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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1370C","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, M.S., Sargent, K.A., and Langer, W.H., 1989, Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste— Characterization of the Rio Grande region, New Mexico and Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1370, Report: vi, 42 p.; 7 Plates: 41.94 × 30.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1370C.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 42 p.; 7 Plates: 41.94 × 30.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104613,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4823.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4823"},{"id":65189,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370c/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65183,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370c/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65184,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370c/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65185,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370c/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65186,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370c/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65188,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370c/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65187,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370c/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.3136,\n 30.8189\n ],\n [\n -105.6269,\n 30.8189\n ],\n [\n -105.6269,\n 34.5925\n ],\n [\n -107.3136,\n 34.5925\n ],\n [\n -107.3136,\n 30.8189\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a23b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, Marion S.","contributorId":75517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bedinger","given":"Marion","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, K. 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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1370E","usgsCitation":"Bedinger, M.S., Sargent, K.A., and Langer, W.H., 1989, Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range province, southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste: Characterization of the Sonoran region, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1370, Report: vi, 30 p.; 7 Plates: 39.50 × 24.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1370E.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 30 p.; 7 Plates: 39.50 × 24.00 inches or smaller","startPage":"E1","endPage":"E30","costCenters":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104615,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4825.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4825"},{"id":65198,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65197,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370e/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65196,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370e/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65195,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370e/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65194,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370e/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65193,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370e/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65192,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65191,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1370e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Basin and Range province, Sonoran region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.1592,\n 32.8194\n ],\n [\n -114.1667,\n 32.8194\n ],\n [\n -114.1667,\n 35.4650\n ],\n [\n -116.1592,\n 35.4650\n ],\n [\n -116.1592,\n 32.8194\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a16e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bedinger, Marion S.","contributorId":75517,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bedinger","given":"Marion","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargent, K. A.","contributorId":58630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargent","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langer, William H. blanger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"William","email":"blanger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38499,"text":"pp1381 - 1989 - The metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and their tectonic framework","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42463,"text":"ofr80307 - 1980 - Reconnaissance geologic map of basement rocks of the southernmost Sierra Nevada (north to 35 degrees 30')","indexId":"ofr80307","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"Reconnaissance geologic map of basement rocks of the southernmost Sierra Nevada (north to 35 degrees 30')"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38499,"text":"pp1381 - 1989 - The metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and their tectonic framework","indexId":"pp1381","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"The metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and their tectonic framework"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:20","indexId":"pp1381","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1381","title":"The metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and their tectonic framework","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1381","usgsCitation":"Ross, D.C., 1989, The metamorphic and plutonic rocks of the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California, and their tectonic framework: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1381, 159 p., 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1381.","productDescription":"159 p., 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110589,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_74193.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"74193"},{"id":119148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1381/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65213,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1381/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65214,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1381/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65215,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1381/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b494a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ross, D. 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This region of earthquake-induced sand blows and other liquefaction-related features is almost exclusively in the St. Francis Basin, an alluvial lowland that typically has a thin (2 to 8 m thick), clay-bearing topstratum underlain by about 30 to 60 m of unconsolidated sand (the substratum). Liquefaction of the substratum sands has made the sand blows. \r\n\r\nThe sand blows and other liquefaction-related features on the ground surface in the St. Francis Basin are almost certainly results of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-12. In this report, geologic and engineering properties of the alluvium are used in combination with a map showing the bounds of the liquefaction-related features to locate approximately the epicentral zones for two of the major shocks: the earthquakes of December 16,1811, and February 7,1812. Properties used for the analysis included the Standard Penetration Resistance of the substratum sands, characteristics of the sand's grain size, thickness of the topstratum, and the thickness of the post-Tertiary alluvium. \r\n\r\nThe method of analysis relies largely on the evaluation of the liquefaction potential of the sands. This is done by using the Standard Penetration Test blow counts and by devising a method that uses all possible combinations of liquefaction potential and a realistic relation between attenuation of earthquake accelerations and distance from the epicenter (or more correctly, energy-release center). \r\n\r\nTwo interpreted 1811-12 energy-release centers generally agree well with zones of seismicity defined by modern, small earthquakes. Bounds on accelerations are placed at the limits of sand blows that were generated by the 1811-12 earthquakes in the St. Francis Basin. Conclusions show how the topstratum thickness, sand size of the substratum, and thickness of alluvium affected the distribution of sand blows in the St. Francis Basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The New Madrid Missouri, earthquake region - geological, seismological, and geotechnical studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3133/pp1336B","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S.F., 1989, The New Madrid earthquakes: An engineering-geologic interpretation of relict liquefaction features: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1336, Report: vi, 114; 11 Plates: 37.56 × 23.19 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1336B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 