly higher at upwind and downwind sites compared with sites close to the smelters. Habitat unit scores for 10 indicator species, based on standard habitat evaluation procedures, were lowest at sites closest to the smelters. The lack of plant cover and generally low quality habitat were associated with the depauperate vertebrate community within 5 km of the zinc smelters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00214331","usgsCitation":"Storm, G.L., Yahner, R., and Bellis, E., 1993, Vertebrate abundance and wildlife habitat suitability near the Palmerton zinc smelters, Pennsylvania: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 428-437, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214331.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"428","endPage":"437","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pensylvannia","otherGeospatial":"Palmerton Smelters","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.63743591308594,\n 40.885486181691945\n ],\n [\n -75.76377868652344,\n 40.86004454780482\n ],\n [\n -75.8228302001953,\n 40.79301881008675\n ],\n [\n -75.81184387207031,\n 40.76650157923057\n ],\n [\n -75.75759887695312,\n 40.74621655456364\n ],\n [\n -75.34217834472656,\n 40.907285514728756\n ],\n [\n -75.46783447265625,\n 40.9855999586963\n ],\n [\n -75.62164306640625,\n 40.9415270946638\n ],\n [\n -75.63743591308594,\n 40.885486181691945\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storm, Gerald L.","contributorId":73657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yahner, R.H.","contributorId":56760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yahner","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellis, E.D.","contributorId":221952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellis","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018275,"text":"70018275 - 1993 - Detection of crustal deformation from the Landers earthquake sequence using continuous geodetic measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-28T15:17:35.008401","indexId":"70018275","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detection of crustal deformation from the Landers earthquake sequence using continuous geodetic measurements","docAbstract":"The measurement of crustal motions in technically active regions is being performed increasingly by the satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS)1,2, which offers considerable advantages over conventional geodetic techniques3,4. Continuously operating GPS arrays with ground-based receivers spaced tens of kilometres apart have been established in central Japan5,6 and southern California to monitor the spatial and temporal details of crustal deformation. Here we report the first measurements for a major earthquake by a continuously operating GPS network, the Permanent GPS Geodetic Array (PGGA)7–9 in southern California. The Landers (magnitude Afw of 7.3) and Big Bear (Mw 6.2) earthquakes of 28 June 1992 were monitored by daily observations. Ten weeks of measurements, centred on the earthquake events, indicate significant coseismic motion at all PGGA sites, significant post-seismic motion at one site for two weeks after the earthquakes, and no significant preseismic motion. These measurements demonstrate the potential of GPS monitoring for precise detection of precursory and aftershock seismic deformation in the near and far field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/361337a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Bock, Y., Agnew, D., Fang, P., Genrich, J., Hager, B., Herring, T., Hudnut, K., King, R., Larsen, S., Minster, J., Stark, K., Wdowinski, S., and Wyatt, F., 1993, Detection of crustal deformation from the Landers earthquake sequence using continuous geodetic measurements: Nature, v. 361, no. 6410, p. 337-340, https://doi.org/10.1038/361337a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"340","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227060,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"361","issue":"6410","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff72e4b0c8380cd4f1c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bock, Y.","contributorId":94051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agnew, D.C.","contributorId":32186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agnew","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fang, P.","contributorId":66865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Genrich, J.F.","contributorId":42374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Genrich","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hager, B.H.","contributorId":28264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"B.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herring, T.A.","contributorId":7433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herring","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hudnut, K.W.","contributorId":25179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudnut","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"King, R.W.","contributorId":94801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Larsen, S.","contributorId":37087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Minster, J.-B.","contributorId":34277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minster","given":"J.-B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Stark, K.","contributorId":92000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wdowinski, S.","contributorId":20481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wdowinski","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wyatt, F.K.","contributorId":12992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyatt","given":"F.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ]}