{"pageNumber":"413","pageRowStart":"10300","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16506,"records":[{"id":29311,"text":"wri964143 - 1996 - Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri964143","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4143","title":"Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models","docAbstract":"A system of functional utilities and computer routines, collectively identified as the Time-Dependent Data System CI DDS), has been developed and documented by the U.S. Geological Survey. The TDDS is designed for processing time sequences of discrete, fixed-interval, time-varying geophysical data--in particular, hydrologic data. Such data include various, dependent variables and related parameters typically needed as input for execution of one-, two-, and three-dimensional hydrodynamic/transport and associated water-quality simulation models. Such data can also include time sequences of results generated by numerical simulation models. Specifically, TDDS provides the functional capabilities to process, store, retrieve, and compile data in a Time-Dependent Data Base (TDDB) in response to interactive user commands or pre-programmed directives. Thus, the TDDS, in conjunction with a companion TDDB, provides a ready means for processing, preparation, and assembly of time sequences of data for input to models; collection, categorization, and storage of simulation results from models; and intercomparison of field data and simulation results.  The TDDS can be used to edit and verify prototype, time-dependent data to affirm that selected sequences of data are accurate, contiguous, and appropriate for numerical simulation modeling. It can be used to prepare time-varying data in a variety of formats, such as tabular lists, sequential files, arrays, graphical displays, as well as line-printer plots of single or multiparameter data sets. The TDDB is organized and maintained as a direct-access data base by the TDDS, thus providing simple, yet efficient, data management and access. A single, easily used, program interface that provides all access to and from a particular TDDB is available for use directly within models, other user-provided programs, and other data systems. This interface, together with each major functional utility of the TDDS, is described and documented in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964143","usgsCitation":"Regan, R., Schaffranek, R., and Baltzer, R., 1996, Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4143, vii, 104 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964143.","productDescription":"vii, 104 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regan, R.S.","contributorId":51794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, R.W.","contributorId":61468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baltzer, R.A.","contributorId":86321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltzer","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28970,"text":"wri954293 - 1996 - Flow duration and low flows of Tennessee streams through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-15T10:25:55","indexId":"wri954293","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4293","title":"Flow duration and low flows of Tennessee streams through 1992","docAbstract":"<p>Estimates of flow-duration and low-flow characteristics for the period of record at continuous-record streamflow stations are essential in hydrologic studies and water-resources management. This report provides flow-duration information, in the form of characteristics of the cumulative distribution function of the daily streamflow record, for 215 continuous-record streamflow stations. The report also provides estimates of low flow for 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 consecutive days for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 20 years for continuous-record streamflow stations. These estimates were used in correlation methods to estimate low flow at 1,216 partial-record streamflow stations and miscellaneous sites for 1,3, and 7 consecutive days for a recurrence interval of 10 years; and 3 consecutive days for a recurrence interval of 20 years.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954293","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation and the Tennessee Valley Authority","usgsCitation":"Outlaw, G.S., and Weaver, J.D., 1996, Flow duration and low flows of Tennessee streams through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4293, Report: iv, 246 p.; 1 Plate: 30.93 x 16.47 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954293.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 246 p.; 1 Plate: 30.93 x 16.47 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57843,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4293/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122669,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4293/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359445,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4293/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":28826,"text":"wri954191 - 1996 - Hydrologic and chemical interaction of the Arkansas River and the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T11:30:35","indexId":"wri954191","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4191","title":"Hydrologic and chemical interaction of the Arkansas River and the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"<p>Large chloride concentrations in Arkansas River water have the potential to degrade water quality in the adjacent <i>Equus</i> beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, Kansas. The aquifer is an important source of water for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and domestic uses. </p><p>A three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow-model program (MODFLOW) was used with data from past studies and data collected during 1988-91 to simulate aquifer and stream conditions during the late 1930's, during 1940-89, and during 1990-2019. Results of ground-water flow-model simulations indicated that declining water levels in the <i>Equus</i> beds aquifer since the 1940's have caused base flow in the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers to decrease. In 1940, the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers had simulated net base-flow gains within the model area of about 21 and about 67 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (cubic feet per second), respectively. By the end of 1989, the Arkansas River had a simulated net base-flow loss of about 52 ft<sup>3</sup>/s, and the Little Arkansas River had a net base-flow gain of about 27 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Simulations for 1990-2019 showed that the water-level changes in a selected model cell located in the central part of the Wichita well field could range from -0.2 to -78 feet. Waterlevel changes in a selected model cell located near the Arkansas River could range from +1.3 to -1.2 feet. In model simulations where only pumpage varied, net base-flow loss from the Arkansas River to the aquifer ranged from about 59 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (no increase in pumpage since 1989) to 117 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (a 3-percent per year increase in pumpage since 1989) by 2019. </p><p>Assuming a chloride concentration of 630 milligrams per liter, the median concentration in Arkansas River water collected during 1988-91, the quantity of chloride discharged from the Arkansas River to the aquifer was estimated to have increased from about 21 tons per day in 1940 to about 100 tons per day in 1989. By 2019, chloride discharge was indicated to range from about 110 tons per day (associated with no increase in pumpage since 1989) to 200 tons per day (associated with a 3-percent per year increase in pumpage since 1989). </p><p>A particle-tracking program (MODPATH), which used the results from the flow model, was used to simulate the distribution in the aquifer of chloride from the river during the same time periods. Particle-tracking simulations show that, during 1940-89, the simulated distribution of particles representing chloride from the Arkansas River expanded from relatively narrow bands near the river to a wider distribution within the aquifer and the Wichita well field. Particle-tracking simulations indicate that chloride discharge from the Arkansas River may have reached the edge of the Wichita well field as early as 1963.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954191","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office, the Equus Beds Groundwater Management District No. 2, and the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Myers, N.C., Hargadine, G., and Gillespie, J.B., 1996, Hydrologic and chemical interaction of the Arkansas River and the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4191, Report: viii, 100 p.; 2 Plates: 27.30 x 41.80 inches and 34.95 x 36.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954191.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 100 p.; 2 Plates: 27.30 x 41.80 inches and 34.95 x 36.18 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57686,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":118897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":344896,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":344897,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"2.92 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.2,\n              37.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.1,\n              37.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.1,\n              38.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.2,\n              38.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.2,\n              37.7\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, N. C.","contributorId":13622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hargadine, G.D.","contributorId":93927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargadine","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gillespie, Joe B.","contributorId":21194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28335,"text":"wri954188 - 1996 - Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri954188","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4188","title":"Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah","docAbstract":"Ground-water resources are the only source of water in most of \r\nthe San Juan structural basin and are mainly used for municipal, \r\nindustrial, domestic, and stock purposes. Industrial use increased \r\ndramatically during the late 1970's and early 1980's because of \r\nincreased exploration and development of uranium and coal resources.