114; 11 Plates: 37.56 × 23.19 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393398,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4805.htm"},{"id":65228,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247688,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-11.pdf","size":"4172","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247687,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-10.pdf","size":"4948","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247686,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-09.pdf","size":"4643","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247685,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-08.pdf","size":"4447","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247684,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-07.pdf","size":"4196","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247683,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-06.pdf","size":"2108","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247682,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-05.pdf","size":"807","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247681,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-04.pdf","size":"786","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247680,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-03.pdf","size":"3578","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247679,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-02.pdf","size":"4264","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247678,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/plate-01.pdf","size":"3781","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":125003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1336b/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee","city":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.7636,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -90.7636,\n 37.25\n ],\n [\n -90.7636,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a995","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, Stephen F.","contributorId":102482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38519,"text":"pp1352 - 1989 - Investigations of the characteristics, origin, and residence time of the upland residual mantle of the Piedmont of Fairfax County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:16","indexId":"pp1352","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1352","title":"Investigations of the characteristics, origin, and residence time of the upland residual mantle of the Piedmont of Fairfax County, Virginia","docAbstract":"Undisturbed cores of upland regolith developed from a variety of crystalline rocks of the Piedmont province in Fairfax County, Va., have been obtained by using a combination of Shelby tubes, Denison sampler, and modified diamond core drilling. The core study correlated variations in chemistry, mineralogy, and texture with engineering properties throughout individual weathering profiles and contrasted these parameters among weathering profiles developed from various parent rocks. Coring sites were chosen to obtain a maximum depth of weathering on diverse lithologies. The rocks that were investigated included metapelite, metagraywacke, granite, diabase, and serpentinite. Four to twelve samples per core were selected for analysis of petrography, texture, clay mineralogy, and major-element chemistry. The number of samples was determined on the basis of (1) the thickness of the weathering profile (from about 1 m in serpentinite to more than 30 m in pelitic schist) and (2) megascopic changes in the weathering profile. Shear strength and compressibility were determined on corresponding segments of core. Standard penetration tests were performed adjacent to coring sites to evaluate in-place engineering properties. \r\n\r\nThe regolith profiles on all rocks can be subdivided into soil, massive subsoil, saprolite, and weathered rock zones. Major differences in thicknesses of these zones are related to parent rock. Total regolith thickness is related to saprolite thickness. Saprolite is thickest on quartzofeldspathic metapelite, metagraywacke, and granite; thinner on diabase; and thinnest on serpentinite. Thickness of saprolite is related to rock structure and mineralogy. \r\n\r\nGeochemical changes of saprolite developed from each rock type follow predictable trends from fresh rock to soil profile, with increases in Ti, AI, Fe 3 +, and H 2 0+relative to absolute losses of Si, Fe2+, Mg, Ca, and Na. These variations are more pronounced in the weathering profiles above mafic and ultramafic rocks than in those above metagraywacke. Clay minerals in granite, schist, and metagraywacke saprolites are kaolinite, dioctahedral vermiculite, interlayered mica-vermiculite, and minor illite. Gibbsite is developed in near-surface samples of schist. \r\n\r\nStandard penetration test data for the upper 7 m of saprolite above schist, metagraywacke, and granite suggest alternations between stronger and weaker horizons that correlate with megascopic ally identified zones: soil, massive subsoil, and saprolite. The data correlate with density. Shear strength increases fairly regularly downward in the weathering profile. The engineering behavior of diabase saprolite is controlled by a dense, plastic, near-surface clay layer (montmorillonite and kaolinite) overlying rock that is weathered to a granular state (grus); the engineering properties of serpentinite are controlled by a very thin weathering profile. \r\n\r\nSimilarities in regolith thickness, zonation, mineralogy, and chemistry of quartzofeldspathic rocks indicate the existence of fundamental geochemical and geomechanical controls on regolith evolution on the Piedmont upland. Data from the profiles of quartzofeldspathic regolith are used to construct a model suggesting the principal rate-control steps in the development and downwasting of the upland regolith. This model is consistent with available information about Piedmont hydrology and tectonic uplift.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1352","usgsCitation":"Pavich, M., Leo, G.W., Obermeier, S., and Estabrook, J., 1989, Investigations of the characteristics, origin, and residence time of the upland residual mantle of the Piedmont of Fairfax County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1352, 58 p., 3 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1352.","productDescription":"58 p., 3 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1352/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":65256,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1352/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65257,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1352/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65258,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1352/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":65259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1352/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667411","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavich, M.J.","contributorId":70788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leo, G. W.","contributorId":102899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Estabrook, J.R.","contributorId":41423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estabrook","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38531,"text":"pp1370A - 1989 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste - Basis of characterization and evaluation","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12310,"text":"ofr84738 - 1985 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; basis of characterization and evaluation","indexId":"ofr84738","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste; basis of characterization and evaluation"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38531,"text":"pp1370A - 1989 - Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste - Basis of characterization and evaluation","indexId":"pp1370A","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste - Basis of characterization and evaluation"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T15:48:37","indexId":"pp1370A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1370","chapter":"A","title":"Studies of geology and hydrology in the Basin and Range Province, Southwestern United States, for isolation of high-level radioactive waste - Basis of characterization and evaluation","docAbstract":"The geologic and hydrologic factors in selected regions of the Basin and Range province were examined to identify prospective areas for further study that may provide isolation of high-level radioactive waste from the accessible environment. The six regions selected for study were characterized with respect to the following guidelines: (1) Potential repository media; (2) Quaternary tectonic conditions; (3) climatic change and geomorphic processes; (4) ground-water conditions; (5) ground-water quality; and (6) mineral and energy resources.
