The Denver metropolitan area is underlain by shallow layers of water-bearing sediments (aquifers) consisting of unconsolidated gravel, sand, silt, and clay. The depth to water in these aquifers is less than 20 feet in much of the area, and the aquifers provide a ready source of water to numerous shallow, small-capacity wells. The shallow depth to water also makes the aquifers susceptible to contamination from the land surface. Water percolating downward from residential, commercial, and industrial property, spills of hazardous materials, and leaks from underground storage tanks and pipelines can cause contaminants to enter the shallow aquifers. Wet basements, unstable foundation materials, and waterlogged soils also are common in areas of very shallow ground water.
Knowledge of the extent, thickness, and water-table altitude of the shallow aquifers is incomplete. This, coupled with the complexity of development in this large metropolitan area, makes effective use, management, and protection of these aquifers extremely difficult. Mapping of the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of these aquifers would provide the general public and technical users with information needed to better use, manage, and protect this water resource. A study to map the geohydrology of shallow aquifers in the Denver metropolitan area was begun in 1994. The work was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army-Rocky Mountain Arsenal, U.S. Department of Energy-Rocky Flats Field Office, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Colorado Department of Natural Resources-State Engineers Office, Denver Water Department, Littleton-Englewood Wastewater Treatment Plant, East Cherry Creek Valley Water and Sanitation District, Metro Wastewater Reclamation District, Willows Water District, and the cities of Aurora, Lakewood, and Thornton.
This report presents the results of a systematic mapping of the extent, thickness, and water-table altitude of the shallow aquifers in a 700-square-mile part of the greater Denver metropolitan area (fig. 1). The five sheets in this report (figs. 2-7) show (1) the thickness and extent of the unconsolidated sediments that overlie bedrock formations in the area, (2) the altitude and configuration of the buried bedrock surface, (3) the altitude of the water table and direction of ground-water movement, (4) the saturated thickness of the shallow aquifers, and (5) the depth to the water table in the shallow aquifers. The maps primarily are intended to indicate the general trends in altitude and thickness of the aquifers and are not intended to define conditions at specific sites.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9648","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F.D., Pereira, W.E., Kvenvolden, K.A., Jones, D.R., and Murphy, F., 1996, Preliminary geochemical studies of pollutant and natural organic compounds in sediments from Sonoma Baylands; a wetland restoration project in San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-48, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9648.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51499,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0048/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay, Sonoma Baylands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.02490234375,\n 37.31338308990806\n ],\n [\n -121.79443359375,\n 37.31338308990806\n ],\n [\n -121.79443359375,\n 38.24249456800328\n ],\n [\n -123.02490234375,\n 38.24249456800328\n ],\n [\n -123.02490234375,\n 37.31338308990806\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c33a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":186788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pereira, Wilfred E.","contributorId":95552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pereira","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, David R.","contributorId":75510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murphy, Fred fmurphy@usgs.gov","contributorId":4572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Fred","email":"fmurphy@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":28272,"text":"wri954178 - 1996 - Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:12:45","indexId":"wri954178","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4178","title":"Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Laboratory and quality assurance procedures for the analysis of ground-water samples for herbicides at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota are described. The target herbicides include atrazine, de-ethylatrazine, de-isopropylatrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, 2,6-diethylaniline, and metolachlor. The analytical techniques used are solid-phase extraction, and analysis by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. Descriptions of cleaning procedures, preparation of standard solutions, isolation of analytes from water, sample transfer methods, instrumental analysis, and data analysis are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954178","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., Capel, P., and VanderLoop, A., 1996, Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4178, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954178.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","otherGeospatial":"Management Systems Evaluation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b44ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, P. 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To quantify the effects of increased urbanization on storm runoff volumes and peak discharges, rainfall-runoff models of the basin were developed to simulate runoff for 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. Hourly rainfall data for 1949-93 were used with the rainfall-runoff models to simulate a long-term record of storm runoff. The hydrologic effects of increased urbanization from 1970-75 to 1990-93 were analyzed by comparing the simulated annual peak discharges and volumes, and storm runoff peaks, frequency of annual peak discharges and runoff volumes, and duration of storm peak discharges for each study period. A Log-Pearson Type-III frequency analysis was calculated using the simulated annual peaks to estimate the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals. The estimated 2-year discharge at the outlet of the basin was 646 cubic feet per second for the 1970-75 conditions and 1,328 cubic feet per second for the 1990-93 conditions. The 100-year discharge at the outlet of the basin was about 14,000 cubic feet per second for the 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. The station duration analysis used 925 model-simulated storm peaks from each basin to estimate the percent chance a peak discharge is exceeded. At the outlet of the basin, the chances of exceeding 100 cubic feet per second were about 33 percent under 1970-75 conditions and about 59 percent under 1990-93 conditions. The chance of exceeding 2,500 cubic feet per second at the outlet of the basin was less than 1 percent higher under the 1990-93 conditions than under the 1970-75 conditions. The increase in urbanization from the early 1970's to the early 1990's more than doubled the peak discharges with a 2-year return period. However, peak discharges with return periods greater than 50 years were not significantly affected by the change in urbanization.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954273","usgsCitation":"Guay, J.R., 1996, Effects of increased urbanization from 1970's to 1990's on storm-runoff characteristics in Perris Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4273, v, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954273.","productDescription":"v, 59 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4273/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56304,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4273/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db610ee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guay, J. 