\r\n\r\n     The San Juan structural basin is a northwest-trending, \r\nasymmetric structural depression at the eastern edge of the Colorado \r\nPlateau. The basin contains as much as 14,000 feet of sedimentary \r\nrocks overlying a Precambrian basement complex. The sedimentary \r\nrocks dip basinward from the basin margins toward the troughlike \r\nstructural center, or deepest part of the basin. Rocks of Triassic \r\nage were selected as the lower boundary for the study. The basin is \r\nwell defined by structural boundaries in many places with structural \r\nrelief of as much as 20,000 feet reported. Faulting is prevalent in \r\nparts of the basin with displacement of several thousand feet along \r\nmajor faults.\r\n\r\n     The regional aquifers in the basin generally are coincident with \r\nthe geologic units that have been mapped. Data on the hydrologic \r\nproperties of the regional aquifers are minimal. Most data were \r\ncollected on those aquifers associated with uranium and coal \r\nresource production. These data are summarized in table format in \r\nthe report. The regional flow system throughout most of the basin \r\nhas been affected by the production of oil or gas and subsequent \r\ndisposal of produced brine. To date more than 26,000 oil- or gas-\r\ntest holes have been drilled in the basin, the majority penetrating \r\nno deeper than the bottom of the Cretaceous rocks. \r\n\r\n     The general water chemistry of the regional aquifers is based on \r\navailable data. The depositional environments are the major factor \r\ncontrolling the quality of water in the units. The dominant ions are \r\ngenerally sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate. A detailed geochemical \r\nstudy of three sandstone aquifers--Morrison, Dakota, and Gallup--was \r\nundertaken in the northwestern part of the study area. Results of \r\nthis study indicate that water chemistry changed in individual wells \r\nover short periods of time, not expected in a regional flow system.  \r\nThe chemistry of the water is affected by mixing of recharge, ion \r\nfiltrate, or very dilute ancient water, and by leakage of saline \r\nwater.\r\n\r\n     The entire system of ground-water flow and its controlling \r\nfactors has been defined as the conceptual model. A steady-state, \r\nthree-dimensional ground-water flow model was constructed to \r\nsimulate modern predevelopment flow in the post-Jurassic rocks of \r\nthe regional flow system. In the ground-water flow model, 14 \r\ngeologic units or combinations of geologic units were considered to \r\nbe regional aquifers, and 5 geologic units or combinations of \r\ngeologic units were considered to be regional confining units. The \r\nmodel simulated flow in 12 layers (hydrostratigraphic units) and \r\nused harmonic-mean vertical leakance to indirectly simulate aquifer \r\nconnection across 3 other hydrostratigraphic confining units in \r\naddition to coupling the 12 units.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S.G.S., Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954188","usgsCitation":"Levings, G.W., Kernodle, J.M., and Thorn, C.R., 1996, Summary of the San Juan structural basin regional aquifer-system analysis, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4188, v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954188.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57146,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4188/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698374","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levings, G. W.","contributorId":12485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levings","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorn, C. R.","contributorId":100879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26364,"text":"wri964036 - 1996 - Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri964036","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4036","title":"Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","docAbstract":"The city of Sarasota, Florida, operates a downtown well field that pumps mineralized water from ground water sources to supply a reverse osmosis plant. Because of the close proximity of the well field to Sarasota Bay and the high sulfate and chloride concentrations of ground-water supplies, a growing concern exists about the possibility of lateral movement of saltwater in a landward direction (intrusion) and vertical movement of relict sea water (upconing).  In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey began a 3-year study to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics and water quality of ground-water resources within the downtown well field and the surrounding 235-square-mile study area. Delineation of the hydrogeology of the study area was based on water- quality data, aquifer test data, and extensive borehole geophysical surveys (including gamma, caliper, temperature, electrical resistivity, and flow meter logs) from the six existing production wells and from a corehole drilled as part of the study, as well as from published and unpublished reports on file at the U.S. Geological Survey, the Southwest Florida Water Management District, and consultant's reports.  Water-quality data were examined for spatial and temporal trends that might relate to the mechanism for observed water-quality changes. Water quality in the study area appears to be dependent upon several mechanisms, including upconing of higher salinity water from deeper zones within the aquifer system, interbore-hole flow between zones of varying water quality through improperly cased and corroded wells, migration of highly mineralized waters through structural deformities, and the presence of unflushed relict seawater.  A numerical ground-water flow model was developed as an interpretative tool where field-derived hydrologic characteristics could be tested. The conceptual model consisted of seven layers to represent the multilayered aquifer systems underlying the study area. Particle tracking was utilized to delineate the travel path of water as it enters the model area under a set of given conditions. Within the model area, simulated flow in the intermediate aquifer system originates primarily from the northwestern boundary. Simulated flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer originates in lower model layers (deeper flow zones) and ultimately can be traced to the southeastern and northwestern boundaries.  Volumetric budgets calculated from numerical simulation of a hypothetical well field indicate that the area of contribution to the well field changes seasonally. Although ground-water flow patterns change with wet and dry seasons, most water enters the well-field flow system through lower parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer from a southeastern direction. Moreover, particle tracking indicated that ground-water flow paths with strictly lateral pathlines in model layers correspond to the intermediate aquifer system, whereas particles traced through model layers corresponding to the Upper Floridan aquifer had components of vertical and lateral flow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964036","usgsCitation":"Broska, J.C., and Knochenmus, L.A., 1996, Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4036, vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964036.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55158,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broska, J. C.","contributorId":62628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broska","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24703,"text":"ofr96349 - 1996 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1994 through March 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:23","indexId":"ofr96349","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-349","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1994 through March 1996","docAbstract":"This report describes the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1994 through March 1996, with a focus on data from January through March 1996 (first quarter of 1996). A complete database of ground-water withdrawals and chloride-concentration records since 1985 is maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey. Cumulative rainfall for January through March 1996 was about 30 inches, which is 9 percent less than the mean cumulative rainfall of about 33 inches for January through March. The period January through February is the end of the annual wet season, while March marks the start of the annual dry season. Ground-water withdrawal during January through March 1996 averaged 970,300 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1995 averaged 894,600 gallons per day. With- drawal patterns during the first quarter of 1996 did not change significantly since 1991, with the Cantonment and Air Operations areas supplying about 99 percent of total islandwide pumpage. At the end of March 1996, the chloride concentration of water from the elevated tanks at Cantonment and Air Operations were 47 and 80 milligrams per liter, respectively. The chloride data from all five production areas showed no significant upward or downward trends throughout the first quarter of 1996. Potable levels of chloride concentrations have been maintained by adjusting individual pumping rates, and also because of the absence of long-term droughts. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations also showed no significant trends throughout the first quarter of 1996. Chloride concentrations have been about the same since the last quarter of 1995. A fuel-pipeline leak at Air Operations in May 1991 decreased total islandwide withdrawals by 15 percent. This lost pumping capacity is being offset by increased pumpage at Cantonment. Six wells do not contribute to the water supply because they are being used to hydraulically divert fuel migration away from water-supply wells by a program of ground-water withdrawal and injection.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96349","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1996, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1994 through March 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-349, v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96349.","productDescription":"v, 43 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157560,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0349/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53736,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0349/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486fe4b07f02db50ca07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22854,"text":"ofr96345 - 1996 - Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96345","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-345","title":"Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995","docAbstract":"Physical and chemical-related properties, concentrations of chemical constituents, which included major ions and nutrients, and concentrations of fecal-coliform bacteria were determined for 17 sites on 11 streams in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, during the period April-August 1995.  