The repository medium will function as the first natural barrier to radionuclide travel by virtue of associated slow ground-water velocity. The principal rock types considered as host media include granitic, intermediate, and mafic intrusive rocks; argillaceous rocks; salt and anhydrite; volcanic mudflow (laharic) breccias; some intrusive rhyolitic plugs and stocks; partially zeolitized tuff; and metamorphic rocks. In the unsaturated zone, the permeability and hydrologic properties of the rocks and the hydrologic setting are more important than the rock type. Media ideally should be permeable to provide drainage and should have a minimal water flux
The ground-water flow path from a repository to the accessible environment needs to present major barriers to the transport of radionuclides. Factors considered in evaluating the ground-water conditions include ground-water traveltimes and quality, confining beds, and earth materials favorable for retardation of radionuclides.
Ground-water velocities in the regions were calculated from estimated hydraulic properties of the rocks and gradients. Because site-specific data on hydraulic properties are not available, data from the literature were assembled and synthesized to obtain values for use in estimating ground-water velocities. Hydraulic conductivities for many rock types having granular and fracture permeability follow a log-normal distribution. Porosity for granular and very weathered crystalline rock tends to be normally distributed; porosity of fractured crystalline rock probably follows a log-normal distribution.
The tectonic setting needs to prevent an increase in radionuclides to the accessible environment. Data on historic seismicity and heat flow, Quaternary faults, volcanism, and uplift were used to assess the tectonic conditions. Long-term late Cenozoic rates of vertical crustal movement in the Basin and Range province range from less than 2 meters per 104 years to greater than 20 meters per 104 years. Shortterm rates of vertical movement may be more than an order of magnitude greater, based on geodetic leveling. Changes in tectonic and climatic processes may potentially cause changes in hydrologic conditions and geomorphology that could affect the integrity of a deep, mined repository either adversely or beneficially.
The transition from a full-glacial climate to the current interglacial condition has occurred within the past 15,000 years. Reconstructions of the last full-glacial climate indicate that, at that time, there was greater water availability for runoff and vegetation growth than there is now. Based on the increased water availability and depending on seasonal distribution of precipitation, on soil characteristics, on topography, and on other characteristics, ground-water recharge during the full-glacial climate is estimated to have been possibly 2 to 10 or more times the modern rate. During the full-glacial climate, more than 100 lakes occupied closed basins in the province. Any increase in ground-water recharge and refilling of Pleistocene lakes will tend to decrease the distance of ground-water flow and its time of travel. The unsaturated zone this zone is considered a potential host medium where the thickness is greater than 150 m will be decreased by these changes. In contrast, incision of streams and other geomorphic, tectonic, or climatically induced changes that lower the ground-water discharge level will tend to increase the thickness of the unsaturated zone. Aggradation in basinal troughs may either decrease or increase the thickness of the unsaturated zone. Aggradation in basins that causes the ground-water discharge level to rise will tend to decrease the thickness of unsaturated zone in the adjacent uplands; aggradation in basins where the ground-water discharge level remains the same or is lowered will increase the unsaturated thickness of basin fill.