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Most of the publications were written between 1960 and 1995 by U.S. Geological Survey scientists and engineers of the Water Resources Division, Nevada District. Also included are references to publications by other Water Resources Division authors that deal with Nevada hydrology. References to publications written before 1960 are included to provide a historical perspective. The references include several types of Geological Survey book and map publications, as well as State-series reports, journal articles, conference and symposium papers, abstracts, and graduate- degree theses. 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R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207764,"text":"70207764 - 1996 - Effects of nutrients and hydroperiod on Typha, Cladium, and Eleocharis: Implications for everglades restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-09T14:23:20","indexId":"70207764","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T14:12:54","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of nutrients and hydroperiod on Typha, Cladium, and Eleocharis: Implications for everglades restoration","title":"Effects of nutrients and hydroperiod on Typha, Cladium, and Eleocharis: Implications for everglades restoration","docAbstract":"The recent expansion of Typha domingensis (Typha) into areas of the Everglades previously dominated by Cladium jamaicense (Cladium) communities has led to competing hypotheses about the importance of nutrient concentration vs. hydroperiod in controlling the distribution of these species. In this study, experimental mixtures of Typha domingensis, Cladium jamaicense, and Eleocharis interstincta (Eleocharis), a member of the Cladium community, were subjected to two levels of nutrient concentration and three contrasting hydroperiods to determine how these variables might affect Typha's ability to displace the Cladium community. Mixtures of the three species were established in outdoor tanks containing soil from the northern Everglades region where the experiment was conducted. Nutrient treatments consisted of nutrient additions to adjust ambient water concentrations to either 50 μg/L phosphorus (P) or 100 μg/L P plus nitrogen (N). The three hydroperiods were achieved by maintaining water depths within ranges observed in the northern Everglades. Maximum water depths of 15, 30, and 60 cm were established throughout the wet season (May‐November) followed by lowering to 5 cm during the dry season. Over a 2‐yr period, biomass was monitored nondestructively and aboveground material was harvested at the end of the experiment. Analysis of the biomass changes over time showed that differences between the species developed by the end of the first growing season. Typha and Eleocharis had initial growth rates substantially higher than those observed for Cladium. Typha's growth in mixtures responded positively to both elevated nutrients (by as much as 45%) as well as to increased water depth (by as much as 60%), while Cladium and Eleocharis did not increase in response to these variables. Tissue P concentrations were found to be higher for Typha and Eleocharis than for Cladium under nearly all conditions. Net accumulation of P in Typha shoots was 2‐3 times greater than in the other species. The enhancement of Typha by elevated nutrients and increased flooding is associated with a syndrome of life history characteristics that includes rapid growth rates, high tissue concentrations of P, tall leaves, and a greater response to contrasting environmental conditions. Cladium, in contrast, showed a slow growth rate, low tissue concentrations of P, a greater capacity to resist invasion by Typha in shallow waters, and less of a growth response to contrasting environmental conditions, traits that would seem to be well suited to the nutrient‐poor, hydrologically unstable conditions natural to the Everglades. Results from this study suggest that attempts to limit the spread of Typha should consider hydrologic restoration as well as reduction in surface water nutrients.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2269482","usgsCitation":"Newman, S., Grace, J.B., and Koebel, J.W., 1996, Effects of nutrients and hydroperiod on Typha, Cladium, and Eleocharis: Implications for everglades restoration: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 3, p. 774-783, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269482.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"774","endPage":"783","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.33752441406249,\n 26.696545111585152\n ],\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 26.522192867724723\n ],\n [\n -81.3812255859375,\n 25.720735134412106\n ],\n [\n -81.1669921875,\n 25.23972731233395\n ],\n [\n -81.1175537109375,\n 25.090573819461\n ],\n [\n -80.71929931640624,\n 25.12787928859755\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 25.249664387120884\n ],\n [\n -80.35125732421875,\n 26.09625490696853\n ],\n [\n -80.2001953125,\n 26.536937135265685\n ],\n [\n -80.33752441406249,\n 26.696545111585152\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newman, S.","contributorId":7678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koebel, J. W.","contributorId":221626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koebel","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":2440,"text":"wsp2357C - 1996 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20391,"text":"ofr92642 - 1993 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"ofr92642","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma: Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2440,"text":"wsp2357C - 1996 - Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","indexId":"wsp2357C","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T22:38:15.022407","indexId":"wsp2357C","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2357","chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations","docAbstract":"Ground-water samples, core samples, and hydrologic measurements were obtained in the Central Oklahoma Aquifer as part of the pilot National Water-Quality Assessment Program. This report examines ground-water recharge and discharge, the potentiometric surface, the chemical and isotopic composition of ground water, and the abundances and textures of minerals in core materials to determine the rates and directions of ground-water flow and the geochemical reactions occurring within the aquifer.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National water-quality assessment - Central Oklahoma aquifer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp2357C","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., Christenson, S.C., and Breit, G.N., 1996, Ground-water-quality assessment of the central Oklahoma Aquifer, Oklahoma — Geochemical and geohydrologic investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2357, ix, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2357C.","productDescription":"ix, 101 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394793,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25482.htm"},{"id":28510,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2357c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2357c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.675,\n 34.9320\n ],\n [\n -96.767,\n 34.9320\n ],\n [\n -96.767,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.675,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -97.675,\n 34.9320\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a11c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christenson, Scott C. schris@usgs.gov","contributorId":980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"Scott","email":"schris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Breit, George N. 0000-0003-2188-6798 