The streams were sampled to assess the effects of different streamflow conditions on the concentrations of water-quality constituents. The streams included in the study were Tchefuncte River, Bogue Falaya, Abita River, Bayou Chinchouba, Bayou Castine, Cane Bayou, Bayou Lacombe, Bayou Liberty, Bayou Bonfouca, Bogue Chitto, and West Pearl River. Water-quality samples were collected under several hydrologic conditions. These conditions included a period of wet weather and sustained high river stages; a period of local storms several days apart and river stages typical of that situation; and a period of dry weather and low river stages. The concentrations of inorganic chemical constituents in water from the upstream sites generally were low. Concentrations from the downstream sites varied and were higher. Nutrient and fecal-coliform bacteria concentrations varied and indicated that degraded water-quality conditions that typically occur during storms persisted less than 1-3 days. In general, the larger the drainage basin, the longer it takes for the stream to recover. Fecal-coliform concen- trations reflected the effects of small, isolated storms in the area. Bayou Castine, sampled immediately after a storm, had a fecal-coliform concentration of 26,000 colonies per 100 milliliters. The stream was resampled 24 hours later, and the fecal-coliform concentration had decreased to 1,700 colonies per 100 milliliters. This is an indication of the rapid water-quality changes that typically occur in small streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96345","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Demcheck, D.K., 1996, Analysis of selected water-quality data for surface water in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, April-August 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-345, iii, 59 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96345.","productDescription":"iii, 59 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0345/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0345/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demcheck, Dennis K. 0000-0003-2981-078X ddemchec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-078X","contributorId":3273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demcheck","given":"Dennis","email":"ddemchec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":189001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21875,"text":"ofr95151 - 1996 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1987-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:38:06","indexId":"ofr95151","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-151","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1987-93","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected from a precipitation-collection station and from two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland, as part of investigations of acidic deposition and episodic acidification, and their effects on streamwater quality. Detailed descriptions of the site instrumentation in the watersheds, field data-collection techniques, and laboratory methods used to conduct the studies are included. Data that were collected on precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, streamwater, and other surface and ground waters sampled during biannual synoptic surveys are given in tables. Data collected since October 1987 from one of the streamwater-quality monitoring sites and data collected since March 1988 from one of the ground-water quality monitoring sites are presented. Additional data collected since January 1987 from the precipitation station and data collected since June 1990 from all of the other water-quality monitoring sites are presented. Hydrologic data include tables of precipitation and throughfall quantities, streamflow, and synoptic measurements of ground-water levels. Selected hydrologic data are shown in graphs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95151","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., Kennedy, M.M., Carter, C.A., Anderson, R.T., and Bricker, O.P., 1996, Hydrologic and water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1987-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-151, vii, 195 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95151.","productDescription":"vii, 195 p.","numberOfPages":"202","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51364,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Frederick","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":186080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Margaret M.","contributorId":178170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Christiana A.","contributorId":178192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Christiana","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Robert T.","contributorId":178193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":29983,"text":"wri954246 - 1996 - Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T12:48:19","indexId":"wri954246","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4246","title":"Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents the results of a study conducted at Picatinny Arsenal, Morris County, New Jersey, to (1) determine whether streambed sediments in Green Pond Brook and its tributaries are contaminated with inorganic or organic constituents, (2) determine the extent of contamination in those reaches, and (3) characterize the quality of water in the brook. Shallow auger samples and results of an electromagnetic-conductivity and natural-gamma-ray survey were used to describe the distribution of streambed and substreambed sediment types and particle sizes.</p><p>Forty-five streambed samples were analyzed for trace elements, base/neutral- and acid-extractable compounds, organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorinated naphthalenes to determine whether contaminants have migrated to the brook from the surrounding area. Historical results of analyses of 63 surface-water and 27 streambed samples also are presented. Samples of streambed material collected from three areas in Green Pond Brook and its tributaries Green Pond Brook, from the area near the outflow of Picatinny Lake downstream to Parley Avenue; Bear Swamp Brook, from the area near building 241 downstream to the confluence with Green Pond Brook; and Green Pond Brook, from the open burning area downstream to the dam near building 1178 contained organic and (or) inorganic constituents in concentrations greater than those found under natural conditions and greater than those found in other areas sampled at the arsenal. Contaminants identified include trace elements, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine insecticides.</p><p>Surface-water samples from Green Pond Brook contained several volatile organic compounds, including trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethylene, at maximum concentrations of 3.8,4.6, and 11 micrograms per liter, respectively. Volatilization and dilution by surface- water and ground-water inflow reduce concentrations of volatile organic compounds from surface water in the steep, fast-flowing reaches of the brook at the southern end of the arsenal. No organic or inorganic constituents were detected in surface-water samples in concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking-water regulations. Only two constituents, iron and manganese, were detected in concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary drinking-water regulations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954246","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Armament Research Development and Engineering Center","usgsCitation":"Storck, D.A., and Lacombe, P., 1996, Streambed-material characteristics and surface-water quality, Green Pond Brook and tributaries, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, 1983-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4246, Report: v, 56 p.; 2 Plates: 22.43 x 43.97 inches and 35.58 x 16.48 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954246.","productDescription":"Report: v, 56 p.; 2 Plates: 22.43 x 43.97 inches and 35.58 x 16.48 inches","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358957,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358958,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58791,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              40.88333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.45,\n              40.88333333\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.45,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.6,\n              40.88333333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0c71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storck, Donald A. dstorck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storck","given":"Donald","email":"dstorck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacombe, Pierre J. placombe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacombe","given":"Pierre J.","email":"placombe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28601,"text":"wri954068 - 1996 - Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-18T22:44:15.196335","indexId":"wri954068","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4068","title":"Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington","docAbstract":"The surface-water hydrology in Clear, Clarks, and Clover Creek Basins in central Pierce County, Washington, is described with a conceptual model of the runoff processes and then simulated with the Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF), a continuous, deterministic hydrologic model. The study area is currently undergoing a rapid conversion of rural, undeveloped land to urban and suburban land that often changes the flow characteristics of the streams that drain these lands. The complex interactions of land cover, climate, soils, topography, channel characteristics, and ground- water flow patterns determine the surface-water hydrology of the study area and require a complex numerical model to assess the impact of urbanization on streamflows. The U.S. Geological Survey completed this investigation in cooperation with the Storm Drainage and Surface Water Management Utility within the Pierce County Department of Public Works to describe the important rainfall-runoff processes within the study area and to develop a simulation model to be used as a tool to predict changes in runoff characteristics resulting from changes in land use. The