Records show that, throughout late Cenozoic time in the Basin and Range province, continued vertical crustal movements have tended to maintain mountain ranges and closed basins, whereas aggradation of the basins and erosion of the mountain ranges have tended to decrease the topographic relief. Maximum rates of denudation for small basins in areas climatically similar to the Basin and Range province are about 2 meters per 104 years. For sites unaffected by stream incision and scarp retreat, a conservative estimate of erosion affecting long-term changes in depth of burial would appear to be 2 meters per 104 years, or, equal to the long-term rate of vertical crustal movement where greater than 2 meters per 104 years. The response of the ground-water conditions to climatic and geomorphically induced boundary conditions is significant from the points of: (1) The potential maximum change in the ground-water flow system; (2) the time of response of the ground-water system; and (3) the present state of the ground-water system as a result of past changes. Effects of longterm climatic and tectonic changes on hydrologic and geomorphic conditions differ from area to area, and rates of change of geomorphic and hydrologic conditions may vary significantly. Therefore, sitespecific studies need to be made to assess the long-term integrity of deep, mined repositories.
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B1-B16, ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1739B.","productDescription":"v, p. 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However, some changes in water quality have been imposed by development, particularly near coastal pumping centers. A total of 601 chemical analyses, all from different wells, most completed in the upper part of the aquifer system, were used to describe the variations in water chemistry and to study the processes responsible for observed changes. \r\n\r\nThe Floridan aquifer system is a vertically continuous sequence of Tertiary carbonate rocks that are of generally high permeability and are hydraulically connected in varying degrees. The rocks are principally limestone and dolomite, but they grade into limy sands and clays near the aquifer system's updip limits. Major minerals in the aquifer system are calcite, dolomite, and, locally, gypsum or quartz; minor minerals include apatite, glauconite, and clay minerals such as kaolinite and montmorillonite. Trace amounts of metallic oxides or sulfides are present in some areas. \r\n\r\nThe aquifer system consists of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, separated in most places by a less permeable confining unit that has highly variable hydraulic properties. Only the Upper Floridan aquifer is present throughout the study area. Freshwater enters the aquifer system in outcrop areas located primarily in central Georgia and north-central Florida. Discharge occurs chiefly to streams and springs and, to a lesser extent, directly into the sea. Most of the flow into and out of the system takes place where it is unconfined or where the upper confining unit is thin. Secondary permeability developed by dissolution of aquifer material is most prominent in these areas of dynamic flow. \r\n\r\nDissolved-solids concentrations in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer generally range from less than 25 milligrams per liter near outcrops to more than 25,000 milligrams per liter along the coasts. The dominant cations in the ground water are Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+; the dominant anions are HCO3-, Cl-, and SO42-, The concentration of Ca2+ is controlled primarily by calcite saturation. Concentrations of Mg2+, NA+, and Cl- are highest where mixing of freshwater and saltwater occurs. Concentrations of HCO3- reflect the control of calcite solubility. The concentration of SO42- is highest where gypsiferous rock units are present in the aquifer system. \r\n\r\nThe major geochemical processes that occur in the Upper Floridan aquifer, based on water-quality maps and computations using a geochemical model, are (1) dissolution of aquifer minerals toward equilibrium, (2) mixing of ground water with recharge, leakage, or seawater, (3) sulfate reduction, and (4) cation exchange between water and aquifer minerals. \r\n\r\nSimilar processes apparently control minor dissolved constituents, although quantification is difficult with the available data. Statistical tests of available nutrient data indicate that concentrations of N (nitrogen) species in unconfined recharge areas may be increasing over time; more detailed studies of all N species are needed to test this hypothesis, however. Data on trace metals, radionuclides, and man-made organic contaminants are limited. Available data indicate that most freshwater within the Upper Floridan is potable, but detection of pesticides in a few samples indicates that the system is susceptible to contamination from the land surface in some areas, particularly where its upper confining unit is thin or absent. \r\n\r\nGeochemical models were used to examine changes in major chemical elements along selected ground-water paths within the Upper Floridan aquifer. Water in the Upper Floridan aquifer can be categorized into four hydrochemical facies, whose exact distribution is determined by confined or unconfined conditions of the aquifer and by chloride concentrations. The reaction models are considered plausible based on available chemical, isotopic, and hydrologic information, and they","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1403I","usgsCitation":"Geochemistry of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama; 1989; PP; 1403-I; Sprinkle, Craig L.","productDescription":"Report: 105 p.; 9 Plates: 21.00 x 26.30 inches or smaller; Database","numberOfPages":"105","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119386,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1403i/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":67334,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1403i/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21.6 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