gbreit@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-6798","contributorId":1480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breit","given":"George","email":"gbreit@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24815,"text":"ofr96111 - 1996 - A nitrogen-rich septage-effluent plume in a coastal aquifer, marsh, and creek system, Orleans, Massachusetts; project summary, 1988-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:16","indexId":"ofr96111","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-111","title":"A nitrogen-rich septage-effluent plume in a coastal aquifer, marsh, and creek system, Orleans, Massachusetts; project summary, 1988-95","docAbstract":"A report summarizing the major findings of an ongoing study of a nitrogen-rich septage-effluent plume in Orleans, Massachusetts has been published. The study is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Watershed Management, with additional support from the Cape Cod Commission. The report describes the history of the septage-effluent plume in the coastal aquifer and the results of baseline water-quality, sediment, and vegetation monitoring in Namskaket Marsh and Namskaket Creek, the expected discharge areas for the effluent plume. Namskaket Marsh has been recognized by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern, and Namskaket Creek, which flows through the marsh, has been designated as an Outstanding Resource Water. Peter Weiskel, U.S. Geological Survey hydrologist and principal author of the report, said that discharge of effluent from the treatment facility since February 1990 has resulted in a plume of nitrogen-rich (10 to 40 milligrams of nitrogen per liter) ground water that is travelling at about 0.4 feet per day westward and northwestward toward Namskaket Marsh and Cape Cod Bay. Seepage zones near the marsh-upland boundary and the bottoms of Namskaket Creek and tributaries are the most likely discharge areas for the effluent plume. High rates of ground-water discharge (averaging 0.30 gallon per square foot per hour) have been measured in these zones during the ebb-tide. Measurements of nitrate uptake by sediments in these zones indicate considerable potential for nitrate removal during plume discharge through these zones. The marsh vegetation is dominated by Phragmites australis (common reed) in the seepage zone near the upland boundary, and by Spartina patens (salt-meadow grass) in the interior areas of the marsh. Further study is required to (1) continue mapping the progress of the plume toward the marsh and creek, (1) define the potential nitrogen-removal capacity of the marsh, and (3) monitor the possible future effects of the plume on the water quality and vegetation of the marsh.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96111","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Weiskel, P., DeSimone, L., and Howes, B., 1996, A nitrogen-rich septage-effluent plume in a coastal aquifer, marsh, and creek system, Orleans, Massachusetts; project summary, 1988-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-111, iv, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96111.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53824,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6ab98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiskel, P.K.","contributorId":36959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiskel","given":"P.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeSimone, L.A.","contributorId":79132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howes, B.L.","contributorId":41854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howes","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21778,"text":"ofr96110 - 1996 - Factors affecting tritium and 14carbon distributions in the unsaturated zone near the low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T09:55:46","indexId":"ofr96110","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-110","displayTitle":"Factors affecting tritium and 14carbon distributions in the unsaturated zone near the low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada","title":"Factors affecting tritium and 14carbon distributions in the unsaturated zone near the low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9634","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Erdman, J.A., Smith, K., and Kuile, M.T., 1996, Impact of the lower Alamosa River water on alfalfa, southwestern San Luis Valley, Colorado, 1995: Follow-up study of effects from the Summitville Mine: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-34, iii, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9634.","productDescription":"iii, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52383,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Rio Grande County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.6963,37.833],[-106.5868,37.8344],[-106.585,37.7483],[-106.585,37.7465],[-106.4784,37.7475],[-106.3644,37.7474],[-106.3149,37.748],[-106.2963,37.748],[-106.277,37.7481],[-106.2584,37.7481],[-106.149,37.7483],[-106.0384,37.7479],[-106.0389,37.66],[-106.0383,37.5761],[-106.0383,37.5199],[-106.0383,37.4905],[-106.0377,37.3998],[-106.1634,37.3992],[-106.1848,37.3992],[-106.2561,37.3991],[-106.3545,37.3988],[-106.3632,37.3983],[-106.3806,37.3983],[-106.4582,37.3976],[-106.4872,37.397],[-106.6013,37.3965],[-106.6673,37.3957],[-106.6755,37.3957],[-106.7079,37.3946],[-106.7082,37.4218],[-106.7084,37.4435],[-106.7084,37.4476],[-106.7087,37.4843],[-106.7107,37.5732],[-106.7128,37.662],[-106.6918,37.6621],[-106.6932,37.7509],[-106.6963,37.833]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Rio Grande\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9b8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erdman, J. A.","contributorId":59786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erdman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, K. S. 0000-0001-8547-9804","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":47779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuile, Maya ter","contributorId":66543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuile","given":"Maya","email":"","middleInitial":"ter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27284,"text":"wri944173 - 1996 - Temporal changes in the configuration of the water table in the vicinity of the management systems evaluation area site, central Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T15:56:26","indexId":"wri944173","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4173","title":"Temporal changes in the configuration of the water table in the vicinity of the management systems evaluation area site, central Nebraska","docAbstract":"To improve understanding of the hydrologic characteristics of the shallow aquifer in the vicinity of the Management Systems Evaluation Area site near Shelton, Nebraska, water levels were measured in approximately 130 observation wells in both June and September 1991. Two water-table maps and a water-level-change map were drawn on the basis of these measurements. In addition, historical data from U.S. Geological Survey computer files and published reports were used to determine the approximate configuration of the water table in 1931 and to draw one short-term and two-long term water- level hydrographs. Comparison of the three water- table maps indicates general similarities. The average horizontal hydraulic gradient in the shallow aquifer is about 7.5 feet per mile, and the flow direction is to the east-northeast. The water table declined 2 to 10 feet between June and September 1991, with the greatest decline occurring in a wedge-shaped area south of the Wood River and north of the Platte River. The 1991 water-table configurations appear to indicate that the aquifer either was discharging to the Platte River in this reach or there was little flow between the river and the aquifer. Comparison of the 1931 and 1991 water-table maps indicates that, except for short-term variations, the water-table configuration changed little during this 61-year period. Two long-term water-level hydrographs confirm this conclusion, indicating that the shallow aquifer in this area has been in long-term, dynamic equilibrium.