conceptual model, a qualitative representation of the study basins, links the physical characteristics to the runoff process of the study basins. The model incorporates 11 generalizations identified by the investigation, eight of which describe runoff from hillslopes, and three that account for the effects of channel characteristics and ground-water flow patterns on runoff. Stream discharge was measured at 28 sites and precipitation was measured at six sites for 3 years in two overlapping phases during the period of October 1989 through September 1992 to calibrate and validate the simulation model. Comparison of rainfall data from October 1989 through September 1992 shows the data-collection period beginning with 2 wet water years followed by the relatively dry 1992 water year. Runoff was simulated with two basin models-the Clover Creek Basin model and the Clear-Clarks Basin model-by incorporating the generalizations of the conceptual model into the construction of two HSPF numerical models. Initially, the process-related parameters for runoff from glacial-till hillslopes were calibrated with numerical models for three catchment sites and one headwater basin where streamflows were continuously measured and little or no influence from ground water, channel storage, or channel losses affected runoff. At one of the catchments soil moisture was monitored and compared with simulated soil moisture. The values for these parameters were used in the basin models. Basin models were calibrated to the first year of observed streamflow data by adjusting other parameters in the numerical model that simulated channel losses, simulated channel storage in a few of the reaches in the headwaters and in the floodplain of the main stem of Clover Creek, and simulated volume and outflow of the ground-water reservoir representing the regional ground-water aquifers. The models were run for a second year without any adjustments, and simulated results were compared with observed results as a measure of validation of the models. The investigation showed the importance of defining the ground-water flow boundaries and demonstrated a simple method of simulating the influence of the regional ground-water aquifer on streamflows. In the Clover Creek Basin model, ground-water flow boundaries were used to define subbasins containing mostly glacial outwash soils and not containing any surface drainage channels. In the Clear-Clarks Basin model, ground-water flow boundaries outlined a recharge area outside the surface-water boundaries of the basin that was incorporated into the model in order to provide sufficient water to balance simulated ground-water outflows to the creeks. A simulated ground-water reservoir used to represent regional ground-water flow processes successfully provided the proper water balance of inflows and outfl","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954068","usgsCitation":"Mastin, M.C., 1996, Surface-water hydrology and runoff simulations for three basins in Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4068, vi, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954068.","productDescription":"vi, 148 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":412050,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48178.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57430,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4068/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4068/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Pierce County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.025\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.2111\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47.2111\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.5,\n              47.025\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25,\n              47.025\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a6f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, M. C.","contributorId":90782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25826,"text":"wri964098 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T21:53:18.888967","indexId":"wri964098","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4098","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","docAbstract":"<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin is diverse in ways that can control the areal distribution and flow of water and the distribution and concentration of constituents that affect water quality. A review of the environmental setting of the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program is intended to put water quality in perspective with the geology, soils, climate, hydrology, ecology and historical uses of the land and provides a basis for the sampling design of the study.</p>\n<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit encompasses about 47,000 square miles and includes all of the basin upstream from Lake Pepin. The climate of the study unit is subhumid continental with cold dry winters and warm, moist summers. Average annual precipitation ranges from 22 inches in the western part of the study unit to 32 inches in the east. Annual runoff ranges from less than 2 inches in the west to 14 inches in the northeast.</p>\n<p>The physiography of the study unit includes the Superior Upland and the Central Lowland Provinces. The Wisconsin Driftless Area and the Dissected Till Plains are unique physiographic sections of the Central Lowland Province. Hydrogeologic units in glacial deposits include surficial and buried sand and gravel aquifers and confining units. Bedrock aquifers and confining units are part of a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks that can be divided into major aquifers separated by confining units.</p>\n<p>The population of the study unit was about 3,640,000 as of 1990 and increased 16 percent between 1970 and 1990. Seventy-five percent of the population lives in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. An average of 413 million gallons of water per day was used 59 percent from ground water and 41 percent from surface water. Land use and land cover in the study unit consists of forested, agricultural, and urban areas. About 63 percent of the land area is agricultural.</p>\n<p>The quality of water in streams and ground water are affected by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The quality of water is generally satisfactory for most domestic, public, industrial, and irrigation uses. Most water is of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type.</p>\n<p>The initial six-year phase of the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment, lasting from 1994 to 1999, focuses on data collection and analysis in a 19,500 square-mile area in Minnesota and Wisconsin that includes the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The study design focuses on factors that have an influence on or a potential influence on the water quality in that area. The most significant contaminants include nutrients, pesticides, synthetic-organic compounds, and trace metals.</p>\n<p>Environmental stratification consists of dividing the study unit into subareas with homogeneous characteristics to assess natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality. The assessment of water quality in streams and in aquifers is based on the sampling design that compares water quality within homogeneous subareas defined by subbasins or aquifer boundaries. The study unit is stratified at four levels for the surface-water component: glacial deposit composition, surficial geology, general land use and land cover, and secondary land use. Ground-water studies emphasize shallow ground water where quality is most likely influenced by overlying land use and land cover. Stratification for ground-water sampling is superimposed on the distribution of shallow aquifers. For each aquifer and surface-water basin this stratification forms the basis for the proposed sampling design used in the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964098","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Andrews, W., Fallon, J.D., Fong, A.L., Goldstein, R.M., Hanson, P.E., Kroening, S., and Lee, K.E., 1996, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4098, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964098.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410743,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f5bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyce, Don","contributorId":33735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29891,"text":"wri964041 - 1996 - Hydrologic feasibility of water-supply-development alternatives in Cape May County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri964041","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4041","title":"Hydrologic feasibility of water-supply-development alternatives in Cape May County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Increasing public-supply withdrawals in Cape May County, New Jersey associated with increasing residential and seasonal tourist populations have led to regionally lowered ground-water levels, a reversal of ground-water flow directions toward onshore, and landward encroachment of saltwater in the shallow aquifer system. The three aquifers composing the shallow system are, in order of increasing depth, the unconfined Holly Beach water-bearing zone and the confined estuarine sand and Cohansey aquifers. The changes to the ground-water system have been greatest in the confined aquifers near the three major well fields on the Cape May peninsula. Formerly productive water-supply wells have been abandoned because of saltwater contamination. Concern about anthropogenic contamination has prevented shifting of withdrawals to the unconfined aquifer. Surface- water sources have also been little used. Further development on the peninsula involving increased water demand will exacerbate the current saltwater-encroachment problems. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of possible water-supply-development alternatives by use of predictive ground-water flow simulations. The alternatives involve (1) injection of tertiary- treated wastewater to replenish aquifer storage and create a hydraulic barrier to saltwater encroachment, (2) withdrawal of brackish water in order to create a hydraulic barrier, (3) conjunctive use of ground water and surface water, enabling the reduction of ground-water withdrawals, and (4) redistribution of withdrawals inland to the unconfined aquifer. Results of these simulations can potentially be used in the design of a water-supply-development strategy that preserves supply and a monitoring program that ensures early warning of saltwater encroachment, thereby allowing sufficient time for development of an alternative supply. The water-supply- development alternatives were evaluated by comparison of results of predictive simulations made with a previously calibrated ground-water flow model of the shallow aquifer system. The quasi-three-dimensional sharp-interface model was calibrated to 1988 annual average hydrologic conditions. The planning period for the predictive simulations is 1989-2049. For the planning period, total public-supply withdrawals were increased 100 percent over average 1983-88 withdrawals. Results of a baseline simulation involving only the increased withdrawals were compared to each of the simulated alternatives, which also include the withdrawals. Hydraulic heads, saltwater- freshwater interface movement, and ground-water flows were compared. Simulation results indicate that the barrier-injection or barrier-withdrawal scheme could be useful in managing the water supply for a specific location. The conjunctive- use scheme would provide a marginal regional hydrologic benefit. Redistribution of withdrawals appears to be the only regional alternative that would result in recovery of ground-water levels and would substantially slow saltwater encroachment; however, anthropogenic land-surface contamination of the unconfined aquifer would have to be considered if the redistribution alternative is acted upon.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964041","usgsCitation":"Spitz, F., 1996, Hydrologic feasibility of water-supply-development alternatives in Cape May County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4041, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964041.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58708,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606b46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spitz, F. J.","contributorId":56682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitz","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25474,"text":"wri964087 - 1996 - Environmental and hydrologic settings of the Las Vegas Valley Area and the Carson and Truckee River basins, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-07T22:01:03.108433","indexId":"wri964087","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4087","title":"Environmental and hydrologic settings of the Las Vegas Valley Area and the Carson and Truckee River basins, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964087","usgsCitation":"Covay, K., Banks, J., Bevans, H., and Watkins, S., 1996, Environmental and hydrologic settings of the Las Vegas Valley Area and the Carson and Truckee River basins, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4087, viii, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964087.","productDescription":"viii, 72 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118886,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54201,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465851,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48447.htm","text":"Carson and Truckee Basins","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465852,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48448.htm","text":"Las Vegas Valley","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db6024e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Covay, K.J.","contributorId":44948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Covay","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banks, J.M.","contributorId":29018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bevans, H.E.","contributorId":102892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bevans","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watkins, S.A.","contributorId":83962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25420,"text":"wri964049 - 1996 - Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"wri964049","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4049","title":"Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Commercial and industrial activities in the Railroad Industrial Area in Fairbanks, Alaska, have resulted in accidental releases of chemicals to the subsurface. Such releases have generated concern regarding local ground-water quality and the potential impact on nearby water-supply wells. Consequently, a study is being conducted to characterize the environmental and hydrologic conditions in the area. Existing reports from numerous previous investigations in the area were reviewed and relevant information from these documents was compiled. Both ground- and surface-water elevations were measured approximately monthly at as many as 50 sites during mass measurements. Selected sites were measured more frequently to assess short-term changes in the ground- and surface-water systems. Supplemental data were also collected outside of the study area to aid in interpretation. Ground water was sampled and analyzed to define the extent of the area affected by petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. Data show that water levels in nearby rivers and sloughs have a considerable influence on ground-water flow in the study area. Seasonal and shorter term changes in river stage frequently alter and even reverse the direction of ground-water flow. The local ground-water system typically has an upward flow component, but this component is reversed in the upper part of the aquifer during periods of high water levels in the Chena River. These periodic changes in the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow have a considerable influence on the transport of dissolved hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Both petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents were found in ground water at the study area. Typical degradation products of these compounds were also found, indicating that biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms is occurring.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964049","usgsCitation":"Lilly, M.R., McCarthy, K.A., Kriegler, A., Vohden, J., and Burno, G., 1996, Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4049, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964049.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54139,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54140,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa1bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lilly, M. R.","contributorId":38594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kriegler, A.T.","contributorId":83955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kriegler","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vohden, James","contributorId":101281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vohden","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burno, G.E.","contributorId":18026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burno","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":31960,"text":"ofr96199 - 1996 - Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"ofr96199","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-199","title":"Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","docAbstract":"The occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water is of national concern because of their relatively high aqueous solubility, mobility, and persistence, because many are known or suspected carcinogens, because of their widespread use, and because they have been found in drinking-water supplies. Because of this national concern, VOCs were selected for National investigation (hereafter termed &quot;National Synthesis&quot;) by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in 1994. The broad goals of this National Synthesis are to: (1) describe current water- quality conditions with respect to VOCs; (2) define trends, or lack of trends, in VOCs in surface and ground water; and (3) identify, describe, and explain causal relations among the occurrence and distribution of VOCs in surface water and ground water, and natural and human factors. The National Synthesis of VOCs in ground water has three objectives: (1) to describe their occurrence, status, and distribution; (2) to determine relations among VOCs in shallow ground water and natural and human factors; and (3) to determine, compare, and contrast the occurrence, transformation, transport, and fate of selected VOCs in the hydrologic cycle for several regionally or nationally important aquifer systems. The description of VOC occurrence, status, and distribution in ground water focuses on major aquifers of the United States. Occurrence describes the presence or absence of VOCs, their frequency of occurrence, and their ranges of concentrations. Status compares the concentrations of VOCs detected in relation to water-quality regulations or advisories, such as Maximum Contaminant Levels, Proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels, Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, and Health Advisories. Distribution describes the variability of VOCs in ground water, areally and by depth. This report describes the study design for conducting such an assessment. The assessment focuses on aquifers, or parts of aquifers, that are currently used or have the potential to be used as sources of water supplies, using data collected as part of local, State, and Federal ground-water monitoring programs since 1985. Assessment by aquifer and comparison of results among aquifers will be completed for those aquifers for which adequate spatial or depth-related data are available. Assessment of VOCs in aquifers also will be completed at regional and national scales. A set of criteria for well-network design, well construction, sample-collection methods, and methods of laboratory analysis must be met before VOC data are used for assessment. An appropriate well-network design will provide a generally unbiased, random, equal-area distribution of sampling sites throughout the aquifer, or part of the aquifer, of interest. Well-construction information must be sufficient to ensure that the hydrogeologic unit (or units) represented by the water level measured and the hydrologic unit (or units) contributing water to the well are known. In addition, the well construction and pumping equipment in the well need to be of a type that are not likely to affect concentrations of VOCs in the water sample. VOC data will be considered suitable for use in the occurrence assessment if nationally accepted methods for collection and analysis were used and if the quantitation level for VOC analytes was less than about 5 micrograms per liter; laboratory analysis was done by a laboratory certified by the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency; and the sample was collected from untreated (raw) water at or near the well head before being held in a pressure tank or holding tank.