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944173","usgsCitation":"Kilpatrick, J.M., 1996, Temporal changes in the configuration of the water table in the vicinity of the management systems evaluation area site, central Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4173, 1 Plate: 39.36 x 39.77 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944173.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 39.36 x 39.77 inches","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":278847,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4173/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Platte River, Wood River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.916667,40.666667 ], [ -98.916667,40.833333 ], [ -98.633333,40.833333 ], [ -98.633333,40.666667 ], [ -98.916667,40.666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db68559e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kilpatrick, John M. 0000-0002-1180-3752 jmkilpat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-3752","contributorId":1010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"John","email":"jmkilpat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27143,"text":"wri954212 - 1996 - Evaluation of the Surface-Water Quantity, Surface-Water Quality, and Rainfall Data-Collection Programs in Hawaii, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri954212","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4212","title":"Evaluation of the Surface-Water Quantity, Surface-Water Quality, and Rainfall Data-Collection Programs in Hawaii, 1994","docAbstract":"This report documents the results of an evaluation of the surface-water quantity, surface-water quality, and rainfall data-collection programs in Hawaii. Fourteen specific issues and related goals were identified for the surface-water quantity program and a geographic information systems (GIS) data base was developed summarizing information for all surface-water stream gages that have been operated in Hawaii by the U.S. Geological Survey. Changes in status, which for some gages includes discontinuing operation, need to be considered at 42 sites where data are currently collected.\r\n\r\nThe current surface-water quantity data base was determined to be adequate to address only two of the 14 specific issues and related goals. Alternatives were identified to address the areas where future issues and goals could not be adequately addressed. Options include new and expanded data collection, use of regional regression analyses, hydrologic and hydraulic modeling, and analysis and publication of existing data. A total of 47 streams were identified where additional stream-gaging stations are needed.\r\n\r\nEvaluation of the surface-water quality program was limited to a description of the U.S. Geological Survey's historical and existing programs and available analyses of data. Limitations of the program are described which primarily included lack of data regarding suspended sediment, land-use effects, quality of stream discharge to oceans, background water quality and nonpoint sources of contamination. \r\nEvaluation of the rainfall data program indicated that identified future goals could be discussed as either regional, systems related, current needs, forecasting, water quality, or trend analysis related.\r\n\r\nTo address these goals, data from about 2,000 rain gages, 528 of which are active, are available. Data were found to only partially meet identified goals. Alternatives discussed to address the limitations include the need for more recording gages, primarily in areas of high rainfall. Another area of concern was the potential that many plantations will close and the effect these closings would have on continued operation of the important long-term gages they operate.\r\n\r\nEvaluation of data-collection programs in Hawaii needs to be an ongoing process. Equally important, data being collected need to be summarized and made available through data bases and published reports.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri954212","usgsCitation":"Fontaine, R.A., 1996, Evaluation of the Surface-Water Quantity, Surface-Water Quality, and Rainfall Data-Collection Programs in Hawaii, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4212, v, 125 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954212.","productDescription":"v, 125 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123674,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4212/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56019,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4212/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56020,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4212/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56021,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4212/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56022,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4212/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56023,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4212/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56024,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4212/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56025,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f0e4b07f02db5edfa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fontaine, Richard A. rfontain@usgs.gov","contributorId":2379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"Richard","email":"rfontain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":197630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":131,"text":"wsp2448 - 1996 - Movement of agricultural chemicals between surface water and ground water, lower Cedar River basin, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T09:54:47","indexId":"wsp2448","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2448","title":"Movement of agricultural chemicals between surface water and ground water, lower Cedar River basin, Iowa","docAbstract":"Movement of agricultural chemicals alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and metolachlor between surface water and ground water is documented by data collected from May 1989 through July 1991 at an unfarmed study site adjacent to the Cedar River in Iowa. During periods of runoff, these chemicals moved from the Cedar River into the alluvial aquifer with bank-storage water. Results of simulation of ground-water flow conditions during March-April 1990 indicated that bank-storage water moving through the river bottom accounted for 70 percent of the total bank-storage water, whereas the remaining 30 percent moved through the riverbank. The largest concentrations of the chemicals in bank-storage water during 1990 were: alachlor, 2.1 micrograms per liter (μg/L); atrazine, 4.7 μg/L; cyanazine, 3.2 μg/L; deethylatrazine, 0.54 μg/L; deisopropylatrazine, 0.33 μg/L; and metolachlor, 2.2 μg/L. Larger concentrations of some herbicides and their metabolites were detected in the ground water after the study site was inundated by floodwater between June and August 1990. The concentrations in a water sample from one well after this flooding on February 5, 1991, were: alachlor, 0.06 μg/L; atrazine, 18 μg/L; cyanazine, 1.3 μg/L; deethylatrazine, 1.4 μg/L; deisopropylatrazine, 0.40 μg/L; and metolachlor, 7.0 μg/L.
\nDuring base-flow conditions, the movement of agricultural chemicals from ground water to surface water was quantified for two periods of time in 1989 and 1990 along a 117-kilometer reach of the Cedar River. The principal source of atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and metolachlor in the Cedar River during base flow was ground water discharged directly from the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the Cedar River. This discharge exceeded the combined tributary inflow of the chemicals along the entire reach.
\nBank storage is probably an important source of agricultural chemicals discharged from the alluvial aquifer but becomes depleted with time after surface runoff. Herbicides discharged from the alluvial aquifer during periods of extended base flow entered the alluvial aquifer with ground-water recharge at some distance from the river. The movement of nitrate between surface water and ground water is minor, when compared to the herbicides, even though nitrite was detected in the Cedar River during runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"U. S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2448","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","usgsCitation":"Squillace, P.J., Caldwell, J., Schulmeyer, P., and Harvey, C., 1996, Movement of agricultural chemicals between surface water and ground water, lower Cedar River basin, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2448, vi, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2448.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":24742,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2448/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2448/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Cedar River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 41.281934557995356\n ],\n [\n -91.2469482421875,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -91.0931396484375,\n 41.45919537950706\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 41.50857729743935\n ],\n [\n -91.12060546875,\n 41.820455096140314\n ],\n [\n -91.23596191406249,\n 41.94314874732696\n ],\n [\n -91.549072265625,\n 42.094146370922736\n ],\n [\n -91.8621826171875,\n 42.3016903282445\n ],\n [\n -92.1148681640625,\n 42.49640294093708\n ],\n [\n -92.274169921875,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -92.4169921875,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -92.537841796875,\n 43.32517767999296\n ],\n [\n -92.603759765625,\n 43.624147145668076\n ],\n [\n -92.65869140625,\n 43.84245116699036\n ],\n [\n -92.8070068359375,\n 43.874138181474734\n ],\n [\n -93.0926513671875,\n 43.82263823180498\n ],\n [\n -93.22448730468749,\n 43.810747313446996\n ],\n [\n -93.350830078125,\n 43.560491112629286\n ],\n [\n -93.4881591796875,\n 43.46089378008257\n ],\n [\n -93.636474609375,\n 43.281204464332745\n ],\n [\n -93.50463867187499,\n 42.99259451971113\n ],\n [\n -93.3673095703125,\n 42.85180609584705\n ],\n [\n -93.2025146484375,\n 42.62991729384455\n ],\n [\n -92.98278808593749,\n 42.476148570254516\n ],\n [\n -92.8839111328125,\n 42.3016903282445\n ],\n [\n -92.867431640625,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -92.5762939453125,\n 42.12267315117259\n ],\n [\n -92.4224853515625,\n 42.04113400940809\n ],\n [\n -92.3236083984375,\n 41.97174336327968\n ],\n [\n -91.9830322265625,\n 41.92680320648791\n ],\n [\n -91.77978515625,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -91.5985107421875,\n 41.78360106648078\n ],\n [\n -91.4996337890625,\n 41.62776153144345\n ],\n [\n -91.417236328125,\n 41.4509614012039\n ],\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 41.281934557995356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Squillace, Paul J.","contributorId":59415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, J.P.","contributorId":83496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulmeyer, P.M.","contributorId":17208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulmeyer","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, C.A.","contributorId":84333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":24210,"text":"ofr9649 - 1996 - Compositions and metal loadings from several seeps at the Summitville Mine: Preliminary results of sampling in August, 1995, and comparison to August, 1994 results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T14:37:10","indexId":"ofr9649","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-49","title":"Compositions and metal loadings from several seeps at the Summitville Mine: Preliminary results of sampling in August, 1995, and comparison to August, 1994 results","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9649","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G., Smith, K., and Montour, M., 1996, Compositions and metal loadings from several seeps at the Summitville Mine: Preliminary results of sampling in August, 1995, and comparison to August, 1994 results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-49, ii, 6 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9649.","productDescription":"ii, 6 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53349,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Rio Grande County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.6963,37.833],[-106.5868,37.8344],[-106.585,37.7483],[-106.585,37.7465],[-106.4784,37.7475],[-106.3644,37.7474],[-106.3149,37.748],[-106.2963,37.748],[-106.277,37.7481],[-106.2584,37.7481],[-106.149,37.7483],[-106.0384,37.7479],[-106.0389,37.66],[-106.0383,37.5761],[-106.0383,37.5199],[-106.0383,37.4905],[-106.0377,37.3998],[-106.1634,37.3992],[-106.1848,37.3992],[-106.2561,37.3991],[-106.3545,37.3988],[-106.3632,37.3983],[-106.3806,37.3983],[-106.4582,37.3976],[-106.4872,37.397],[-106.6013,37.3965],[-106.6673,37.3957],[-106.6755,37.3957],[-106.7079,37.3946],[-106.7082,37.4218],[-106.7084,37.4435],[-106.7084,37.4476],[-106.7087,37.4843],[-106.7107,37.5732],[-106.7128,37.662],[-106.6918,37.6621],[-106.6932,37.7509],[-106.6963,37.833]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Rio Grande\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8038","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, G.S.","contributorId":80698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, K. S. 0000-0001-8547-9804","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":47779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"K. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Montour, M. R.","contributorId":50551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montour","given":"M. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24729,"text":"ofr95362 - 1996 - Digital hydrographic, land use/land cover, and hydrologic unit boundary files for the Death Valley region of southern Nevada and southeastern California processed from U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000- and 1:250,000-scale digital data files","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:22","indexId":"ofr95362","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-362","title":"Digital hydrographic, land use/land cover, and hydrologic unit boundary files for the Death Valley region of southern Nevada and southeastern California processed from U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000- and 1:250,000-scale digital data files","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/ofr95362","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Turner, A.K., D’Agnese, F.A., and Faunt, C., 1996, Digital hydrographic, land use/land cover, and hydrologic unit boundary files for the Death Valley region of southern Nevada and southeastern California processed from U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000- and 1:250,000-scale digital data files: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-362, iv, 21 :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95362.","productDescription":"iv, 21 :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157792,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0362/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53756,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0362/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65acdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, A. K.","contributorId":82351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":192455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25789,"text":"wri964109 - 1996 - Summary of hydrogeologic controls on ground-water flow at the Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T18:34:26.842279","indexId":"wri964109","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4109","title":"Summary