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96199","usgsCitation":"Lapham, W., and Tadayon, S., 1996, Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-199, 44 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96199.","productDescription":"44 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6856b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29467,"text":"wri964124 - 1996 - Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T16:49:43.32201","indexId":"wri964124","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4124","title":"Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida","docAbstract":"<p>Methods for estimating low-flow frequency characteristics at ungaged sites were developed for two areas in northern Florida. In the Yellow, Blackwater, Escambia, and Perdido River Basins study area (northwestern Florida), regional regression equations were developed for estimating the 7- and 30-day, 2- and 10-year low-flow characteristic (Q7,2, Q7,10, Q30,2, and Q30,10) by determining values of basin characteristics from digital Geographical Information System (GIS) coverages or hardcopy maps. A GIS, ARC-INFO, was used to quantify basin characteristics that were used in regression equations. Sources of digital data used in this analysis are elevation data, from a digital elevation model, stream length and location data from a digital hydrography coverage, and watershed boundaries digitized from topographic maps. </p><p>The most accurate regression equations employed a basin characteristic that was based on a simple conceptual model of one- dimensional ground-water flow using Darcy's law. Slightly less accurate equations were obtained using drainage area as the only explanatory variable. The standard error of prediction for the Darcy and drainage area equations of Q7,2 was 65 and 74 percent, respectively; Q7,10, 58 and 62 percent, respectively; Q30,2, 51 and, 54 percent, respectively; and Q30,10, 44 and 51 percent, respectively. In the Santa Fe River Basin study area (northeastern Florida), a flow-routing method was used to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites from low stream- flow analyses based on records at gaged sites. The use of the flow-routing method is suggested for areas where regression analysis proves unsuccessful, where low-flow characteristics have been defined at a significant number of sites, and where information about the basin characteristics has been thoroughly researched. Low-flow frequency characteristics determined at 40 sites and measurements made during five synoptic runs in 1989-91 were used to develop a flow-routing method.</p><p> Low-flow frequency characteristics and drainage areas were used to define river profiles for major streams within the Santa Fe River Basin. These river profiles serve as indicators of changes in a stream's low-flow characteristics with respect to change in drainage area. Unit low flows were also determined for each site where low-flow characteristics were determined. Areas of zero flow were defined for Q7,2 and Q7,10 conditions based on measurements made during synoptic runs and from low-flow frequency analyses. </p><p>The flow-routing method uses the drainage areas to interpolate low-flow values between or near gaged sites on the same stream. Low-flow values are transferred from a gaged site, either upstream or downstream, to the ungaged site. A step-by-step process for flow routing must be made when tributary or other inflow enter a stream. The strength of the flow-routing method is that the values at gaged sites reflect the overall basin characteristics in the vicinity of the gaged sites. However, the accuracy of low-flow estimates may be less in areas of decreasing and increasing flow if sufficient data are not available to assess changing hydraulic and hydrologic conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964124","usgsCitation":"Rumenik, R.P., and Grubbs, J.W., 1996, Methods for estimating low-flow characteristics of ungaged streams in selected areas, northern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4124, v, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964124.","productDescription":"v, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4124/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":492642,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.090087890625,\n              30.977609093348686\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              30.977609093348686\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.57202148437499,\n              29.430029404571762\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a1f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rumenik, Roger P.","contributorId":42626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rumenik","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26751,"text":"wri954296 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:20:28","indexId":"wri954296","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4296","title":"Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","docAbstract":"A 4-year investigation of the Upper Floridan aquifer and ground-water flow system in Leon County, Florida, and surrounding counties of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia began in 1990. The purpose of the investigation was to describe the ground-water flow system and to delineate the contributing areas to selected City of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells. The investigation was prompted by the detection of low levels of tetrachloroethylene in ground-water samples collected from several of the city's water-supply wells. Hydrologic data and previous studies indicate that; ground-water flow within the Upper Floridan aquifer can be considered steady-state; the Upper Floridan aquifer is a single water-bearing unit; recharge is from precipitation; and that discharge occurs as spring flow, leakage to rivers, leakage to the Gulf of Mexico, and pumpage. Measured transmissivities of the aquifer ranged from 1,300 ft2/d (feet squared per day) to 1,300,000 ft2/d. Steady-state ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer was simulated using a three-dimensional ground- water flow model. Transmissivities ranging from less than 5,000 ft2/d to greater than 11,000,000 ft2/d were required to calibrate to observed conditions. Recharge rates used in the model ranged from 18.0 inches per year in areas where the aquifer was unconfined to less than 2 inches per year in broad areas where the aquifer was confined. Contributing areas to five Tallahassee water-supply wells were simulated by particle- tracking techniques. Particles were seeded in model cells containing pumping wells then tracked backwards in time toward recharge areas. The contributing area for each well was simulated twice, once assuming a porosity of 25 percent and once assuming a porosity of 5 percent. A porosity of 25 percent is considered a reasonable average value for the Upper Floridan aquifer; the 5 percent porosity simulated the movement of ground-water through only solution-enhanced bedding plains and fractures. The contributing areas were generally elliptical in shape, reflecting the influence of the sloping potentiometric surface. The contributing areas delineated for a 5 percent porosity were always much larger than those determined using a 25 percent porosity. The lowest average ground-water velocity computed within a contributing area, using a 25 percent porosity, was 1.0 ft/d (foot per day) and the highest velocity was 1.6 ft/d. The lowest average ground-water velocity, determined using a 5  percent porosity, was 2.4 ft/d and the highest was 7.4 ft/d. The contributing areas for each of the five wells was also determined analytically and compared to the model-derived areas. The upgradient width of the simulated contributing areas were larger than the upgradient width of the analytically determined contributing areas for four of the five wells. The model could more accurately delineate contributing areas because of the ability to simulate wells as partially penetrating and by incorporating complex, three-dimensional aquifer characteristics, which the analytical method could not.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954296","usgsCitation":"Davis, J.H., 1996, Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4296, v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954296.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2070,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954296","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4296.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","county":"Leon County","city":"Tallahassee","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.0835,30.677],[-84.0073,30.6734],[-84.0084,30.6263],[-84.0057,30.6049],[-84.0025,30.593],[-84.002,30.5834],[-83.9962,30.5729],[-83.9893,30.5619],[-83.9818,30.5546],[-83.9819,30.5477],[-83.9834,30.5445],[-83.9829,30.5367],[-83.9813,30.5299],[-83.9776,30.5221],[-83.9999,30.5217],[-84.0413,30.5221],[-84.0418,30.4631],[-84.0746,30.4343],[-84.0756,30.3725],[-84.0755,30.2893],[-84.0755,30.2833],[-84.076,30.2737],[-84.2416,30.2739],[-84.2421,30.2776],[-84.2464,30.2959],[-84.248,30.3032],[-84.2501,30.3037],[-84.3432,30.3034],[-84.375,30.3033],[-84.594,30.3005],[-84.7135,30.3003],[-84.701,30.3182],[-84.702,30.3214],[-84.7063,30.3223],[-84.7106,30.3259],[-84.7138,30.3313],[-84.7096,30.3346],[-84.7048,30.3374],[-84.7007,30.3433],[-84.6912,30.3484],[-84.687,30.3517],[-84.683,30.3611],[-84.6771,30.3657],[-84.6737,30.3652],[-84.6662,30.3671],[-84.6647,30.3712],[-84.6631,30.3803],[-84.6465,30.388],[-84.6454,30.3912],[-84.6413,30.3958],[-84.6365,30.3986],[-84.6333,30.4014],[-84.6223,30.4101],[-84.6133,30.4106],[-84.6054,30.4153],[-84.59,30.4126],[-84.5784,30.4195],[-84.5663,30.4319],[-84.5578,30.4361],[-84.5457,30.4384],[-84.5298,30.4394],[-84.5251,30.4491],[-84.5087,30.4514],[-84.4992,30.4547],[-84.4944,30.4597],[-84.4859,30.4593],[-84.4811,30.457],[-84.4722,30.4589],[-84.4621,30.4571],[-84.4526,30.4617],[-84.4393,30.4622],[-84.4314,30.4659],[-84.4224,30.466],[-84.4113,30.4724],[-84.4028,30.4784],[-84.3975,30.4866],[-84.3992,30.4939],[-84.4034,30.5003],[-84.4061,30.5035],[-84.4061,30.509],[-84.3945,30.5159],[-84.3914,30.5269],[-84.3935,30.5296],[-84.3893,30.5429],[-84.3878,30.5512],[-84.382,30.5567],[-84.3814,30.5603],[-84.3815,30.5644],[-84.3778,30.574],[-84.3709,30.5809],[-84.3593,30.5869],[-84.3513,30.591],[-84.3445,30.5965],[-84.3381,30.5975],[-84.3344,30.598],[-84.3307,30.6048],[-84.3254,30.6149],[-84.3169,30.6231],[-84.3101,30.6319],[-84.3027,30.6383],[-84.3011,30.6456],[-84.3017,30.6547],[-84.3017,30.663],[-84.3049,30.6694],[-84.3033,30.6748],[-84.2975,30.6794],[-84.2901,30.6813],[-84.2842,30.6836],[-84.2811,30.6863],[-84.1803,30.6816],[-84.0835,30.677]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Leon\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J. Hal hdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.","email":"hdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Hal","affiliations":[{"id":5052,"text":"FLWSC-Tallahassee","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21874,"text":"ofr96218 - 1996 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Weldon Spring Ordnance Works, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr96218","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-218","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Weldon Spring Ordnance Works, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1992-95","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96218","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Schumacher, J., Merten, L., Hockanson, E.A., and DeRusseau, S., 1996, Hydrologic and water-quality data for the Weldon Spring Ordnance Works, St. Charles County, Missouri, 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-218, iv, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96218.","productDescription":"iv, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0218/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51363,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0218/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumacher, John G. jschu@usgs.gov","contributorId":2055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumacher","given":"John G.","email":"jschu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":396,"text":"Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Merten, L.M.","contributorId":74775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merten","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hockanson, E. A.","contributorId":39405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hockanson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeRusseau, S.N.","contributorId":31784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeRusseau","given":"S.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":22613,"text":"ofr96202 - 1996 - Peak-flow frequency estimates through 1994 for gaged streams in South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:58","indexId":"ofr96202","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-202","title":"Peak-flow frequency estimates through 1994 for gaged streams in South Dakota","docAbstract":"Annual peak-flow data are listed for 250 continuous-record and crest-stage gaging stations in South Dakota. Peak-flow frequency estimates for selected recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 500 years are given for 234 of these 250 stations. The log-Pearson Type III procedure was used to compute the frequency relations for the 234 stations, which in 1994 included 105 active and 129 inactive stations. The log-Pearson Type III procedure is recommended by the Hydrology Subcommittee of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982, &quot;Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency.&quot;No peak-flow frequency estimates are given for 16 of the 250 stations because: (1) of extreme variability in data set; (2) more than 20 percent of years had no flow; (3) annual peak flows represent large outflow from a spring; (4) of insufficient peak-flow record subsequent to reservoir regulation; and (5) peak-flow records were combined with records from nearby stations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96202","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Burr, M., and Korkow, K., 1996, Peak-flow frequency estimates through 1994 for gaged streams in South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-202, x, 407 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96202.","productDescription":"x, 407 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155370,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52083,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c6c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burr, M.J.","contributorId":34541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burr","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Korkow, K.L.","contributorId":70797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korkow","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26501,"text":"wri944020 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics of streams in Maryland and Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T08:39:11","indexId":"wri944020","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4020","title":"Low-flow characteristics of streams in Maryland and Delaware","docAbstract":"<p>Hydrologic information on the variability of streamflow during low-flow periods is needed for the effective management of surface-water resources in Maryland and Delaware. Low-flow characteristics derived from streamflow under natural conditions are presented for 94 continuousrecord gaging stations in Maryland, Delaware, and surrounding States, and for 131 low-flow partial-record gaging stations in Maryland and Delaware. Methods are developed to estimate low-flow characteristics at ungaged stream sites for average 7-, 14-, and 30-consecutive-day lowflow discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 10, and 20 years. The methods are applicable to unregulated streams in Maryland and Delaware for watersheds having drainage areas ranging from 2.0 to 875 square miles.</p><p>Maryland and Delaware are divided into four regions on the basis of physiography and the results of regression analyses. The regions are the Eastern Shore region in Maryland and Delaware, the eastern-Piedmont region in Maryland, the western region in Maryland, and the southern region in Maryland. Equations are developed from regression analyses to estimate lowflow characteristics at ungaged sites on ungaged streams for the Eastern Shore region, the easternPiedmont region, and the western region. A generalized least-squares multiple-regression technique is used to develop the estimation equations that relate average 7-, 14-, and 30- consecutive-day low-flow discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 10, and 20 years to physical and climatological features of drainage basins in the study area. Adjustments are necessary to low-flow discharges estimated from the equation for the western region because of the effects of carbonate rocks on low flows. The adjustment method is based on analysis of the residuals of regional estimation equations and the percentage of the basin underlain by carbonate rocks. An equation is developed on the basis of a distance-weighted average of low-flow discharges at gaging stations to estimate low flow characteristics at ungaged sites on ungaged streams for the southern region. Estimates of the accuracy of low-flow characteristics determined from all regional equations are provided. </p><p>Two methods are presented for estimating low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites on gaged streams. One method combines low-flow characteristics determined from gaging station data with results from the regional regression equation at the gaging station and at the ungaged site to estimate the low-flow characteristics either upstream or downstream from the gaging station. The other method estimates low-flow characteristics at ungaged sites between gaging stations using a graphical solution. Estimates of accuracy of the low-flow characteristics determined by these methods also are provided. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Geological Survey and the Maryland Water Resources Administration with the partial support of the Delaware Geological Survey and the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, D.H., and Hayes, D., 1996, Low-flow characteristics of streams in Maryland and Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4020, Report: iv, 113 p.; 10 Plates: 20.51 x 40.38 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944020.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 113 p.; 10 Plates: 20.51 x 40.38 inches or 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,{"id":27995,"text":"wri964025 - 1996 - Geographic, geologic, and hydrologic summaries of intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri964025","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4025","title":"Geographic, geologic, and hydrologic summaries of intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana","docAbstract":"This report combines a literature review with new information to provide summaries of the geography, geology, and hydrology of each of 32 intermontane basins in western Montana. The summary of each intermontane basin includes concise descriptions of topography, areal extent, altitude, climate, 1990 population, land and water use, geology, surface water, aquifer hydraulic characteristics, ground-water flow, and ground-water quality. If present, geothermal features are described. Average annual and monthly temperature and precipitation are reported from one National Weather Service station in each basin. Streamflow data, including the drainage area, period of record, and average, minimum, and maximum historical streamflow, are reported for all active and discontinued USGS streamflow-gaging stations in each basin. Monitoring-well data, including the well depth, aquifer, period of record, and minimum and maximum historical water levels, are reported for all long-term USGS monitoring wells in each basin. Brief descriptions of geologic, geophysical, and potentiometric- surface maps available for each basin also are included. The summary for each basin also includes a bibliography of hydrogeologic literature. When used alone or in conjunction with regional RASA reports, this report provides a practical starting point for site-specific hydrogeologic investigations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964025","usgsCitation":"Kendy, E., and Tresch, R., 1996, Geographic, geologic, and hydrologic summaries of intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4025, xii, 233 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964025.","productDescription":"xii, 233 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4025/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56821,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4025/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56822,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4025/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8fd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kendy, Eloise","contributorId":63841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendy","given":"Eloise","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tresch, R.E.","contributorId":30646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tresch","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21685,"text":"ofr96129 - 1996 - Comparison of estimated and observed stormwater runoff for fifteen watersheds in west-central Florida, using five common design techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:59","indexId":"ofr96129","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-129","title":"Comparison of estimated and observed stormwater runoff for fifteen watersheds in west-central Florida, using five common design techniques","docAbstract":"Hydrologists use several traditional techniques for estimating peak discharges and runoff volumes from ungaged watersheds. However, applying these techniques to watersheds in west-central Florida requires that empirical relationships be extrapolated beyond tested ranges. As a result there is some uncertainty as to their accuracy. Sixty-six storms in 15 west-central Florida watersheds were modeled using (1) the rational method, (2) the U.S. Geological Survey regional regression equations, (3) the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) TR-20 model, (4) the Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 model, and (5) the Environmental Protection Agency SWMM model. The watersheds ranged between fully developed urban and undeveloped natural watersheds. Peak discharges and runoff volumes were estimated using standard or recommended methods for determining input parameters. All model runs were uncalibrated and the selection of input parameters was not influenced by observed data. The rational method, only used to calculate peak discharges, overestimated 45 storms, underestimated 20 storms and estimated the same discharge for 1 storm. The mean estimation error for all storms indicates the method overestimates the peak discharges. Estimation errors were generally smaller in the urban watersheds and larger in the natural watersheds. The U.S. Geological Survey regression equations provide peak discharges for storms of specific recurrence intervals. Therefore, direct comparison with observed data was limited to sixteen observed storms that had precipitation equivalent to specific recurrence intervals. The mean estimation error for all storms indicates the method overestimates both peak discharges and runoff volumes. Estimation errors were smallest for the larger natural watersheds in Sarasota County, and largest for the small watersheds located in the eastern part of the study area. The Natural Resources Conservation Service TR-20 model, overestimated peak discharges for 45 storms and underestimated 21 storms, and overestimated runoff volumes for 44 storms and underestimated 22 storms. The mean estimation error for all storms modeled indicates that the model overestimates peak discharges and runoff volumes. The smaller estimation errors in both peak discharges and runoff volumes were for storms occurring in the urban watersheds, and the larger errors were for storms occurring in the natural watersheds. The HEC-1 model overestimated peak discharge rates for 55 storms and underestimated 11 storms. Runoff volumes were overestimated for 44 storms and underestimated for 22 storms using the Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 model. The mean estimation error for all the storms modeled indicates that the model overestimates peak discharge rates and runoff volumes. Generally, the smaller estimation errors in peak discharges were for storms occurring in the urban watersheds, and the larger errors were for storms occurring in the natural watersheds. Estimation errors in runoff volumes; however, were smallest for the 3 natural watersheds located in the southernmost part of Sarasota County. The Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management model produced similar peak discharges and runoff volumes when using both the Green-Ampt and Horton infiltration methods. Estimated peak discharge and runoff volume data calculated with the Horton method was only slightly higher than those calculated with the Green-Ampt method. The mean estimation error for all the storms modeled indicates the model using the Green-Ampt infiltration method overestimates peak discharges and slightly underestimates runoff volumes. Using the Horton infiltration method, the model overestimates both peak discharges and runoff volumes. The smaller estimation errors in both peak discharges and runoff volumes were for storms occurring in the five natural watersheds in Sarasota County with the least amount of impervious cover and the lowest slopes. The largest er","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-file Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96129","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Trommer, J., Loper, J., Hammett, K., and Bowman, G., 1996, Comparison of estimated and observed stormwater runoff for fifteen watersheds in west-central Florida, using five common design techniques: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-129, viii, 120 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96129.","productDescription":"viii, 120 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1291,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-129/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae35f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trommer, J.T.","contributorId":28248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trommer","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loper, J.E.","contributorId":19965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loper","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammett, K.M.","contributorId":59006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammett","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowman, Georgia","contributorId":44184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"Georgia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":24726,"text":"ofr96469 - 1996 - Selected hydrologic data for and location of MX wells in east-central and southern Nevada, January 1980 through May 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:22","indexId":"ofr96469","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-469","title":"Selected hydrologic data for and location of MX wells in east-central and southern Nevada, January 1980 through May 1996","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96469","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Tumbusch, M., and Schaefer, D.H., 1996, Selected hydrologic data for and location of MX wells in east-central and southern Nevada, January 1980 through May 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-469, iii, 37 p.col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96469.","productDescription":"iii, 37 p.col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157779,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0469/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53752,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0469/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53753,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0469/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f944f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tumbusch, M.L.","contributorId":47411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tumbusch","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaefer, D. H.","contributorId":84763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23811,"text":"ofr96214 - 1996 - Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23811,"text":"ofr96214 - 1996 - Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr96214","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2224,"text":"wsp2482 - 1997 - Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2482","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2224,"text":"wsp2482 - 1997 - Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2482","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T22:25:13.922117","indexId":"ofr96214","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-214","title":"Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>A steady-state, three-dimensional numerical model coupled with a particle-tracking algorithm was developed to simulate the complex hydrogeologic conditions affecting ground-water flow and contaminant migration in the Cape Cod aquifer beneath the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Massachusetts. The known extents of the contaminant plumes beneath the reservation were incorporated into a particle-tracking analysis to improve model calibration. Particle tracking was used to evaluate the effects of simulated changes in hydraulic properties and in simulated hydrologic boundaries such as ponds and streams.</p><p>The model simulations made during the calibration process indicated that changes in simulated hydraulic properties and hydrologic boundaries resulted in small changes in the water-table and pond altitudes and in streamflows, yet had a substantial effect on model-calculated groundwater flowpaths. Therefore, the characterization of contaminant migration using a model calibrated only on the basis of ground-water heads and flux may be inaccurate.</p><p>The results of model simulations for the analysis of the effects of pumping and recharge on ground-water flow and contaminant migration indicated that ground-water flowpaths were greatly affected by subtle shifts in hydraulic gradients. These changes in the ground-water-flow system in response to hydrologic stresses such as pumping and recharge can be determined by the use of a particle-tracking analysis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96214","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Guard Bureau","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., Walter, D.A., and Savoie, J., 1996, Use of particle tracking to improve numerical model calibration and to analyze ground-water flow and contaminant migration, Massachusetts Military Reservation, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-214, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96214.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":412572,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":156833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0214/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.7794189453125,\n              41.6154423246811\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.89501953125,\n              41.6154423246811\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.89501953125,\n              42.1104489601222\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7794189453125,\n              42.1104489601222\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.7794189453125,\n              41.6154423246811\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db6139d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":102516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G. jsavoie@usgs.gov","contributorId":1691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","email":"jsavoie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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