of hydrogeologic controls on ground-water flow at the Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"The underground testing of nuclear devices has generated substantial volumes of radioactive and other chemical contaminants below ground at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Many of the more radioactive contaminants are highly toxic and are known to persist in the environment for thousands of years. In response to concerns about potential health hazards, the U.S. Department of Energy, under its Environmental Restoration Program, has made NTS the subject of a long-term investigation. Efforts supported through the U.S. Department of Energy program will assess whether byproducts of underground testing pose a potential hazard to the health and safety of the public and, if necessary, will evaluate and implement steps to remediate any of the identified dangers. \r\n\r\nTest-generated contaminants have been introduced over large areas and at variable depths above and below the water table throughout NTS. Evaluating the risks associated with these byproducts of underground testing presupposes a knowledge of the source, transport, and potential receptors of these contaminants. Ground-water flow is the primary mechanism by which contaminants can be transported significant distances away from the initial point of injection. Flow paths between contaminant sources and potential receptors are separated by remote areas that span tens of miles. The diversity and structural complexity of the rocks along these flow paths complicates the hydrology of the region. Although the hydrology has been studied in some detail, much still remains uncertain about flow rates and directions through the fractured-rock aquifers that transmit water great distances across this arid region. Unique to the hydrology of NTS are the effects of underground testing, which severely alter local rock characteristics and affect hydrologic conditions throughout the region. \r\n\r\nAny assessment of the risk must rely in part on the current understanding of ground-water flow, and the assessment will be only as good as the understanding itself. This report summarizes what is known and inferred about ground-water flow throughout the NTS region. The report identifies and updates what is known about some of the major controls on ground-water flow, highlights some of the uncertainties in the current understanding, and prioritizes some of the technical needs as related to the Environmental Restoration Program. \r\n\r\nAn apparent deficiency in the current understanding is a lack of knowledge about flow directions and rates away from major areas of testing. Efforts are necessary to delineate areas of downgradient flow and to identify factors that constrain and control flow within these areas. These efforts also should identify the areas most critical to gaining detailed understanding and to establishing long-term monitoring sites necessary for effective remediation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964109","usgsCitation":"Laczniak, R.J., Cole, J.C., Sawyer, D., and Trudeau, D.A., 1996, Summary of hydrogeologic controls on ground-water flow at the Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4109, Report: iv, 59 p.; 4 Plates: 35.71 × 45.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964109.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 59 p.; 4 Plates: 35.71 × 45.00 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406250,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48465.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54537,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4109/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":2043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964109","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Nevada Test Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5786,\n 36.625\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 36.625\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 37.375\n ],\n [\n -116.5786,\n 37.375\n ],\n [\n -116.5786,\n 36.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6990be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laczniak, R. J.","contributorId":46104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cole, J. C.","contributorId":51292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sawyer, D.A.","contributorId":107666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trudeau, D. A.","contributorId":38607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trudeau","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28516,"text":"wri964010 - 1996 - Geohydrology and contamination at the Michigan Department of Transportation maintenance garage area, Kalamazoo County, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T13:02:49","indexId":"wri964010","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4010","title":"Geohydrology and contamination at the Michigan Department of Transportation maintenance garage area, Kalamazoo County, Michigan","docAbstract":"A leaking underground storage tank was removed from the Michigan Department of Transportation maintenance garage area in Kalamazoo County., Mich., in 1985. The tank had been leaking unleaded gasoline. Although a remediation system was operational at the site for several years after the tank was removed, ground-water samples collected from monitoring wells in the area consistently showed high concentrations of benzene, toluene. ethylbenzene, and xylenes--indicators of the presence of gasoline. The U.S. Geological Survey did a study in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Transportation, to define the geology, hydrology, and occurrence of gasoline contamination in the maintenance garage area. The aquifer affected by gasoline contamination is an unconfined glaci'a.l sand and gravel aquifer. The average depth to water in the study area is about 74.7 feet. Water-level fluctuations are small; maximum fluctuation was slightly more than 1 foot during August 1993-August 1994. Hydraulic conductivities based on aquifer-test data collected for the study and estimated by use of the Cooper-Jacob method of solution ranged from 130 to 144 feet per day. Ground water is moving in an east-southeasterly direction at a rate of about I foot per day. Leakage from perforated pipes leading from the underground storage tanks to the pump station was identified as a second source of gasoline contamination\t to saturated and unsaturated zones. The existence of this previously unknown second source is part of the reason that previous remediation efforts were ineffective. Residual contaminants in the unsaturated zone are expected to continue to move to the water table with recharge, except in a small area covered by asphalt at the land surface. The gasoline plume from the perforated pipe source has merged with that from the leaking underground storage tank, and the combined plume in the saturated zone is estimated to cover an area of 30,000 square feet. The combined plume is in the upper 20 feet of the saturated zone. The relative distribution of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes indicate that factors such as sorption, solubility, and susceptibility to microbial degradation are affecting the movement of the combined plume. Given these factors, the plume is expected to move at a rate of less than 1 foot per day.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri964010","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Lynch, E.A., and Huffman, G., 1996, Geohydrology and contamination at the Michigan Department of Transportation maintenance garage area, Kalamazoo County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4010, v, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964010.","productDescription":"v, 31 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57316,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4010/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","county":"Kalamazoo County","otherGeospatial":"Department of Transportation Maintenance Garage Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.664167,\n 42.283611\n ],\n [\n -85.664167,\n 42.292222\n ],\n [\n -85.659167,\n 42.292222\n ],\n [\n -85.659167,\n 42.283611\n ],\n [\n -85.664167,\n 42.283611\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lynch, E. A.","contributorId":99167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huffman, G.C.","contributorId":44150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huffman","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22208,"text":"ofr96176 - 1996 - Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr96176","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-176","title":"Tennessee","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), established in 1879, is an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior. For more than a century, the USGS has provided reports, maps, data, and other information to aid in the development, management, and portection of the Nation's water, energy, mineral, and land resources. This brochure outlines the USGS in Tennessee and highlights hydrologic investigations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96176","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Balthrop, B.H., and Carney, K., 1996, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-176, 1 sheet :ill. ;22 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 9 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96176.","productDescription":"1 sheet :ill. ;22 x 28 cm. folded to 22 x 9 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1546,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96176","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":155600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0176/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51638,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0176/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c40b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balthrop, B. H. (compiler)","contributorId":92286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balthrop","given":"B.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carney, K.A.","contributorId":7735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carney","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24470,"text":"ofr96143 - 1996 - Hydrology of the Wolf Branch sinkhole basin, Lake County, east-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr96143","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-143","title":"Hydrology of the Wolf Branch sinkhole basin, Lake County, east-central Florida","docAbstract":"A 4-year study of the hydrology of the Wolf Branch sinkhole basin in Lake County, Florida, was conducted from 1991-95 by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide information about the hydrologic characteristics of the drainage basin in the vicinity of Wolf Sink. Wolf Branch drains a 4.94 square mile area and directly recharges the Upper Floridan aquifer through Wolf Sink. Because of the direct connection of the sinkhole with the aquifer, a contaminant spill in the basin could pose a threat to the aquifer. The Wolf Branch drainage basin varies in hydrologic characteristics from its headwaters to its terminus at Wolf Sink. Ground- water seepage provides baseflow to the stream north of Wolf Branch Road, but the stream south of State Road 46 is intermittent and the stream can remain dry for months. A single culvert under a railroad crossing conducts flow from wetlands just south of State Road 46 to a well-defined channel which leads to Wolf Sink. The basin morphology is characterized by karst terrain, with many closed depressions which can provide intermittent surface-water storage. Wetlands in the lower third of the basin (south of State Road 46) also provide surface water storage. The presence of numerous water-control structures (impoundments, canals, and culverts), and the surface-water storage capacity throughout the basin affects the flow characteristics of Wolf Branch. Streamflow records for two stations (one above and one below major wetlands in the basin) indicate the flow about State Road 46 is characterized by rapid runoff and continuous baseflow, whereas below State Road 46, peak discharges are much lower but of longer duration than at the upstream station. Rainfall, discharge, ground-water level, and surface-water level data were collected at selected sites in the basin. Hydrologic conditions during the study ranged from long dry periods when there was no inflow to Wolf Sink, to very wet periods, as when nearly 7 inches of rain fell in a 2-day period in November 1994, following an extended wet season. A comparison to long-term rainfall record (40 years) indicates that this range in hydrologic conditions during the 4-year study is representative of the range of conditions expected during a much longer time period. Two dye-trace studies conducted during the study indicated no direct connections between the sink and local wells. The path of a constituent entering the aquifer through Wolf Sink generally would be to the east, following the gradient of the regional ground-water flow system. The conductance of Wolf Sink (the rate at which the sink conducts water to the underlying aquifer) was estimated from streamflow data, ground-water levels, and water levels in Wolf Sink. The range of hydrologic conditions during the study provided a basis for the determination of a representative conductance value. The regression of streamflow as a function of head difference between the sink water level and the potentiometric surface at an observation well (an approximation of the potentiometric level beneath Wolf Sink) resulted in a significant relation r2=0.91, mean square error = 1.60 cubic feet per second); and the slope of the regression line, representing sink conductance, was 1.48 cubic feet per second per foot of head difference. Flow and storm-volume frequency curves for selected time periods (1-day, 7-days, 14-days, 21-days, and 30-days) were generated based on streamflow data from January 10, 1992, to September 30, 1995. These curves indicate that, based on the available record, the volume of water that would have to be stored (in the event that streamflow had to be diverted from Wolf Sink) during a 30-day period would be equal to or less than about 11 acre-fee 30 percent of the time and 161 acre-feet 80 percent of the time. The maximum volume that would be generated during a 30-day period, based on this study, would be about 570 acre-feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96143","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Schiffer, D., 1996, Hydrology of the Wolf Branch sinkhole basin, Lake County, east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-143, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96143.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53536,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdb68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiffer, D. M.","contributorId":102103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"D. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28628,"text":"wri964006 - 1996 - Plan of study to quantify the hydrologic relations between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system near Albuquerque, central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri964006","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4006","title":"Plan of study to quantify the hydrologic relations between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system near Albuquerque, central New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Albuquerque Basin in central New Mexico covers an area\r\nof about 3,060 square miles. Ground water from the Santa Fe Group \r\naquifer system of the Albuquerque Basin is the principal source\r\nof water for municipal, domestic, commercial, and industrial uses in\r\nthe Albuquerque area, an area of about 410 square miles. Ground-\r\nwater withdrawal in the basin has increased from about 97,000 \r\nacre-feet in 1970 to about 171,000 acre-feet in 1994. About 92 \r\npercent of the 1994 total was withdrawn in the Albuquerque area.\r\nManagement of ground water in the Albuquerque Basin is related to\r\nthe surface water in the Rio Grande. Because the aquifer system\r\nis hydraulically connected to the Rio Grande and water in the \r\nriver is fully appropriated, the ability to reliably estimate the\r\neffects of ground-water withdrawals on flow in the river is \r\nimportant. This report describes the components of the Rio \r\nGrande/Santa Fe Group aquifer system in the Albuquerque area and\r\nthe data availability and data and interpretation needs relating\r\nto those components, and presents a plan of study to quantify the\r\nhydrologic relations between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe\r\nGroup aquifer system.\r\n\r\n The information needs related to the components of the\r\nriver/aquifer system are prioritized. Information that is necessary \r\nto improve the understanding or quantification of a component in the\r\nriver/aquifer system is prioritized as essential. Information \r\nthat could add additional understanding of the system, but would\r\nnot be necessary to improve the quantification of the system, is\r\nprioritized as useful. \r\n\r\n The study elements are prioritized in the same manner as the\r\ninformation needs; study elements designed to provide \r\ninformation considered necessary to improve the quantification of\r\nthe system are prioritized as essential, and those designed to \r\nprovide information that would add additional understanding of \r\nthe system, but would not be necessary to improve the \r\nquantification of the system, are prioritized as useful.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964006","usgsCitation":"McAda, D.P., 1996, Plan of study to quantify the hydrologic relations between the Rio Grande and the Santa Fe Group aquifer system near Albuquerque, central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4006, ix, 58 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps (1 col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964006.","productDescription":"ix, 58 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps (1 col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4006/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57468,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a1b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McAda, D. P.","contributorId":93066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAda","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24946,"text":"ofr95777 - 1996 - A guide to safe field operations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"ofr95777","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-777","title":"A guide to safe field operations","docAbstract":"Most functions of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Water Resources Division (WRD) require employees to participate in numerous field activities ranging from routine meetings with cooperators, other federal and public officials, and private citizens to potentially hazardous assignments, such as making flood measurements and scuba diving to service underwater instruments. It is paramount that each employee be aware of safety procedures and operational policies of the WRD to ensure that (1) their activities avoid or minimize personal injury to the employee, coworkers, or anyone in the vicinity of the field activity, and (2) their conduct does not infringe on the personal or property rights of any individual or organization.\r\nThe purpose of the guide is to familiarize employees with the operational and safety procedures expected to be followed by each employee as a representative of the WRD. It is also intended as a training tool for all new employees and a document to be reviewed by each employee before undertaking a field assignment. It includes general procedures that are standard and applicable to all field operations, such as communication, vehicle operation, and adequate preparation for anticipated weather conditions. It also includes a discussion of specific procedures and safety considerations for most of the routine field assignments undertaken by hydrologists and hydrologic technicians of the WRD. The guide is not intended to be a technical handbook outlining step-by-step procedures for performing specific tasks or a comprehensive discussion of every possible activity that may be undertaken by a USGS employee. Employees are referred to the Techniques for Water-Resources Investigations (TWRI) series for specific technical procedures and to the U.S. Geological Survey Safety and Environmental Health Handbook 445-1-H (USGS, August 1989), USGS Occupational Hazards and Safety Procedures Handbook 445-2-H (December 1993), the WRD notebook on Safety Policy and Guidance Memoranda, and other references for procedures and safety issues related to nonroutine activities, such as operations on large vessels and aircraft.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;","doi":"10.3133/ofr95777","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., Yorke, T., and Mycyk, R., 1996, A guide to safe field operations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-777, iv, 29 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95777.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157311,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1919,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-777/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yorke, T.H.","contributorId":108147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yorke","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mycyk, R.T.","contributorId":32566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mycyk","given":"R.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24822,"text":"ofr96108 - 1996 - Statistical and descriptive summaries of water-resources data for the Cannonball River basin, North Dakota and South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:36:44","indexId":"ofr96108","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-108","title":"Statistical and descriptive summaries of water-resources data for the Cannonball River basin, North Dakota and South Dakota","docAbstract":"Existing hydrologic data and information for the Cannonball River Basin were compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation. This report presents a summary of surface-water quality and streamflow data, ground-water quality data, ground-water level data, water-use data, and other information compiled from the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, North Dakota Department of Health, North Dakota Parks and Recreation Department, North Dakota State Water Commission, and Standing Rock Sioux Tribe data bases. The data are summarized statistically or descriptively, depending on the amount or nature of the data.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96108","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., Zainhofsky, S., and Dressler, V.M., 1996, Statistical and descriptive summaries of water-resources data for the Cannonball River basin, North Dakota and South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-108, iii, 301 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96108.","productDescription":"iii, 301 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53830,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e22ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zainhofsky, S.D.","contributorId":78774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zainhofsky","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dressler, Valerie M. dressler@usgs.gov","contributorId":5791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dressler","given":"Valerie","email":"dressler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":192629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}